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Global Diabetes Compact: WHO

Why in News The World Health Organization (WHO) launched a Global Diabetes Compact to better fight the disease while marking the centenary of the...

17 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Extradition

Why in News Recently, the UK’s Home Department has approved the extradition of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant to India in connection with the...

17 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
India in US Currency Practices Monitoring List

Why in News Recently, the United States (US) placed 11 countries, including India in the Currency Practices Monitoring List (Currency Manipulators...

17 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Why in News Recently, doctors in the United States have reported neurological symptoms in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in...

17 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement

Why in News Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making FASTag mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a...

17 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Reassessment of Regional Trading Agreements for India

Why in News Recently, Singapore’s Foreign Minister while addressing the 6th edition of the Raisina Dialogue suggested India to reassess its...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Resurge in Covid Cases and Economic Recovery

This Article is based upon “A Looming Economic Crisis” which was published in the Hindustan Times on 15 April, 2021. It talks about how...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
World Population Report 2021: UNFPA

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Population Fund’s (UNFPA) flagship State of World Population Report 2021 titled ‘My Body is My...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge. The...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

Why in News Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) to commemorate 75 years...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
India Restores E-Visa for 156 Countries

Why in News The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has restored electronic visa (e-visa) facility for foreigners from 156 countries, who intend to visit...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Aahaar Kranti Mission

Why in News The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition. Key Points About: The...

16 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC

Why in News The Government launched the “Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)” on the...

15 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
MANAS Mobile App

Why in News Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System) to promote mental...

15 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Child Labour and Forced labour in India

Why in News A recent study has raised the issue of ambiguity about definitions of child labour and forced labour in India, especially for sugarcane...

15 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland

Why in News Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, Naga Hoho has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the Register of...

14 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Decriminalising Begging

Why in News The Supreme Court has asked the Centre and four States to file their response on a plea seeking a direction to repeal the provisions...

14 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Indian Rhino Vision 2020

Why in News The Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV2020) program has come to a close with the recent translocation of two rhinos to Manas National Park in...

14 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
Reducing Risk of Zoonosis in Food Production

Why in News The World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health and the United Nations Environment Programme have laid down...

14 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2
National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem

Why in News Scientists, with support from the National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) Programme, have been able to disseminate...

