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12th GRIHA Summit

Why in News Recently, the inaugural session of the 12th Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Summit was organised virtually. Key...

16 Dec 2020 Governance
New World Tech Order and India’s Role

Why in News? At the IIT 2020 GlobaL Summit, the Prime Minister said that the post-Covid world will be about re-learning, re-thinking and...

16 Dec 2020 Governance
Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India

Why in News Recently, the NITI Aayog has released a white paper, “Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India” which is envisaged...

15 Dec 2020 Governance
Reducing Emissions from Coal-Based Power Sector

Why in News Recently, in a webinar by think-tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), experts discussed the measures to reduce carbon dioxide...

15 Dec 2020 Governance
PM WANI

This article is based on “Connecting more people: on PM WANI” which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
National Family Health Survey-5

Why in News Recently, the first-phase data of the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) 2019-20 has been released by the Ministry of Health and...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
Vehicle Insurance in India

Why in News Recently, the Insurance Information Bureau of India released its annual report (Motor Annual Report 2018-19). Insurance Information...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure

Why in News All the States except Tamil Nadu have availed benefits of the scheme for “Special Assistance to States for Capital...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
National Energy Conservation Day 2020

Why in News The National Energy Conservation Day is organized on 14th December every year by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) with an aim to...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
Formulation of Policy for 3D Printing

Why in News The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) will soon come up with a policy aimed at promoting 3D printing on an...

14 Dec 2020 Governance
Suggestions for Delimitation Exercise

Why in News Pranab Mukherjee Foundation (PMF), a non governmental institution, has made suggestions for the next delimitation...

12 Dec 2020 Governance
Partners in Population and Development Initiative

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has digitally addressed the Inter-Ministerial Conference by Partners in...

10 Dec 2020 Governance
Medicine Supplies and Make in India

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Railways has written to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) seeking exemption...

09 Dec 2020 Governance
Centre’s Power for Land Acquisition for Highway: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld notifications issued under the National Highways Act, 1956, for acquisition of land for...

09 Dec 2020 Governance
Tharu Tribals

Why in News The Uttar Pradesh (UP) government is working to connect Tharu villages in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit...

08 Dec 2020 Governance
The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan

Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade...

08 Dec 2020 Governance
Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir

Why in News The process of establishing Waqf Boards in Jammu and Kashmir and leh-kargil has started recently. Key Points There are thousands of...

08 Dec 2020 Governance
Export Promotion Council for Technical Textiles

Why in News The Ministry of Textiles has invited proposals for the constitution of a dedicated Export Promotion Council (EPC) for Technical...

04 Dec 2020 Governance
World Malaria Report 2020: WHO

Why in News Recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has released the World Malaria Report (WMR) 2020. The report provides a comprehensive...

03 Dec 2020 Governance
Honey Adulteration

Why in News As per an investigation carried out by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), honey sold by several major brands in India has...

