Quality Control Orders

For Prelims: Bureau of Indian Standards, Quality Control Orders, World Trade Organization

For Mains: Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in India, Measures to balance quality assurance and industry competitiveness.

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The rapid increase in Quality Control Orders (QCOs) issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) over the past three years has drawn criticism from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which view these mandatory QCOs regulations as costly and restrictive to their operations.

What are Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

• About: BIS certification is voluntary by default but becomes mandatory for certain products when required in the public interest, such as for health, environment, national security, or to prevent unfair trade practices. 
  • For these products, mandatory compliance with Indian Standards is enforced through Quality Control Orders (QCOs), which direct the use of the BIS Standard Mark under a valid BIS licence.
• Objective: Aligned with Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement of World Trade Organization (WTO), QCOs aim to ensure product safety, curb substandard goods, attract investment, and protect consumers, while helping manufacturers detect defects early and improve quality.
• Legal Provisions: Based on BIS Act, 2016, QCOs are issued by the relevant Line Ministries or Regulators of the Central Government for specific products or categories after consultation with BIS.
  • Products under QCOs are governed by BIS (Conformity Assessment) Regulations, 2018.
  • Violating a QCO is punishable under BIS Act, 2016 with imprisonment, fine, or both.
  • QCOs cannot be challenged at the WTO if they are imposed on the grounds of health, safety, environment and deceptive trade practices, or national security.
• Prohibition Orders: After a QCO comes into effect, no one can manufacture, import, sell, or handle the covered products without a BIS Standard Mark under a valid Licence.
• Applicability to Imported Goods: Domestic rules apply equally to imports. Foreign manufacturers must obtain Licence/Certificate of Conformity (CoC) under Foreign Manufacturers Certification Scheme (FMCS).

What are the Challenges Related to Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

• High Compliance Costs: QCOs make BIS certification compulsory, with penalties for non-compliance. Producers of intermediate goods generally support them, but downstream industries worry that the added certification costs will push up production expenses and eventually increase consumer prices, leading to disputes.
  • Smaller enterprises often struggle to comply compared to larger companies, affecting competitiveness.
• Non-Tariff Barrier Effect: QCOs can restrict imports of certain goods, limiting access to cheaper raw materials.
  • QCOs can complicate India’s trade negotiations, as mandatory compliance requirements may be perceived as non-tariff barriers by partner countries, potentially affecting agreements with the US, EU, and other trade partners.
• Limited Coverage and Industry Pushback: Of over 23,000 BIS standards, only 187 have QCOs, mostly in steel and electronics, showing narrow reach and challenges in wider enforcement.
• Implementation Challenges: Delays or difficulties in obtaining BIS certification can disrupt production and sales.

Steps Taken by BIS to Address Current Challenges Regarding QCOs

• Digitisation of Certification: BIS has digitised the certification process and provides time-bound certification within 30 days to domestic industries, including MSMEs, covering over 750 products.
• Open Interaction Platforms:
  • Jan Sunwai: A portal where anyone can log queries.
  • Manak Manthan: Field-level engagement to provide handholding support to MSMEs.

What Measures are Needed to Ensure Effective Implementation of QCOs?

• Recognition of Cluster-Based Testing Facilities: Promoting industry clusters with shared testing infrastructure helps small enterprises access quality certification at lower cost without duplicating resources.
• Technical Assistance and Training: Providing hands-on training programs on Indian Standards, product testing, and documentation ensures smoother certification compliance.
• Market Linkages and Export Support:  Linking certified MSME products with government procurement schemes, e-commerce platforms, and export promotion programs incentivizes compliance and enhances market reach.
• Leveraging Certification Bodies and Trade Agreements: Utilizing accredited certification bodies for low- and medium-risk products to reduce BIS workload and improve processing times.
  • Pursuing mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) in trade negotiations can streamline compliance for exports and foster international market access.
• Feedback Mechanism for Continuous Improvement: Creating a real-time grievance redressal and suggestion system allows MSMEs to report bottlenecks and helps regulators refine QCO procedures dynamically.

Conclusion

Effective QCO implementation requires a synergy of regulatory clarity, digital facilitation, financial relief, and active engagement with MSMEs. These measures not only reduce compliance burdens but also strengthen the domestic quality ecosystem, boost consumer trust, and support the objectives of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the significance of Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in strengthening India’s domestic quality ecosystem and protecting consumer interests.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: A

Promoting Global Capability Centres in India

For Prelims: Confederation of Indian Industries, Global Capability Centres, Gross Value Addition, Intellectual Property, Semiconductor.                          