14 Apr 2021 GS Paper - 2

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		'article_id' => (int) 8175,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Diabetes Compact: WHO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> launched a <strong>Global Diabetes Compact</strong> to better fight the disease while marking the centenary of the discovery of <strong>insulin.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme was <strong>launched at the Global Diabetes Summit</strong> co-hosted by the Government of Canada.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Diabetes Compact:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Global Diabetes Compact has the <strong>vision of reducing the risk of diabetes</strong>, and ensuring that all people who are diagnosed with diabetes have <strong>access to equitable, comprehensive, affordable and quality treatment and care.</strong></li>
<li>It will also <strong>support the prevention of type 2 diabetes</strong> from obesity, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.</li>
<li>It will set standards for tackling the diseases in the form of <strong>&lsquo;global coverage targets&rsquo;</strong> for ensuring a wider reach of diabetes care.</li>
<li>A key aim of the program is to unite key stakeholders from the public and private sectors, and, critically, people who live with diabetes, around a common agenda, to generate new momentum and co-create solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diabetes:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-diabetes-day-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Diabetes</strong></a> is a <strong>Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)</strong> that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar, or glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.</li>
<li>It is classified into two types:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Type 1 Diabetes:</strong> It occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 Diabetes:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In this condition the body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.The main reason for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is due to obesity and lack of exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insulin</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by Pancreas which helps in maintaining normal blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and promoting cell division and growth through its mitogenic effects.</li>
<li>It was <strong>discovered in 1921</strong> by orthopedic surgeon Dr. Frederick Banting and medical student Charles Best, from the University of Toronto.</li>
<li>Dr. Banting later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1923 along with Professor McLeod who was a Professor of Carbohydrate Metabolism.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Burden of Diabetes:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, approximately 6% of the world&rsquo;s population &ndash; more than 420 million people &ndash; live with either <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/south-asians-at-higher-health-risks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>type 1 or type 2 diabetes.</strong></a></li>
<li>It is the only major non-communicable disease for which the risk of dying early is going up, rather than down.</li>
<li>It has emerged as one of the major comorbid conditions linked to severe Covid-19 infections.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The International Diabetes Foundation Diabetes Atlas, in 2019, placed India among the top 10 countries for people with diabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by Government of India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s National <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)</strong></a> Target is to prevent the rise in obesity and diabetes prevalence.</li>
<li>National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010, to provide support for diagnosis and cost-effective treatment at various levels of health care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/global-diabetes-compact-to-increase-access-to-testing-treatment-who-76526" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8174,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extradition',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the UK&rsquo;s Home Department has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extradition-treaty-between-india-and-belgium" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extradition</strong></a> <strong>of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant</strong> to India in connection with the Rs. 13,758-crore Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the UK entered into an<strong> extradition treaty in 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition is the process by which one state, upon the request of another, affects the <strong>return of a person for trial for a crime</strong> punishable by the laws of the requesting state and committed outside the state of refuge.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> defined extradition as the <strong>delivery on the part of one State to another of those whom it is desired to deal with for crimes of which they have been accused</strong> or convicted and are justifiable in the Courts of the other State.</li>
<li>Extraditable persons include those charged with a crime but not yet tried, those tried and convicted who have escaped custody, and those convicted in absentia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Law in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the extradition of a fugitive criminal is governed under the <strong>Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is<strong> for both extraditing persons to India and from India</strong> to foreign countries.</li>
<li>The<strong> basis of the extradition</strong> could be a treaty between India and another country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present India has an <strong>Extradition treaty</strong> with more than 40 countries and Extradition agreement with 11 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Treaty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 2(d)</strong> of The Indian Extradition Act 1962 defines an &lsquo;Extradition Treaty&rsquo; as a Treaty, Agreement or <strong>Arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the extradition of fugitive criminals</strong> which extends to and is binding on India. Extradition treaties are traditionally bilateral in character.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles Followed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The extradition<strong> applies only to such offences which are mentioned in the treaty.</strong></li>
<li>It applies the <strong>principle of dual criminality</strong> which means that the offence sought to be an offence in the national laws of requesting as well as requested country.</li>
<li>The requested country must be satisfied that there is a<strong> prima facie case made against the offender.</strong></li>
<li>The extradition should be made <strong>only for the offence for which extradition was requested.</strong></li>
<li>The accused must be provided with a<strong> fair trial.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Authority:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consular, Passport and Visa Division</strong> of the Ministry of External Affairs, administers the Extradition Act and it processes incoming and outgoing Extradition Requests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition <strong>can be initiated in the case of under-investigation, under-trial and convicted criminals.</strong></li>
<li>In cases under investigation, abundant precautions have to be exercised by the law enforcement agency to ensure that it is in possession of prima facie evidence to sustain the allegation before the Courts of Law in the Foreign State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-home-department-clears-extradition-of-nirav-modi/article34336170.ece#:~:text=The%20U.K.'s%20Home%20Department,Of%20Friday's%20decision%2C%20a%20U.K." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8172,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India in US Currency Practices Monitoring List',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the United States (US) placed 11 countries, including India in the<strong> Currency Practices Monitoring List (Currency Manipulators Watch List).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-puts-india-on-currency-watchlist" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>on the list in the December 2020 report</strong></a> as well. In 2019, the US Treasury Department had <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-removes-india-from-currency-monitoring-watch-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>removed India from its currency manipulator watch list</strong></a> of major trading partners.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Currency Manipulators:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is a<strong> label given by the US government</strong> to countries it feels are engaging in <strong>&ldquo;unfair currency practices&rdquo;</strong> by <strong>deliberately devaluing their currency</strong> against the dollar.</li>
<li>The practice would mean that the <strong>country in question is artificially lowering the value of its currency to gain an unfair advantage</strong> over others.</li>
<li>This is because the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depreciation-of-rupee#:~:text=The%20rupee%20depreciated%20by%2016,stable%20US%20dollar%20over%20rupee." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>devaluation</strong> </a><strong>would reduce the cost of exports</strong> from that country and artificially show a reduction in trade deficits as a result.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Currency Manipulator Watch List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US Department of Treasury releases the<strong> semi-annual report where it has to track developments in international economies</strong> and inspect foreign exchange rates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>reviews currency practices of the US&rsquo; 20 biggest trading partners. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An economy meeting two of the three criteria in the <strong>Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015</strong> is placed on the Watch List. This includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>&ldquo;significant&rdquo; bilateral trade surplus with the US &mdash;</strong> one that is at least USD 20 billion over a 12-month period.</li>
<li>A material <strong>current account surplus equivalent</strong> to at least 2% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong> </a>over a 12-month period.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;Persistent&rdquo;, one-sided intervention &mdash;</strong> when net purchases of foreign currency totalling at least 2% of the country&rsquo;s GDP over a 12 month period are conducted repeatedly, in at least six out of 12 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Countries <strong>that meet all three of the criteria are labeled as currency manipulators</strong> by the Treasury.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Countries on the List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The other 10 countries on the list with India that merit &ldquo;close attention to their currency practices&rdquo; are <strong>China, Japan, Korea, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Mexico. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Questionable Chinese Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Chinese economic growth in 2020 exceeded that of other large economies</strong> but has been driven by the early resumption of manufacturing and increased external demand, especially for medical supplies, personal protection equipment and electronics.</li>
<li><strong>Questions remain about the continued strength of the Chinese recovery</strong> absent a sustained increase in household consumption.</li>
<li>China's<strong> failure to publish foreign exchange intervention</strong> and<strong> lack of transparency</strong> of its<strong> exchange rate mechanism</strong> and the activities of state-owned banks warrant close monitoring of renminbi (China&rsquo;s currency) developments going forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>met two of the three criteria</strong> that is the <strong>trade surplus</strong> criterion and the <strong>&ldquo;persistent, one-sided intervention&rdquo;</strong> criterion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inclusion in the list <strong>does not subject to any kind of penalty and sanctions</strong> but it <strong>deteriorates the global financial image</strong> of the country in the financial markets in terms of foreign exchange policies including undervaluation of currencies to gain export advantages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618655331_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618655331_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/us-treasury-keeps-india-on-currency-watch-list/article34339096.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8170,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, doctors in the United States have reported <strong>neurological symptoms in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MIS-C is a rare but severe <strong>hyperinflammatory condition in children and adolescents</strong> that typically <strong>occurs 2-6 weeks after a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> infection.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> a potentially deadly condition</strong> where<strong> different body parts can become inflamed,</strong> including the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, or gastrointestinal organs.</li>
<li>Children with MIS-C <strong>may have a fever and various symptoms,</strong> including abdominal (gut) pain, vomiting, diarrhea, neck pain, rash, bloodshot eyes, or feeling extra tired.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MIS-C with Neurological Complications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a recent study, <strong>young people with the MIS-C syndrome have shown neurological issues</strong> which were life-threatening such as strokes or severe encephalopathy (any brain disease that alters brain function or structure).</li>
