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Supreme Court Dismissed Aadhaar Review Petitions

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has dismissed petitions seeking a review of its 2018 judgment upholding the constitutional validity of...

21 Jan 2021 Governance
Regulatory Compliance Portal: DPIIT

Why in News Recently, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has launched a regulatory compliance portal that will act...

21 Jan 2021 Governance
KIIFB Borrowings Issue

Why in News Recently, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has opined that the off-budget borrowings made by the Kerala Infrastructure...

21 Jan 2021 Governance
Rooftop Solar Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has released an advisory on the rooftop solar scheme. Key...

19 Jan 2021 Governance
Indian Railway Finance Corporation: IPO

Why in News The Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) got 65% subscription on the first day of...

19 Jan 2021 Governance
New Whatsapp Policy & Privacy

This article is based on “Update debate: On WhatsApp and privacy” which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the...

18 Jan 2021 Governance
Modified Scheme to Produce 1G Ethanol

Why in News Recently, the Department of Food & Public Distribution has notified a modified scheme for extending financial assistance for...

16 Jan 2021 Governance
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0, in a bid to...

16 Jan 2021 Governance
Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

Why In News Recently, the flagship crop insurance scheme of the Government of India - the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) - has completed...

13 Jan 2021 Governance
Kayakalp Awards

Why in News Recently the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has conferred 5th National Kayakalp awards to Public and Private Health Facilities...

13 Jan 2021 Governance
Covid-19 Vaccine Policy

This article is based on “Devising a vaccine strategy for India” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 07/01/2021. It talks...

11 Jan 2021 Governance
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Why in News Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated on 9th January every year to mark the contribution of Overseas Indian community in the...

11 Jan 2021 Governance
Demand For Autonomy in Assam

Why In News There has been a demand for implementation of Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State within Assam. Key...

09 Jan 2021 Governance
Death Penalty For Sexual Offences

This article is based on “The wrong answer” which was published in The Indian Express on 06/01/2021. It talks about the issues related...

08 Jan 2021 Governance
Scheme for Industrial Development of Jammu and Kashmir

Why in News Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the proposal of Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade...

08 Jan 2021 Governance
School Bag Policy 2020

Why in News The Directorate of Education has issued a circular asking schools to follow the new ‘School Bag Policy, 2020’ released by...

05 Jan 2021 Governance
Sagarmala Seaplane Services

Why in News The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways is starting the ambitious Project of Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS) with potential...

05 Jan 2021 Governance
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960

Why in News The Supreme Court (SC) has asked the Centre to either withdraw or amend rules notified in 2017 for confiscating animals of traders and...

05 Jan 2021 Governance
Smart Classes for Rural Schools

Why in News Recently, RailTel has proposed to the Ministry of Education its plan for equipping rural schools, run by the central government, with...

04 Jan 2021 Governance
Global Housing Technology Challenge-India

Why in News The Prime Minister has laid the foundation of LightHouse Projects (LHPs), as part of the Global Housing Technology Challenge-India...

