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You searched “Governance”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Extradition

Why in News Recently, the UK’s Home Department has approved the extradition of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant to India in connection with the...

17 Apr 2021 Governance
FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement

Why in News Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making FASTag mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a...

17 Apr 2021 Governance
EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge. The...

16 Apr 2021 Governance
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

Why in News Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) to commemorate 75 years...

16 Apr 2021 Governance
Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland

Why in News Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, Naga Hoho has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the Register of...

14 Apr 2021 Governance
Data Protection Regime

This article is based on “Why the Personal Data Protection Bill matters” which was published in The Hindu on 12/04/2021. It talks about...

13 Apr 2021 Governance
Opium Poppy Straw

Why in News The Central government has decided to rope in the private sector to commence production of concentrated poppy straw (CPS) from...

08 Apr 2021 Governance
Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya' through a video conference. In...

08 Apr 2021 Governance
AI Portal SUPACE

Why in News Recently, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) launched an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based portal ‘SUPACE’ in the judicial...

07 Apr 2021 Governance
Interim Appointments for CBI Director

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court told the government that interim appointments to the post of CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) Director...

07 Apr 2021 Governance
Integrated Health Information Platform

Why in News The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has launched the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP), that is the next generation...

07 Apr 2021 Governance
Challenges with National Security Act, 1980

Why in News In some cases it has been found that the National Security Act-1980 (NSA) was invoked to prevent the person from being released from...

06 Apr 2021 Governance
National Maritime Day 2021

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways celebrated the 58th National Maritime Day (5th April). Maritime India...

06 Apr 2021 Governance
Sankalp Se Siddhi: TRIFED

Why in News The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED), under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, has launched...

06 Apr 2021 Governance
Expansion of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme

Why in News Recently, the government has extended the Rs. 3-lakh-crore Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) until 30th June 2021, and also...

03 Apr 2021 Governance
Criminalization of Politics

Why in News According to the National Election Watch (NEW) and Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR), in the Assembly elections in Assam, Kerala,...

02 Apr 2021 Governance
ACT-Accelerator

Why in News Carl Bildt has been appointed as WHO Special Envoy for the Access to Covid-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-Accelerator). The...

02 Apr 2021 Governance
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin

Why in News Due to adverse impact of Covid-19, only 5.4% of the sanctioned houses under the central government's flagship rural housing scheme,...

31 Mar 2021 Governance
Shifting Health to the Concurrent List

Why in News Fifteenth Finance Commission Chairman N.K. Singh said that health should be shifted to the Concurrent list under the Constitution....

30 Mar 2021 Governance
NPNT Compliance: Drone Operations

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has granted permits to "No-Permission-No-Takeoff' (NPNT) compliant drone operations at 34...