03 Dec 2020 Governance

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		'title' => '12th GRIHA Summit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the inaugural session of the <strong><a href="/pdf/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">12<sup>th</sup> Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)</a> Summit</strong> was organised virtually.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>12<sup>th</sup> GRIHA Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Rejuvenating Resilient Habitats.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> To serve as a platform to <strong>deliberate on innovative technologies and solutions</strong> which shall help in creating robust mechanisms <strong>for developing sustainable and resilient solutions for the benefit of the entire community</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Launch Event:</strong> The Vice President of India launched the <strong>SHASHWAT magazine</strong> and the book <strong>'30 Stories Beyond Buildings'</strong> during the event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the national rating system of India for any completed building construction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>GRIHA</strong> is recognised as India&rsquo;s own green building rating system in India&rsquo;s <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)</strong></a> submitted to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</strong></a>.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Created By:</strong> It was conceived by <a href="/printpdf/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong></a> and developed jointly with the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong> is a non-profit research institute which conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development for India and the global south.</li>
<li>It was established in 1974 as Tata Energy Research Institute and renamed to The Energy Resources Institute in 2003.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To help design green buildings and, in turn, help evaluate the 'greenness' of the buildings.</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The system has been developed to help 'design and evaluate' new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Parameters used: </strong>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Site selection and planning</li>
<li>Conservation and efficient utilization of resources</li>
<li>Building operation and maintenance</li>
<li>Innovation points</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This system, along with the activities and processes that lead up to it, benefits the community with the <strong>improvement in the environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, reducing energy consumption and the stress on natural resources</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Housing Technology Challenge</a> (GHTC)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Organised by:</strong> The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
<li><strong>Launched:</strong> January 2019</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To identify and mainstream best available and proven construction technologies that are sustainable, green and disaster-resilient to enable a paradigm shift in housing construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerators</a> (ASHA)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this initiative five Incubation Centers have been set up for identifying innovative materials, processes and technology for resource-efficient, resilient and sustainable construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities Mission</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an innovative initiative under <strong>the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong>, Government of India to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens.</li>
<li>It is working towards integrated and comprehensive development of cities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680763" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7217,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'New World Tech Order and India’s Role',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MI9QNgf5Ckw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At the IIT 2020 GlobaL Summit, the Prime Minister said that the post-Covid world will be about <strong>re-learning, re-thinking</strong> and <strong>re-inventing</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government is fully committed to its principle of <strong>reforming, performing</strong> and <strong>transforming</strong> India in the field of technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2022, India will mark 75 years since Independence and urged the Pan IIT movement to set an even higher benchmark for "giving back to India".</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Technology Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the increasing role of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a>, the world is looking forward to <strong>grobotisation</strong> = global + robotisation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, an issue associated with the same is of employment, if the increased dependence on machines is going to take up the employment or not.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The private sector is not at all human-centric, it is completely based on making profit.</li>
<li>Maximum contribution in the field of technology is made by only the U.S. and China.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advancing in technology:</strong> The mindset about Indian products and technology being inferior is changing rapidly within the country.</li>
<li><strong>Dependent for assistance:</strong> India may have developed a lot in technology than earlier but is still dependent on other countries for various technical assistance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has approximately 1.5 billion mobile connections, but still does not have the complete knowledge of making a mobile phone in its full capacity.</li>
<li>The medical expertise of India are well known yet all the medical equipment is imported in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of resources:</strong> India still lacks the ecosystem where a young talent coming up with an innovative idea can always get a mentor, or encouragement or can be provided seed money.</li>
<li><strong>India and R&amp;D:</strong> India spends less than 1% on the Research and Development sector and that is also mostly by the government, which is considerably less as compared to other countries like South Korea where 3.4% of GDP of the country is spent in the R&amp;D sector and 70% of it is by the private sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Role of the Indian Diaspora</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the IT revolution of India took place in the 90s, the Indian diaspora who had studied in IITs mostly settled in Silicon Valley.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They have played a very significant role by acting as the bridge between the Indian skills, human resources and the American technology requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indian diaspora, IIT, BITS or NIT alumni in particular, can play a very crucial role in acting as a mentor to the young talents as they already have the experience and know what the advanced technologies and other developed countries want.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Technology and Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the nationwide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a>, the education system shifted from physical mode to virtual, online mode began.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 60% of India&rsquo;s population cannot afford full-time higher education even if it is provided for free.</li>
<li>A number of students do not prefer to go for engineering mainly because they cannot afford attending higher-education on a full time basis.</li>