<li>Neurological symptoms include hallucinations, confusion, speech impairments, and problems with balance and coordination.</li>
<li>The new findings <strong>strengthen the theory</strong> that the syndrome is related to a surge of inflammation triggered by an immune response to the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of MIS-C:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the Syndrome is less researched, there are varied theories as to what causes MIS-C.</li>
<li>While some researchers believe that MIS-C is <strong>a delayed response to the coronavirus</strong> which in turn causes massive inflammation in the body and as a result damages organs.</li>
<li>Some believe that it <strong>can also be a result of the children&rsquo;s immune response making antibodies against the virus.</strong></li>
<li>There <strong>may be a genetic component as not every child develops MIS-C</strong> and the presenting symptoms are so varied.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>involves symptonic relief such as supportive care</strong> or use of various medicines to treat inflammation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/some-children-covid-syndrome-develop-neurological-symptoms-7273013/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8169,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making<strong> FASTag</strong> mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a citizen&rsquo;s <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental right to freedom of movement</strong></a> in any way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/public-interest-litigation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Interest Litigation</strong></a> was filed in the Court challenging the government's decision to make FASTag, the electronic toll collection chip, mandatory for all vehicles at toll plazas on national highways.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About FASTag:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FASTag is <strong>a reloadable tag</strong> that allows <strong>automatic deduction of toll</strong> without having to stop for carrying out the cash transaction.</li>
<li>The tag <strong>uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology</strong> and is fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle once active.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>RFID</strong> is the <strong>use of radio waves</strong> to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object.</li>
<li>A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within the direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FASTag ensures seamless traffic movement, cut travel time short, and that all decisions had been taken in accordance with the<strong> Central Motor Vehicles (CMV) Rules.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 136A of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Motor Vehicles Amendment Act 2019</a></strong> puts the responsibility on the Central Government to make rules for the electronic monitoring and enforcement of road safety.</li>
<li>Legislating the establishment of robust electronic enforcement for traffic violations will result in reduction in human intervention and the associated corruption.</li>
<li>A robust electronic enforcement system including speed cameras, closed-circuit televisions cameras, speed guns and such other technology will ensure violations being captured at a greater scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions</strong> had been made at all toll plazas along national highways<strong> to fit the chip in vehicles</strong> that did not have FASTag. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In cases where it was not possible to fit vehicles with FASTag on the spot for any reason, the <strong>vehicle was permitted to still ply on highways, on extreme left of the FASTag lanes.</strong></li>
<li>However, such vehicles were<strong> required to pay twice the toll amount.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> double user fees</strong> or penalties imposed on vehicles without FASTag on national highways were also in accordance with the <strong>National Highway Fee (determination of rates and collection) Rules, 2008.</strong></li>
<li>Entertaining such petitions would cause "irreparable loss" to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhai-achieves-highest-ever-construction-of-national-highways" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Highways Authority of India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right to Freedom of Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to Freedom of movement is <strong>guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.</strong> It entitles every citizen to move freely throughout the territory of the country.</li>
<li>This right is <strong>protected against only state action and not private individuals.</strong> Moreover, it is available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company but<strong> not to foreigners or legal persons</strong> like companies or corporations, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions</strong> on this freedom can only be imposed on<strong> two grounds</strong> which are mentioned in the Article 19 of the constitution itself, namely, the interests of the general public and the protection of interests of any scheduled tribe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entry of outsiders in tribal areas is restricted to protect the distinctive culture, language, customs and manners of scheduled tribes and to safeguard their traditional vocation and properties against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court held that the freedom of movement of prostitutes can be restricted on the ground of public health and in the interest of public morals.</li>
<li>The freedom of movement has <strong>two dimensions,</strong> viz, internal (right to move inside the country) and external (right to move out of the country and right to come back to the country). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 19 protects only the first dimension. The <strong>second dimension is dealt by Article 21</strong> (right to life and personal liberty).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fastag-does-not-violate-right-to-free-movement-centre/article34321579.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8162,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reassessment of Regional Trading Agreements for India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Singapore&rsquo;s Foreign Minister while addressing the<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the<strong> Raisina Dialogue</strong> suggested India to reassess its stand on<strong> Regional Trading Agreements (RTA)</strong> such as <strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong> and <strong>Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raisina-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raisina Dialogue</strong></a> is India&rsquo;s premier conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics. The conference is <strong>hosted by the Observer Research Foundation in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs,</strong> Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618562305_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618562305_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RCEP</strong></a> is the <strong>world's largest <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/a-note-on-free-trade-agreements-and-their-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Free Trade Agreement</a> (FTA)</strong> and was signed by all 10 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization (ASEAN)</strong> </a>members and key partners including China, South Korea, Japan, Australia and New Zealand at the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3rd-rcep-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RCEP leaders&rsquo; summit</a> in November 2020.</strong></li>
<li>It could be some time before any country sees the benefits, because <strong>six ASEAN nations and three other nations have to ratify it before it takes effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ratification will likely be tricky in national parliaments, owing to both anti-trade and anti-China sentiments among the countries.</li>
<li>Recently, <strong>Singapore became the first RCEP participating country (RPC) to complete the official ratification process</strong> and deposit its ratification instrument.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eliminate Tariffs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is expected to <strong>eliminate a range of tariffs</strong> on imports within 20 years and also includes provisions on intellectual property, telecommunications, financial services, e-commerce and professional services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under RCEP, parts from any <strong>member nation would be treated equally,</strong> which might give companies in RCEP countries an<strong> incentive to look within the trade region for suppliers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Businesses with global supply chains might face tariffs even within an FTA because their products contain components that are made elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Global Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The deal could <strong>increase global national income by USD 186 billion annually by 2030</strong> and add 0.2% to the economy of its member states.</li>
<li>However, some analysts think the deal is likely to benefit China, Japan and South Korea more than other member states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>withdrew</strong> from the RCEP largely because of <strong>concerns it would open it up to Chinese goods amid an already wide trade imbalance with China,</strong> and the failure of the agreement to adequately open up to services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618562353_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618562353_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/30-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CPTPP</strong></a> is a<strong> Free Trade Agreement (FTA)</strong> between <strong>11 countries</strong> around the <strong>Pacific Rim</strong> which are :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Japan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the US withdrew from negotiations of <strong>Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),</strong> the remaining 11 participants scrambled to amend the text of the agreement, and the newly renamed <strong>CPTPP was signed in March 2018.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It came into <strong>force in December 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Removes Tariffs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CPTPP removes 99% of tariffs on goods and services, just like the original TPP did.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Broad Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CPTPP covers a broad range of goods and services. These include financial services, telecommunications, and food safety standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduces Environmental Abuses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All <strong>countries agreed to cut down on wildlife trafficking.</strong> That helps elephants, rhinoceroses, and marine species the most.</li>
<li>It <strong>prevents environmental abuses,</strong> such as unsustainable logging and fishing. Countries that don't comply will face trade penalties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India did not join CPTPP as <strong>it seeks to place greater labor and environmental standards</strong> on its other partners and <strong>CPTPP draft includes narrowly detailed qualifications on standards for investment protection, provisions</strong> to protect the host state&rsquo;s right to regulate, and the imposition of detailed transparency requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for India to Reassess RCEP &amp; CPTPP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Boost its Manufacturing Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The RCEP &amp; CPTPP blocs represent a major portion of the world economy, which may present India the<strong> possibility of being a manufacturing hub and export platform</strong> for the Pacific region with access to duty-free, quota free trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Strengthen Individual Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>already has steady trade relations</strong> or is negotiating new agreements with various RCEP &amp; CPTPP countries such as Canada, Mexico, and Chile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To be a Major Player in Regional Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has a <strong>crucial role to play in helping the region</strong> build an inclusive architecture at a time of increasing global instability.</li>
<li>Besides, rising US-China tensions are &ldquo;deeply worrying&rdquo; for the region with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a> resulting in &ldquo;heightened tension&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Provide Indian Companies Better Platforms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such trade pacts will also <strong>give Indian companies a platform to showcase their strengths</strong> across even larger markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Acknowledging India&rsquo;s economic heft and value as a market, the RCEP &amp; CPTPP members have <strong>left the door open for India.</strong> Given the global economic scenario in present times and the near future, <strong>it would be in India&rsquo;s interest to dispassionately review its position on RCEP &amp; CPTPP and carry out structural reforms</strong> that will help India to mitigate some of the repercussions arising from the RCEP &amp; CPTPP.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/we-hope-india-will-reassess-stand-on-trade-pacts-says-singapore-foreign-minister/article34316667.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8168,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Resurge in Covid Cases and Economic Recovery ',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p><em><strong>This Article is based upon &ldquo;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/bracing-for-economic-disruption-101618492329640.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Looming Economic Crisis</a>&rdquo; which was published in the Hindustan Times on 15 April, 2021. It talks about how the drastic increase in the number of Covid-19 cases is acting as a barrier in India&rsquo;s slowly recovering economy, once again.</strong></em></p>