02 Jan 2021 Governance

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		'title' => 'Supreme Court Dismissed Aadhaar Review Petitions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has <strong>dismissed petitions seeking a review</strong> of its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-upholds-aadhaars-constitutional-validity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2018 judgment</strong></a> upholding the constitutional validity of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar Act (2016)</strong></a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the SC upheld the country&rsquo;s biometric identity system and also cleared mandatory Aadhaar enrolment of recipients of government welfare benefits.</li>
<li>The court, in its verdict, had also <strong>approved the passage of Aadhaar law by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliament-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parliament</a> as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/misuse-of-money-bills-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">money bill</a>, </strong>which<strong> did not require an approval of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rajya Sabha</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Thereafter, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/review-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>review petitions</strong></a> were filed against the judgement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whether the <strong>decision of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-speaker-roles-and-responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lok Sabha Speaker</a></strong> under<strong> Article 110 (3)</strong> of the Constitution to certify a bill as a money bill under <strong>Article 110 (1)</strong> is final and binding, or <strong>can be subject to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/judicial-review-1#:~:text=Key%20Points,wrongs%20of%20the%20conclusion%20reached." target="_blank" rel="noopener">judicial review</a>.</strong></li>
<li>If the decision is subject to judicial review, whether the <strong>Aadhaar Act, 2016</strong> has been correctly <strong>certified as a money bill.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Majority Decision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Majority of the bench (i:e 4 out of 5) held that<strong> &ldquo;no case for review&rdquo;</strong> of the 2018 judgment was made and <strong>dismissed the petitions.</strong></li>
<li>The 2019 judgment in Rojer Mathew v South Indian Bank Ltd was not sufficient to press for a reconsideration of the 2018 Aadhaar judgment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rojer Mathew v South Indian Bank Ltd 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The judgment in this case said that the<strong> speaker&rsquo;s decision was not beyond judicial review</strong> though the scope was extremely restricted.</li>
<li>It had also said that the 2018 Aadhaar verdict had not answered conclusively <strong>the question as to what constitutes a money Bill</strong> under Article 110 (1) and had <strong>directed that it be referred to a larger Bench which has not been constituted yet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dissenting Judgment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the five judges dissented with the majority view and said that<strong> the 2019 judgment questioning the correctness of the Aadhaar verdict was a relevant fact and that the apex court must wait for the larger bench of seven judges to decide</strong> these pertinent issues.</li>
<li>He also referred to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/supreme-court-on-religious-practices" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sabarimala case</strong></a> where a nine-judge Bench in February 2020 had <strong>referred certain questions of law arising in the context of an earlier decision</strong> by a five-judge Bench in September 2019<strong> to a larger Bench while keeping the review petitions pending.</strong></li>
<li>He held that it is a constitutional <strong>error to hold at this stage that no ground exists to review the judgment</strong> and it would <strong>have serious consequences not just for judicial discipline,</strong> but <strong>also for the ends of justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Final Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Even as one of the five judges on the bench termed it a &ldquo;constitutional error,&rdquo; the SC by a <strong>majority verdict has dismissed a clutch of petitions seeking a review of its 2018 judgment that validated the Aadhaar Act.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Money Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 110</strong> of the Constitution deals with the Money Bills. It states that a bill is deemed to be a money bill if it contains &lsquo;only&rsquo; provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax.</li>
<li>The <strong>regulation</strong> of the <strong>borrowing of money by the Union government.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the contingency fund of India,</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>payment of money</strong> into or the<strong> withdrawal of money from any such fund.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>appropriation of money</strong> out of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Declaration of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India</strong> or increasing the amount of any such expenditure.</li>
<li>The<strong> receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India</strong> or the public account of India or<strong> the custody or issue of such money,</strong> or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a state.</li>
<li>Any <strong>matter incidental to any of the matters specified above.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Money and Financial Bills:</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #030730; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Money Bills</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #030730; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Financial Bills</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #030730; text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #030730; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Financial Bill-I</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #030730; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Financial Bill-II</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Article 110 deals with money bills.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Article 117 (1) deals with Finance Bill - I</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Article 117 (3) deals with Finance Bills-II</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">They deal with <strong>&lsquo;only&rsquo;</strong> provisions mentioned in <strong>Article 110.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">They contain not only any or all the matters mentioned in <strong>Article 110,</strong> but also <strong>other matters</strong> of general legislation.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<p>They contain provisions involving expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India, but not included in Article 110.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Speaker decides</strong> whether a bill is a money bill or not.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Does not require certification of the speaker.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Does not require certification of the speaker.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">They can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">They can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">They can be introduced in both houses.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>President&rsquo;s recommendation</strong> is <strong>needed</strong> to introduce them.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President&rsquo;s recommendation is <strong>needed</strong> to introduce them.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 35px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President&rsquo;s recommendation <strong>not</strong> needed.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">It cannot be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">It can be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">It can be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<p>President can either accept or reject a money bill but <strong>cannot return it for reconsideration.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President <strong>can return</strong> it for reconsideration.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President <strong>can return</strong> it for reconsideration.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>No provision for joint sitting</strong> of both the houses to resolve the deadlock.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President can summon the joint sitting of the two houses.</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #f3f2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">President can summon the joint sitting of the two houses.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-rules-out-review-of-aadhaar-order-with-one-dissent-on-money-bill-7155132/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Regulatory Compliance Portal: DPIIT',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong> has launched a<strong> regulatory compliance portal</strong> that will act as a bridge for citizens, industries and the government <strong>to minimise burdensome compliances.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DPIIT</strong> comes under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong> It is acting as the <strong>nodal department</strong> for coordinating the exercise of minimizing regulatory compliance burden for citizens and businesses which have an adverse impact on time and cost of businesses.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduce the <strong>compliance burden,</strong> simplify further the <strong>citizen-government interface</strong> whether online or offline, and <strong>remove antiquated and obsolete acts</strong> which don&rsquo;t add value.</li>
<li>To<strong> boost manufacturing and make Indian industry competitive,</strong> there are issues of quality and manufacturing of scale but the <strong>compliance burden is a major cost.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All <strong>Central Ministries/Departments and States/UTs</strong> would <strong>examine laws</strong>/regulations/rules under their purview and<strong> implement an Action Plan to</strong> rationalize and simplify all the processes and <strong>remove burdensome compliances, decriminalize laws and repeal redundant Acts.</strong> These <strong>details would be captured and tracked on the Regulatory Compliance Portal.</strong></li>
<li>It will act as a<strong> first-of-its-kind central online repository</strong> of all central and State-level compliances.</li>
<li><strong>Industry stakeholders</strong> from trade bodies such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fiscal-performance-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CII</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FICCI</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-electric-mobility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASSOCHAM</a></strong> would also <strong>submit recommendations</strong> to minimize the regulatory compliance burden.</li>
<li><strong>Customized reports</strong> of action taken by each Ministry/Department and State/UT will also get generated for monitoring and evaluation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Steps:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of states</strong> </a>was started in 2015. BRAP 2019 contained a list of 80 reforms (187 reform action points) to be implemented by 19 State departments. These reforms covered 12 business regulatory areas such as Access to Information, Single Window System, Labour, Environment, etc.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Corridors</strong> </a>are being developed with the objective of fast-tracking growth and facilitating development of a well-planned and resource-efficient industrial base served by world-class sustainable connectivity infrastructure, bringing significant benefits in terms of innovation, manufacturing, job creation and resource security to the nation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-nations-investment-promotion-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Invest India</strong> </a>is the National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency of India. It is transforming the country&rsquo;s investment climate by simplifying the business environment for investors.&nbsp;Recently it was even declared as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-nations-investment-promotion-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>winner of the United Nations Investment Promotion Award 2020</strong></a> announced by the <strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India initiative</strong></a> was launched in 2014, along with action plans for 25 sectors with the objective of facilitating investment, fostering innovation, building best in class manufacturing infrastructure, making it easy to do business and enhancing skill development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rise of India&rsquo;s rank in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank&rsquo;s Ease of Doing Business Report</a></strong> from 142<sup>nd</sup> in 2014 to 63<sup>rd</sup> in 2019.</li>
<li>The steps taken will be instrumental in achieving the vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and help usher ease of doing business for industry and ease of living for citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1690454" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7513,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'KIIFB Borrowings Issue',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)</strong></a> of India has opined that the <strong>off-budget borrowings</strong> made by the <strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)</strong> for critical infra projects have <strong>bypassed the limits set on government borrowings under Article 293 (1) of the Constitution</strong> and such borrowings do not have legislative approval.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Off-budget borrowings</strong> are a means by which the government keeps its fiscal deficit in check by making quasi-government entities borrow on its behalf, to partly fund its expenditure plan for the year.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Provisions of Borrowings under Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Borrowing by Centre and the States:</strong> Chapter II in Part XII of the Constitution of India deals with borrowing. Article 292 covers borrowing by the Central Government, and Article 293 covers borrowing by States.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering State Legislatures:</strong> Article 293(1) provides State legislatures the power by law to enable or limit the State&rsquo;s executive powers of borrowing and giving guarantees.</li>