<li>Making learning available online for the students on a permanent basis can help them study from home.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, in order to make India capable of completing globally in the technology field, the enrollment in quality technology should increase proportionately.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human-centric approach:</strong> All the new technologies should be human-centric, the interest of the individual should be protected. The upcoming technologies should be more employing-giving rather than taking away the employment.</li>
<li><strong>Blending the education:</strong> This is a high time India should talk about blended education; studying online along with interning.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Attending college physically only for a short period of time and focussing more on enhancing their skills and gaining experience beside theoretical learning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No more over-reliance on the govt:</strong> The private sector is not so keen about investing in the R&amp;D sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Relying only on the government for all the technological development is not a right approach. The private sectors have to come forward and invest in the R&amp;D and make it work for long-term while the government shall continue supporting providing infrastructure, healthcare etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As far as technology is concerned, India is at a far better place now than it was a few years ago.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing about a change in our mindsets about the Indian products and Indian technology is the need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>What India needs to do to go forward is better training and also ensure that both the services side as well as the product side of things is covered and do a lot more R&amp;D investment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, the private sector also needs to pull up its socks and try and complement what the government is doing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7214,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> </a>has released a white paper, <strong>&ldquo;Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India&rdquo;</strong> which is envisaged to serve as a vision document t<strong>o propel Public Health Surveillance</strong> (PHS) in India and establish India as a global leader in the area.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>white paper</strong> is an <strong>informational document,</strong> usually issued by a company or not-for-profit organization, <strong>to promote or highlight the features of a solution, product, or service.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s mandate is to provide strategic directions</strong> to the various sectors of the Indian economy. In line with this mandate, the Health Vertical released a set of four working-papers compiled in a volume entitled <strong>&lsquo;Health Systems for New India: Building Blocks-Potential Pathways to Reforms&rsquo;</strong> during November 2019.</li>
<li>This white paper is a <strong>continuation of the work on strengthening the health systems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the White Paper:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This paper is a <strong>joint effort</strong> of <strong>Health Vertical, NITI Aayog,</strong> and <strong>Institute for Global Public Health,</strong> University of Manitoba, Canada with <strong>contributions from technical experts</strong> from the Government of India, States, and International agencies.</li>
<li>It <strong>lays out India&rsquo;s vision 2035 for PHS</strong> through the integration of the<strong> three-tiered (primary, secondary and tertiary) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">public health system</a> into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat.</a></strong></li>
<li>It contributes by <strong>suggesting mainstreaming of surveillance</strong> by making individual electronic health records the basis for surveillance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthen non-communicable disease prevention, detection, control and to reduce out of pocket expenses of individuals and families.</li>
<li>It <strong>builds on initiatives such as the Integrated Health Information Platform</strong> of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Integrated Disease Surveillance Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aligns with the citizen-centricity</strong> highlighted in the <strong>National Health Policy 2017</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-blueprint#:~:text=The%20Objectives%20of%20NDHB%20are,required%20for%20its%20seamless%20exchange." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Blueprint.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It encourages the use of mobile and digital platforms and point of care devices and diagnostics for amalgamation of data capture and analyses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>highlights the importance of capitalizing on initiatives</strong> such as the <strong>Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act 2010</strong> to enhance private sector involvement in surveillance.</li>
<li>It<strong> points out the importance of a cohesive and coordinated effort of apex institutions</strong> including the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong> </a>(ICMR), and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make India&rsquo;s PHS system<strong> more responsive and predictive to enhance preparedness</strong> for action at all levels.</li>
<li>To make it <strong>more citizen-friendly to ensure individual privacy and confidentiality,</strong> enabled with a client feedback mechanism.</li>
<li>To<strong> improve data-sharing mechanisms</strong> between Centre and states for better disease detection, prevention, and control.</li>
<li>To<strong> provide regional and global leadership</strong> in managing events that constitute a public health emergency of international concern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Public Health Surveillance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PHS is an important public health function that<strong> cuts across the three-tiered public health system and care provided.</strong> Surveillance is<strong> &lsquo;Information for Action&rsquo;</strong> and is an <strong>essential action for disease detection, prevention, and control.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data Collection and Sharing:</strong> Various <strong>verticals to collect data work differently and in separation</strong> with no mechanism for data sharing.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no single system</strong> where surveillance data generated by target specific populations like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National AIDS Control Programme</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/paradigm-shift-for-tb-control" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National TB Elimination Programme</strong></a>, etc. <strong>could be understood in its entirety.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Quality Data:</strong> The data generated is of<strong> low quality</strong> and the<strong> research or use of data</strong> to answer critical health policy questions of the country<strong> has been very limited.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Limited Synchronisation:</strong> There is the limited ability of programme implementation structures to work in synchrony with research organisations and vice versa.</li>