For Mains: Role of Global Capability Centres in India’s Economic Development

Source: IE  

Why in News?

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) suggested a framework for a National Global Capability Centres (GCCs) Policy, that can position India as the global headquarters for innovation-driven GCCs.

• The policy structure is anchored in three pillars—national direction, enabling ecosystem, and measurable outcomes—supported by four critical success factors: talent, infrastructure, regional inclusion, and innovation.

What are Global Capability Centres?

• About: A Global Capability Centre (GCC) is a fully owned offshore unit of a multinational corporation. 
  • It centralises and delivers key functions like IT, finance, engineering, customer service, and R&D from cost-efficient global locations.
• GCCs in India: India hosts nearly half of the world’s GCCs, and according to CII, their number could rise from 1,800 to 5,000 by 2030, with 36 new GCCs added every two weeks.
• Economic Contribution: It contributes approximately USD 68 billion in Direct Gross Value Addition (GVA), accounting for 1.8% of India’s GDP. By FY2030, it could contribute USD 470– USD 600 billion to India’s GDP.
• Employment Generation: India’s GCC ecosystem supports 10.4 million jobs in FY25 and could generate 20–25 million jobs by 2030, including 4–5 million direct jobs.

What are the Key Growth Drivers of GCCs in India?

• Diverse Talent Pool: India’s vast skilled workforce, with 1.9 million professionals in GCCs and millions of STEM graduates, offers diversity in regions, languages, and perspectives.
  • Opportunities in global projects, cutting-edge tech, and career growth help retain talent in AI, Data Science, and Cybersecurity.
• Emerging Markets: India’s strategic location enables access to Asian markets, local consumer insights, and its own growing domestic market.
• Risk Mitigation: Geographically diverse operations and resilience during COVID-19 make Indian GCCs reliable risk management hubs.
• Enhanced Scalability & Flexibility: India’s mature GCC ecosystem and infrastructure allow companies to scale operations rapidly as per business needs.
• Compliance & Governance: Strong data protection, privacy laws, and governance frameworks ensure high standards and regulatory compliance.

Proposed National Policy for Global Capability Centres (GCCs) by CII

• Focus on Priority Sectors: India should prioritize GCCs in Healthcare, Life Sciences, and Electronics Design to optimize investment and skill utilization.
• Tax Incentives: Implement facilitative tax policies to reward high-value functions, IP creation, and digital infrastructure and provide employment-linked deductions for new hires.
• Recalibrate Safe Harbour: Lower India’s above-global safe harbour markups and clarify distinctions, such as Software Development vs. R&D, while expanding eligibility to include more GCCs.
• Infrastructure and Regulatory Reforms: Develop Digital Economic Zones (DEZs) for a dedicated GCC ecosystem with a central authority for strategy and compliance.
  • GCC growth should align with Smart Cities and Gati Shakti, while promoting tier-II and tier-III cities as alternative hubs.
• Innovation & Sustainability Focus: India should provide incentives for ESG-led innovation.

What are the Challenges Faced by GCCs in India and the Potential Way Forward?

Challenges	Way Forward
India’s digital skills gap is projected to rise from 25% in 2023 to 29% by 2028, with only 43% of graduates industry-ready, forcing companies to invest heavily in reskilling.	Standardized Reskilling Platforms should offer certifications in AI, cloud, and data analytics, while incentives like tax benefits or subsidies should promote large-scale graduate upskilling.
Policymakers worry that GCCs overlap with domestic IT firms, may weaken IT exports, and produce limited high-end projects in India.	A Clear Differentiation Strategy should position GCCs for strategic innovation and R&D.
Most GCC work remains routine and outsourceable, with limited Intellectual Property (IP) creation, restricting India’s rise in the global value chain.	Create special innovation zones with strong IP protection to attract GCCs and mandate IP leadership for greater ownership of product development.
High attrition in the GCC sector, particularly in AI, analytics, and digital roles, makes it hard to retain talent and sustain growth.	Promote global assignments, and high-impact projects, offer a competitive work culture.