<li><strong>Consent of the Centre:</strong> Under clauses (3) and (4) of Article 293, State Governments need to obtain the consent of the Centre for raising fresh loans in case they are indebted to the latter, and such consent may be granted subject to conditions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bypassed Constitutional Limit:</strong> CAG reported that KIIFB has bypassed the limits set on government borrowings under Article 293 of the Constitution as these borrowings did not have legislative approval.</li>
<li><strong>Encroachment on Powers of Centre:</strong> The CAG said that<strong> Entry 37 of the List 1 of the Seventh schedule of the Constitution</strong> gives powers of raising foreign loans only to the Centre. Thus, KIIFB borrowings are in violation of the Constitution and encroachment on the powers of the Centre.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Transparency:</strong> KIIFB borrowings have not been disclosed in the Budget documents or in the accounts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It raises doubts on transparency, and of inter-generational equity of the borrowings, the State has to furnish to Centre all the financial statements showing the estimates of receipts and payments of all sources of borrowings, including Open Market borrowings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Burdened State Finances:</strong> KIIFB raised funds by issuance of bonds which were to be repaid from the petroleum cess and motor vehicle tax. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CAG reported that since the KIIFB has no source of income, the borrowings by the KIIFB for which the State stood as guarantor, may ultimately turn out to be a <strong>direct liability of the State government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk of Mounting External Liabilities:</strong> The RBI was criticised for granting approval to the state to float<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> masala bonds.</strong></a> The CAG raised concerns that if this mode was followed by other States, the <strong>external liabilities of the country</strong> would rise substantially without the Centre&rsquo;s knowledge of such liabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> KIIFB came into existence in 1999 through the <strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To provide investment for critical and large infrastructure projects in the State of Kerala.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KIIFB was the <strong>first sub-sovereign entity</strong> in India<strong> to tap the offshore rupee international bond market.</strong></li>
<li>In 2019, KIIFB issued its <strong>masala bond</strong> of ₹2,150 crore on the <strong>London Stock Exchange. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Masala Bonds</a></strong> are <strong>rupee-denominated bonds</strong> i.e. the funds would be raised from overseas market in Indian rupees.</li>
<li><strong>Attracted investments:</strong> The bond issue helped Kerala government to get multinational corporations to invest in the state, which has traditionally been known for its unfriendly business policies, bureaucratic delays and recurrent industrial strikes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Role:</strong> In 2016, the role of KIIFB was changed<strong> from handler of investment bonds to an entity to mobilize the resources</strong> for developmental projects over and beyond the budget.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kerala Government's Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Detrimental to State development:</strong> According to the government of Kerala, funds from KIIFB are being used to build public infrastructures such as schools, roads, hospitals etc. and such a move by CAG could hurt the interests of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Unilateralism:</strong> Kerala government raised concerns over not giving the State an opportunity to offer its comments, observations or explanation before publishing of the report by the CAG.</li>
<li><strong>Already RBI Approved:</strong> The Kerala government also highlighted the fact that the KIIFB Bonds were raised with the approval of RBI- which is a central body under Government of India, then how such borrowings can be unconstitutional. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Role of RBI:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> RBI</strong> </a>is authorised to act as <strong>an agent of the Central and State Governments</strong> for the issue and management of the latter&rsquo;s bonds and debentures.</li>
<li>The<strong> Internal Debt Management Department</strong> of the RBI has the power to float State Government loans, facilitating investment of surplus cash balances of State Governments in dated securities under various funds.</li>
<li>It is also authorised to make<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wma-borrowings-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ways and Means Advances (WMAs)</strong></a> to the Centre and States, and to fix the limits thereof.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermines Federalism:</strong> For decentralisation of financial autonomy, it is necessary to provide a mechanism for regulation of state subnational debt. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could promote macroeconomic fiscal stability of the states. Hence, exercise of power conferred to the centre by the article 293 should be strictly confined to the purposes and circumstances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Review of sub-national Fiscal Policy:</strong> Since the state debt burdens have been rising because of recent fiscal shocks such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/four-years-of-demonetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> demonetisation</strong></a>, introduction of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid 19 crisis</strong></a>, sub-national fiscal policy of India needs to be reviewed to enable states for subnational borrowings. It shall provide them more opportunities to avail fiscal autonomy.</li>
<li><strong>Validating State Fiscal Responsibility Laws:</strong> Even the Kerala High Court in <strong>Matthew vs Union of India</strong> ruled that that Article 293 is an enabling provision authorising State borrowing and it empowers the states to pass their own<strong> Fiscal Responsibility Laws (FRLs).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cooperative Federalism:</strong> There is a need to address the legislative concerns of KIIB raised by CAG, and the Centre and Kerala government should take out remedial measures in public interest.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kiifb-borrowings-bypass-limits-for-state-cag/article33603716.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7495,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rooftop Solar Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)</strong> has released an advisory on the <strong>rooftop solar scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To generate solar power by installing <strong>solar panels</strong> on the roof of the houses, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to achieve a cumulative capacity of <strong>40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar Projects by the year 2022.</strong></li>
<li>In a grid-connected rooftop or small Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system wherein <strong>the DC power generated from the SPV panel is converted to AC power</strong> using the power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid.</li>
<li>The<strong> major objective</strong> of the programme includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the <strong>grid-connected SPV rooftop</strong> and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.</li>
<li>To<strong> mitigate</strong> the <strong>dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation</strong> and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.</li>
<li>To create an <strong>enabling environment for investment in the solar energy</strong> sector by the private sector, state government and the individuals.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for the <strong>supply of solar power from rooftop and small plants to the grid.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This scheme is being implemented in the state by <strong>distribution companies (DISCOMs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this scheme the Ministry is providing a <strong>40%</strong> subsidy for the first 3 kW and <strong>20%</strong> subsidy beyond <strong>3 kW</strong> and upto <strong>10 kW</strong> of solar panel capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>residential consumer has to pay the cost of rooftop solar plant by reducing the subsidy amount</strong> given by the Ministry as per the prescribed rate to the vendor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Schemes for Promoting Solar Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kusum#:~:text=PM%2DKUSUM%20consists%20of%20three,standalone%20solar%2Dpowered%20agriculture%20pumps." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan</strong></a> <strong>(PM-KUSUM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme covers grid-connected Renewable Energy power plants (0.5 &ndash; 2 MW)/Solar water pumps/grid connected agriculture pumps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheme for Development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs) under the existing Solar Park Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for <strong>promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid systems</strong> for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind - solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
<li>The policy also aims to encourage new technologies, methods and way-outs involving combined operation of wind and solar PV plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atal Jyoti Yojana</strong> (AJAY):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The AJAY scheme was launched in September 2016 for the installation of<strong> solar street lighting</strong> (SSL) systems in states with less than <strong>50%</strong> households covered with <strong>grid power</strong> (as per Census 2011).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a>: The ISA, is an Indian initiative that was launched by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France on 30th November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the Conference of the Parties (COP-21), with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Sun, One World, One Grid</strong></a> (OSOWOG): It focuses on a framework for facilitating global cooperation, building a global ecosystem of interconnected renewable energy resources (mainly solar energy) that can be seamlessly shared.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Solar Mission</a> (a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Suryamitra Skill Development Programme:</strong> To provide skill training to rural youth in handling solar installations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688826#:~:text=To%20generate%20solar%20power%20by,kW%20and%20upto%2010%20kW." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7493,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Railway Finance Corporation: IPO ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)</strong> got 65% subscription on the first day of bidding.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irctc-ipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd. held an IPO</strong></a> on the National Stock Exchange in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>first IPO in the calendar year 2021</strong> and the <strong>first public issue by a railway <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-banking financial company</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amount Raised:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the initial public offer, <strong>the Centre, the promoter of IRFC, will offload 13.6% stake in the company.</strong></li>
<li>At the higher price band of Rs 26 per share, <strong>the government would raise Rs 3,243 crore</strong> and the company will have a market cap of Rs 23,845 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRFC will use the IPO proceeds from the fresh issue to <strong>boost its capital base and general corporate purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Government Interventions to Enhance Railway&rsquo;s Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dedicated-freight-corridor-1#:~:text=Key%20Points,state%20of%20the%20art%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Development of freight corridors</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>High-speed railway </strong></li>
<li><strong>Elevated corridors</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Railway Finance Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>subsidiary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatizing-indian-railways" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Railways</a></strong>, it is the <strong>dedicated market borrowing arm</strong> of the Indian Railways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>incorporated in 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance Model:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It follows a<strong> financial leasing model</strong> to finance the acquisition of rolling stock assets, which includes locomotives, coaches, wagons, trucks, flats, electric multiple units, containers, cranes, trollies, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Finance Leasing Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Deriving revenues through the leasing model typically <strong>involves three parties: the seller, the buyer (lessee) and the financier (lessor).</strong></li>
<li>In exchange for payment, <strong>ownership of an item</strong> (usually equipment) is <strong>transferred from the seller to the lessor.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>lessee then contracts with the lessor</strong> for <strong>the use of the item in exchange for a periodic fee.</strong></li>