27 Mar 2021 Governance

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		'article_id' => (int) 8174,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extradition',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the UK&rsquo;s Home Department has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extradition-treaty-between-india-and-belgium" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extradition</strong></a> <strong>of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant</strong> to India in connection with the Rs. 13,758-crore Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the UK entered into an<strong> extradition treaty in 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition is the process by which one state, upon the request of another, affects the <strong>return of a person for trial for a crime</strong> punishable by the laws of the requesting state and committed outside the state of refuge.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> defined extradition as the <strong>delivery on the part of one State to another of those whom it is desired to deal with for crimes of which they have been accused</strong> or convicted and are justifiable in the Courts of the other State.</li>
<li>Extraditable persons include those charged with a crime but not yet tried, those tried and convicted who have escaped custody, and those convicted in absentia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Law in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the extradition of a fugitive criminal is governed under the <strong>Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is<strong> for both extraditing persons to India and from India</strong> to foreign countries.</li>
<li>The<strong> basis of the extradition</strong> could be a treaty between India and another country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present India has an <strong>Extradition treaty</strong> with more than 40 countries and Extradition agreement with 11 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Treaty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 2(d)</strong> of The Indian Extradition Act 1962 defines an &lsquo;Extradition Treaty&rsquo; as a Treaty, Agreement or <strong>Arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the extradition of fugitive criminals</strong> which extends to and is binding on India. Extradition treaties are traditionally bilateral in character.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles Followed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The extradition<strong> applies only to such offences which are mentioned in the treaty.</strong></li>
<li>It applies the <strong>principle of dual criminality</strong> which means that the offence sought to be an offence in the national laws of requesting as well as requested country.</li>
<li>The requested country must be satisfied that there is a<strong> prima facie case made against the offender.</strong></li>
<li>The extradition should be made <strong>only for the offence for which extradition was requested.</strong></li>
<li>The accused must be provided with a<strong> fair trial.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Authority:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consular, Passport and Visa Division</strong> of the Ministry of External Affairs, administers the Extradition Act and it processes incoming and outgoing Extradition Requests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition <strong>can be initiated in the case of under-investigation, under-trial and convicted criminals.</strong></li>
<li>In cases under investigation, abundant precautions have to be exercised by the law enforcement agency to ensure that it is in possession of prima facie evidence to sustain the allegation before the Courts of Law in the Foreign State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-home-department-clears-extradition-of-nirav-modi/article34336170.ece#:~:text=The%20U.K.'s%20Home%20Department,Of%20Friday's%20decision%2C%20a%20U.K." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8169,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making<strong> FASTag</strong> mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a citizen&rsquo;s <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental right to freedom of movement</strong></a> in any way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/public-interest-litigation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Interest Litigation</strong></a> was filed in the Court challenging the government's decision to make FASTag, the electronic toll collection chip, mandatory for all vehicles at toll plazas on national highways.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About FASTag:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FASTag is <strong>a reloadable tag</strong> that allows <strong>automatic deduction of toll</strong> without having to stop for carrying out the cash transaction.</li>
<li>The tag <strong>uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology</strong> and is fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle once active.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>RFID</strong> is the <strong>use of radio waves</strong> to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object.</li>
<li>A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within the direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FASTag ensures seamless traffic movement, cut travel time short, and that all decisions had been taken in accordance with the<strong> Central Motor Vehicles (CMV) Rules.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 136A of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Motor Vehicles Amendment Act 2019</a></strong> puts the responsibility on the Central Government to make rules for the electronic monitoring and enforcement of road safety.</li>
<li>Legislating the establishment of robust electronic enforcement for traffic violations will result in reduction in human intervention and the associated corruption.</li>
<li>A robust electronic enforcement system including speed cameras, closed-circuit televisions cameras, speed guns and such other technology will ensure violations being captured at a greater scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions</strong> had been made at all toll plazas along national highways<strong> to fit the chip in vehicles</strong> that did not have FASTag. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In cases where it was not possible to fit vehicles with FASTag on the spot for any reason, the <strong>vehicle was permitted to still ply on highways, on extreme left of the FASTag lanes.</strong></li>
<li>However, such vehicles were<strong> required to pay twice the toll amount.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> double user fees</strong> or penalties imposed on vehicles without FASTag on national highways were also in accordance with the <strong>National Highway Fee (determination of rates and collection) Rules, 2008.</strong></li>
<li>Entertaining such petitions would cause "irreparable loss" to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhai-achieves-highest-ever-construction-of-national-highways" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Highways Authority of India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right to Freedom of Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to Freedom of movement is <strong>guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.</strong> It entitles every citizen to move freely throughout the territory of the country.</li>
<li>This right is <strong>protected against only state action and not private individuals.</strong> Moreover, it is available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company but<strong> not to foreigners or legal persons</strong> like companies or corporations, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions</strong> on this freedom can only be imposed on<strong> two grounds</strong> which are mentioned in the Article 19 of the constitution itself, namely, the interests of the general public and the protection of interests of any scheduled tribe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entry of outsiders in tribal areas is restricted to protect the distinctive culture, language, customs and manners of scheduled tribes and to safeguard their traditional vocation and properties against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court held that the freedom of movement of prostitutes can be restricted on the ground of public health and in the interest of public morals.</li>
<li>The freedom of movement has <strong>two dimensions,</strong> viz, internal (right to move inside the country) and external (right to move out of the country and right to come back to the country). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 19 protects only the first dimension. The <strong>second dimension is dealt by Article 21</strong> (right to life and personal liberty).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fastag-does-not-violate-right-to-free-movement-centre/article34321579.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8166,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8165,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushal-se-kal-badlenge-ddu-gky" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)</strong> announced it on <strong>Antyodaya Diwas in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a demand-driven placement linked skill training initiative working under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool</strong> to diversify income and enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adding <strong>diversity to the incomes</strong> of rural poor families</li>
<li>Cater to the <strong>career aspirations of rural youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alumni Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alumni meet is an <strong>important component of the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>The Alumni meets <strong>provide healthy ground for experience sharing by the former trainees with their present counterparts</strong> on topics like placements, career goals, challenges they faced in finding employment before undertaking the training and the benefits they reaped after.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>former trainees are also felicitated</strong> at the events for their exemplary performances at their workplaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is currently being implemented in <strong>27 States and 3 Union Territories</strong> and has over <strong>2198 Training Centres in 1822 projects</strong>, in partnership with <strong>839 Project Implementing Agencies</strong> conducting <strong>training across 56 sectors, and over 600 job-roles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception of the scheme, a total <strong>10.81 lakh candidates have been trained in 56 sectors and 600 Trades and 6.92 lakh placed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY and integrated farming initiatives for rural development across the country are important for greater success in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skilling</strong></a> and placing the rural youth.</li>
<li>DDU-GKY has played a significant role in the context of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>through skilling.</li>
<li>As a part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Skill India campaign</strong></a>, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social and economic programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Other Initiatives Related to Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in 2020 (by MSDE), it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme is to provide industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushal Acharya Awards:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched (by MSDE) to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2016 (by MSDE), it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antyodaya Diwas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>25<sup>th</sup> September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of <strong>Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya</strong>, one of the great thinkers and philosophers of the nationalist movement of the country.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced it for the first time in 2014 along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Antyodaya means <strong>"uplifting the poorest of the poor"</strong> and the day aims to reach the person in the last mile.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1712013%23:~:text%3DAs%2520part%2520of%2520the%2520%27Amrit,75%2520years%2520of%2520Indian%2520Independence.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618575874299000&amp;usg=AOvVaw06MYYSx1Qo60vbC5NKA1gP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8148,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, <strong>Naga Hoho</strong> has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the <strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)</strong>, seen as a variant of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam&rsquo;s National Register of Citizens.</strong></a></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State government had formed a <strong>three-member Committee</strong> in 2019 for <strong>studying, examining, and recommending the implementation of RIIN.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions of RIIN Committee was to determine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The eligibility criteria to be an indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>Authority to authenticate claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>Place of registration as indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>The basis of claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>The nature of documents that will be acceptable as proof of being indigenous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>exercise was suspended following protests</strong> from community-based and extremist organisations.</li>
<li>Since then the Nagaland government has been trying to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/register-of-indigenous-inhabitants-of-nagaland-riin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revive the RIIN exercise that was launched in July 2019</strong></a> with the objective of <strong>preventing outsiders from obtaining fake indigenous certificates</strong> for seeking jobs and benefits of government schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RIIN will be <strong>prepared after an extensive survey with the help of a village-wise and ward-wise list of indigenous inhabitants based on official records.</strong> Also, It will be prepared under the supervision of each district administration.</li>
<li><strong>No fresh indigenous inhabitant certificate will be issued after the RIIN is completed</strong> except for children born to the State&rsquo;s indigenous inhabitants who will be issued indigenous certificates along with birth certificates. The RIIN database will be updated accordingly.</li>