<li><strong>Missing Linkages:</strong> India invests significant resources in the registration of deaths. However, various <strong>reviews have not been able to link the causes of mortality with morbidities.</strong> There was still <strong>no proper linking to find common ground</strong> between the causes of diseases and deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Human Resources:</strong> Human resources also form a formidable challenge. As many as<strong> 42% vacancies existed</strong> at state and district level surveillance systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the positions of the Central Surveillance Unit at the Centre are <strong>filled either by deputation or on contract</strong> and the individuals are <strong>loaded with multiple other responsibilities</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Epidemic Intelligence:</strong> India <strong>does not have an adequate number</strong> of public health <strong>professionals having expertise</strong> in the field.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Epidemic intelligence&rsquo; can be defined as all the activities related to early identification of potential health threats, their verification, assessment and investigation in order to recommend public health measures to control them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under-developed Systems:</strong> A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> non-communicable diseases</strong> </a>(NCDs) <strong>surveillance system hardly exists</strong> in India and other factors like integration of surveillance for NCD risk factors, surveillance of injury and accidents, air pollution and its effects, etc, are <strong>yet to be included in surveillance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Occupational Health Surveillance:</strong> This type of surveillance <strong>addresses issues like lead toxicity, silicosis, etc.</strong> Whatever data has been generated hardly became part of India&rsquo;s PHS system.</li>
<li><strong>Emerging Challenges:</strong> Growing<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> antimicrobial resistance</strong></a> (AMR), new infectious diseases or new strains of existing diseases and increased rate of NCDs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation of a skilled and strong health workforce</strong> dedicated to surveillance activities.</li>
<li><strong>Integration</strong> of NCDs, reproductive and child health, occupational and environmental health and injury into PHS.</li>
<li><strong>Merger of morbidity data</strong> from health information systems.</li>
<li><strong>Amalgamation</strong> of plant, animal, and environmental <strong>surveillance in a One-Health approach</strong> that also includes surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and predictive capability for pandemics.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of laboratory capacity</strong> with new diagnostic technologies including molecular diagnostics, genotyping, and phenotyping.</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of a governance framework</strong> that is inclusive of political, policy, technical, and managerial leadership at the national and state level.</li>
<li><strong>Enhancement of surveillance</strong> of NCDs, citizen-centric and community-based surveillance and use of point of care devices and self-care diagnostics.</li>
<li><strong>Prioritization of diseases</strong> that can be targeted for elimination as a public health problem, regularly.</li>
<li><strong>Improvement of core support functions</strong> and system attributes for surveillance at all levels.</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of mechanisms to streamline data sharing,</strong> capture, analysis, and dissemination for action.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could <strong>include the use of situation-aware real-time signals</strong> from social media, mobile sensor networks, and participatory surveillance systems for event-based epidemic intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Encouragement of innovations</strong> at every step-in surveillance activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite all of the challenges, India has made good progress in improving the surveillance system and implementation of this vision can thrust India to be a global/regional leader in PHS.</li>
<li>The building blocks for this vision are an interdependent federated system of governance between the Centre and states, a new data-sharing mechanism that involves the use of new analytics, health informatics, and data science including innovative ways of disseminating<strong> &lsquo;information for action&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680519" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7211,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reducing Emissions from Coal-Based Power Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, in a webinar by think-tank <strong>Centre for Science and Environment (CSE),</strong> experts discussed the measures to<strong> reduce carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</strong> footprints of <strong>India&rsquo;s coal-based power sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)</strong> is a public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi.</li>
<li>CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates<strong> the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Power Generation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India mainly uses<strong> three types</strong> of thermal power plants-<strong> Coal, Gas and Liquid-fuel based.</strong></li>
<li>The electricity generated by these plants adds up to <strong>62.2%</strong> of the total power generation in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608020706_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608020706_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Emissions from coal-based Power Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s coal-based thermal power sector is one of the <strong>country&rsquo;s biggest emitters of CO<sub>2</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>It emits <strong>1.1 giga-tonne of CO<sub>2</sub> every year;</strong> this is<strong> 2.5%</strong> of global<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> GreenHouse Gas</a> (GHG)</strong> emissions, one-third of India&rsquo;s <strong>GHG</strong> emissions, and around <strong>50%</strong> of India&rsquo;s fuel-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policies Needed to Reduce Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improving fleet technology and efficiency, renovating and modernising:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has one of the youngest coal-based thermal plants in the world, with around <strong>64% of the capacity (132 GW) less than a decade old.</strong></li>
<li>The government&rsquo;s renovation and modernisation policies need to play a key role in maintaining the efficiency of this fleet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planning for the Old Capacity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2015, over <strong>34 GW capacity</strong> in India was more than 25 years old, and <strong>60% of it was highly inefficient.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increasing India&rsquo;s renewable electricity generation</strong> can help further the cause to accelerate the retirement of old and inefficient plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Propagating Biomass Co-firing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Biomass co-firing</strong> stands for adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high efficiency coal boilers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Coal and biomass are combusted together in boilers</strong> that have been designed to burn coal. For this purpose, the existing coal power plant has to be partly reconstructed and retrofitted.</li>
<li>Co-firing is an option to <strong>convert biomass to electricity, in an efficient and clean way, and to reduce GHG emissions of the power plant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Biomass co-firing is a globally accepted <strong>cost-effective method</strong> for <strong>decarbonising</strong> a coal fleet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/energy-needs-in-the-context-of-climate-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Decarbonising</strong> </a>means reducing carbon intensity, i.e. reducing the emissions per unit of electricity generated (often given in grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is a country where biomass is usually burnt on the field which reflects apathy towards resolving the problem of clean coal using a very simple solution that is readily available.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investing in <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-153" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Carbon Capture and Storage</a> (CCS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Globally, carbon capture and storage has struggled to pick up and India&rsquo;s prospects appear to be dim at least until 2030.</li>