Conclusion

India’s GCC ecosystem offers significant economic and employment potential but faces challenges such as a widening digital skills gap, limited IP creation, and high attrition. Strategic policies—including sector prioritization, tax incentives, regulatory reforms, and Digital Economic Zones (DEZs)—can strengthen the sector, enhance global competitiveness, and ensure sustainable growth and job creation.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Global Capability Centers (GCCs) are becoming the new growth engine for the Indian economy. Discuss their potential while examining the key challenges they pose to the domestic IT sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(A) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(B) 1, 3 and 4 only

(C) 2, 4 and 5 only

(D) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (B)

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Mains

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)

Supreme Court’s Interim Order on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has stayed certain provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025, amid concerns that it violates Article 26, undermines community autonomy through excessive administrative powers and non-Muslim representation on Waqf Boards, and may impact existing Waqf properties and philanthropy.

What is Waqf Act, 1995? 

• The Waqf Act, 1995, is a central act in India that provides for the better administration, management, and protection of Waqf properties, endowments of property made for religious or charitable purposes under Muslim law.
  • It establishes Waqf Boards at both the state and national levels to oversee these properties, ensuring they are used for their intended purposes and managed transparently and legally.
• The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 (UMEED (Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development) Act), amended the Waqf Act, 1995.
  • Key Provisions of Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025:
    • Trusts Excluded: Muslim-created trusts are legally separate from Waqfs if governed by other charity laws.
    • Protection of Inheritance Rights: Women and children must receive their rightful inheritance before property becomes Waqf.
    • Protection of Tribal Lands: It prohibits the establishment of Waqf on lands belonging to tribal communities under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution.
    • Appeal Mechanism: High Court can hear appeals against Waqf Tribunal decisions.
    • Financial Reforms: Mandatory contribution to Waqf boards reduced from 7% to 5%.
    • Income Audit: Waqf institutions earning over Rs 1 lakh annually are subject to government-mandated audits.

Waqf Board

• A Waqf Board is a legal entity that can acquire, hold, transfer property, and sue or be sued. 
• It manages Waqf properties (assets dedicated for religious or charitable purposes), recovers lost assets, and approves transfers (sale, gift, mortgage, exchange, lease) with at least two-thirds board approval. 
• The Central Waqf Council (CWC), a statutory body under the Ministry of Minority Affairs, oversees and advises State Waqf Boards.

What are the Key Contentious Provisions of the Waqf Amendment Act, 2025 and the Supreme Court’s Stance on it?

• Provisions Upheld by Supreme Court:
  
  • Applicability of the Limitation Act: The Waqf Act, 1995 specifically excluded the application of the Limitation Act 1963, which allowed Waqfs to act against encroachments on their properties without any time limit.
    • The Waqf Amendment Act, 2025 removes this exemption, requiring legal claims to be filed within a specified period. 
      • The Court upheld this provision, noting it corrects earlier discrimination.
  • Abolition of “Waqf by Use”: Earlier, land used for Muslim religious/charitable purposes for long could be deemed Waqf even without registration. The 2025 Amendment Act removed the “Waqf by Use” concept, citing misuse.
    • SC upheld this noting misuse for encroaching government lands and finding no prima facie reason to stay it.
• Provisions Stayed by the Supreme Court:
  • Five-Year Rule for Practising Muslims: The Amended Act mandated that a waqf can only be created by a person who has practised Islam for at least 5 years.
    • SC has stayed this provision, since there is no mechanism to verify religious practice until the government frames clear rules.
  • Powers of District Collectors (Section 3C): The Amended Act stipulates that District Collectors can declare a waqf property as government property during their inquiry (property will not be treated as a waqf property during the period of the inquiry).
    • SC has stayed this provision, calling it arbitrary and a violation of separation of powers, as property disputes must be decided by tribunals or courts. 
      • As per Supreme Court, during the inquiry, Waqf properties will retain their status, cannot be dispossessed, and no third-party rights shall be created until a final decision is rendered by a Waqf Tribunal.
  • Non-Muslim Representation in Waqf Boards: The Act allowed large numbers of non-Muslims, even a majority, in Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council.
    • SC capped non-Muslim representation:
      • Central Waqf Council (22 members) shall not have more than 4 non-Muslims.
      • State Waqf Boards (11 members) shall not have more than 3 non-Muslims.