<li>The seller may or may not retake ownership of the item once the leasing contract has ended.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It plays a<strong> significant role in supporting the capacity enhancement of the Indian Railways</strong> by financing the majority proportion of their annual plan outlay which gives a long term business visibility, the brokerage feels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also into<strong> leasing railway infrastructure assets and national projects of the Government of India (project assets)</strong> and <strong>lending to other entities</strong> under the Ministry of Railways (MoR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IPO is the<strong> selling of securities to the public in the primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Primary market deals with new securities</strong> being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the<strong> secondary market</strong> where <strong>existing securities are bought and sold.</strong> It is also known as the stock market or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vix-measure-of-market-volatility" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stock exchange</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale</strong> of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unlisted companies</strong> are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is generally <strong>used by new and medium-sized firms that are looking for funds to grow and expand their business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The funds raised by IPO allows the company<strong> to invest in new capital equipment and infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li>An IPO paves way for<strong> listing and trading of the issuer&rsquo;s securities on the Stock exchange market.</strong></li>
<li>The IPO also allows the company to <strong>attract top talent</strong> because it <strong>can offer stock options to its employees.</strong> This enables the company <strong>to pay its executives fairly low wages initially.</strong> And later, in return, the employees as promised can cash out with the IPO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-should-you-invest-in-the-irfc-ipo-7151683/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7491,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Whatsapp Policy & Privacy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/update-debate-the-hindu-editorial-on-whatsapp-and-privacy/article33595227.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Update debate: On WhatsApp and privacy&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the issues emanating from the new Whatsapp privacy policy and the need for data protection law in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0rQvvmJRHs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WhatsApp has updated its policy</strong></a>, which states that it may share information of any of its users with its family of companies (Facebook). This new update has caused a lot of concern over the privacy of the people that use this application.</p>
<p>Privacy experts and antitrust bodies have also raised the alarm at this new privacy policy of WhatsApp. Moreover, Indian users are more vulnerable due to the absence of any data protection law.</p>
<p>As the Supreme court in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>K. Puttaswamy&rsquo;s judgment</strong></a> held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, the Whatsapp new policy is yet another reason why India needs data protection law.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to New Whatsapp Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Whatsapp As the Owner of Data:</strong> The information that WhatsApp automatically collects and will be sharing with Facebook includes the mobile phone number, user activity, and other basic information of the WhatsApp account.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WhatsApp&rsquo;s recent privacy policy to share commercial user data with Facebook establishes that it is the owner of the data rather than an intermediary.</li>
<li>The policy essentially takes away the choice users had until now to not share their data with other Facebook-owned and third-party apps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: Intermediaries</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic definition of intermediaries is that they do not own content and are mere platforms where third-party entities place content.</li>
<li>This particular status prevents them from liability in case anything unlawful is noticed on their platforms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In such instances, the government directs the intermediary concerned to remove the unlawful content within a specified period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If Whatsapp automatically shares the data, it can not be considered as an intermediary.</li>
<li>In such a scenario it may lose the immunity it has with regard to any objectionable content found on its platform at any given point in time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Against the Recommendations of the Srikrishna Committee Report:</strong> The new Whatsapp policy contradicts the recommendations of the Srikrishna Committee report, which forms the basis of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a>.<strong> For Example:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The principle of Data Localisation, which aims to put curbs on the transfer of personal data outside the country, may come in conflict with WhatsApp&rsquo;s new privacy policy.</li>
<li>The report stated that using the information for purposes that are reasonably linked to the purpose for which the information was given. However, the updated privacy policy of WhatsApp can be seen as a move to ensure subtle forms of commercial exploitation and micro-targeting by political campaigns <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-402" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Cambridge Analytica scandal)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sharing of Metadata:</strong> WhatsApp held that the end-to-end encryption clause remains intact, which will ensure that it can&rsquo;t see your messages or share them with anyone. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with the updated privacy policy, WhatsApp can now share one&rsquo;s metadata, essentially everything beyond the conversation&rsquo;s actual text.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Metadata</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It virtually gives a 360-degree profile into a person's online activity.</li>
<li>This level of insight into a person's private and personal activities is done without any government oversight at present or regulatory supervision.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Take it or Leave it&rsquo; Policy:</strong> If users disagree with the messaging platform&rsquo;s updated privacy policy, they will have to quit WhatsApp when the new terms of service are set to come into effect.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expediting Data Protection Law:</strong> India&rsquo;s data protection law has been languishing for two years now. If India had a data protection law in place, WhatsApp would not have been able to go ahead with this update in the first place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, WhatsApp&rsquo;s updated privacy policy guidelines won&rsquo;t be applicable if you live in the European Region thanks to the data protection law <strong>(<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDPR</a>)</strong> in place there.</li>
<li>Therefore, India must expedite the process of finalizing the data protection law.</li>
<li>Further, India should use the current Whatsapp issue to update the already under process intermediary guidelines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Awareness:</strong> According to many experts, WhatsApp users in India will not care too much about this issue, what with privacy policies being generally difficult to be understood by the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, the government and civil society must engage in awareness programs to make the public aware of the importance of digital privacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The privacy of a billion citizens is too important a thing to be left just to the practices of a commercial enterprise. It will be reassuring if a strong law guarantees it.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fffe;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The privacy of a billion citizens is too important a thing to be left just to the practices of a commercial enterprise.&rdquo; In light of the statement, analyze the issues emanating from the new Whatsapp privacy policy and the need for data protection law in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7473,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Modified Scheme to Produce 1G Ethanol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Department of Food &amp; Public Distribution</strong> has <strong>notified a modified scheme</strong> for <strong>extending financial assistance for producing 1<sup>st</sup> Generation (1G) ethanol.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim is to achieve blending targets of ethanol with petrol <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bioethanol-blending-of-petrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Ethanol Blending Programme)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims at <strong>blending ethanol with petrol,</strong> thereby bringing it under the category of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biofuels</strong></a> and saving millions of dollars by <strong>cutting fuel imports </strong>and<strong> decreasing carbon emissions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Target:</strong> The target is to<strong> achieve 20% blending</strong> of ethanol<strong> by 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ethanol Extraction from Foodgrains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In<strong> 2018,</strong> the Central Government<strong> extended the ambit of the EBP programme</strong> to extract the <strong>fuel from surplus quantities of food grains</strong> such as maize, jawar, bajra fruit and vegetable waste.</li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>only excess sugarcane production</strong> was allowed to be converted into ethanol for procurement under the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Assistance for Expansion of Ethanol Distillation Capacity:</strong> The government will provide<strong> interest subvention (on loans)</strong> to encourage the funding in this sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To set up distilleries for producing 1<sup>st</sup> Generation (1G) ethanol from feed stocks such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-potential-to-increase-cereals-export" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cereals</strong></a> (rice, wheat, barley, corn &amp; sorghum), sugarcane, sugar beet etc.</li>
<li>To convert molasses (a sugar byproduct) based distilleries to dual feedstock.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhancing Farmers&rsquo; Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Facilitate <strong>farmers to diversify their crops</strong> to cultivate particularly maize/corn which needs less water compared to sugarcane and rice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provide Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Investment <strong>in capacity addition or establishment of new distilleries</strong> shall provide new employment opportunities in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promote Distributed Ethanol Production:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bringing <strong>new grain based distilleries</strong> in the entire country would result in <strong>distributed production of ethanol</strong> and would<strong> save a lot of transportation cost</strong> and thus prevent delays in meeting the blending target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E20 Fuel:</strong> Earlier, the Indian government had invited public comments for introducing adoption of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e20-fuel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E20 fuel</strong></a> (a blend of 20% ethanol with gasoline).</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana, 2019:</strong> The objective of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-ji-van-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scheme</strong></a> is to create an ecosystem for setting up commercial projects and to boost research and development in the 2G Ethanol sector.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in GST:</strong> The Government has also reduced<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GST</strong></a> on ethanol for blending in fuel from 18% to 5%.</li>
<li><strong>National Biofuel Policy 2018:</strong> The Policy <strong>categorises biofuels</strong> as "Basic Biofuels" viz. First Generation (1G) bioethanol &amp; biodiesel and "Advanced Biofuels" - Second Generation (2G) ethanol, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to drop-in fuels, Third Generation (3G) biofuels, bio-CNG etc. to enable extension of appropriate financial and fiscal incentives under each category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610791777_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610791777_image10.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Proper implementation of the biofuel policy and ethanol blending programme should ensure <strong>fuel requirements should not compete with food requirements</strong> and that only surplus food crops should be used for fuel production.</li>