</div>
<p>The last fiscal year, FY 2020-21 was no less than a roller coaster ride for India&rsquo;s economy, witnessing nationwide partial and complete lockdowns, curfews and increase in unemployment with no projections of the economy returning to the 2019-20 levels of GDP even in FY 2021-22.</p>
<p>However, with the easing of lockdown restrictions, these projections were revised favourably in late 2020.</p>
<p>Just when there was growing optimism over India&rsquo;s economic rebound, when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF upgraded India&rsquo;s GDP forecast for FY 21-22 to 12.5%</strong></a>, the second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> wave has come as a rude shock to businesses and consumers alike.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s daily new cases have been hitting higher peaks every day, with the country contributing almost 20% to the global tally of fresh daily cases. The situation is worse than last year&rsquo;s peak situation where the only sigh of relief is India now has access to vaccines.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Economic Recovery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Factors Facilitating the Growth:</strong>The gross tax collections are estimated to have touched ₹20.16 lakh crore (₹20.16 Trillion), up ₹1.2 lakh crore from the revised estimates detailed in the Union Budget a few months ago.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre&rsquo;s indirect tax collections have touched ₹10.71 lakh crore in 2020-21, even higher than the collections in 2019-20.</li>
<li>Indicators like the Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI), tractor &amp; two-wheeler sales, Goods and Services Tax collection, E-way bills, and rail freight traffic showed sustained growth in 2021.</li>
<li>The exports figures have also seen a huge jump standing at 31 billion dollar</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impacts of Resurging Covid Cases and Consequent Lockdowns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highest Week-on-Week Decline as per NIBRI:</strong> The <strong>Nomura India Business Resumption Index (NIBRI)</strong>, is a weekly tracker of the pace of normalisation of economic activity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index reached 99 points in February, 2021 but slipped down to 90.5 in the month of April, registering its biggest week-on-week fall.</li>
<li>The reason for this downfall is mainly the second wave of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>City-wise Impact:</strong> States like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, which are witnessing the highest surge in COVID-19 cases, account for over 30% of India&rsquo;s GDP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even partial lockdowns and curbs in these states will impact economic activity majorly and if the lockdowns are extended further due to uncontrolled infections, the damage will be even more extensive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraction in Industrial Output:</strong> The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) has witnessed the sharpest contraction in the month of February 2021 (since August 2020), at the rate of 3.6%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent spike in Covid-19 cases has raised concerns over the economic recovery, especially with the imposition of harsher restrictions on activities now being a possibility.</li>
<li>The restrictions currently being imposed such as night curfews and weekend lockdowns are economically less painful. However, if the situation worsens, harsher measures cannot be ruled out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing and Other Sectors:</strong> While manufacturing may not be directly hit due to partial lockdowns, the impact on the contact services sectors like hospitality, travel, and tourism will have a multiplier effect, as these sectors have strong backward linkages with other sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significant Role of Vaccines:</strong> The only effective way to safeguard the economy from another massive disruption is to relax both demand and supply for vaccines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 10 crore shots have been administered so far, however, it accounts for only 8% of the country&rsquo;s population that has received at least one shot, the US and the UK, in contrast, have vaccinated close to 50% of their total population.</li>
<li>Vaccination is a key element in controlling the second wave of Covid-19, but a shortage of vaccines could slow the progress of vaccine rollout.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, the government shall now increase the reach of the vaccines and make the eligibility criteria for vaccination more expansive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing the Tax Levies:</strong> The RBI, which has been stridently seeking a reduction in the tax levies, foresees inflation averaging 5.2% in the April-June quarter. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The price pressures are unlikely to ease significantly in the near term, unless the Centre and the States bite the bullet by agreeing to forego some near-term revenue from petroproducts and reduce fuel taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Policy Makers:</strong> More efforts and better policies are needed on the part of Policymakers, to nurse back demand and this must be done without letting quickening inflation undermine purchasing power and overall economic stability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, policymakers should not lose sight of the fact that India is better equipped to fight the virus compared to last year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At this juncture, the primary objective of governments, both at the Centre and states, should be to ramp up the vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expenditures as Proposed in the Union Budget:</strong> The support from the rebound in global growth and implementation of the Union Budget&rsquo;s proposed capital expenditures will reinforce India&rsquo;s economic revival.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the agricultural growth and rural demand have been quite robust until now, which is also expected to support growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the choice between flattening the Covid-19 curve and economic hardship was difficult last year, it will be even more difficult this year, as businesses and workers are still nursing the wounds of the first lockdown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The second wave has coincided with the beginning of the new fiscal year which means that even the conservative revenue targets in the Budget could be jeopardised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In all these difficult circumstances, the only silver lining that India has is the availability of the Vaccines and its ongoing Vaccination Drive. It must be taken advantage to the fullest.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 92px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 92px; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcff; border-style: dotted;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Flattening the Covid-19 curve or dealing with the economic hardships. Choosing sides between these two is not exactly a wise decision to make, maintaining a balance is the need of the hour&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8167,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Population Report 2021: UNFPA',
		'description' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund&rsquo;s (UNFPA)</strong></a> flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of World Population Report</strong></a> <strong>2021</strong> titled <strong>&lsquo;My Body is My Own&rsquo;</strong> was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> report has focused on <strong>bodily autonomy</strong>, defined as the power and agency to make choices about your body without fear of violence or having someone else decide for you.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Bodily Autonomy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principle of bodily integrity sums up the <strong>right of each human being, including children, to autonomy and self-determination over their own body.</strong> It considers an unconsented physical intrusion as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=Human%20Rights%20in%20India&amp;text=These%20include%20the%20Right%20to%20Equality%2C%20Right%20to%20Freedom%2C%20Right,to%2051%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights</strong></a> violation.</li>
<li>While the principle has traditionally been raised in connection with practices such as torture, inhumane treatment and forced disappearance, <strong>bodily integrity has the potential to apply to wide range of human rights violations, which also affect children&rsquo;s civil rights.</strong></li>
<li>Under its ambit also fall <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">people with disabilities</a></strong> stripped of their rights to self-determination, to be free from violence and to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child marriage</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Female genital mutilation.</li>
<li>Lack of contraceptive choices leading to unplanned pregnancy.</li>
<li>Unwanted <strong>sex exchanged for a home and food.</strong></li>
<li>When <strong>people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities cannot</strong> walk down a street without fearing assault or humiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to Make Decisions Regarding Own Body:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly <strong>half the women from 57 developing countries</strong> do not have the right to make decisions regarding their bodies, including using contraception, seeking healthcare or even on their sexuality.</li>
<li>Only <strong>75% of countries legally ensure full and equal access to contraception.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women around the world are denied the fundamental right of bodily autonomy with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=This%20article%20is%20based%20on,than%20merely%20a%20biomedical%20one." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> further exacerbating this situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, according to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></a> (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016):</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>12%</strong> of currently <strong>married women</strong> (15-49 years of age) <strong>independently make decisions</strong> about their own healthcare.</li>
<li>63% decide in <strong>consultation with their spouse.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>23%</strong> it is the <strong>spouse that mainly takes decisions</strong> about healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraceptives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>8%</strong> of currently married women (15-49 years) <strong>take decisions on the use of contraception independently.</strong></li>
<li><strong>83% decide jointly with their spouse.</strong> Information provided to women about use of contraception is also limited.</li>
<li><strong>47% of women</strong> using a contraceptive <strong>were informed about the side effects of the method.</strong></li>
<li><strong>54%</strong> women <strong>were provided information</strong> about other contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-women-nfsh-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women Related Data</a> from NFHS-5:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contraception:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate</strong> (CPR) has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>generally declined</strong> in most of the states and UTs.</li>
<li>However, it has witnessed an <strong>increase in five states</strong>, namely Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision making related to health, major household purchases and visiting relatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bihar has reported the maximum increase from 75.2% in NFHS-4 (2015-2016) to 86.5% in <strong>NFHS-5 (2019-2020).</strong></li>
<li>Almost <strong>99% of women in Nagaland</strong> participate in household decision-making, followed by Mizoram at 98.8%.</li>
<li>On the other hand, <strong>Ladakh and Sikkim reported the biggest decrease in women&rsquo;s participation</strong> in decision-making, with a 7-5% drop among married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Supreme Courts (SC) Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Two%20years%20ago%2C%20in%20August,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Justice K S Puttaswamy v Union of India 2017:</strong></em></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC</strong></a> held that reproductive rights include a woman&rsquo;s entitlement to carry a pregnancy to its full term, to give birth, and to subsequently raise children; and that these rights form part of a woman&rsquo;s right to privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity.</li>