<li>The RIIN will also be <strong>integrated with the online system for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/petition-for-protection-of-non-nagas-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inner-Line Permit</a></strong>, a temporary document non-inhabitants are required to possess for entry into and travel in Nagaland.</li>
<li>The entire exercise will be <strong>monitored by the Commissioner of Nagaland.</strong> In addition, the state government will designate nodal officers of the rank of a Secretary to the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naga&rsquo;s Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exclusion of Nagas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If RIIN implemented the identification process with<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> (the day Nagaland attained statehood) as the cut-off date for determining the permanent residents of the State, it is likely to <strong>exclude Nagas who have come from beyond the boundaries of Nagaland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Property:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Naga tribes living in Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh in India and in Myanmar have a legitimate claim to their <strong>ancestral homeland.</strong></li>
<li>There are thousands of Nagas who have bought lands, built houses and settled down in Nagaland for several decades.</li>
<li>In the absence of records such as land pattas, house taxes paid or enrolment in electoral rolls prior to <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> many procedural anomalies will crop up even within the so-called pure Nagas of Nagaland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Be treated as Illegal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The non-indigenous Nagas could be treated as &ldquo;illegal immigrants&rdquo; and their lands and property confiscated. <strong>The idea of the Nagas as a people to live together and their aspiration to live with self-determination will be irreparably damaged.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nagas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nagas are a <strong>hill people who are estimated to number about 2. 5 million (1.8 million in Nagaland</strong>, 0.6 million in Manipur and 0.1 million in Arunachal states) and living in the remote and mountainous country between the Indian state of Assam and Burma.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are also Naga groups in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an <strong>ethnic community that comprises several tribes</strong> who live in the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood.</li>
<li>Nagas belong to the <strong>Indo-Mongoloid Family.</strong></li>
<li>There are <strong>nineteen major Naga tribes</strong>, namely, Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis, Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis, Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, Yamchumgar and Zeeliang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In an already volatile region where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afspa-extended-in-nagaland#:~:text=AFSPA%20gives%20armed%20forces%20the,in%20contravention%20of%20the%20law." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958</strong></a> is routinely extended, it is <strong>best that Nagaland proceeds with caution in this enterprise.</strong> The <strong>RIIN should not ultimately become a vehicle to make outsiders of insiders.</strong></li>
<li>The NRC experiment in Assam witnessed extremely divisive political posturing. Other Northeastern states are sure to be watching with keen interest what is unfolding in Assam and Nagaland. <strong>Emotive political issues cannot be allowed to drive the compiling of a registry of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-body-flags-concerns-over-nagalands-version-of-nrc/article34314341.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8138,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Data Protection Regime',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/why-the-personal-data-protection-bill-matters/article34296775.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Why the Personal Data Protection Bill matters&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/04/2021. It talks about how the personal data protection bill, 2019 can help in establishing a strong data protection regime.</p>
</div>
<p>The pandemic has increased people&rsquo;s participation in the digital economy. Unfortunately, the number of personal data breaches from major digital service providers has increased worryingly in the same period.</p>
<p>The recent alleged data breach at MobiKwik could stand to be India&rsquo;s biggest breach with the data of 9.9 crore users at risk. Given the significance of data in this age, robust data protection regimes are necessary to prevent such events and protect users&rsquo; interests.</p>
<p>Presently, how different entities collect and process users&rsquo; personal data in India is mainly governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000, but this data protection regime falls short of providing effective protection to users and their personal data.</p>
<p>However, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019</strong></a> (which is now under scrutiny by a Joint Parliamentary Committee) could play a big role in providing robust protections to users and their personal data.</p>
<h3>Associated Issues With IT Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue of Consent:</strong> Data aggregator entities could override the protections in the regime by taking users&rsquo; consent to process personal data under broad terms and conditions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is problematic given that users might not understand the terms and conditions or the implications of giving consent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Neglecting Data Privacy:</strong> The frameworks under IT Act emphasize data security but do not place enough emphasis on data privacy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In essence, while entities must employ technical measures to protect personal data, they have weaker obligations to respect users&rsquo; preferences in how personal data can be processed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large Vacuum for Data Protection:</strong> The data protection provisions under the IT Act also do not apply to government agencies. This creates a large vacuum for data protection when governments are collecting and processing large amounts of personal data.</li>
<li><strong>Becoming Obsolete:</strong> IT Act was enacted in 2000 and further amended in 2008. However, technology and cross-platform integration have increased exponentially.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, the current data protection regime seems to have become inadequate in addressing risks emerging from new developments in data processing technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 can help?</h3>
<p>The Bill seeks to bring a massive and meaningful change to personal data protection in India through this regime. The proposed regime under the Bill seeks to be different from the existing regime in some prominent ways.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Defining the Roles:</strong> The Bill envisages codifying the relationship between individuals and firms/state institutions as one between &ldquo;data principals&rdquo; (whose information is collected) and &ldquo;data fiduciaries&rdquo; (those processing the data) so that privacy is safeguarded by design.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the Bill seeks to apply the data protection regime to both government and private entities across all sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Data Privacy:</strong> The Bill seeks to emphasize that data principals will have to maintain security safeguards to protect personal data and also have to fulfill a set of data protection obligations and transparency and accountability measures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In nutshell, the provides scrutiny on these entities govern and process personal data to uphold users&rsquo; privacy and interests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The need for a more robust data protection legislation came to the fore in 2017 post the Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) v. Union of India established the right to privacy as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>In the judgment, the Court called for a data protection law that can effectively protect users&rsquo; privacy over their personal data.</li>
<li>Consequently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology formed a Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd) B.N. Srikrishna to suggest a draft data protection law.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rights of the Citizens:</strong> The Bill seeks to give users a set of rights over their personal data and means to exercise those rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, a user will be able to obtain information about the different kinds of personal data that an entity has about them and how the entity is processing that data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishing a Regulator:</strong> The Bill seeks to create an independent and powerful regulator known as the Data Protection Authority (DPA). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The DPA will monitor and regulate data processing activities to ensure their compliance with the regime.</li>
<li>More importantly, the DPA will give users a channel to seek redress when entities do not comply with their obligations under the regime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues With The Bill</h3>
<p>Several provisions in the Bill create cause for concern about the regime&rsquo;s effectiveness. These provisions could contradict the objectives of the Bill by giving wide exemptions to government agencies and diluting user protection safeguards.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scope for Loopholes:</strong> For instance, under clause 35, the Central government can exempt any government agency from complying with the Bill. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government agencies will then be able to process personal data without following any safeguard under the Bill.</li>
<li>This could create severe privacy risks for users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compromised Concept of Consent:</strong> Similarly, users could find it difficult to enforce various user protection safeguards (such as rights and remedies) in the Bill. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, the Bill threatens legal consequences for users who withdraw their consent for a data processing activity.</li>
<li>In practice, this could discourage users from withdrawing consent for processing activities they want to opt-out of.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sweeping Mandate of DPA:</strong> DPA will be tasked with regulating the provisions of the bill to frame regulations on issues such as mechanisms for taking consent, limitations on the use of data, and cross-border transfer of data. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The supervisory mandate of the DPA is sweeping, given the fact that it has to regulate a wide array of preventive obligations, such as security safeguards and transparency requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime.</p>
<p>The Joint Parliamentary Committee that is scrutinizing the Bill, is expected to submit its final report in the Monsoon Session of Parliament in 2021. This interim period shall be utilized to make some changes in the Bill targeted towards addressing various concerns in it could make a stronger and more effective data protection regime.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8107,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Opium Poppy Straw',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Central government has decided to <strong>rope in the private sector to commence production of concentrated poppy straw (CPS) from India&rsquo;s opium crop to boost the yield of alkaloids</strong>, used for medical purposes and exported to several countries.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Alkaloids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally <strong>occurring organic compounds which contain nitrogen atom or atoms</strong> (amino or amido in some cases) in their structures.</li>
<li>These nitrogen atoms cause alkalinity of these compounds.</li>
<li>Well-known alkaloids include <strong>morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine.</strong></li>
<li>The medicinal properties of alkaloids are quite diverse. Morphine is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pain, though its addictive properties limit its usefulness. Codeine, the methyl ether derivative of morphine found in the opium poppy, is an excellent analgesic that is relatively nonaddictive.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poppy Straw:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poppy straw is the <strong>husk left after the opium</strong> <strong>is extracted</strong> from pods.</li>
<li>This poppy straw also contains a <strong>very small morphine content</strong> and if used in sufficient quantities, poppy straw can give a high.</li>
<li><strong>Possession, sale, use</strong>, etc. of poppy straw is <strong>regulated by the State Governments</strong> under the <strong>State Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Rules.</strong></li>
<li>Farmers sell the poppy straw to those licensed by the State Governments to purchase poppy straw. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any excess poppy straw is ploughed back into the field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Poppy straw is one of the narcotic drugs under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/narcotics-control-bureau#:~:text=the%20central%20government.-,Narcotic%20Drugs%20and%20Psychotropic%20Substances%20Act%2C%201985,Central%20Government%20under%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Act 1985</a> (NDPS Act).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hence, anyone possessing, selling, purchasing or using poppy straw <strong>without a license or authorization or in violation</strong> of any conditions of the license is liable to prosecution under the NDPS Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Extraction of Alkaloids:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India currently only <strong>extracts alkaloids from opium gum</strong> at facilities controlled by the Revenue Department in the Ministry of Finance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This entails farmers extracting gum by manually lancing the opium pods and selling the gum to government factories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry has now decided to <strong>switch to new technologies</strong>, after trial cultivation by two private firms showed higher extraction of alkaloids using the <strong>Concentrated Poppy Straw (CPS)</strong>. Thus, the Government is mulling the idea of using public-private partnership (PPP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two types of Narcotic Raw Material (NRM) can be produced from opium poppy - <strong>Opium gum and Concentrate of Poppy Straw</strong> (CPS).</li>