<li>Businesses should invest in indigenous research and development to bring down the costs of CCS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal Beneficiation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coal-sector-in-india#:~:text=Coal%20beneficiation%20is%20a%20process,the%20associated%20ash%20or%20both." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal Beneficiation</strong></a> is a process by which<strong> the quality of raw coal is improved</strong> by either reducing the extraneous matter that gets extracted along with the mined coal or reducing the associated ash or both.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to Reduce Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India shifted from <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-india-will-shift-to-bs-vi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI)</strong></a> emission norms from 1<sup>st</sup> April 2020 which was earlier to be adopted by 2024.</li>
<li>It has distributed more <strong>than 360 million LED bulbs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UJALA scheme</a></strong>, which has led to energy saving of about 47 billion units of electricity per year and reduction of 38 million tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> per year.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a>: It is an Indian initiative conceived as a <strong>coalition of solar-resource-rich countries</strong> (which lie either completely or partly between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn) to address their special energy needs.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong> </a>was launched in 2008 which <strong>aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public,</strong> different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable capacity</strong> </a>addition alone cannot be enough; ambitious plans to <strong>reduce GHG emissions in the coal sector are equally needed</strong> to meaningfully tackle climate change.</li>
<li>We need an <strong>energy transformation</strong> through which we would <strong>realise the co-benefits of local and global emission reduction.</strong> We also need the <strong>right to energy for all, as energy poverty and inequity is not acceptable.</strong></li>
<li>Diversified <strong>energy mix is what India needs to focus on,</strong> no doubt solar and wind have a lot of potential, Hydrogen would also be a game changer in Indian energy transition space.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/coal-here-to-stay-but-measures-can-cut-down-emissions-by-22-cse-74640#:~:text=Published%3A%20Monday%2014%20December%202020,greenhouse%20gas%20(GHG)%20emissions.&amp;text=The%20measures%2C%20among%20others%2C%20could,per%20cent%2C%20according%20to%20CSE." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7207,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'PM WANI',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/connecting-more-people-the-hindu-editorial-on-prime-minister-wi-fi-access-network-interface-pm-wani/article33309724.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Connecting more people: on PM WANI&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the prospects of the newly launched PM WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) Scheme.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, in a bid to fuel broadband internet proliferation across the country, the Government of India launched <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm2T-gZTJJc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) Scheme.</strong></a> The scheme aims to bring large scale deployment of Wi-Fi hotspots through the country to drive up connectivity options and improve digital access.</p>
<p>The scheme envisages setting up of public Wi-Fi networks and access points by local Kirana and neighbourhood shops through public data offices (PDO will be set up on the lines of Public Call Offices (PCOs)) that will not involve any licence, fee or registration.</p>
<p>Apart from, Public Wi-Fi being a low-cost option to reach unserved citizens and grow the economy, it can revolutionise the tech world and significantly improve Wi-Fi availability across the length and breadth of India.</p>
<h3>Intended Benefits of PM WANI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Wave of Internet Users:</strong> PM WANI will be able to connect a new wave of users not just to commercial and entertainment options, but also to education, telehealth and agriculture extension, and bring greater accountability to the government by boosting transparency and interactivity.</li>
<li><strong>Enabler for Digital India</strong>: The scheme would enable small shopkeepers to provide Wi-Fi service. This will boost incomes as well as ensure youth gets seamless internet connectivity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can also strengthen the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India mission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cutting The Red Tape:</strong> Through PM WANI, the government is hoping that by cutting through layers of bureaucracy and eliminating licences and fees, it can make it easy even for a tea shop owner to register online as a service provider, opening up new income avenues.</li>
<li><strong>Domino Effect on Economy:</strong> According to the TRAI report, public Wi-Fi system on the WANI architecture can lead to a 10% rise in net penetration which in turn can lead to a 1.4% increase in GDP.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging the Digital Divide:</strong> PM WANI can result into a rapid scale-up of the Internet in rural India, which will be transformative, given the low level of penetration &mdash; 27.57 subscribers per 100 population in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wi-fi linked to broadband fibre service can be the fastest route to bridging the existing gap.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low-Cost Alternative:</strong> Upcoming<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> mobile technologies such as 5G</strong></a> may provide good quality data, but they involve high investment in the new spectrum, connectivity equipment and regular subscriber fees. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The WANI system offers a way forward to connect low revenue consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Regarding PM WANI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Security Risks:</strong> A public WiFI network has several security issues. That&rsquo;s because several people access the network at the same time on the same spot.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus public Wi-Fi is at a high risk of sending out confidential data (like passwords, pins etc.) over the network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Speed:</strong> As public WiFI network is usually accessed by several people at the same time, it results in a considerable loss of bandwidth resulting in a slow network speed<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is due to this fact, Google and Facebook&rsquo;s attempts to provide public Wi-fi got shut down earlier this year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cheap Mobile Data:</strong> As per TRAI in 2019, India now has among the cheapest mobile data per GB in the world, with mobile data prices having reduced by 95% in the last five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As 4G has become cheap and widely accessible, is there still a need to drive Wi-Fi in this manner, rather than the &ldquo;leapfrogging&rdquo; of technology that people have frequently talked about in the context of India</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strong Cyber-Security Architecture:</strong> What the citizen expects is robust service, protection of data integrity, transparency on commercial use of data, and security against cyberattacks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PM WANI should ensure the public data is protected and safe. In this context, the enactment of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019#:~:text=In%20this%20context%2C%20the%20Personal,by%20retired%20Justice%20B%20N%20Srikrishna." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> public data protection bill, 2019</strong></a>, is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Competition:</strong> The government must also ensure true unbundling of hardware, software, apps and payment gateways in the WANI system, as advocated by TRAI, to prevent monopolies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, increased competition will address the low data speed issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>If executed properly, the public data offices (PDOs) of PM WANI can do what the PCOs did for phone calls, going well beyond &lsquo;ease of doing business&rsquo; to genuinely empower citizens and providing "ease of living".</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>PM WANI scheme can revolutionise India&rsquo;s tech world and significantly bridge the digital divide in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7206,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Family Health Survey-5',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> first-phase data</strong> of the <strong>National Family Health Survey-5</strong> (NFHS-5) 2019-20 has been released by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NFHS is a <strong>large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.</strong></li>