<li>Alternatives like 3<sup>rd</sup> generation (derived from algae) and 4<sup>th</sup> generation biofuels (derived from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds#:~:text=Bt%20cotton%20is%20the%20only,the%20common%20pest%20pink%20bollworm.&amp;text=In%20Bt%20brinjal%2C%20a%20gene,of%20fruit%20and%20shoot%20borers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>genetically engineered plants</strong> </a>or biomass) should be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688616#:~:text=by%20PIB%20Delhi-,To%20achieve%2020%25%20blending%20by%202025%20as%20well%20as%20to,for%20enhancement%20of%20their%20ethanol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7470,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0,</strong> in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by <strong>making over 300 skill courses available</strong> to them.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Skill India Mission</strong> was launched by the government in <strong>2015</strong> under which the flagship scheme Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is run.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.</strong> It aims at <strong>vocational training and certification</strong> of Indian youth for a better livelihood and respect in the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch: India&rsquo;s largest Skill Certification Scheme -<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</a></strong> - was launched on 15<sup>th</sup> July, 2015 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skills-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(World Youth Skills Day)</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To encourage and promote skill development in the country by providing <strong>free short duration skill training</strong> and incentivizing this by providing <strong>monetary rewards to youth for skill certification.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> PMKVY is implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong></a> under the guidance of the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Key Components:</strong> Short Term Training, Special Projects, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recognition-of-prior-learning-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>, Kaushal &amp; Rozgar Mela, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> In 2015-16, 19.85 lakh candidates were trained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage: PMKVY 2016-20</strong> (PMKVY 2.0) was launched by scaling up<strong> both in terms of Sector and Geography</strong> and by <strong>greater alignment with other missions</strong> of the Government of India like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Budget:</strong> Rs. 12,000 Crore.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Through Two Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Centrally Managed (CSCM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by National Skill Development Corporation.</strong> 75% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSCM.</li>
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored State Managed (CSSM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by State Governments</strong> through State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs). 25% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> More than <strong>1.2 Crore youth</strong> have been trained/oriented through an improved standardized skilling ecosystem in the country under PMKVY 1.0 and PMKVY 2.0.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 3.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> Launched in 717 districts, 28 States/eight UTs, PMKVY 3.0 is a step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atmnanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> It <strong>will be implemented in a more decentralized structure</strong> with greater responsibilities and support from States/UTs and Districts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>District Skill Committees (DSCs), under the guidance of State Skill Development Missions (SSDM), shall play a key role in addressing the skill gap and assessing demand at the district level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>envisages training of eight lakh candidates</strong> over a <strong>scheme period of 2020-2021</strong> with an outlay of Rs. 948.90 crore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>729 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras (PMKKs), empaneled non-PMKK training centres and more than 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)</strong> under Skill India will be rolling out PMKVY 3.0 training to build a robust pool of skilled professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be <strong>more trainee- and learner-centric.</strong> The focus is on bridging the demand-supply gap by <strong>promoting skill development in areas of new-age and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a> job roles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be <strong>a propagator of vocational education</strong> at an early level for youth to capitalize on industry-linked opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Educational Policy 2020</strong></a> also puts focus on vocational training for a holistic growth and increased employability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By taking the bottom-up approach to training, it will<strong> identify job roles that have demand at the local level and skill the youth,</strong> linking them to these opportunities <strong>(Vocal for Local).</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage healthy competition between states</strong> by making available increased allocation to those states that perform better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688836" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7446,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>flagship crop insurance scheme</strong> of the Government of India - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-pmfby" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong></a> - has completed five years of its launch.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY was launched on <strong>13<sup>th&nbsp;</sup>January 2016.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme was conceived as a milestone initiative to provide a <strong>comprehensive risk solution</strong> at the <strong>lowest uniform premium</strong> across the country for farmers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides<strong> a comprehensive insurance cover</strong> against failure of the crop thus helping in stabilising the income of the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> All food &amp; oilseed crops and annual commercial/horticultural crops for which past yield data is available.</li>
<li><strong>Premium:</strong> The prescribed premium is<strong> 2%</strong> to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and <strong>1.5%</strong> for all rabi crops. In the case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium is<strong> 5%.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Premium cost over and above the farmer share was <strong>equally subsidized</strong> by States and GoI.</li>
<li>However, GoI shared <strong>90% of the premium subsidy for North Eastern States</strong> to promote the uptake in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme was <strong>compulsory for loanee farmers</strong> availing Crop Loan/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-credit-card-kcc-saturation-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Credit Card</strong></a> (KCC) account for notified crops and voluntary for others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMFBY 2.0:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to ensure more efficient and effective implementation of the scheme, the central government <strong>had revamped PMFBY in the 2020 Kharif season.</strong></li>
<li>This overhauled PMFBY is often called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/revamping-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PMFBY 2.0</strong></a>, it has the following features:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Completely Voluntary:</strong> Enrolment 100% voluntary for all farmers from 2020 Kharif.</li>
<li><strong>Limit to Central Subsidy:</strong> The Cabinet has decided to cap the Centre&rsquo;s premium subsidy under the scheme for premium rates up to 30% for unirrigated areas/crops and 25% for irrigated areas/crops.</li>
<li><strong>More Flexibility to States:</strong> The government has given the flexibility to states/UTs to implement PMFBY and given them the option to select any number of additional risk covers/features.</li>
<li><strong>Investing in ICE Activities:</strong> Insurance companies have to now spend 0.5% of the total premium collected on information, education and communication (IEC) activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology under PMFBY:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crop Insurance App:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides for easy enrollment of farmers.</li>
<li>Facilitate easier reporting of crop loss within 72 hours of occurrence of any event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Technological Tools:</strong> To assess crop losses, <strong>satellite imagery, remote-sensing technology, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artificial intelligence</a></strong> and machine learning are used.</li>
<li><strong>PMFBY Portal:</strong> For integration of land records.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Scheme:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme covers over <strong>5.5 crore farmer applications on average per year.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/27-03-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhar seeding</strong></a> (linking Aadhaar through Internet banking portals) has helped in speedy claim settlement directly into the farmer accounts.</li>
<li>One notable example is mid-season adversity claims of nearly Rs. 30 crore in <strong>Rajasthan</strong> during<strong> Rabi 2019-20 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/swarm-of-desert-locust" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Locust attack.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rationalising waivers and service delivery:</strong> Loan waiver schemes announced by state governments along with mandatory Aadhar linkage should be rationalised to enable PMFBY of greater coverage.</li>
<li><strong>Enable Timely Compensation:</strong> There has been reports of delayed compensation by some of the states.</li>
<li><strong>Bringing Behavioural Change:</strong> Apart from this, a lot more needs to be done in bringing about a behavioural change regarding the cost of insurance being a necessary input and not a money-back investment.</li>
<li><strong>Streamlining with Similar Schemes:</strong> PMFBY needs to be streamlined with state crop insurance schemes and schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-the-crop-insurance-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme</strong></a> to include more risk areas not covered under them.</li>
<li><strong>Proper Implementation:</strong> Successful implementation of PMFBY is an essential benchmark in agricultural reform in India to make farmers self-sufficient in times of crisis and support the creation of an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar</strong> </a>Kisan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1687913" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7445,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kayakalp Awards',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has conferred <strong>5<sup>th</sup> National Kayakalp awards</strong> to<strong> Public and Private Health Facilities</strong> for high standards of Sanitation and Hygiene.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India launched a <strong>National Initiative &lsquo;Kayakalp&rsquo;</strong> on 15<sup>th</sup> May 2015 to ensure<strong> hygiene, sanitation and cleanliness in Public Health Facilities in India. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those District Hospitals, Sub-divisional hospitals, Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centres and Health &amp; Wellness Centres in the public healthcare system who have achieved high levels of cleanliness, hygiene and infection control were<strong> recognised and felicitated with awards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote <strong>cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices in public healthcare facilities,</strong> through incentivizing and recognizing such public healthcare facilities that show exemplary performance in adhering to standard protocols of cleanliness and infection control</li>
<li>To inculcate a <strong>culture of ongoing assessment</strong> and peer review of performance related to hygiene, cleanliness, and sanitation.</li>
<li>To create and share <strong>sustainable practices related to improved cleanliness in public health facilities</strong> linked to positive health outcomes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives under Kayakalp:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mera Aspataal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mera Aspataal Initiative was launched to <strong>capture patient reaction</strong> to the <strong>services offered in the hospital and help improve the services</strong> by taking corrective measures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swachh SwasthSarvatra (SSS) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MoHFW had collaborated with<strong> Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</strong> and launched <strong>SSS program,</strong> under which, <strong>one community health centre</strong> (CHCs) situated within <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/open-defecation-in-india#:~:text=The%20country%20has%20been%20declared,truly%20claim%20itself%20as%20ODF." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Defecation Free</a> block receives one-time grant</strong> of Rs. <strong>10.00 lakhs</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for undertaking improvement activities, so that the CHC becomes Kayakalp CHC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688001" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7429,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Covid-19 Vaccine Policy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/devising-a-vaccine-strategy-for-india/story-u12s0fA8oFOmfMxXo3St1H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Devising a vaccine strategy for India&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 07/01/2021. It talks about the challenges and solutions in the development &amp; distribution of Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India has approved the Covid-19 vaccines developed by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Astra-Zeneca (Covishield)</strong> </a><strong>and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Biotech (Covaxin)</strong></a>. There are several more vaccines that will likely be available later in 2021.</p>
<p>Although India will not need to vaccinate its entire population, it would have to vaccinate at least 30-40% of the people to develop herd immunity fully. Even at a minimum scale, approximately 1 billion doses of <strong>Covid-19 vaccines</strong> will be required, given that most vaccines need a booster dose.</p>