<li>So far, only opium gum has been produced in India. The Government of India has now decided that CPS production should be commenced in India.</li>
<li>The various stakeholders will frame an appropriate model including<strong> public-private partnership (PPP)</strong>, advise on the changes needed to the rules and laws to facilitate private investment, and recommend security measures to protect the crop and the final product.</li>
<li>The firms carrying out the <strong>trials faced legal hassles</strong> in terms of getting relevant licences from the State governments to manufacture bulk alkaloids on their premises, this issue will need to be ironed out.</li>
<li>As per the trials&rsquo; findings, the <strong>imported seeds of certain CPS varieties worked effectively in Indian fields</strong> and their narcotic raw material yield was much higher from imported seeds instead of those used currently.</li>
<li>Some firms also <strong>cultivated CPS with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydroponics#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20method%20of,strawberries%20are%20other%20popular%20items." target="_blank" rel="noopener">hydroponic</a> and aeroponic methods</strong> under a greenhouse environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both Hydroponics and Aeroponics are sustainable, water-conservative farming methods, differing only by the medium which is used in the growth of the plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While alkaloid extraction from the current opium crop using the CPS was found more than opium gum, it is possible to have two or three crop cycles in one year if CPS varieties of seeds are used in an indoor greenhouse environment.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s opium crop acreage has been steadily declining</strong> over the years and using the CPS extraction method is expected to help cut the occasional dependence on imports of products like codeine (extracted from opium) for medicinal uses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Opium Cultivation In India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After independence, the control over cultivation and manufacture of opium became <strong>responsibility of the Central Government</strong> with effect from April, 1950.</li>
<li>At present the <strong>Narcotics Commissioner</strong> along with the subordinates exercises all <strong>powers and performs all functions</strong> relating to superintendence of the cultivation of the opium poppy and production of opium. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commissioner derives this power from the <strong>Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Rules, 1985.</strong></li>
<li><strong>License for manufacture</strong> of certain types of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as well as permits for export and import of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and controlled substances are issued with the approval and permission of the Narcotics Commissioner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India announces the <strong>licensing policy for cultivation of opium poppy every year</strong>, prescribing the minimum qualifying yield for issue of or renewal of licence, maximum area that can be cultivated by an individual cultivator, the maximum benefit that can be allowed to a cultivator for damage due to natural causes, etc.</li>
<li>The opium poppy can be cultivated only in such tracts as are <strong>notified by the Government.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present these <strong>tracts are confined to three States</strong>,viz. <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mandsaur district</strong> of Madhya Pradesh and <strong>Chittorgarh and Jhalawar Districts of Rajasthan</strong> constitute about <strong>80% of the total area cultivated.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is one of the few countries <strong>internationally permitted (by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illicit-drug-supply-and-covid-19-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> ) to cultivate opium poppy for export.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Uses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Opium is unique in its therapeutic value and is indispensable in the medical world.</li>
<li>It also finds use in <strong>Homeopathy and Ayurveda or Unani systems</strong> of indigenous medicines.</li>
<li>The opium which is used as <strong>Analgesics, Anti-Tussive, Anti spasmodic</strong> and as a source of <strong>edible seed-oil</strong>, acts as a <strong>medicinal herb.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-mulling-ways-to-boost-yield-from-poppy/article34268262.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8103,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched <strong>Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya'</strong> through a video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018, an expert committee released a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-by-expert-committee-on-tribal-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>comprehensive report on tribal health</strong></a> in India which highlighted the issues and concerns of tribal health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative <strong>bringing together</strong> governments, philanthropists, national and international foundations, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a>/Community Based Organizations (CBOs) <strong>to end all preventable deaths among the tribal communities of India.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>converge efforts of various Government agencies and organisations</strong> to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>build a sustainable, high-performing health ecosystem</strong> to address the key health challenges faced by the tribal population of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a multi-stakeholder initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> supported by <strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-vaccine-pneumosil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> is the philanthropic arm of Piramal Group. The foundation undertakes projects under the four broad areas &ndash; <strong>healthcare, education, livelihood creation and youth empowerment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>begin its operations with 50 tribal</strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong></a> (with more than 20% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> population) across 6 high tribal population states.</li>
<li>Over a <strong>10-year period</strong>, the work of the THC will be <strong>extended to 177 tribal Districts</strong> as recognised by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to the Tribal Communities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Programme for Capacity Building of Scheduled Tribe (ST) Representatives in Local Self Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at empowering tribal <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)</strong></a> representatives by enhancing their decision making capabilities at local government level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1000 Springs Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1000 Springs Initiative</strong></a> aims at improving access to safe and adequate water for the tribal communities living in difficult and inaccessible parts of rural areas in the country.</li>
<li>The initiative will help in harnessing the potential of perennial springs&rsquo; water to address natural scarcity of water in tribal areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Health Cell:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A &lsquo;Tribal Health Cell&rsquo; is being set up in the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It will help central ministries and state governments to <strong>facilitate and strengthen primary health care</strong> systems and <strong>invest in tribal health research.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1710256#:~:text=The%20Collaborative%20is%20a%20multi,the%20tribal%20communities%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8099,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'AI Portal SUPACE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong> </a>launched an <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> based portal &lsquo;SUPACE&rsquo;</strong> in the judicial system aimed at assisting judges with legal research.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SUPACE</strong> is short for <strong>Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court&rsquo;s Efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-virtual-courts-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Courts Project</strong></a> was conceptualised on the basis of<strong> "National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary - 2005"</strong> submitted by the <strong>e-Committee of the Supreme Court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About SUPACE:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a tool that collects relevant facts and laws</strong> and <strong>makes them available to a judge.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>not designed to take decisions, but only to process facts and to make them available to judges</strong> looking for an input for a decision.</li>
<li>Initially, it <strong>will be used on an experimental basis by the judges of Bombay and Delhi High Courts</strong> who deal with criminal matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>produce results customized to the need of the case</strong> and the way the judge thinks.</li>
<li>This will be <strong>time saving.</strong> It will <strong>help the judiciary and the court in reducing delays and pendency of cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>AI</strong> will present <strong>a more streamlined, cost effective and time bound</strong> means to the <strong>fundamental right of access to justice.</strong></li>
<li>It will make the <strong>service delivery mechanism transparent and cost-efficient.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Redundancy of certain posts</strong> after introduction of SUPACE. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since it is intended to do what the human mind can do, but much more efficiently and methodically, there is apprehension in the generation of unemployment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-Courts Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceptualized with a vision<strong> to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT (Information and Communication Technology) enablement of Courts.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>a pan-India Project,</strong> monitored and <strong>funded by the Department of Justice,</strong> Ministry of Law and Justice, <strong>for the District Courts</strong> across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide efficient &amp; time-bound citizen-centric services delivery.</li>
<li>To develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems in courts.</li>
<li>To automate the processes to provide transparency and accessibility of information to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To enhance judicial productivity, both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively, to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable and transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cji-launches-top-courts-ai-driven-research-portal-7261821/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8096,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Interim Appointments for CBI Director',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> told the government that<strong> interim appointments to the post of CBI (<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Bureau of Investigation</a>) Director cannot go on.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>petition</strong> was filed in the Court, objecting to the appointment of interim CBI Director following the retirement of the regular CBI director.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments of the Petitioner:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>government had failed to appoint a regular Director</strong> through the high-power <strong>selection committee of the Prime Minister, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Justice of India</a> and Leader of Opposition.</strong></li>
<li>An interim appointment through an executive order was<strong> not envisaged in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/appointment-of-cbi-director" target="_blank" rel="noopener">statutory scheme of the 1946 Act</a> (Delhi Special Police Establishment Act of 1946).</strong></li>
<li>Urged the court to direct the introduction of a mechanism to ensure that the <strong>process of selection of CBI Director is completed one or two months in advance</strong> of the retirement of the incumbent.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this context, the petitioner referred to the case of <strong><em>Anjali Bhardwaj v. Union of India</em> (2019)</strong> - related to <strong>vacancies at<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-years-of-rti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions.</a></strong></li>
<li>In this case, the Supreme Court held that &ldquo;it would be apposite that the process for filling up of a particular vacancy is initiated 1 to 2 months before the date on which the vacancy is likely to occur so that <strong>there is not much time-lag between the occurrence of vacancy and filling up of the said vacancy."</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CBI was <strong>set up in 1963</strong> by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Now, the CBI comes under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) of the<strong> Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The establishment of the CBI was <strong>recommended by the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962&ndash;1964).</strong></li>
<li>The CBI is <strong>not a statutory body. </strong>It<strong> derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.</strong></li>
<li>The CBI is the<strong> main investigating agency of the Central Government.</strong></li>