<li>All NFHSs have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, with the <strong>International Institute for Population Sciences</strong> (IIPS) Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Established in 1956</strong> under the joint sponsorship of Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, the Government of India and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN), IIPS has established itself as the premier institute for<strong> training and research in population studies for developing countries in the Asia and Pacific region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase 2</strong> of the survey (covering remaining states) was <strong>delayed due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a></strong> and its results are expected to be made available in <strong>May 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NFHS-5 captured data <strong>during 2014-19</strong> and its <strong>content is similar to NFHS-4</strong> (2015-16) to allow comparisons over time and also <strong>marks a shift</strong> from it.</li>
<li>It provides an <strong>indicator for tracking 30 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a></strong> (SDGs) that the country <strong>aims to achieve by 2030.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>NFHS-5 includes some new topics,</strong> such as preschool education, disability, access to a toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during menstruation, and methods and reasons for abortion.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2019,</strong> for the <strong>first time,</strong> the NFHS-5 sought details on the <strong>percentage of women and men who have ever used the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several states across the country have <strong>reversed course and recorded worsening levels of child <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-and-covid-19#:~:text=Malnutrition%20and%20India&amp;text=Malnourished%20children%20in%20India%3A%20Malnutrition,under%20the%20age%20of%20five." target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a> despite improvements</strong> in sanitation and better access to fuel and drinking water.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The latest data captures the state of health in the states before the <strong>pandemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Several states have either witnessed <strong>meagre improvements</strong> or<strong> sustained reversals</strong> on <strong>four key metrics</strong> of child (under 5 years of age) malnutrition parameters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These four key metrics are <strong>child stunting</strong>,<strong> child wasting</strong>,<strong> share of children underweight </strong>and<strong> child mortality rate.</strong></li>
<li>The data from these metrics is also used in several global indices such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>most surprising reversals</strong> have happened in child stunting, which reflects <strong>chronic undernutrition,</strong> and refers to the <strong>percentage of children who have low height for their age.</strong></li>
<li>Stunting, more than any other factor, is likely to have <strong>long-lasting adverse effects on the cognitive and physical development</strong> of a child.</li>
<li><strong>Telangana, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal</strong> saw increased levels of child stunting.</li>
<li>The reversals in child stunting are &ldquo;hugely troubling&rdquo; as normally, stunting levels do not increase because all the things that affect child growth tend to improve as stable democracies and economies move ahead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reflects<strong> acute undernutrition</strong> and refers to <strong>children having low weight for their height.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India has always had a high level of child wasting.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead of reducing it, <strong>Telangana, Kerala, Bihar, Assam and Jammu-Kashmir</strong> witnessed an<strong> increase</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra and West Bengal</strong> have been <strong>stagnant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Share of Children Underweight:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the proportion of underweight children, big states like <strong>Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Telangana, Assam and Kerala</strong> have seen an<strong> increase.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Infant Mortality Rate</strong> (the number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under the age of 1) and <strong>Under 5 Mortality Rate</strong> data is mostly<strong> stagnant.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Between NFHS-3</strong> (2005-05) and <strong>NFHS-4,</strong> there was <strong>progress on mortality reduction</strong> but <strong>NFHS-5 and NFHS-4</strong> are about five years apart still there is <strong>very little progress</strong> in many states.</li>
<li>In <strong>Maharashtra,</strong> the under-5 mortality rate is basically the same in NFHS-4 and in <strong>Bihar,</strong> it <strong>reduced by just 3%</strong> over five years.</li>
<li>Over 60% of child mortality is explained by child malnutrition, which is the central problem and needs to be addressed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban-rural Gender Gaps in Internet Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an <strong>urban-rural gap</strong> as well as <strong>gender divide</strong> with respect to the use of the Internet in several states and union territories.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On average, <strong>less than 3 out of 10 women in rural India and 4 out of 10 women in urban India </strong>ever<strong> used the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>General Data:</strong> An average 42.6% of women ever used the Internet as against an average of 62.16% among the men.</li>
<li><strong>In Urban India:</strong> An average of 56.81% of women ever used the Internet compared to an average of 73.76% among the men.</li>
<li><strong>In Rural India:</strong> A dismal 33.94% women in rural India ever used the Internet as against 55.6% among men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> percentage of women,</strong> who ever used the Internet,<strong> significantly dropped in rural India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/malnutrition-in-kids-worsens-in-key-states-2015-19-7103820/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7205,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vehicle Insurance in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Insurance Information Bureau of India</strong> released its annual report <strong>(Motor Annual Report 2018-19).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insurance Information Bureau (IIB)</strong> was promoted by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI)</strong> </a>as a single platform to meet the needs of the insurance industry, in 2009.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Uninsured Vehicles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly<strong> 57% of the total vehicles on the road were uninsured</strong> as of March 2019, up from <strong>54% in March 2018.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> bulk of uninsured vehicles are two-wheelers,</strong> with the numbers being as high as 66%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety#:~:text=The%20Motor%20Vehicles%20(Amendment)%20Bill%2C%202019%20is%20based%20on,while%20dealing%20with%20transport%20departments." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Motor Vehicles Act, 2019</strong></a>, it is <strong>mandatory</strong> for all vehicles to be insured with <strong>third-party vehicle insurance policy.</strong></li>