<li>The judgement gave required impetus to resolve the potential constitutional challenges to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/abortions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abortion</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy#:~:text=It%20provides%20for%20the%20constitution,26%2D55%20years%20for%20males." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) (Amendment) Bill, 2020</strong></a> was passed which seeks to <strong>extend the termination of pregnancy period from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong>, making it easier for women to safely and legally terminate an unwanted pregnancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-ecosoc-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> establishes its mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969.</li>
<li>In <strong>1987, it was officially renamed the United Nations Population Fund</strong> but the original abbreviation, &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo; for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was retained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender equality (SDG5).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA is not supported by the UN budget, instead, it is entirely <strong>supported by voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Real, sustained progress largely depends on <strong>uprooting gender inequality and all forms</strong> of discrimination, and transforming the social and economic structures that maintain them.</li>
<li>In this, <strong>men must become allies</strong>. Many more must commit to stepping away from patterns of privilege and dominance that profoundly undercut bodily autonomy, and move towards ways of living that are more fair and harmonious, benefiting all.</li>
<li>Realising bodily autonomy is <strong>essential to achieving the UNFPA&rsquo;s goals of ending the global unmet need</strong> for contraception, preventable maternal deaths, gender-based violence and harmful practices by <strong>2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unfpas-population-report-launched/article34329822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8166,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8165,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushal-se-kal-badlenge-ddu-gky" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)</strong> announced it on <strong>Antyodaya Diwas in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a demand-driven placement linked skill training initiative working under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool</strong> to diversify income and enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adding <strong>diversity to the incomes</strong> of rural poor families</li>
<li>Cater to the <strong>career aspirations of rural youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alumni Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alumni meet is an <strong>important component of the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>The Alumni meets <strong>provide healthy ground for experience sharing by the former trainees with their present counterparts</strong> on topics like placements, career goals, challenges they faced in finding employment before undertaking the training and the benefits they reaped after.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>former trainees are also felicitated</strong> at the events for their exemplary performances at their workplaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is currently being implemented in <strong>27 States and 3 Union Territories</strong> and has over <strong>2198 Training Centres in 1822 projects</strong>, in partnership with <strong>839 Project Implementing Agencies</strong> conducting <strong>training across 56 sectors, and over 600 job-roles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception of the scheme, a total <strong>10.81 lakh candidates have been trained in 56 sectors and 600 Trades and 6.92 lakh placed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY and integrated farming initiatives for rural development across the country are important for greater success in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skilling</strong></a> and placing the rural youth.</li>
<li>DDU-GKY has played a significant role in the context of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>through skilling.</li>
<li>As a part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Skill India campaign</strong></a>, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social and economic programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Other Initiatives Related to Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in 2020 (by MSDE), it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme is to provide industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushal Acharya Awards:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched (by MSDE) to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2016 (by MSDE), it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antyodaya Diwas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>25<sup>th</sup> September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of <strong>Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya</strong>, one of the great thinkers and philosophers of the nationalist movement of the country.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced it for the first time in 2014 along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Antyodaya means <strong>"uplifting the poorest of the poor"</strong> and the day aims to reach the person in the last mile.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1712013%23:~:text%3DAs%2520part%2520of%2520the%2520%27Amrit,75%2520years%2520of%2520Indian%2520Independence.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618575874299000&amp;usg=AOvVaw06MYYSx1Qo60vbC5NKA1gP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8164,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Restores E-Visa for 156 Countries',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)</strong> has restored <strong>electronic visa (e-visa)</strong> facility for <strong>foreigners</strong> from <strong>156 countries</strong>, who intend to visit India for the purposes of <strong>business</strong>, <strong>conferences, and for medical reasons</strong>, including in the case of medical attendants.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>E-visa for tourists is yet to be restored.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>E-Visa:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The e-visa system is an <strong>innovation introduced by the government in 2014.</strong> The facility was expanded in 2017-2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process has its <strong>roots in the 2010 Tourist Visa on Arrival (TVOA) scheme</strong> for Japan, Singapore, Finland, Luxembourg and New Zealand.</li>
<li>The government <strong>merged the TVOA with Electronic Travel Authorisation</strong>, thereby creating the e-visa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Five Categories:</strong> An e-visa also called <strong>Electronic Visa</strong> is provided in five categories&mdash;<strong>tourist, business, conference, medical, and medical attendant.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the arrangement, a foreigner can apply online four days prior to travel.</li>
<li>After the details are verified, an <strong>electronic travel authorisation (ETA)</strong> is generated, which has to be presented at the immigration check post on arrival.</li>
<li>Entry through e-visas is <strong>allowed only at 28 designated international airports and 5 major seaports in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> The <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> is the nodal ministry that issues visas to foreigners.</li>
<li>The facility is <strong>not available for the citizens of Pakistan</strong> and they are expected to apply for regular visas from the Indian High Commission in Islamabad.</li>
<li>E-visas are <strong>not valid for foreign diplomats</strong> which are dealt separately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the <strong>facility is available to 171 countries</strong>, after restrictions were announced in 2020, it has been <strong>restored only for 156 countries.</strong></li>
<li>China, the UK, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia are <strong>excluded</strong> from the current restoration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-restores-e-visa-for-156-countries/article34328649.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8159,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aahaar Kranti Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a <strong>mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo; will focus on <strong>addressing the problem of hunger and diseases in abundance</strong> across India and the world.</li>
<li>The initiative will shine a light on the <strong>richness and value of India&rsquo;s traditional diet</strong>, the miracles of <strong>local fruits and vegetables</strong>, and the healing powers of a <strong>balanced diet.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> Pravasi Bharatiya Academic and Scientific Sampark (PRABHASS), Global Indian Scientists and Technocrats&rsquo; Forum (GIST), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fifth-india-international-science-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijnana Bharati (Vibha)</strong></a> and Vigyan Prasar (an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology) have come together to launch the mission &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>motto</strong> of the Mission is <strong>&ldquo;Uttam Aahaar- Uttam Vichaar or Good Diet-Good Cognition&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The messages <strong>will be imparted through the curriculum</strong> in the form of `what&rsquo;s and `why&rsquo;s of nutrition, or through the forms of games or as instructions such as `how to&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The content will be provided both online and offline, in all vernacular languages besides English and Hindi.</li>
<li>The programme <strong>will focus on training teachers</strong>, who, in turn, will pass on the message to the multitudes of students, and through them to their families and finally the society at large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations (UN) has also declared <strong>2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables</strong>, which vibes very well with Aahaar Kranti.</li>
<li>Further, it is in line with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN sustainable goal 3</strong></a> that emphasizes human well-being.</li>
<li>It will <strong>help in applying the rich knowledge of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayurveda</a>-based nutrition</strong> to practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Performance of India on Global Hunger Index 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has been <strong>ranked at 94</strong> among 107 countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a score of 27.2, India has a level of hunger that is<strong> &ldquo;serious&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<li><strong>Performance on the Indicators:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernourishment:</strong> 14% of India&rsquo;s population is undernourished (2017-19). It was 16.3% during 2011-13.</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong> 17.3% (2015-19), it was 15.1% in 2010-14.</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong> 34.7%, it has improved significantly, from 54% in 2000 to less than 35% now.</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality:</strong> 3.7%, it was 5.2% in 2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711729&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618553875541000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3ZnBVP6DHbLSIwybxBcKLH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8156,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government launched the <strong>&ldquo;Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NCSC</a>)&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dr-b-r-ambedkar-s-129th-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. B R Ambedkar.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal would make it easier for the SC population to register their complaints.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Online Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>designed in collaboration with the Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N)</strong>, a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</li>
<li>It will <strong>facilitate an end-to-end e-filing of complaints</strong> and grievances and <strong>their tracking.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is for <strong>submission of complaints about atrocities</strong> against citizens who belong to the Scheduled Castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is &ldquo;intended to make the hearing processor" similar to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s e-Courts project</strong></a> and allow grievance redressal for the country&rsquo;s scheduled caste population in a &ldquo;time bound manner".</li>
<li>It will <strong>supplement the physical submission of complaints</strong> and grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NCSC is a constitutional body</strong> that works to <strong>safeguard the interests of the Scheduled Castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 of the Constitution</strong> of India deals with this commission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provided for a National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with duties to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them, to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