<li>It also provides <strong>assistance to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Vigilance Commission</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lokpal</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the <strong>nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigation on behalf of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interpol-notices" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interpol Member countries.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues in the functioning of CBI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Legal Ambiguity:</strong> Lack of clearly demarcated spheres of functioning and overlapping areas of influence severely comprises both the integrity and efficacy of the institution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act 1946, for conduct or continuance of investigation into offences committed within the territory of a state, <strong>consent of the state is crucial.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Human Resource:</strong> Massive shortage of officers at the CBI may hamper quality of investigations and increase pendency, a Parliamentary panel said in the year 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The panel observed that <strong>789 posts in executive ranks, 77 posts of law officers </strong>and<strong> 415 posts of technical officers and staff</strong> were lying <strong>vacant. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Adequate Investment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inadequate investment in personnel, training, equipment or other support structures, adversely hampers professional discharge of duties.</li>
<li>High quality research and training are crucial for maintaining an effective modern police force imparting it with the operational ability to meaningfully respond to ever changing societal needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the past few decades massive strides have been made in imbibing traits of transparency and accountability into public life and institutions.</li>
<li>Of equal importance is the need to maintain morale of the force by enforcing stringent internal accountability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political and Administrative Interference:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given that the superintendence and control of the agency continues to, in large measure, lie with the executive by virtue of Section 4 of the Delhi <strong>Special Police Establishment Act 1946,</strong> the possibility of it being used as a political instrument remains ever present.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to ensure that CBI operates under a formal, modern legal framework that has been written for a contemporary investigative agency. A new CBI Act should be promulgated that ensures the autonomy of CBI while at the same time improving the quality of supervision.</li>
<li>There is a need to administratively protect CBI from political interference. For this to happen, the new Act must specify criminal culpability for government interference.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/interim-appointments-of-cbi-director-cant-go-on-sc/article34244106.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8094,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Integrated Health Information Platform',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare</strong> has launched the <strong>Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP),</strong> that is the next generation highly <strong>refined version of the presently used Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IDSP</a>).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IIHP is an <strong>advanced disease surveillance system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>track 33 diseases (as compared to the earlier 18 diseases)</strong> and will ensure near-real-time data in digital mode.</li>
<li>It will <strong>provide a health information system</strong> developed for real time, case-based information, integrated analytics, advanced visualization capability.</li>
<li>Data will be provided in real time through:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grassroots healthcare workers</strong> through their gadgets (tablets);</li>
<li><strong>Doctors at the PHC</strong> (Primary Healthcare Centre)/CHC (Community Health Centre)/DH (District Hospital) when the citizens seek healthcare; and</li>
<li><strong>Diagnostic labs</strong> which will provide data on the tests carried out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Real time data reporting</strong> (along through mobile application); <strong>accessible at all levels</strong> (from villages, states and central level).</li>
<li>Advanced data modelling &amp; analytical tools.</li>
<li><strong>Geographic Information System (GIS) enabled Graphical representation of data</strong> into integrated dashboard.</li>
<li>Role &amp; hierarchy-based feedback &amp; alert mechanisms.</li>
<li><strong>Geo-tagging</strong> of reporting health facilities.</li>
<li>Scope for data integration with other health programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>collection of authentic data will become easy</strong> as it comes directly from the village/block level; the last mile from the country.</li>
<li>This digital platform for scouting the earliest signs of disease spread in the smallest of villages and blocks in the country will <strong>immensely help in nipping in the bud any potential outbreak or epidemic.</strong></li>
<li>It is in sync with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NDHM aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>information system for precision public health</strong> is essential for delivering &lsquo;the right intervention at the right time, every time to the right population.&rsquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In recent years, the use of technology to enhance precision in public health, including the use of pathogen genomics, enhanced surveillance and informatics, and targeted interventions has steadily gone up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With its implementation, India is marching towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> in healthcare through use of technology.</li>
<li>This refined digital surveillance platform will help to provide and connect data and move towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/onehealth-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Health&rsquo; approach.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in assistance with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, in 2004.</li>
<li>It <strong>continued as the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)</strong> during 12<sup>th</sup> Plan (2012&ndash;17) under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong> </a>with a domestic budget.</li>
<li>Under it, a Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/Union Territories (UTs) head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts have been established.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based and IT enabled disease surveillance systems for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends.</li>
<li>To detect and respond to outbreaks in the early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Teams (RRTs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Programme Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through <strong>establishment of surveillance units</strong> at Centre, State and District level.</li>
<li><strong>Human Resource Development &ndash;</strong> Training of State Surveillance Officers (SSOs), District Surveillance Officers (DSOs), RRT and other medical and paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.</li>
<li><strong>Use of Information Communication Technology</strong> for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.</li>
<li>Strengthening of public health laboratories.</li>
<li>Inter sectoral Coordination for<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/zoonotic-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> zoonotic diseases.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1709676&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1617784556747000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3SdlYA3fvN3A3LO8LCxSA_" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8088,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Challenges with National Security Act, 1980',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In some cases it has been found that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-security-act-1980" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Security Act-1980 (NSA)</strong></a> was invoked to prevent the person from being released from judicial custody even if the accused had got bail.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NSA empowers the state to detain a person without a formal charge and without trial.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Security Act, 1980:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NSA is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-and-k-public-safety-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>preventive detention law.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Preventive Detention involves the <strong>detainment of a person in order to keep him/her from committing future crimes</strong> and/or from escaping future prosecution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 22 (3) (b) of the Constitution</strong> allows for preventive detention and restriction on personal liberty for reasons of state security and public order.</li>
<li>Further,<strong> Article 22 (4)</strong> states that no law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Advisory Board reports sufficient cause for extended detention.</li>
<li>Such a person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gives Power to the Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The NSA <strong>empowers the Centre or a State government</strong> to detain a person to prevent him from acting in any manner prejudicial to national security.</li>
<li>The government can also detain a person to prevent him from disrupting public order or for maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Period of Confinement:</strong> The maximum period for which one may be detained is <strong>12 months.</strong> But the term can be extended if the government finds fresh evidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>administrative</strong> order passed either by the Divisional Commissioner or the District Magistrate (DM) and <strong>not detention ordered by police</strong> based on specific allegations or for a specific violation of the law.</li>
<li><strong>Conditions when NSA can be evoked:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Even if a <strong>person is in police custody,</strong> the DM can invoke NSA against him.</li>
<li>If a person has been <strong>granted bail by a trial court,</strong> he can be immediately detained under the NSA.</li>
<li>If the person has been <strong>acquitted by the court,</strong> the same person can be detained under the NSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against the Constitutional Right:</strong> The law also takes away an individual&rsquo;s <strong>constitutional right (Article 22 of Indian Constitution)</strong> to be produced before the magistrate within 24 hours as is the case when the accused is in police custody. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The detained person also <strong>does not have the right to move a bail application before a criminal court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immunity for Passing and Carrying Out Order:</strong> The DM who passed the detention order is protected under the Act, no prosecution or any legal proceeding can be initiated against the official who carried out the orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court has held that the preventive detention under NSA has to be strictly maintained with the <strong>delicate balance between social security and citizen freedom.</strong></li>
<li>It also held that to prevent <strong>&ldquo;misuse of this potentially dangerous power, the law of preventive detention has to be strictly construed&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;meticulous compliance with the procedural safeguards&rdquo;</strong> has to be ensured.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safeguard Against the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Procedural safeguard under the NSA is granted under<strong> Article 22 (5),</strong> where all the detained persons have the <strong>right to make an effective representation before an independent advisory board.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This advisory board consists of three members and the board is chaired by a member who is a judge of a High Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The writ of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habeas-corpus-cases-in-jammu-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Habeas Corpus</a> is also the protection</strong> guaranteed under the Constitution against the unchecked state power of taking people into custody under the NSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/detention-despite-bail-why-district-magistrates-love-the-nsa-7260430/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8086,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Maritime Day 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping &amp; Waterways celebrated the <strong>58<sup>th</sup> National Maritime Day (5<sup>th</sup> April).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maritime-vision-2030" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maritime India Vision-2030</strong></a>, was also discussed at the occasion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Maritime Day is celebrated <strong>every year on</strong> <strong>5<sup>th&nbsp;</sup>April</strong> to commemorate the maiden voyage of the<strong> first Indian flag merchant vessel 'S.S LOYALTY'</strong> from Mumbai to London, on <strong>April 5<sup>th</sup>, 1919.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Sustainable Shipping beyond Covid-19&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated <strong>to encourage the merchant shipping industry of India.</strong> Shipping contributes a lot to the country&rsquo;s economy.</li>
<li>At present, <strong>90% of India&rsquo;s international trade in terms of volume </strong>and<strong> 77% in terms of value is moved by sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sagarmala Initiative:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala Programme</strong></a> was approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015 which <strong>aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline </strong>through <strong>modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Unnati:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The shipping ministry launched Project Unnati in 2014 under which efficiency of equipment was studied and every activity was scrutinised to identify excesses/mistakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Economy Policy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The policy document highlights the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-blue-economy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a> as one of the ten core dimensions for national growth and It <strong>emphasizes policies across several key sectors to achieve holistic growth of India&rsquo;s economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joined International Maritime Organization:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is also a member of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Maritime Organization (IMO).</strong></a></li>