<p>Moreover, other factors, like allocation, distribution, financing, communication, etc., will be impediments to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 vaccination</strong> </a>drive. Therefore, deploying a robust vaccine development &amp; distribution policy will be very crucial for India.</p>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Allocation:</strong> Most nations will vaccinate healthcare workers first. They treat those who are infected with Covid-19 and vaccinate the remaining population. After that, it seems logical to prioritise the elderly, who have a higher infection fatality rate. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, premature death costs a young person more years of life than an older adult. This is a more significant concern for India, as 80% of its population is below 50.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong> Moving vaccines from companies to warehouses will be relatively easy, but moving it from warehouses to distributors to end-users will be tricky, given the difficulties with cold chains and storage facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong> In the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe, vaccines are likely to be entirely free and administered publicly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, given the tight fiscal situation, the Indian government faces the dilemma of whether to finance vaccinations publicly or privately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human Resource:</strong> Administering 30-40 million immunisations (under regular vaccination drive) a year is very different from vaccinating 600 million people in a year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sourcing the trained human resources necessary to deliver intramuscular shots, without diverting from existing priorities, will not be easy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Confidence:</strong> &ldquo;Optimism bias," as it is called, makes vaccination seem unnecessary to them. Concerning diseases, a lot of people tend to think that their risk is low.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this behaviour can prove fatal in battling a pandemic like Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine Prioritisation:</strong> The protective benefit from vaccination is much lower if one has immunity from a prior infection. Hence, the allocation of the vaccine among the working-age population should consider two factors: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It may be prudent to screen people for Covid-19 antibodies and prioritise vaccination of those without antibodies.</li>
<li>Areas closest to herd immunity even without suppression require the least number of doses to return to regular economic activity and have higher returns from vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening VaccineSupply Chain:</strong> Enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronic-vaccine-intelligence-network" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong></a> (eVIN) system will enhance real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperatures across all country&rsquo;s cold chain points.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Human Resource Gap:</strong> Engaging medical students, phlebotomists, paramedics and pharmacists can be rapidly and reliably trained to administer vaccines, will bridge the human resource gap.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid Financing Policy:</strong> India will need a hybrid strategy, where the majority of the population (economically challenged) is vaccinated for free publicly while allowing private markets to operate for rich people.</li>
<li><strong>Effective Communication:</strong> A good communication strategy that envisages removing myths associated with Covid-19 vaccine should be science-led, involve regular communication, utilise respected community leaders to widen reach, and clamp down on the spread of misinformation.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Vaccine Certification:</strong> To resume normalcy and allow free movement of people, every country will need an internal set of protocols regarding proof of vaccination that is interoperable with norms elsewhere. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In other words, proof of vaccination in India or Tanzania must be acceptable to Singapore Airlines or Qantas.</li>
<li>This will also require multilateral bodies to play an active role in creating frameworks, around which digital platforms can be developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s Covid-19 vaccine drive will be a monumental mission, not just in terms of vaccinating its own population, but also vaccinating a large part of the world thanks to its position as the world&rsquo;s leading vaccine producer.</p>
<p>Addressing the issues associated with the development and distribution of vaccines will augment the effort to efficiently get vaccines to hundreds of millions in the shortest period of time.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Covid-19 immunisation drive will be a different kettle of fish from regular vaccination programs&rdquo;. In light of the statement analyse the challenges in the development &amp; distribution of Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7425,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pravasi Bharatiya Divas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) </strong>is<strong> celebrated on 9<sup>th</sup> January every year</strong> to mark the contribution of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Overseas Indian community</strong></a> in the development of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion, several events such as <strong>PBD Convention, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award</strong> and <strong>Bharat ko Janiye Quiz</strong> are organised.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>9<sup>th</sup> January</strong> was chosen as the day to celebrate PBD since it was <strong>on this day in 1915 that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa,</strong> led India&rsquo;s freedom struggle and changed the lives of Indians forever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PBD Conventions:</strong> These are<strong> held once every two years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PBD 2021:</strong> The <strong>16<sup>th</sup> PBD Convention</strong> was held virtually in New Delhi. The <strong>theme</strong> was <strong>"Contributing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aatmanirbhar Bharat</a>".</strong></li>
<li><strong>Chief Guest:</strong> President of Suriname Chandrikapersad Santokhi.</li>
<li><strong>Highlights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Response to the Pandemic:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Despite dependence on critical things like PPE kits, masks, ventilators or testing kits, India developed its capabilities not only to become self-reliant but started exporting many things.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s drugs regulator has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved</strong></a> the Oxford Covid-19 vaccine <strong>Covishield,</strong> manufactured by the Serum Institute, and<strong> indigenously developed Covaxin</strong> of Bharat Biotech for restricted emergency use in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is using technology to <strong>end corruption <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-advisory-on-direct-benefit-transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Direct Benefit Transfer)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Further, <strong>India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-space-policy-for-new-space-age" target="_blank" rel="noopener">space programme</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliamentary-committee-report-on-startups#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20flagship%20initiative,innovation%20and%20entrepreneurship%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tech start-up ecosystem</strong></a> is a leader in the global sphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy 2020</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Subsidies Scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives for Indian Diaspora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a>, in which more than 45 lakh Indians were rescued during Corona times.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20create%20a,placement%20opportunities%20in%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skilled Workers Arrival Database for Employment Support (SWADES)</strong></a>, an initiative for returning immigrants from the Gulf and other areas.</li>
<li><strong>Global Pravasi Rishta Portal</strong> for better connectivity and communication with the Pravasi Bharatiyas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>75<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of India&rsquo;s Freedom (2021):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Prime Minister <strong>asked the members of the diaspora</strong> and people in Indian Missions world over to prepare a portal, a digital platform where contribution of the Pravasi Bharatiyas in the freedom struggle of India can be documented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>highest honour conferred on</strong> a <strong>Non-Resident</strong> Indian, <strong>Person of Indian Origin;</strong> or an organisation or <strong>institution established and run by Non-Resident Indians</strong> or Persons of Indian Origin, who have made significant contribution in better understanding of India abroad, support India's causes and concerns in a tangible way, community work abroad, welfare of local Indian community, philanthropic and charitable work, etc.</li>
<li>During the PBD convention, select eminent Indian diaspora members are awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards in the presence of the President of India.</li>
<li><strong>30 Winners of the 2021 Award:</strong> Including<strong> Suriname President</strong> Chandrikapersad Santokhi, <strong>Curacao Prime Minister</strong> Eugene Rhuggenaath and<strong> New Zealand minister</strong> Priyanca Radhakrishnan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Edition Bharat ko Janiye Quiz (2021):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2015-16</strong> in order to<strong> strengthen the engagement with young overseas Indians (18-35)</strong> and encourage them to know more about their country of origin.</li>
<li>The first edition was held in 2015-16 and the second one in 2018-19.</li>
<li><strong>Fifteen winner</strong>s of the Quiz were announced during the PBD convention and<strong> will be invited for an India Tour</strong> (Bharat ko Janiye Darshan) after Covid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1687362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Demand For Autonomy in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>There has been a demand for implementation of <strong>Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State</strong> within Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appeal to the Centre has been for the creation of an autonomous State for the <strong>Karbi Anglong region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been a demand since 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The districts are currently governed by<strong> two autonomous councils Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The areas inhabited by the socially and educationally backward<strong> &lsquo;Aboriginals&rsquo;</strong> are called Scheduled Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>two schedules (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup>) of the Indian Constitution</strong> which entail the details about the control and management of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions regarding the administration and control of <strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas</strong> of any state <strong>except the four states (Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram)</strong> are mentioned under this schedule.</li>
<li>At present, 10 States namely <strong>Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana</strong> have Fifth Schedule Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>This schedule deals with the administration</strong></a> and control of the scheduled and tribal areas of <strong>the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas are dealt with two articles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 244:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This article deals with the administration of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li>It defines <strong>Scheduled Areas as the areas defined so by the President of India</strong> and are mentioned<strong> in the fifth schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formation of an <strong>autonomous state comprising</strong> certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-bjp-lawmakers-seek-autonomous-state/article33512508.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7411,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Death Penalty For Sexual Offences',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/maharashtra-shakti-bill-rape-offence-disha-bill-maharashtra-cabinet-7135848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The wrong answer&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 06/01/2021. It talks about the issues related to the award of the death penalty for sexual offences.</p>
</div>
<p>Sexual offences against women and children are one of the most heinous crimes against humanity. Given this, the public has a real and legitimate interest in addressing such concerns, leading to the death penalty&rsquo;s demand to deter sexual offences purportedly.</p>
<p>In this context, on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Rights Day 2020</strong></a>, the Maharashtra cabinet approved the Shakti Bill, enlarging the scope of harsher and mandatory sentences &mdash; including the death penalty &mdash; for non-homicidal rape (excluding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/marital-rape-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marital Rape</strong></a>).</p>
<p>The Shakti Bill comes amid the recent legislative trend to invoke the death penalty for sexual offences. For instance, the Andhra Pradesh government passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disha-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disha Bill in 2020</strong></a> (pending presidential assent), that provides the death penalty for the rape of adult women.</p>
<p>However, introducing the death penalty diverts attention from deep-rooted issues &amp; long-term solutions. It suggests that the reason for such crimes is that the punishment is not severe enough.</p>