<li>Third-party insurance is essentially a form of liability insurance purchased by an insured (first-party) from an insurer (second party) for protection against the claims of another (third party). The first party is responsible for their damages or losses, regardless of the cause of those damages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Weak enforcement</strong> by traffic police in states, lack of follow-up by insurers and <strong>rising cost of third-party covers</strong> has resulted in a larger number of vehicle owners not renewing their motor insurance policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 13.2 crore vehicles on Indian roads are plying without the mandatory third-party insurance covers. <strong>Victims of accidents caused by these vehicles will not get adequate compensation</strong> as there would not be any one insurance company on which the liability can be pinned. The owners, too, have limited means to provide compensation.</li>
<li>Findings from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> annual report on Road Accidents in India</strong></a>, released by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in 2019:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The road accidents numerics:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> kills</strong> almost <strong>1.5 lakh people annually</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The<strong> accidents, as well as accident-related deaths</strong> in the period 2010-2018, <strong>dropped drastically compared with the previous decades,</strong> despite the very high rate of growth of automobiles.</li>
<li>The road accident <strong>severity</strong> (the number of persons killed per 100 accidents) has <strong>increased by 0.6% in 2018 compared to 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Over-speeding</strong> is a major cause, accounting for 64.4% of the persons killed.</li>
<li><strong>Two-wheelers accounted for the highest share</strong> (35.2%) in total accidents in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For insurance companies,</strong> the low level of compliance results in a <strong>higher claims ratio as,</strong> on several occasions, the tribunals have held the insurers liable for compensation, asking them to recover from the insured.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Global initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety (2015):</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The declaration was signed at the second Global High-Level Conference on Road Safety held in Brazil. The first conference was held in Russia (2009).</li>
<li>Through the Brasilia Declaration, countries plan to achieve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong> </a>3.6 i.e. to half the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> has also declared <strong>2010-2020 as the decade of action for Road Safety.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is <strong>one of the largest auto markets in the world</strong> with over 20 million vehicles sold annually. It is also among the countries with the <strong>highest number of road accidents and fatalities.</strong> In this scenario, it is very risky and dangerous when more than half the vehicles in the country are uninsured.</li>
<li>Insurance will definitely not reduce the death and accidents however it will reduce the loss and will help in post accident recovery.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for complementary thrust to spread awareness and improve financial literacy, particularly the concept of insurance, and its importance.</strong></li>
<li>Another area that necessitates regulatory scrutiny is that of<strong> application of technology</strong> in insurance.</li>
<li>The regulator needs to <strong>exercise vigilance</strong> on three other aspects.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It must ensure that <strong>insurance is not denied to lower-income people</strong> who make up the bulk of the population and have the most need for protection.</li>
<li>It should insist that <strong>insurers facilitate a simple online process</strong> for direct buying of insurance products, bypassing intermediaries.</li>
<li>It should ensure that <strong>players do not overcharge or add hidden costs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-50-vehicles-on-road-uninsured-report-7103787/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7203,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>All the <strong>States except Tamil Nadu</strong> have availed benefits of the scheme for<strong> &ldquo;Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme was<strong> announced by the Ministry of Finance</strong> as a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat package.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> As part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package, the government had announced that the <strong>Centre will offer Rs. 12,000 crore special interest-free 50-year loan to states,</strong> exclusively for capital expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To<strong> boost capital expenditure by the State governments</strong> which are facing a difficult financial environment this year due to the shortfall in tax revenue arising from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Three Parts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part&ndash;I</strong> of the scheme <strong>covers the north-eastern region</strong> (Rs. 200 crores).</li>
<li><strong>Part-II</strong> is for <strong>all other States</strong> (Rs. 7500 crores).</li>
<li><strong>Part-III</strong> of the scheme is <strong>aimed at pushing various citizen-centric reforms</strong> in the States. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this Part, an amount of <strong>Rs. 2000</strong> crores is earmarked.</li>
<li>This amount<strong> will be available only to those States</strong> which <strong>carry out at least three out of the four reforms</strong> specified by the Ministry of Finance on the reform-linked additional borrowing permissions.</li>
<li><strong>Four Reforms:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/24-states-under-one-nation-one-ration-card" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> One nation one ration card</a></strong>, ease of doing business, urban local body/ utility reform and power sector reforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Finance has<strong> approved Rs. 9,879.61 crore</strong> worth of capital expenditure proposals of 27 States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of this, Rs. 4,939.81 crore has been released as the first instalment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The capital expenditure projects have been <strong>approved in diverse sectors</strong> such as health, rural development, water supply, irrigation, power, transport, education, urban development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Capital Expenditure</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Capital expenditure is the <strong>money spent by the government</strong> on the development of machinery, equipment, building, health facilities, education, etc.</li>
<li>It also includes the expenditure incurred<strong> on acquiring fixed assets</strong> like land and investment by the government that gives profits or dividend in future.</li>
<li>Along with the creation of assets, <strong>repayment of loan</strong> is also capital expenditure, as it reduces liability.</li>