<li>IMO is a specialized agency of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN).</strong></a> It is a global standard-setting authority with responsibility to improve the safety and security of international shipping and prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Waterways:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost#:~:text=It%20came%20into%20existence%20on,from%20the%20Ministry%20of%20Shipping." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Waterways Act 2016,</strong></a> 111 waterways have been declared as National Waterways (NWs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Sagar-Manthan:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mercantile Marine Domain Awareness Centre has been launched.</li>
<li>It is an information system <strong>for enhancing maritime safety, search and rescue capabilities, security and marine environment protection.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ship Repair Clusters:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will be developed along both coasts by <strong>2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ship Recycling:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Domestic ship recycling industry will also be promoted to create <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/waste-to-energy-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Wealth from Waste'.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has enacted<strong> Recycling of Ships Act, 2019</strong> and agreed to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hong-kong-convention-for-ship-recycling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hong Kong Convention for Ship Recycling.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Maritime India Vision 2030</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> ten-year blueprint for the maritime sector</strong> which was released by the Prime Minister of India at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maritime-india-summit-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maritime India Summit</a> 2021.</strong></li>
<li>It will supersede the <strong>Sagarmala initiative</strong> and aims to boost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost#:~:text=It%20came%20into%20existence%20on,from%20the%20Ministry%20of%20Shipping." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>waterways</strong></a>, give a fillip to the shipbuilding industry and encourage cruise tourism in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Initiatives and Development Projects:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maritime Development Fund:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Rs. 25,000-crore fund,</strong> which will provide low cost, long-tenure financing to the sector with the Centre contributing Rs. 2,500 crore over seven years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Port Regulatory Authority:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> pan-India port authority</strong> will be set up under the new Indian Ports Act (to replace the old Indian Ports Act 1908) for enabling oversight across major and non-major ports, enhance institutional coverage for ports and provide for structured growth of the ports sector to boost investor confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eastern Waterways Connectivity Transport Grid Project:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to <strong>develop regional connectivity</strong> with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Riverine Development Fund:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Calls for extending low cost, long-term financing for inland vessels with the support of a<strong> Riverine Development Fund (RDF)</strong> and for extending the coverage of the <strong>tonnage tax scheme</strong> (applicable to ocean-going ships and dredgers) to inland vessels to enhance the availability of such vessels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rationalisation of Port Charges:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>will make them more competitive,</strong> besides doing away with all hidden charges levied by ship liners to bring in more transparency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of Water Transport:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For decongestion of urban areas, and <strong>developing waterways as an alternative means of urban transport.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1709706" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8085,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sankalp Se Siddhi: TRIFED',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED)</strong></a>, under the<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs,</strong> has launched <strong>&ldquo;Sankalp se Siddhi&rdquo; - Village and Digital Connect Drive.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>main aim</strong> of this drive is to<strong> activate the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) in the villages.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Sankalp se Siddhi Drive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The drive will entail 150 teams (10 in each region from TRIFED and State Implementation Agencies/Mentoring Agencies/Partners) visiting ten villages each. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, 100 villages in each region and 1500 villages in the country will be covered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The visiting teams will also<strong> identify locations and shortlist potential Van Dhan Vikas Kendras </strong>for clustering as <strong>TRIFOOD,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20MSME%20is,competitive%20and%20increase%20their%20income." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI</strong></a> units as larger enterprises. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20MSME%20is,competitive%20and%20increase%20their%20income." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></a> is a scheme of the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rs. 200 crore Sales during the next 12 months is targeted</strong> as a result of this initiative once the VDVKs are activated in these 1500 villages.</li>
<li>The teams will <strong>also identify tribal artisans and other groups</strong> and empanel them as suppliers so that they can have access to larger markets through the <strong>Tribes India network &ndash;</strong> both<strong> physical outlets and TribesIndia.com.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Involvements of the TRIFED:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Village and Digital Connect Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>ensure that existing schemes and initiatives reach the tribals,</strong> TRIFED&rsquo;s regional officials across the country have been visiting identified villages with a significant tribal population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes for Ensuring Fair Prices to Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Schemes such as <strong>Mechanism for Marketing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce (MFP)</a> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minimum Support Price (MSP)</a></strong> and <strong>Development of Value Chain for MFP </strong>provide<strong> MSP to gatherers of forest produces.</strong></li>
<li>The schemes <strong>ensure sustainability of the resource base</strong> by addressing the problems that tribals face such as perishable nature of the produce, lack of holding capacity, lack of marketing infrastructure, exploitation by middlemen, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tech For Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tech For Tribals program aims to<strong> transform 5 crore Tribal Entrepreneurs</strong> by capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest produce gatherers enrolled under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Yojana is an initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED.</strong> It was launched to improve tribal incomes through value addition of tribal products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The program will ensure higher success rate of the Tribal Entrepreneurs by enabling and empowering them to run their business with marketable products with quality certifications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras have been provided by <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Yojana.</strong></li>
<li>Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (VDVKs) are for providing <strong>skill upgradation and capacity building training</strong> to tribals and setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.</li>
<li>Tribals are trained here and then provided with working capital to add value to the products, which they collect from the jungle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>joint initiative of the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED</strong> and it promotes value addition to MFP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1709433" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8067,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Expansion of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has extended the <strong>Rs. 3-lakh-crore <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</a></strong> until 30<sup>th</sup> June 2021, and also widened its scope to new sectors, including <strong>hospitality, travel</strong> and<strong> tourism.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ECLGS was rolled out in May 2020 as part of the Centre&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar package</strong></a> in response to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> crisis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> objective was to support small businesses</strong> struggling to meet their operational liabilities due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ECLGS 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide fully guaranteed and collateral free additional credit to <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs</strong></a>, business enterprises, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-panel-s-recommendations-on-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MUDRA borrowers</strong></a> and individual loans for business purposes to the extent of 20% of their credit outstanding as on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</strong></li>
<li>MSMEs with up to <strong>Rs 25. crore outstanding</strong> and<strong> Rs. 100 crore turnover were eligible.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the turnover cap was removed post amendment to <strong>ECLGS 2.0 </strong>in<strong> November 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ECLGS 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amended version focused on entities in <strong>26 stressed sectors</strong> identified by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/k-v-kamath-committee-on-restructuring-of-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kamath Committee</strong></a> along with the healthcare sector with credit outstanding of more than <strong>Rs. 50 crore</strong> and up to<strong> Rs. 500 crore</strong> as of 29<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</li>
<li>The scheme also mandated borrower accounts to be less than or equal to 30 days past due as of 29<sup>th</sup> February, 2020, that is, <strong>they should not have been classified as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SMA 1, SMA 2, or NPA</a></strong> by any of the lenders as of<strong> 29<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SMAs</strong> are <strong>special mention accounts,</strong> which show signs of incipient stress, that lead to the borrower defaulting in servicing the debt.</li>
<li>While <strong>SMA-0</strong> are accounts having payments partially or wholly overdue for <strong>1-30 days, SMA-1 and SMA-2</strong> accounts have payments overdue for <strong>31-60 days and 61-90 days</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The revised scheme also<strong> has a five-year repayment window</strong> up from four years in <strong>ECLGS 1.0.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ECLGS 3.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It involves <strong>extending credit of up to 40% of total credit outstanding</strong> across all lending institutions as on 29<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>tenor</strong> of loans granted under ECLGS 3.0 would be <strong>6 years,</strong> including a <strong>moratorium period of 2 years.</strong></li>
<li>Covers business enterprises in <strong>Hospitality, Travel &amp; Tourism, Leisure &amp; Sporting sectors,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Which had, as on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> february 2020,</strong></li>
<li>Total credit outstanding not exceeding <strong>Rs. 500 crore and overdues,</strong> if any, were for<strong> 60 days or less.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<li><strong>National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company</strong> (NCGTC) is the guarantee provider under the <strong>ECLGS scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCGTC is a private limited company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 in 2014, established by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, as a wholly owned company of the Government of India, to act as a common trustee company for multiple credit guarantee funds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Credit guarantee programmes are designed to share the lending risk of the lenders and in turn, facilitate access to finance for the prospective borrowers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1708709" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8063,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Criminalization of Politics',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>National Election Watch (NEW)</strong> and <strong>Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR)</strong>, in the Assembly elections in Assam, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, at least 1,157 out of 6,318 candidates have criminal cases against them.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NEW</strong> is a nationwide campaign since 2002 comprising more than 1200 <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a> and other citizen led organizations working together on electoral reforms, improving democracy and governance in India.</li>