Key Judicial Pronouncements Regarding Religious Freedom in India

• Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, 1987: SC  held that students cannot be compelled to sing the National Anthem if it violates their religious beliefs. 
  • It established that individuals have the right to refuse to participate in activities that go against their religious beliefs, as long as they do not disrupt public order.
• Shayara Bano v. Union of India, 2017: SC struck down instant triple talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat) citing it as unconstitutional, violating Article 14 (Right to Equality) and gender justice principles, holding it is not an essential religious practice under Article 25.
• Dr. Mahesh Vijay Bedekar v. Maharashtra, 2016: SC held that using loudspeakers is not an essential religious practice and cannot be claimed as a fundamental right under Article 25 (freedom of religion) or Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression).

Conclusion

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aspires to bring reforms, yet it also raises genuine concerns over autonomy and rights. The Supreme Court’s interim order seeks to carefully balance the reform process with constitutional safeguards. The way forward should focus on fostering transparency and accountability, while preserving the spirit of religious freedom and trust among communities

Read more:  Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How does the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aim to modernise Waqf administration, and what challenges does it face?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. How is the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (2018)

Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)

Source: IE

Why in News?

The government has given central government employees the option to switch to the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) by 30th September 2025. However, the adoption has been slow, with only 40,000 out of 23.94 lakh eligible employees opting for the UPS so far.

What is the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)?

• About: The UPS, recommended by the T.V. Somanathan committee (2023) to review the National Pension System (NPS), was announced in August 2024 and came into effect on 1st April 2025 as an optional pension scheme for Central Government employees under the NPS.
  • It provides assured, inflation-indexed, and adequate retirement benefits, addressing concerns related to longevity protection and pension predictability.
  • UPS is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), and is available to both serving and retired employees, subject to specific conditions.
• Eligibility: 
  • Central Government employees under NPS as on 1st April 2025.
  • New recruits joining Central Government service on or after 1st April 2025.
  • Retired NPS subscribers who superannuated or retired on or before 31st March 2025, with at least 10 years of qualifying service, provided retirement was not a penalty under Fundamental Rules (FR) 56(j) (relates to the premature retirement of government servant).
  • Legally wedded spouse of a deceased NPS subscriber (who retired before opting for UPS).
• Contributions under UPS
  • Employee Contribution: 10% of Basic Pay + Dearness Allowance (DA).
  • Government Contribution: Matching 10% of Basic Pay + DA.
  • Additional Government Contribution (Pool Corpus): Around 8.5% of Basic Pay + DA, used to ensure assured payouts.
  • PRAN (Permanent Retirement Account Number): All contributions and transactions are recorded under the employee’s PRAN account.
• Corpus Contribution under UPS
  • Individual Corpus (IC): Actual savings from employee and government contributions.
  • Benchmark Corpus (BC): A notional amount calculated assuming regular contributions and no withdrawals.
• Benefits under UPS:

NPS vs UPS

Parameter	NPS	UPS
Nature	Mandatory for new employees (post-2004)	Voluntary for eligible employees
Contribution	10% (Employee) + 14% (Govt.)	10% (Employee) + 10% (Govt.) + 8.5% (Pool Corpus)
Assured Payout	No	Yes (subject to conditions)
Minimum Pension	No	₹10,000/month
Dearness Relief	No	Yes
Final Withdrawal	Up to 60%	Up to 60%
Family Benefits	Depends on annuity	60% of subscriber’s payout
Partial Withdrawal	Yes	Yes

Did You Know?

• Central government staff hired before 2004 were under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) with fixed pensions, while those after 2004 came under the market-linked mandatory NPS.
• Many employees continue to demand a return to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) as it offers higher security and no employee contribution.
• The Centralized Pension Payments System (CPPS), implemented by the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), allows pensioners to access their pension from any bank or branch nationwide. It streamlines payments, removes the need for physical verifications, and ensures immediate credit of pension.
• The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) launched in 2015, with the objective of creating a universal social security system for all Indians, especially the poor, the under-privileged and the workers in the unorganised sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)? (2017)

(a) Resident Indian citizens only

(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only

(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments

(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004

Ans (c)

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Q. Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganised sector workers.
2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme.
3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after the subscriber's death.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2025

Source: IE

The 21st edition of Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2025 was held at Fort Wainwright, Alaska, aiming to enhance interoperability, readiness, and cooperation between the Indian and US armies.