<h3>Associated Issues With Death Penalty Against Sexual Offences</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>May Do More Harm To Victim:</strong> Women&rsquo;s right groups have argued that the death penalty is a knee-jerk and populist solution to counter sexual offences. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, Child-right activists insist that introducing capital punishment for non-homicidal rape may lead rapists to kill their victims to erase testimonial evidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death Penalty Won&rsquo;t Remove Prejudice:</strong> Introducing harsher penalties does not remove systemic prejudices from the minds of judges and the police.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generally, police might refuse to register complaints or acquit offenders in cases they do not consider &ldquo;serious&rdquo; enough to warrant a mandatory minimum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lower Rate of Conviction:</strong> According to crime data from the <a href="/printpdf/crime-in-india-2019-report-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau</strong></a>, in 93.6% of sexual offences, the perpetrators were known to the victims. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, introducing capital punishment would deter complainants from registering complaints.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delay in Closure of Justice:</strong> The execution of a death sentence comes at the end of multiple stages of appeals and avenues of seeking clemency. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This time extended to the defendant to exhaust all legal remedies will delay the judicial process&rsquo;s finality and closure&mdash;militating against the competing interest of ensuring speedy justice.</li>
<li>It might also see an increase in instances of instant retribution, such as the extrajudicial killing of gang-rape and murder suspects in Hyderabad late in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regressive Step:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-s-verma-committee-on-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice Verma Committee Report</strong></a> that made several recommendations on the laws on sexual offences (after Nirbhya rape case 2012), held that the death penalty&rsquo;s deterrent effect is &ldquo;a myth&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report stated that it would be a regressive step to introduce the death sentence in non-homicidal cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Issues Related to Shakti Bill</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The other anti-women assertion in the bill moves away from the standard of affirmative consent in cases involving adult victims and offenders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Significant advocacy from the women&rsquo;s movement led to introducing an affirmative standard of consent, rooted in unequivocal voluntary agreement by women through words, gestures or any form of verbal or non-verbal communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In a sharp departure, the bill stipulates that valid consent can be presumed from the &ldquo;conduct of the parties&rdquo; and the &ldquo;circumstances surrounding it&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Rape trials continue to be guided by misogynistic notions, expecting survivors to necessarily resist the act, suffer injuries and appear visibly distressed.</li>
<li>Therefore, the bill&rsquo;s vaguely worded explanation holds dangerous possibilities of expecting survivors to respond only in a particular manner, thus creating the stereotype of an &ldquo;ideal&rdquo; victim.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Plugging Gaps in Justice Delivery:</strong> The most severe gaps in the justice delivery system are reporting a police complaint. Therefore, the focus of the criminal justice system needs to shift from sentencing and punishment to the stages of reporting, investigation, and victim-support mechanisms. In this context, the following measures must be ensured: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The victim reports a case without any fear.</li>
<li>Police to conduct a sound investigation.</li>
<li>Victim protection throughout the trial.</li>
<li>Making testification as easy and as quick as possible.</li>
<li>Allocation of resources and more robust implementation of the law than is currently evident.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sensitisation At a Broader Level:</strong> Despite the ever-increasing ambit of the death sentence, there has been little effort to address prejudices in society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Addressing the prejudices in the society against sexual offences requires sensitisation of functionaries of the justice system &amp; more importantly society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Instead of merely enhancing punishment, tackling crimes against women and children requires broader social reforms, sustained governance efforts and strengthening investigative and reporting mechanisms.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Punitive responses to sexual violence need serious rethinking, given the multitude of perverse consequences and their minor role in addressing the actual needs of rape survivors. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ytfp3NErDB0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/where-india-and-us-diverge-ht-editorial/story-fPy0uthKnZr3iRrt6O8CLL.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Where India and US diverge&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on January 7<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7408,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scheme for Industrial Development of Jammu and Kashmir',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> has approved the proposal of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a> for<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Central Sector Scheme</a> for Industrial Development of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DPIIT</strong> comes under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Sector Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These schemes are <strong>100% funded by the Central government.</strong></li>
<li>Implemented by the Central Government machinery.</li>
<li>Formulated on subjects mainly from the Union List.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>take industrial development to the block level in Union Territory (UT)</strong> of J and K, which is the<strong> first time in any Industrial Incentive Scheme of the Government of India</strong> and attempts for a more <strong>sustained and balanced industrial growth</strong> in the entire UT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheme is made attractive for <strong>both <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">smaller</a> and larger industrial units. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The financial outlay is <strong>Rs. 28,400 crore</strong> for the scheme <strong>period 2020-21 to 2036-37</strong> (17 years).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of J&amp;K in Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheme envisages a greater role of the UT of J&amp;K <strong>in registration and implementation of the scheme</strong> while having proper checks and balances by having an <strong>independent audit agency</strong> before the claims are approved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentives Under the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Capital Investment Incentive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides an <strong>incentive at the rate of 30% in Zone-A and 50% in Zone-B on investment</strong> made in plant and machinery (in manufacturing), or construction of building and other durable physical assets (in service sector).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Zone-B</strong> includes far-off areas and will receive higher incentives so as to ensure equal opportunities of growth in far-flung areas and major towns.</li>
<li><strong>Zone-A</strong> includes areas other than Zone-B.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>capital investment</strong> is a sum of money that goes towards furthering the objectives of a business or towards purchasing long-term assets for the business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capital Interest subvention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for <strong>6% capital interest subvention for a maximum of seven years on loans up to Rs. 500 crore</strong> for investment in plant and machinery (in manufacturing), or construction in building and all other durable physical assets (in service sector) for 10 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Capitalized interest</strong> is the cost of borrowing to acquire or construct a long-term asset.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GST Linked Incentive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is based on<strong> Gross <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Tax (GST).</a></strong></li>
<li>This will <strong>incentivise output up to 300% of the eligible value of actual investment</strong> made in the plant and machinery (in manufacturing), or construction in building and all other durable physical assets (in service sector).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Capital Interest Incentive:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will provide all existing units<strong> incentive at the annual rate of 5% for maximum 5 years.</strong> Maximum limit of incentive is <strong>Rs. 1 crore.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Working capital,</strong> also known as<strong> net working capital (NWC),</strong> is the <strong>difference between a company's current assets,</strong> such as cash, accounts receivable (customers' unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished goods,<strong> and its current liabilities,</strong> such as accounts payable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme will encourage <strong>new investment, substantial expansion and also nurture the existing industries</strong> in the Union Territory.</li>
<li>It will also provide <strong>employment to 4.5 lakh people</strong> besides leading to equitable, balanced and sustainable<strong> socio-economic development of the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat-pm-jay-sehat-jk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Social Endeavour for Health and Telemedicine (SEHAT) scheme</strong></a> was launched to extend health insurance coverage to all residents of J&amp;K.</li>
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-nrlm-special-package-for-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Union Cabinet has also approved a special package</a> worth Rs. 520 crore in the Union Territories (UTs) of J&amp;K and Ladakh</strong> for a period of five years under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In August 2019, the Central government had suspended all modes of communications in the wake of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, granted under Article 370.</strong></a> Eventually, services were partially restored, with internet speed restricted to 2G.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1686743#:~:text=of%20Jammu%20%26%20Kashmir.-,The%20scheme%20is%20approved%20with%20a%20total%20outlay%20of%20Rs,the%20UT%20of%20Jammu%20%26%20Kashmir." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7373,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'School Bag Policy 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Directorate of Education has issued a circular asking schools to follow the new<strong> &lsquo;School Bag Policy, 2020&rsquo;</strong> released by the <strong>National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Circular:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>School teachers should inform the students in advance about the books and notebooks to be brought to school on a particular day and frequently check their bags to<strong> ensure that they are not carrying unnecessary material.</strong></li>
<li>It is the duty and the responsibility of the school management to provide<strong> quality potable water in sufficient quantities</strong> to all the students in the school so that they do not need to carry water bottles from their homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the School Bag Policy 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>lays down the guidelines on homework and weight of school bags</strong> for classes I to XII.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>School bags</strong> should <strong>not be more than 10% of the bodyweight of students</strong> across classes I to X and there should be <strong>no bags in pre-primary students.</strong></li>
<li>It recommends <strong>no homework up to class II</strong> and a maximum of two hours per week for classes III to V, one hour a day for classes VI to VIII and two hours a day for classes IX and above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Policy will <strong>also require schools to introduce infrastructural changes</strong> as students will not be able to carry many books daily. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The schools <strong>need to provide lockers</strong> right from preschool to senior secondary to enable children to leave books in school and carry home only what is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It adds that the <strong>teachers</strong> should take the <strong>responsibility</strong> of <strong>checking the weight</strong> of school bags of the students <strong>every three months on a day selected for the whole class</strong> and any information about heavy bags should be <strong>communicated to the parents.</strong></li>
<li>It adds that files and<strong> thin/light exercise</strong> books should be preferred to<strong> thick/heavy ones.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problems of heavy school bags:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The heavy school bag has <strong>severe/adverse physical effects on growing children</strong> which can cause damage to their<strong> vertebral column</strong> and <strong>knees.</strong></li>
<li>A heavy backpack can pull on the neck muscles contributing to headache, shoulder pain, lower back pain and neck and arm pain.</li>