<li><strong>ADR</strong> is an Indian NGO <strong>established in 1999</strong> situated in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The criminalization of politics means <strong>the participation of criminals in politics which includes that criminals can contest in the elections and get elected as members of the Parliament</strong> and the State legislature. It takes place <strong>primarily due to the nexus between politicians and criminals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Legal Aspect of Disqualification of Criminal Candidates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this regard, Indian Constitution does not specify as to what disqualifies a person from contesting elections for the Parliament, Legislative assembly or any other legislature.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/representation-of-people-s-act-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Representation of Peoples Act</a> 1951</strong> mentions the <strong>criteria for disqualifying a person for contesting an election</strong> of the legislature.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 8 of the act</strong>, i.e. disqualification on conviction for certain offences, according to which an individual punished with a jail term of more than two years cannot stand in an election for six years after the jail term has ended.</li>
<li>The <strong>law does not bar individuals who have criminal cases pending against them</strong> from contesting elections therefore the disqualification of candidates with criminal cases depends on their conviction in these cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Criminalization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of Political Will:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In spite of taking appropriate measures to amend the RPA Act, there has been an <strong>unsaid understanding among the political parties which deters Parliament to make strong law curbing criminalisation of politics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Enforcement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several laws and court judgments have not helped much, due to the lack of enforcement of laws and judgments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Narrow Self-interests:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Publishing of the entire criminal history of candidates fielded by political parties may not be very effective, as a <strong>major chunk of voters tend to vote through a narrow prism of community interests</strong> like caste or religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Muscle and Money Power:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Candidates with serious records seem to do well despite their public image, largely due to their ability to finance their own elections and bring substantive resources to their respective parties.</li>
<li>Also, sometimes voters are left with <strong>no options</strong>, as <strong>all competing candidates have criminal records.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Against the Principle of Free and Fair Election:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It limits the choice of voters to elect a suitable candidate.</li>
<li>It is <strong>against the ethos of free and fair election</strong> which is the bedrock of a democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affecting Good Governance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The major problem is that the <strong>law-breakers become law-makers</strong>, this affects the efficacy of the democratic process in delivering good governance.</li>
<li>These unhealthy tendencies in the democratic system reflect a poor image of the nature of India&rsquo;s state institutions and the quality of its elected representatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affecting Integrity of Public Servants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also <strong>leads to increased circulation of black money during and after elections</strong>, which in turn <strong>increases corruption</strong> in society and affects the working of public servants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes Social Disharmony:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It introduces a <strong>culture of violence</strong> in society and sets a bad precedent for the youth to follow and <strong>reduces people's faith in democracy</strong> as a system of governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Steps by the Supreme Court to Curb Criminalization of Politics:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>February 2020 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court (SC)</a></strong> ordered the political parties to publish the entire criminal history of their candidates for Assembly and Lok Sabha elections along with the reasons that forced them to field suspected criminals.</li>
<li>The SC in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/curbing-criminalisation-of-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Public Interest Foundation vs Union Of India, 2018</strong></em></a> had also directed political parties to publish online the pending criminal cases of their candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617363271_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617363271_pasted image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Various <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-electoral-politics-need-for-reform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>committees</strong></a> (Dinesh Goswami, Inderjeet Committee) on the electoral reforms have recommended for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-regulating-anonymous-donations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>state funding of elections</strong></a> which will curb use of black money to a large extent and thereby will have a significant impact on limiting criminalization of politics.</li>
<li>Regulating the affairs of a political party is essential for a cleaner electoral process. Therefore, it is <strong>imperative to strengthen the election commission.</strong></li>
<li>Voters also <strong>need to be vigilant</strong> about misuse of money, gifts and other inducements during elections.</li>
<li>Given the reluctance by the political parties to curb criminalisation of politics and its growing detrimental effects on Indian democracy, <strong>Indian courts must now seriously consider banning people accused with serious criminal charges</strong> from contesting elections.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-18-declared-criminal-cases-against-themselves-in-four-states-ut-adr/article34214750.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8059,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ACT-Accelerator',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Carl Bildt has been appointed as <strong>WHO Special Envoy </strong>for the <strong>Access to Covid-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-Accelerator).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ACT-Accelerator is a groundbreaking <strong>global collaboration</strong> to accelerate development, production, and equitable access to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> tests, treatments and vaccines.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ACT-Accelerator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched in the month of April, 2020 at an event co-hosted by the Director-General of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a>, the<strong> President of France,</strong> the <strong>President of the European Commission,</strong> and the <strong>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>It brings together <strong>governments, scientists, businesses, civil society, and philanthropists</strong> and <strong>global health organizations.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The participants include the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goalkeepers-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fight-against-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CEPI</strong></a>, <strong>Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gavi-covax-facility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gavi</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Global Fund</a></strong>, <strong>Unitaid, Wellcome Trust (London), the WHO and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to<strong> end the pandemic, restore full societal and economic activity</strong> globally and <strong>facilitate high-level control of Covid-19 disease.</strong></li>
<li>The ACT-Accelerator is organized into<strong> four pillars of work:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Diagnostics, treatment, vaccines </strong>and<strong> health system strengthening.</strong></li>
<li>Each pillar is vital to the overall effort and involves innovation and collaboration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVAX:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVAX is one of four pillars of the ACT Accelerator.</li>
<li>It is an effort to ensure that <strong>people in all corners of the world will get access to Covid-19 vaccines,</strong> regardless of their wealth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initial aim is to have <strong>2 billion doses available by the end of 2021,</strong> which should be enough to protect high risk and vulnerable people, as well as frontline healthcare workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is co-led by <strong>Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the World Health Organisation (WHO),</strong> working in partnership with vaccine manufacturers of developed and developing countries.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Role:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>started shipping Covid-19 vaccines to Africa</strong> under the COVAX facility.</li>
<li>Earlier, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gavi-covax-facility" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Serum Institute of India (SII) had received funds</strong></a> from Gavi and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation <strong>to double its supply of Covid-19 vaccines</strong> (200 million doses) to India and other poorer countries as part of the <strong>Gavi COVAX facility. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of ACT-Accelerator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a crucial time for ACT-Accelerator when the world is rolling out vaccines against Covid-19, introducing new diagnostics and scaling up life-saving oxygen and <strong>corticosteroids</strong> for severe disease.</li>
<li>It will help in addressing the uneven distribution of vaccines globally and the emergence of new variants of concern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Corticosteroids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corticosteroids are a class of drug that<strong> lowers inflammation in the body.</strong> They also reduce immune system activity.</li>
<li>Corticosteroids<strong> ease swelling, itching, redness, and allergic reactions,</strong> thus used in the treatment of diseases like asthma, arthritis, lupus, allergies etc.</li>
<li>Corticosteroids resemble cortisol, a <strong>hormone naturally produced by the body&rsquo;s adrenal glands.</strong> The body needs cortisol to stay healthy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cortisol is a major player in a wide range of processes in the body, including metabolism, immune response, and stress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/covid-19-carl-bildt-appointed-who-special-envoy-for-act-accelerator-76241#:~:text=Tedros%20Adhanom%20Ghebreyesus%2C%20the%20director,Accelerator)%20March%2031%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8046,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Due to adverse impact of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>, only 5.4% of the sanctioned houses under</strong> the central government's flagship rural housing scheme, <strong>Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin</strong>, have <strong>reached completion for the year 2020-2021.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> To achieve the objective of <strong>&ldquo;Housing for All&rdquo; by 2022</strong>, the erstwhile rural housing scheme <strong>Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)</strong> <strong>was restructured to Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G)</strong> w.e.f 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2016.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry Involved:</strong> Ministry of <strong>Rural development.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>provide a pucca house with basic amenities to all rural families</strong>, who are homeless or living in kutcha or dilapidated houses by the end of <strong>March 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To help rural people Below the Poverty Line (BPL) in construction of dwelling units and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses by providing assistance in the form of a full grant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> People belonging to SCs/STs, freed bonded labourers and non-SC/ST categories, widows or next-of-kin of defence personnel killed in action, ex servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary forces, disabled persons and minorities.</li>
<li><strong>Selection of Beneficiaries:</strong> Through a three stage validation - Socio Economic Caste Census 2011, Gram Sabha, and geo-tagging.</li>
<li><strong>Cost Sharing:</strong> The cost of unit assistance is shared between Central and State Governments in the ratio <strong>60:40</strong> <strong>in plain areas</strong> and <strong>90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The minimum size of the house has been increased to 25 sq.mt (from 20sq.mt) with a hygienic cooking space.</li>
<li>The unit assistance has been increased from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh in plain and from Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 1.30 lakh in hilly states.</li>
<li>The assistance for construction of toilets shall be leveraged through convergence with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGS</strong></a> or any other dedicated source of funding.</li>
<li>Convergence for <strong>piped drinking water, electricity connection, LPG gas connection etc.</strong> different Government programmers are also to be attempted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 55% of the construction</strong> target has been completed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the <strong>2.28 crore houses to be built</strong> for the rural poor, less than <strong>1.27 crore had been built</strong> by January 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Money</strong> has been sanctioned to <strong>almost 85% of beneficiaries.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme has helped in <strong>employment generation.</strong> Many states provided employment to their migrant labourers during lock down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana &ndash; Urban</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> 25<sup>th</sup> June 2015, intends to provide housing for all in urban areas by year 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> Ministry of <strong>Housing and Urban Affairs</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Addresses Urban housing shortage</strong> <strong>among the Urban</strong> <strong>Poor</strong> including the Slum Dwellers by ensuring a pucca house to eligible urban poor.</li>