<li>By the <strong>amendment in 2003</strong>, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by two separate Commissions <strong>from the year 2004</strong> which are: National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>-under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the NCSC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating</strong> all issues concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to <strong>the deprivation of the rights</strong> and <strong>safeguards of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking part in and advising</strong> the central or state governments with respect to the planning of <strong>socio-economic development of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regular reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of <strong>these safeguards.</strong></li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and <strong>advancement of the SC community.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does <strong>with respect to the SCs.</strong></li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs).</strong> It was relieved from this responsibility by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional and Legal Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 15</a>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs</strong>, which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711868&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618486972066000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1XyieJyQj3nMy-4cSogBay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8155,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MANAS Mobile App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, <strong>MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System)</strong> to <strong>promote mental wellbeing across age groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MANAS was endorsed as a national program by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions#:~:text=Prime%20Minister's%20Science%2C%20Technology%20%26%20Innovation,to%20ensure%20India's%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that <strong>facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to assess the status in specific science and technology domains</strong>, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform</strong> and an app <strong>developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries</strong>, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on life skills and core psychological processes</strong>, with <strong>universal accessibility</strong>, delivering <strong>age-appropriate methods</strong> and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-brain-templates-nimhans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS)</strong></a> Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC)</strong></a> Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of <strong>all age groups</strong>, the <strong>initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a <strong>Swasth and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto of MANAS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttam Mann, Saksham Jan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Mental Health in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> A report published in <strong>The Lancet Psychiatry</strong> in February 2020 indicates that in 2017, there were <strong>197.3 million people with mental disorders in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>top mental illnesses were depressive disorder</strong> (45.7 million) and <strong>anxiety disorder</strong> (44.9 million).</li>
<li>The contribution of mental disorders to the total <strong>Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)</strong> in India increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Depressive disorder and anxiety disorder contributed the most to the total mental disorders DALYs.</li>
<li><strong>DALYs:</strong> The burden of disability associated with a disease or disorder can be measured in units called DALYs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DALYs <strong>represent the total number of years lost</strong> to illness, disability, or premature death within a given population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Indian Initiatives to Improve Mental Health:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/mental-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017</strong></a> came into force in 2018 to meet the requirements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-principles-for-people-with-disabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong></a> which India ratified in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>KIRAN:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24/7 toll-free helpline</strong></a> to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manodarpan Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manodarpan-mental-health-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manodarpan</strong></a> is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
<li>It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIMHANS RAAH APP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>one-stop source of data on mental health centres and professionals.</strong> It is developed by the <strong>NIMHANS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although developing apps to cater mental well-being of citizens on scalable, secure and digital platforms is the need of the hour the <strong>app must be integrated with the public health schemes</strong> like the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-summit-on-good-replicable-practices-innovations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Sanjeevani</a></strong> and others so that it is used widely. Besides, the <strong>application must be made multi-lingual.</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the number of psychologists and psychiatrists, and Apps alone won&rsquo;t help. <strong>Stigma and awareness</strong> are two separate issues although interlinked. They <strong>need to be addressed in parallel in order to tackle the burden of mental illness.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8153,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Child Labour and Forced labour in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study has raised the <strong>issue of ambiguity about definitions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020#:~:text=National%20Policy%20on%20Child%20Labour,processes%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20prevention." target="_blank" rel="noopener">child labour</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forced labour</a></strong> in India, especially for sugarcane producing states of Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study was commissioned by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/undps-accelerator-lab#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Development%20Programme%20(UNDP)%20is%20the%20UN's%20global,assistance%20to%20the%20least%20developed." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a><strong> and The Coca-Cola Company.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings from the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities discounted <strong>underage child labour as &ldquo;children helping parents in the field&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Similarly, confusion was about the <strong>advance payment to migrant workers, </strong>and<strong> associated risks of forced or bonded labour.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the interventions in the sugarcane sector, either by government authorities or by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> arm of companies, were focused just on &ldquo;improving farming techniques to ensure an increase in cane productivity&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Forced Labour (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &ldquo;child labour&rdquo;</strong> is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.</li>
<li><strong>Forced labour</strong> is defined as &ldquo;all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term forced labour <strong>includes slavery and practices similar to slavery as well as bonded labour or debt bondage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour</strong> is a practice in which <strong>employers give high-interest loans</strong> to workers who <strong>work at low wages to pay off the debt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="432" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act</strong></a>, employment of <strong>children below the age of 14 years in any commercial enterprise is illegal.</strong></li>
<li>The Act also <strong>bars the employment of adolescents</strong> in occupations that deal with <strong>hazardous working conditions</strong> such as chemical plants and mines.</li>
<li>The Act says that <strong>children can only work after school hours or during holidays </strong>and that <strong>children are allowed to work in family owned secure sectors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is criticised that the Act allows child labour in <strong>&ldquo;family or family enterprises&rdquo;</strong> or allows the child to be<strong> &ldquo;an artist in an audio-visual entertainment industry&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Itt <strong>excludes</strong> a section of toiling children in the unorganized sectors including <strong>agriculture as well as the household work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act <strong>does not define the hours of work</strong> and it simply states that children may work after school hours or during vacations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India </strong>has<strong> interpreted bonded labour as the payment of wages that are below the prevailing market wages</strong> and legal minimum wages.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution of India prohibits forced labour under Article 23</strong> (Fundamental Rights).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 23:</strong> Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bonded labour was historically associated with rural economies where peasants from economically disadvantaged communities were bound to work for the landlords.</li>
<li>Bonded labour is found to <strong>exist in both rural and urban pockets</strong> in unorganized industries such as brick kilns, stone quarries, coal mining, agricultural labour, domestic servitude, circus, and sexual slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sugarcane Cultivation in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21&deg;C to 27&deg;C and an annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm</li>
<li>In India, sugarcane is primarily grown and cultivated in Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Of these,<strong> Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane producer</strong> and accounts for<strong> nearly 40%</strong> of the cash crop grown in the country, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka, which account for 21% and 11% of the total domestic production.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Child Labour Laws/Programmes in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 24 of the Constitution:</strong> No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.</li>
<li><strong>National Policy on Child Labour (1987):</strong> It focuses more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.</li>
<li><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015:</strong> It includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation.</li>
<li><strong>National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme 2007:</strong> Under it, children in the age group of 9-14 years, rescued/withdrawn from work are enrolled in the NCLP Special Training Centres, where they are provided with bridge education, vocational training, mid day meal, stipend, health care, etc. before being mainstreamed into formal education system.</li>
<li>The <strong>Right to Education Act, 2009</strong> has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged 6 to 14 years are in school and receive free education.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Mines Act of 1952,</strong> employment of children below the age of 18 years is illegal in mines.</li>
<li><strong>Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and the general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.</li>
<li>It has been launched for the effective implementation of Child Labour Act and National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India has ratified <strong>International Labour Organizations Convention (ILO) no 138</strong> (minimum age for employment) and <strong>Convention no 182</strong> (worst forms of child labour).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bonded Labour Related Schemes/Acts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India but implemented by respective state governments.</li>
<li>It provides for an institutional mechanism at the district level in the form of Vigilance Committees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance committees advise District Magistrate (DM) to ensure the provisions of this act are properly implemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Governments/UTs may confer, on an Executive Magistrate, the powers of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class or second class for the trial of offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourers (2016):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this scheme financial assistance to the extent of Three lakhs Rupees is provided to released bonded labourers along with other non-cash assistance for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> cycle of poverty and its implications </strong>must be <strong>addressed properly,</strong> so families can find other means to survive and send their children to schools.</li>
<li>Many <strong>NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, ChildFund, CARE India, Kailash Satyarthi Children Foundation</strong> etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India. Right kind of<strong> focus and orientation with state level authorities</strong> is also needed to avoid the practice of child labour.</li>
<li><strong>Forced Child Labour</strong> requires an urgent action from governments and the international communities.</li>