• Historical Background: Started in 2004 as counterinsurgency training; evolved to include conventional, unconventional, hybrid threats, and peacekeeping operations.
• Objectives: Joint military exercise to enhance bilateral readiness, interoperability, brigade-battalion coordination, air-to-ground integration, and support a free and open Indo-Pacific strategy.
• Strategic Importance: Alaska offers Arctic and Indo-Pacific operational experience; Indian forces gain cold-weather training alongside US Arctic-experienced troops.
• Broader Significance: Part of the US-India Major Defense Partnership, including joint exercises, defense trade, and personnel exchanges to enhance combined capabilities.
• Other Exercises Between India and US: Exercise Vajra Prahar (Special Forces’ Exercise), SALVEX (Navy), Cope India (Air Force), and Malabar Exercise (Quadrilateral naval exercise).

Read More: India-US Relations

Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan (SNSPA)

Source: AIR

The Prime Minister launched the Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan (SNSPA) and the 8th Rashtriya Poshan Maah.

Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan

• It aims to strengthen healthcare for women and children in India, promoting access, quality care, and awareness, with active participation from private hospitals under a Jan Bhagidaari Abhiyaan model.
  • It is a landmark health initiative by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Key Features: SNPSA will deploy more than one lakh health camps across Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and Community Health Centres to ensure comprehensive screenings for women’s health issues like anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
  • The SASHAKT portal will track progress in real-time, ensuring transparency and efficient implementation.
  • SNPSA encourages community participation through Nikshay Mitras and volunteer support, especially in tribal and rural areas.
    • Promotes awareness on menstrual hygiene, nutrition, and wellness through education at Anganwadis and health camps

Rashtriya Poshan Maah

• It is an annual campaign launched in 2018, celebrated every September as part of a Jan Andolan to promote nutrition literacy, healthy practices, and behavior change.
  • Over 7 editions of Poshan Maah and Poshan Pakhwada, more than 130 crore nutrition-centric activities have been conducted. 
• The 8th edition in 2025 focuses on critical themes like Anaemia prevention, Growth Monitoring, Complementary Feeding, “Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi”, Technology for Better Governance, and the environmental initiative “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam”.

Read more: 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024

Moran Community

Source: IE

The Moran community in Assam’s Tinsukia district—an area rich in oil, coal, and tea—has launched an economic blockade, stopping the movement of goods to and from the region to press their demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status.

• About: The Moran community is an aboriginal tribe of Assam that once had an independent kingdom before the Ahom rule.
• Religious Affiliation: In the 17th century, Aniruddhadeva converted them to Vaishnavism, sparking cultural and social regeneration.
  • They belong to the Moamoria sect of Vaishnavism and have a small population in Arunachal Pradesh’s Namsai district.
• Demand for ST Status: The Morans are one of the six communities—along with Tea Tribes/Adivasis, Motok, Tai Ahom, Chutia, and Koch-Rajbongshi—that are agitating for ST status.
• Recent Development: In March 2025, the Assam government announced its decision to issue Permanent Residence Certificates (PRCs) to members of the Moran community residing in Arunachal Pradesh.

Read More: PRC to Moran Community

Aluminium-ion Battery

Source-PIB

The Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru,  have developed a flexible aqueous aluminum-ion battery as a safe and sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries commonly used in phones, laptops, electric vehicles, etc.

Aluminium-ion Battery

• Material Used: The battery uses aluminum, one of the most abundant and eco-friendly metals, combined with a water-based electrolyte, making it cheaper, non-explosive, and environmentally safe.
• Components: It consists of a copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCFe) cathode     (Positive electrode) pre-filled with aluminum ions and a molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) anode (negative electrode).
• Performance: The battery remains capable even after 150 charge–discharge cycles, and can continuously power devices while being folded.
  • It is designed to be flexible enough to bend or fold like paper without losing performance.
• Applications: Opens up avenues for flexible smartphones, wearable devices and safer electric vehicles.
  • This development positions India at the forefront of sustainable and next-generation energy storage solutions aligned with global climate and environmental goals.
• Challenges: Slow diffusion of Al³⁺ ions and potential structural collapse of materials like graphite limit cycle stability.
  • Aluminum anodes suffer from corrosion, which can impact the longevity of the battery.

Lithium-ion Battery 

• It is a rechargeable battery in which lithium ions travel between a negative electrode (graphite) and a positive electrode (Li transitional metal oxides) via a non-aqueous electrolyte during the charging and discharging process.
• It stores more energy in a compact form and offers longer cycles between charges.
• Unlike older lead-acid batteries, it is lighter and uses less toxic Li and carbon electrodes.

Read More: Battery technology