<li>The Mission <strong>covers the entire urban area</strong> consisting of Statutory Towns, Notified Planning Areas, Development Authorities, Special Area Development Authorities, Industrial Development Authorities or any such authority under State legislation which is entrusted with the functions of urban planning &amp; regulations.</li>
<li>All houses under PMAY(U) <strong>have basic amenities like toilet, water supply, electricity and kitchen.</strong></li>
<li>The Mission <strong>promotes women empowerment</strong> by providing the ownership of houses in the name of female members or in joint name.</li>
<li><strong>Preference is also given to differently abled persons, senior citizens, SCs, STs, OBCs, Minority, single women, transgender</strong> and other weaker &amp; vulnerable sections of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Divided into Four Verticals:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation.</li>
<li>Credit Linked Subsidy.</li>
<li>Affordable Housing in Partnership.</li>
<li>Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-54-of-houses-under-centres-flagship-scheme-reached-completion-so-far-this-year/article34190006.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8037,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shifting Health to the Concurrent List',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15th-finance-commission-recommendations-resource-allocation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fifteenth Finance Commission</strong></a> Chairman N.K. Singh said that<strong> health should be shifted to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-planning-to-bypass-central-legislation#:~:text=Concurrent%20List%3A%20Both%2C%20the%20Parliament,is%20desirable%20but%20not%20essential." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Concurrent list</a></strong> under the Constitution. Presently, &lsquo;Health&rsquo; is under the State List.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also pitched for a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/development-finance-institution-to-fund-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Developmental Finance Institution (DFI)</strong> </a>dedicated to healthcare investments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments for Shifting &lsquo;Health&rsquo; to the Concurrent List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Centre with Greater Flexibility:</strong> Bringing health into the Concurrent list would give the <strong>Centre greater flexibility to enact regulatory changes</strong> and <strong>reinforce the obligation</strong> of all stakeholders towards providing better healthcare.</li>
<li><strong>Rationalisation and Streamlining of the Multiple Acts:</strong> There is a multiplicity of Acts, rules and regulations, and mushrooming institutions, yet the regulation of the sector is far from adequate. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the health in the concurrent list, uniformity of acts can be ensured.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centre Expertise to States:</strong> The Central government is also <strong>technically better equipped</strong> to come up with the health schemes because it has the assistance of <strong>multiple research bodies and departments</strong> dedicated to the management of public health. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>States on the other hand do not have the technical expertise to independently design comprehensive public health policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments Against Shifting &lsquo;Health&rsquo; to the Concurrent List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to Health:</strong> It is neither necessary nor sufficient to guarantee the provision of accessible, affordable and adequate healthcare for all. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides, the<strong> right to health</strong> is, arguably, already provided for via the Constitution&rsquo;s <strong>Article 21</strong> that guarantees protection of life and liberty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges Federal Structure:</strong> Shifting ever more subjects from the states to the Centre would erode India&rsquo;s federal nature and impair efficiency by abandoning the <strong>principle of subsidiarity,</strong> which holds that any task should be left to the level of government best placed to do it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Trust Cooperative Federalism:</strong> The centre must direct its energies to designing policy that would help states deliver on their constitutional mandate to provide adequate, accessible and affordable healthcare for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Burden With Centre:</strong> The Centre has onerous responsibilities of its own, for which it struggles to find resources. Taking more functions would help neither the states nor the Centre discharge their constitutional obligations.</li>
<li><strong>Encourage States:</strong> The Centre <strong>devolves 41%</strong> of the taxes it collects to the states. The Centre should encourage the states to do what they are supposed to do, while the Centre optimises use of its own resources, focusing on its obligations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Health being a state subject does not preclude the Centre offering constructive support.</li>
<li>The NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Health Index, financial assistance through the insurance-based programme Ayushman Bharat, improved regulatory environment for healthcare providers and medical education are examples of such support that can nudge states in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developmental Finance Institution (DFI) for Health Care:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A health sector-specific DFI is much needed on the same lines as that of DFIs for other sectors like <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development -NABARD</a> (agriculture), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Housing Bank- NHB</a> (Housing)</strong> and <strong>Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd. - TFCI (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tourism-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a>).</strong></li>
<li>Such a<strong> DFI would increase health care access in tier-2 and tier-3 cities</strong> and also come with<strong> technical assistance</strong> that ensures proper usage of funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Suggestions by N.K. Singh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increase the <strong>government spending on health to 2.5% of GDP by 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Primary healthcare</strong> should be a fundamental commitment of all States in particular and should be allocated<strong> at least two-thirds of health spending.</strong></li>
<li>To have<strong> a standardisation of health care codes for both the Centre and states.</strong></li>
<li>Forming an<strong> All India Medical and Health Service.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given the inter-state disparity in the availability of medical doctors, it is essential to constitute the Service as is envisaged under Section 2A of the <strong>All-India Services Act, 1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Emphasised the importance of <strong>universalising healthcare insurance,</strong> as a large section of the society still remain uncovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Universalisation of Healthcare Insurance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Existing Insurance Coverage:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)</strong></a> covers the <strong>bottom two income quintiles</strong> and <strong>commercial insurance largely covers top-income quintiles,</strong> thereby creating a<strong> &lsquo;missing middle&rsquo;</strong> class in between.</li>
<li><strong>Missing Middle:</strong> This refers to people in the middle two income quintiles, where the population is not rich enough to afford commercial insurance and not poor enough to be covered under government-sponsored health insurance schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Concurrent List</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The subject-wise distribution of legislative power is given in the three lists of the <strong>Seventh Schedule</strong> of the Constitution:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>List-I- the Union List</strong></li>
<li><strong>List-II- the State List</strong></li>
<li><strong>List-III- the Concurrent List</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both, the<strong> Parliament and state legislature can make laws</strong> with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the <strong>Concurrent List.</strong></li>
<li>It includes the matters on which <strong>uniformity of legislation throughout</strong> the country is desirable but not essential.</li>
<li>However State legislation operates to the extent that it is not in conflict with the Central legislation. At times, the very presence of a central legislation can negate the state&rsquo;s ability to legislate.</li>
<li>This list has <strong>at present 52 subjects</strong> (originally 47) like criminal law and procedure, civil procedure, marriage and divorce, population control and family planning, electricity, labour welfare,economic and social planning, drugs, newspapers, books and printing press, and others.</li>
<li>The <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 1976</strong> transferred<strong> five subjects to Concurrent List from State List i.e</strong> education, forests, weights and measures, protection of wild animals and birds, and administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Development Finance Institution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are specialized institutions set up primarily to provide development/ Project finance especially in developing countries.</li>
<li>These DFIs are usually majority-owned by national governments.</li>
<li>The source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bimal-jalan-panel-on-economic-capital-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>capital of these banks</strong></a> is national or international development funds.</li>
<li>This ensures their creditworthiness and their ability to provide project finance at a very competitive rate.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/move-health-to-concurrent-list/article34172894.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'NPNT Compliance: Drone Operations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Civil Aviation</strong> has granted permits to <strong>"No-Permission-No-Takeoff' (NPNT)</strong> compliant drone operations at <strong>34 additional green zones</strong> to <strong>facilitate, smoothen, and promote</strong> drone operations in the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NPNT</strong> is <strong>a software program</strong> that enables every Remotely Piloted Aircraft (except Nano) to obtain a valid permission through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-sky-platform-drone-regulation-1-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DigitalSky platform</strong></a> before operating in India.<br />
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<li><strong>Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)</strong> is defined as an Unmanned Aircraft (UA), which is piloted from a remote pilot station. Drone is a layman terminology for UA.</li>
<li><strong>DigitalSky is a Ministry of Civil Aviation initiative,</strong> a highly secure and scalable platform which supports technology frameworks such as NPNT designed for <strong>enabling flight permission digitally and managing Unmanned Aircraft operations and traffic efficiently.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If a NPNT compliant drone tries to breach geo-fencing (to go beyond the permissible boundary in the airspace), the in-built software will compel the drone to return-to-home (RTH).</li>
<li>Drone flights in the green zone sites <strong>shall be compliant with the applicable conditions of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules, 2021. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Flying in the &lsquo;green-zones&rsquo; require only intimation of the time and location</strong> of the flights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Permissions are required for flying in &lsquo;yellow zones&rsquo; and flights are not allowed in the &lsquo;red zones&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules, 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UAS categorised as airplane, rotorcraft and hybrid</strong> with further categorisation as remotely piloted aircraft, model remotely piloted aircraft and autonomous unmanned aircraft system.</li>
<li><strong>UA</strong> is <strong>classified as nano, micro, small, medium and large unmanned aircraft</strong> based on the maximum all up weight.</li>
<li><strong>Mandatory for individuals and companies to obtain approval from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aircraft-amendment-bill-2https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aircraft-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DGCA</a>)</strong> to import, manufacture, trade, own or operate drones.</li>
<li><strong>No Permission- No Take-off (NPNT) policy</strong> adopted for all UAS except for those in the nano category.</li>
<li>Micro and small UAS are not permitted from flying above 60m and 120m, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>UAS prohibited from flying in strategic and sensitive locations,</strong> including near airports, defence airports, border areas, military installations/facilities and areas earmarked as strategic locations/vital installations by the Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
<li>Research and development (R&amp;D) organisations, including start-ups, authorised UAS manufacturers, any accredited recognised institution of higher education located in India, are <strong>permitted to carry out R&amp;D of UAS</strong> only after obtaining authorisation from the DGCA.</li>
<li><strong>Penalties</strong> ranging between <strong>rupees ten thousand and one lakh for individuals,</strong> and for<strong> organisations, a 200, 300 and 400% of the amount specified for individuals,</strong> based on the size of the organisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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