<li>A <strong>very robust, reliable and fairly decent social security package</strong> and <strong>strict implementation</strong> of the acts is needed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/study-flags-labour-issues-in-sugarcane-producing-states-7268274/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8148,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, <strong>Naga Hoho</strong> has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the <strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)</strong>, seen as a variant of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam&rsquo;s National Register of Citizens.</strong></a></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State government had formed a <strong>three-member Committee</strong> in 2019 for <strong>studying, examining, and recommending the implementation of RIIN.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions of RIIN Committee was to determine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The eligibility criteria to be an indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>Authority to authenticate claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>Place of registration as indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>The basis of claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>The nature of documents that will be acceptable as proof of being indigenous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>exercise was suspended following protests</strong> from community-based and extremist organisations.</li>
<li>Since then the Nagaland government has been trying to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/register-of-indigenous-inhabitants-of-nagaland-riin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revive the RIIN exercise that was launched in July 2019</strong></a> with the objective of <strong>preventing outsiders from obtaining fake indigenous certificates</strong> for seeking jobs and benefits of government schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RIIN will be <strong>prepared after an extensive survey with the help of a village-wise and ward-wise list of indigenous inhabitants based on official records.</strong> Also, It will be prepared under the supervision of each district administration.</li>
<li><strong>No fresh indigenous inhabitant certificate will be issued after the RIIN is completed</strong> except for children born to the State&rsquo;s indigenous inhabitants who will be issued indigenous certificates along with birth certificates. The RIIN database will be updated accordingly.</li>
<li>The RIIN will also be <strong>integrated with the online system for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/petition-for-protection-of-non-nagas-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inner-Line Permit</a></strong>, a temporary document non-inhabitants are required to possess for entry into and travel in Nagaland.</li>
<li>The entire exercise will be <strong>monitored by the Commissioner of Nagaland.</strong> In addition, the state government will designate nodal officers of the rank of a Secretary to the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naga&rsquo;s Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exclusion of Nagas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If RIIN implemented the identification process with<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> (the day Nagaland attained statehood) as the cut-off date for determining the permanent residents of the State, it is likely to <strong>exclude Nagas who have come from beyond the boundaries of Nagaland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Property:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Naga tribes living in Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh in India and in Myanmar have a legitimate claim to their <strong>ancestral homeland.</strong></li>
<li>There are thousands of Nagas who have bought lands, built houses and settled down in Nagaland for several decades.</li>
<li>In the absence of records such as land pattas, house taxes paid or enrolment in electoral rolls prior to <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> many procedural anomalies will crop up even within the so-called pure Nagas of Nagaland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Be treated as Illegal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The non-indigenous Nagas could be treated as &ldquo;illegal immigrants&rdquo; and their lands and property confiscated. <strong>The idea of the Nagas as a people to live together and their aspiration to live with self-determination will be irreparably damaged.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nagas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nagas are a <strong>hill people who are estimated to number about 2. 5 million (1.8 million in Nagaland</strong>, 0.6 million in Manipur and 0.1 million in Arunachal states) and living in the remote and mountainous country between the Indian state of Assam and Burma.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are also Naga groups in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an <strong>ethnic community that comprises several tribes</strong> who live in the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood.</li>
<li>Nagas belong to the <strong>Indo-Mongoloid Family.</strong></li>
<li>There are <strong>nineteen major Naga tribes</strong>, namely, Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis, Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis, Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, Yamchumgar and Zeeliang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In an already volatile region where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afspa-extended-in-nagaland#:~:text=AFSPA%20gives%20armed%20forces%20the,in%20contravention%20of%20the%20law." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958</strong></a> is routinely extended, it is <strong>best that Nagaland proceeds with caution in this enterprise.</strong> The <strong>RIIN should not ultimately become a vehicle to make outsiders of insiders.</strong></li>
<li>The NRC experiment in Assam witnessed extremely divisive political posturing. Other Northeastern states are sure to be watching with keen interest what is unfolding in Assam and Nagaland. <strong>Emotive political issues cannot be allowed to drive the compiling of a registry of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-body-flags-concerns-over-nagalands-version-of-nrc/article34314341.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8147,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Decriminalising Begging',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has asked the Centre and four States to file their response on a plea seeking a direction to<strong> repeal the provisions <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/decriminalising-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener">criminalising begging.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been argued in the plea that a person, who is compelled to beg due to certain circumstances,<strong> cannot be faulted for his actions.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposed-amendment-to-railways-act-1989" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Railways has also proposed to decriminalise begging</strong></a> on trains or railway premises.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Argument For Decriminalising Begging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Earlier Judgment On Decriminalisation:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delhi-high-court-decriminalises-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Delhi High Court which had decriminalised begging</strong></a> in the national capital said provisions of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959,</strong> which<strong> treats begging as an offence cannot sustain constitutional scrutiny.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criminalising Begging Against Right To Life:</strong> The provisions of the statutes criminalising the act of begging put people in a situation to make an <strong>unreasonable choice between committing a crime or not committing one and starving,</strong> which goes against the very spirit of the Constitution and violates <strong>Article 21 i.e. Right to Life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Obligation To Provide Social Security:</strong> The government is mandated to provide <strong>social security to everyone and ensure that all had basic facilities,</strong> as embedded in the <strong>Directives Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> in the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The presence of beggars is evidence that the state has failed to provide basic facilities to all its citizens.</li>
<li>So instead of working on its failure and examining what made people beg, <strong>criminalising the act of beggary is irrational and against the approach of a socialist nation</strong> as embedded in the preamble of Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Suggestion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fast Forward Beggars Rehabilitation Legislation:</strong> The plea has claimed that the <strong>Abolition of Begging and Rehabilitation of Beggars Bill 2018</strong> had been introduced in the Lok Sabha but till now, this bill is not passed and is wedged in length parliamentary procedures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has resulted in <strong>thousands of poor facing more hardships because of present arbitrary statutes.</strong></li>
<li>The legislation process must be fast forwarded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declare Some Provision As Void :</strong> The petition has sought directions to declare as <strong>&ldquo;illegal and void&rdquo; all provisions,</strong> except some sections, of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, Punjab Prevention of Beggary Act, 1971, Haryana Prevention of Begging Act, 1971</strong> and<strong> Bihar Prevention of Begging Act 1951.</strong></li>
<li>It has also sought to declare all other similar Acts prevailing in any part of the country as illegal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no central Act on beggary,</strong> many states and Union Territories have used the Bombay Act as the basis for their own laws.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act defines a &ldquo;beggar&rdquo;</strong> as anyone having no visible means of subsistence, and wandering about or remaining in any public place in such condition or manner, as makes it likely that the person doing so exists by soliciting or receiving alms.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Begging&rdquo; under the Act includes soliciting or receiving alms in a public place, whether or not under any pretence of singing, dancing, fortune-telling, performing or offering any article for sale.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act gives the police the power to arrest individuals without a warrant.</strong> It gives magistrates the power to commit them to a detention centre for up to three years on the commission of the first &ldquo;offence&rdquo;, and up to 10 years upon the second &ldquo;offence&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before that, it strips them of their privacy and dignity by compelling them to allow themselves to be fingerprinted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Act also authorises the detention of the family of the beggar,</strong> and the separation of children over the age of five.</li>
<li><strong>Certified institutions or detention centres have absolute power over detainees,</strong> including the power of punishment, and the power to exact &ldquo;manual work&rdquo;. Disobeying the rules of the institution can land an individual in jail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Number of Beggars In India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>Census 2011</strong> total number of beggars in India is 4,13,670 (including 2,21,673 males and 1,91,997 females) and the number has increased from the last census.</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal tops the chart followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar</strong> at number two and three respectively. Lakshadweep merely has two vagrants according to the 2011 census.</li>
<li>Among the union territories, New Delhi had the largest number of beggars 2,187 followed by 121 in Chandigarh.</li>
<li>Among the northeastern states, Asam topped the chart with 22,116 beggars, while Mizoram ranked low with 53 beggars.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre made an attempt at repealing the Act through the <strong>Persons in Destitution (Protection, Care and Rehabilitation) Model Bill, 2016,</strong> with provisions including <strong>doing away with the Beggary Act and proposing rehabilitation centres</strong> for the destitute in each district.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Persons in Destitution Bill, 2016, needs to see the light of the day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bihar government&rsquo;s <strong>Mukhyamantri Bhikshavriti Nivaran Yojana</strong> is a scheme worth emulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme, instead of detaining persons under the Act, provides for open homes and community outreach for destitute persons.</li>
<li>Now, rehabilitation centres have been set up, with facilities for treatment, family reintegration and vocational training.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The very real problem of<strong> organised begging rackets will have to be addressed</strong> by other means, perhaps based on the law of trafficking.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-centre-four-states-to-respond-to-plea-to-decriminalise-begging/article34291189.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8146,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Rhino Vision 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV2020) program</strong> has come to a close with the recent translocation of two rhinos to Manas National Park in Assam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the eighth round of rhino translocation under IRV2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Indian Rhino Vision 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launched in 2005,</strong> Indian Rhino Vision 2020 was an ambitious effort<strong> to attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos</strong> spread over seven protected areas <strong>in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Seven protected areas</strong> are <strong>Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang National Park, Manas National Park, Laokhowa wildlife sanctuary, Burachapori wildlife sanctuary </strong>and<strong> Dibru Saikhowa wildlife sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Wild-to-wild translocations</strong> were an essential part of IRV2020 &ndash; moving rhinos from densely populated parks like Kaziranga NP, to ones in need of more rhinos, like Manas NP.</li>