<li>The <strong>posture of the body</strong> also gets affected to a great extent which in the long term develops imbalances in the body and <strong>affects the health of the nervous system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NCERT</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education (MoE)</strong> which is responsible for:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring <strong>qualitative improvement in school education</strong> by undertaking and promoting research in areas related to school education.</li>
<li><strong>Prepare and publish model textbooks,</strong> supplementary material.</li>
<li>Develop and <strong>disseminate innovative educational techniques</strong> and practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Act as a<strong> nodal agency</strong> for achieving the goals of <strong>Universalization of Elementary Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doe-circular-asks-teachers-to-check-weight-of-school-bags/article33497012.ece#:~:text=The%20weight%20of%20the%20school,for%20Classes%20XI%20and%20XII." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7370,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sagarmala Seaplane Services',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> is starting the ambitious Project of <strong>Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS)</strong> with potential airline operators.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A seaplane is a <strong>fixed-wing aeroplane</strong> designed for taking off and landing on water.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project is being initiated under a <strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) framework</strong> through prospective airline operators.</li>
<li><strong>SPV</strong> is a legal object formed for a <strong>specifically-defined singular purpose.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project execution and implementation would be through <strong>Sagarmala Development Company Ltd (SDCL),</strong> which is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.</li>
<li>Airline operators will be invited to form a SPV with SDCL.</li>
<li>The routes may be operated under the government&rsquo;s subsidised <a href="/pdf/1590974875-udan-4-0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ude desh ka aam nagrik (UDAN) scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Several destinations are envisaged for seaplane operations:</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609847051_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609847051_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="624" height="351" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits and Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The seaplanes services will be a game-changer providing a <strong>supplementary means of faster and comfortable transportation across the nation.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from providing air connectivity to various remote religious/tourist places, it will <strong>boost tourism for domestic and international holiday makers.</strong></li>
<li>It will<strong> save travel time</strong> and<strong> stimulate localized short distance travelling</strong> especially in the hilly regions or across the rivers/lakes etc.</li>
<li>It will provide<strong> infrastructure enhancements</strong> at the places of operations.</li>
<li>It will <strong>generate employment opportunities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such Seaplane Service is already in operation between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-seaplane-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kevadia and Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad</strong></a> which was inaugurated in October 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Sagarmala Programme</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sagarmala Programme was<strong> approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015</strong> which aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</li>
<li>Under this port-led development framework, the government hopes to increase its cargo traffic three-fold.</li>
<li>It also includes the establishment of rail/road linkages with the port terminals, thus providing last-mile connectivity to ports; development of linkages with new regions, enhanced multi-modal connectivity including rail, inland water, coastal and road services.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1685966" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7363,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has <strong>asked the Centre to either withdraw or amend rules notified in 2017</strong> for confiscating animals of traders and transporters during the pendency of trial in cases under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the 2017 Rules:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Care and Maintenance of Case Property Animals) Rules, 2017</strong> have been framed under the <strong>Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.</strong></li>
<li>The Rules <strong>allow a Magistrate to forfeit the cattle of an owner facing trial under the Act.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The animals are then<strong> sent to infirmaries, animal shelters,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>The authorities <strong>can further give such animals for &ldquo;adoption&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Observations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rules are plainly <strong>contrary to Section 29 of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,</strong> under which <strong>only a person convicted of cruelty can lose his animal.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>asked the government to either change the rule or face a stay</strong> from the court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The legislative intent of the Act is to <strong>&ldquo;prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)</strong> was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Act.</li>
<li>This Act<strong> provides for punishment for causing unnecessary cruelty and suffering to animals.</strong> The Act<strong> defines animals and different forms of animals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Discusses different forms of cruelty, exceptions, and killing of a suffering animal</strong> in case any cruelty has been committed against it, so as to relieve it from further suffering.</li>
<li>Provides the<strong> guidelines relating to experimentation on animals</strong> for scientific purposes.</li>
<li>The Act enshrines the provisions relating to the <strong>exhibition of the performing animals,</strong> and offences committed against the performing animals.</li>
<li>This Act provides for the <strong>limitation period of 3 months</strong> beyond which no prosecution shall lie for any offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-asks-centre-to-withdraw-or-amend-2017-rules-on-confiscating-animals-during-trial-7132306/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7354,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Classes for Rural Schools',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> RailTel</strong> has proposed to the<strong> Ministry of Education</strong> its plan for <strong>equipping rural schools, run by the central government,</strong> with the<strong> ability to hold &lsquo;smart classes&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposal is to<strong> power remote government schools with high-speed broadband</strong> and <strong>create an &ldquo;Internet of Things&rdquo; environment for learning.</strong></li>
<li>The plan is to create <strong>end-to-end e-learning solutions for the schools,</strong> using the <strong>solid Optical Fibre Cable network,</strong> which is the backbone of Indian Railways telecom operations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Behind the plan is the education sector&rsquo;s thrust on<strong> leveraging the gains of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-learning</a></strong> as a mode of instruction, at a time when the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> pandemic</strong></a> has forced teachers and students to migrate to virtual platforms and adopt IT-enabled interactive means for teaching.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The cable network<strong> runs along railway tracks,</strong> and so as far as reach is concerned, there is the <strong>capability to impact rural schools anywhere in India,</strong> including the remotest locations which otherwise may not get reliable Internet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RailTel has <strong>already provided such connectivity to 723 institutions of higher learning under the Centre&rsquo;s National Knowledge Network programme,</strong> with broadband speed of up to 10 gigabytes per second.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It would<strong> impact around 3.5 lakh students</strong> who are enrolled in these schools, which are run by the Central government predominantly for meritorious students in rural India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RailTel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> "Mini Ratna (Category-I)" Central Public Sector Enterprise.</strong></a></li>
<li>It is an ICT (Information and Communication Technology) provider and one of the largest neutral telecom infrastructure providers in the country owning a Pan-India optic fiber network on exclusive Right of Way (ROW - for laying telecom cables) along Railway track. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The OFC network covers all important towns &amp; cities of the country and several rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been selected for <strong>implementation of various mission-mode projects</strong> for the Government of India including rolling out the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supercomputer-param-siddhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Knowledge Network</strong></a>, <a href="/pdf/1594035732-bharatnet-project.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-telecom-sector-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">USOF (Universal Service Obligation Fund)</a> funded optical fiber based connectivity project in North East India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railtel-proposes-smart-classes-for-rural-schools-run-by-government-7131618/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7369,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Housing Technology Challenge-India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister has laid the foundation of<strong> LightHouse Projects (LHPs),</strong> as part of the <strong>Global Housing Technology Challenge-India (GHTC-India) initiative,</strong> at<strong> six sites</strong> across six states via videoconference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also announced the winners under <strong>Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerators - India (ASHA-India)</strong> and gave away annual awards for excellence in implementation of <strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban (PMAY-U) Mission.</strong></li>
<li>He also released <strong>a certification course on innovative construction technologies</strong> named <strong>NAVARITIH</strong> (New, Affordable, Validated, Research Innovation Technologies for Indian Housing).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Housing Technology Challenge-India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong> has conceptualized a Global Housing Technology Challenge - India (GHTC- India) which <strong>aims to identify and mainstream a basket of innovative technologies</strong> from across the globe<strong> for the housing construction sector</strong> that are sustainable, eco-friendly and disaster-resilient.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister declared the <strong>year 2019-20</strong> as <strong>&lsquo;Construction Technology Year&rsquo;</strong> while <strong>inaugurating GHTC-India in March 2019.</strong></li>
<li><strong>3 Components of GHTC-India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grand Expo and Conference:</strong> It is <strong>organized biennially</strong> to provide a platform to all stakeholders associated with housing construction for the exchange of knowledge and business.</li>
<li><strong>Proven Demonstrable Technologies for the Construction of Lighthouse Projects:</strong> These projects <strong>demonstrate the merits of the selected technologies</strong> and serve as live laboratories for research, testing, technology transfer, increasing mass awareness and for mainstreaming them in the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>funding</strong> for the LHPs is<strong> as per the guidelines of PMAY-U.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Future Technologies for Incubation and Acceleration Support:</strong> Potential future technologies from India that are applicable to the housing sector<strong> will be supported and encouraged through the ASHA (Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerators) India program.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LightHouse Projects at Six Sites:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six LHPs<strong> consisting of about 1,000 houses each with physical &amp; social infrastructure facilities</strong> are being constructed at six places across the country namely Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Rajkot (Gujarat), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Ranchi (Jharkhand), Agartala (Tripura) and Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
<li>These projects will <strong>showcase the use of the six distinct shortlisted innovative technologies</strong> for field level application, learning and replication.</li>
<li>LHPs will <strong>demonstrate and deliver ready to live mass housing</strong> at an expedited pace as compared to conventional brick and mortar construction and will be more economical, sustainable, of high quality and durability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerator &ndash; India (ASHA India):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aim of ASHA-India is to <strong>catalyse research and development in the housing construction sector, building materials and related products</strong> by providing a suitable platform to promote and showcase India&rsquo;s vibrant and dynamic community of innovators.</li>
<li>It will <strong>support the potential future technologies developed in India</strong> by the way of incubation and acceleration.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Incubation and acceleration support is provided to potential future technologies that are <strong>not yet market ready (pre-prototype applicants)</strong> or to the technologies that are <strong>market ready (post prototype applicants)</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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