<li>It is <strong>a collaborative effort</strong> between various organisations, including the International Rhino Foundation, Assam&rsquo;s Forest Department, Bodoland Territorial Council, World Wide Fund - India, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Program:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Target of attaining a population of 3,000 rhinos almost achieved</strong> but the<strong> animal could be reintroduced in only one of the four protected areas planned.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The plan to spread the Greater one-horned rhino across four protected areas beyond Kaziranga National Park, Orang National Park and Pobitora could not materialise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The translocated rhinos <strong>helped<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Manas National Park</a> get back its<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Heritage Site status in 2011. </a></strong></li>
<li><strong>2018 and 2019 saw significant decreases in poaching,</strong> the results of forestry, local and national government officials coordinating efforts to combat wildlife crime across Assam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Greater One-Horned Rhino:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> three species of rhino in Asia &mdash;</strong> Greater one-horned <em>(Rhinoceros unicornis)</em>, Javan and Sumatran.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching for the horns and habitat loss</strong> are the two greatest threats to the survival of Asia's rhinos.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>five rhino range nations</strong></a> (India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia) have signed a declaration &lsquo;The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019&rsquo; for the conservation and protection of the species.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Javan and Sumatran Rhino</strong> are<strong> critically endangered</strong> and the <strong>Greater one-horned (or Indian) rhino</strong> is <strong>vulnerable</strong> under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IUCN Red List.</strong></a></li>
<li>All three listed under <strong>Appendix I <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(CITES)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Greater one-horned rhino is listed under the <strong>Schedule I of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat of Greater One-Horned Rhino:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.</li>
<li>In India, rhinos are mainly found in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaziranga-national-park-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Kaziranga NP</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pobitora-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pobitora WLS</strong></a>, Orang NP, Manas NP in Assam, Jaldapara NP and Gorumara NP in West Bengal and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Dudhwa TR</strong></a> in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/last-rhinos-translocated-in-assam-under-vision-2020-to-increase-population/article34309773.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8144,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reducing Risk of Zoonosis in Food Production',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Organization for Animal Health</strong></a> and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> have laid down<strong> fresh guidelines</strong> for governments<strong> to reduce the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans</strong> in food production and marketing chains.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> has brought new attention to this threat, given the magnitude of its consequences.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zoonosis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/zoonotic-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> zoonosis</strong></a> is an infectious disease that jumps from a non-human animal to humans.</li>
<li>Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic.</li>
<li>They can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Animals, particularly <strong>wild animals,</strong> are the source of <strong>more than 70%</strong> of all emerging infectious diseases in humans, many of which are caused by <strong>novel viruses.</strong></li>
<li>Most emerging infectious diseases &ndash; such as <strong>Lassa fever, Marburg hemorrhagic fever,</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nipah viral infections</strong></a> and other viral diseases &ndash; have wildlife origins.</li>
<li>Significant <strong>problems can arise when traditional food markets allow the sale and slaughter of live animals,</strong> especially wild animals, which cannot be properly assessed for potential risks &ndash; in areas open to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such environments provide the opportunity for animal viruses, including coronaviruses, to amplify themselves and transmit to new hosts, including humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WHO Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency<strong> regulations to suspend live wild animal sales in traditional food markets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conducting risk assessments</strong> for developing regulations to control the risks of transmission of zoonotic microorganisms from <strong>farmed wild animals and caught wild animals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ensuring</strong> that food inspectors are<strong> adequately trained</strong> to ensure that businesses comply with regulations to protect<strong> consumers&rsquo; health and are held accountable.</strong></li>
<li>Strengthening<strong> surveillance systems for zoonotic pathogens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zoonotic Diseases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is <strong>among the top geographical hotspots</strong> where zoonotic diseases are a major public health issue causing high burden of morbidity and mortality.</li>
<li><strong>Major public health zoonotic diseases in India</strong> include Rabies, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Plague, Leptospirosis, Scrub typhus, Nipah, Trypanosomiasis, Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Large human population</strong> and its frequent interactions with animals.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Leads to increased dependence on animal rearing as a means of livelihood. The intimate human-animal contact puts them at risk for this category of diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Unawareness:</strong> Large part of population remains unaware of the basic hygiene routine to be followed.</li>
<li><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMR</a></strong> occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of proper vaccination programmes,</strong> poor sero-surveillance and lack of diagnostic facilities make the preventive and precautionary approach more difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Following Programmes have been launched under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).</li>
<li>National Programme for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance.</li>
<li>National Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Programme.</li>
<li>Strengthening Inter-sectoral coordination for prevention and control of Zoonotic Diseases of Public Health Importance.</li>
<li>National Rabies control programme.</li>
<li>Programme for prevention and control of Leptospirosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, experts have underscored the need for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/onehealth-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Health framework</strong> </a>in the country. One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach linking human, animal, and environmental health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/reducing-risk-of-zoonoses-in-food-production-who-lays-down-guidelines-76448" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8141,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists, with support from the <strong>National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)</strong> Programme, have been able to disseminate available scientific information to the farmers to enable sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture in the Leh region.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NMSHE is one of the eight missions under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2010</strong> but was formally <strong>approved by the government in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-pronged, cross-cutting mission</strong> across various sectors.</li>
<li>It <strong>contributes to the sustainable development of the country</strong> by enhancing the understanding of climate change, its likely impacts and adaptation actions required for the Himalayas- a region on which a significant proportion of India&rsquo;s population depends for sustenance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States Covered:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eleven states:</strong> Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam and West Bengal.</li>
<li><strong>Two Union Territories:</strong> Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>facilitate formulation of appropriate policy</strong> measures and time-bound action programmes to sustain ecological resilience and ensure the continued provisions of key <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecosystem services</strong></a> in the Himalayas.</li>
<li>To <strong>evolve suitable management and policy measures</strong> for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan ecosystem along with developing capacities at the national level to continuously assess its health status.</li>
<li>To <strong>address a variety of important issues</strong>, including studying the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayan glaciers</strong></a> and <strong>associated hydrological consequences</strong> and prediction and management of natural hazards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Himalayas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Himalayas are the <strong>highest and the youngest fold mountain ranges</strong> of the world.</li>
<li>Their geological structure is young, weak and flexible since the Himalayan uplift is an ongoing process, making them <strong>one of the highest earthquake-prone regions of the world.</strong></li>
<li>It separates India, along its north-central and northeastern frontier, from China (Tibet).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian part of Himalayas covers an area about <strong>5 lakh km<sup>2</sup> (about 16.2% of the country's total geographical area)</strong> and forms the northern boundary of the country.</li>
<li>The region is <strong>responsible for providing water to a large part of the Indian subcontinent.</strong> Many rivers considered holy like the Ganga and Yamuna flow from the Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ranges:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Himalayas are a <strong>series of parallel mountain ranges</strong> extending along the North-West to the South-East direction (known as the Strike of the Himalayas). These ranges are separated by longitudinal valleys. They include,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trans-Himalayas</li>
<li>The Greater Himalayas or Himadri</li>
<li>The Lesser Himalayas or Himachal</li>
<li>Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas</li>
<li>The Eastern Hills or Purvanchal</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2008</strong> by the Prime Minister's Council on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)</strong> is the coordinating Ministry of NAPCC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618385920_image%201.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618385920_image 1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission:</strong> This initiative started in 2010 to promote the use of solar power.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:</strong> The initiative was undertaken in 2009 to promote the market for energy efficiency by fostering innovative policies and effective market instruments.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat:</strong> Approved in 2011, it aims to make cities sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste and shift to public transport.</li>
<li><strong>National Water Mission:</strong> The mission was put in place to ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem:</strong> It is aimed at protecting the Himalayas, it has mapped institutes and civil society organisations working on the Himalayan ecology for ease of coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for A Green India:</strong> It aims at protecting; restoring and enhancing India's diminishing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures. It was started in 2014.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture:</strong> It has been formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in rain-fed areas focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health management and synergizing resource conservation. It was started in 2010.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change:</strong> It seeks to build a dynamic and vibrant knowledge system that informs and supports national policy and action for responding effectively to climate change challenges, while not compromising on the nation's growth goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711116#:~:text=NMSHE's%20ICAR%20Team%20awarded%20for%20agricultural%20information%20dissemination%20in%20Leh&amp;text=A%20team%20of%20scientists%20from,Today%2C%20a%20National%20Agriculture%20Magazine." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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