<li>Capital spending is <strong>associated with investment or development spending,</strong> where expenditure has benefits extending years into the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Capital expenditure, which leads to the creation of assets are long-term in nature and allow the economy to <strong>generate revenue for many years</strong> by adding or improving production facilities and boosting operational efficiency.</li>
<li>It also<strong> increases labour participation,</strong> takes stock of the economy and <strong>raises its capacity to produce more in future.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different from Revenue Expenditure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike capital expenditure, which creates assets for the future, revenue expenditure is one that <strong>neither creates assets nor reduces any liability</strong> of the government.</li>
<li>Salaries of employees, interest payment on past debt, subsidies, pension, etc, fall under the category of revenue expenditure. It is<strong> recurring in nature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1680145" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7202,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Energy Conservation Day 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Energy Conservation Day is organized on <strong>14<sup>th</sup> December every year</strong> by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> </a>with an aim to showcase India&rsquo;s achievements in energy efficiency and conservation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Energy Conservation Awards</strong> are given on the occasion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>any behavior that results in the use of less energy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Turning the lights off when leaving the room and recycling aluminum cans are both ways of conserving energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the term &lsquo;energy efficiency&rsquo;,</strong> which is using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Using a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) light bulb or a Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulb that requires less energy than an incandescent light bulb to produce the same amount of light is an example of energy efficiency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Energy Conservation (EC) Act was enacted in 2001</strong> with the goal of <strong>reducing the energy intensity of Indian economy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> was set up as the <strong>statutory body</strong> in 2002 at the central level to <strong>facilitate the implementation of the EC Act.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s energy demand is expected to double between 2013 and 2030,</strong> to approximately 1500 million tons of oil equivalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001:</strong> The Act provides<strong> regulatory mandates</strong> for: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standards &amp; labeling of equipment and appliances;</li>
<li>Energy conservation building codes for commercial buildings; and</li>
<li>Energy consumption norms for energy intensive industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Energy Conservation Awards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Awards are given by eminent dignitaries of the Government of India<strong> to Industries, Buildings, Transport and Institutions sectors along with Energy Efficient Manufacturers</strong> to recognize innovation and achievements made by them in energy conservation.</li>
<li>The awards were <strong>given for the first time on 14<sup>th</sup> December, 1991</strong>, which is celebrated as<strong> &ldquo;National Energy Conservation Day&rdquo;</strong> throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes To Promote Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Power through the BEE is implementing various policies and schemes viz. PAT Scheme, Standard and Labelling, Energy Conservation Building Codes and Demand Side Management. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PAT Scheme: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Perform Achieve and Trade Scheme (PAT)</strong> is a <strong>market based mechanism</strong> to enhance the cost effectiveness in improving the Energy Efficiency in Energy Intensive industries through certification of energy saving which can be traded.</li>
<li>It is a part of the <strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE),</strong> which is one of the<strong> eight missions</strong> under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change#:~:text=It%20was%20launched%20in%202010,energy%20in%20India%27s%20energy%20mix.&amp;text=Emphasis%20on%20manufacturing%20solar%20panels,local%20research%20with%20international%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Standards and Labeling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme was <strong>launched in 2006</strong> and is currently invoked for equipments/appliances Room Air Conditioner (Fixed/VariableSpeed), Ceiling Fan, Colour Television, Computer, Direct Cool Refrigerator, Distribution Transformer, Domestic Gas Stove, General Purpose Industrial Motor, LED Lamps, Agricultural Pumpset, etc.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides the consumer an informed choice</strong> about the energy saving and thereby the cost saving potential of the relevant marketed product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>developed for new commercial buildings in 2007.</strong></li>
<li>ECBC sets <strong>minimum energy standards</strong> for new commercial buildings having a connected load of 100kW (kilowatt) or contract demand of 120 KVA (kilovolt-ampere) and above.</li>
<li>BEE has also developed <strong>a voluntary Star Rating Programme</strong> for buildings which is based on the actual performance of a building, in terms of energy usage in the building over its area expressed in kWh/sq. m/year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand Side Management:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DSM is the selection, planning, and implementation of measures intended to have an influence on the demand or customer-side of the electric meter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, the development of <strong>Energy Conservation Guidelines</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> State Energy Efficiency Preparedness Index</strong> </a>are complimented within different sectors of Industries and States for implementing the energy efficiency programmes more effectively.</li>
<li>India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-green-energy-convergence-project-goa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first convergence project</strong> </a>to generate green energy for rural and agriculture consumption is set to come up in Goa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>International Energy Agency:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It works with countries around the world to shape energy policies for a secure and sustainable future.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is not a member country but an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> association country.</strong></a></li>
<li>The IEA and Energy Efficiency Services Ltd. (EESL - Ministry of Power) co-produced a case study on the Indian Government's domestic efficient lighting programme - <a href="/printpdf/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA</strong></a> - to showcase the multiple benefits of energy efficient lighting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an<strong> international organization</strong> that works in partnership with the United Nations and leaders in government, the private sector, financial institutions and civil society to drive faster action towards the achievement of<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7)</strong></a> &ndash; access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030 &ndash; in line with the<strong> Paris Agreement</strong> on climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paris Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>legally binding international treaty</strong></a> on climate change. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li>As a part of the Paris Agreement, India has committed to <strong>reducing its energy intensity</strong> (units of energy use per unit of GDP) by 33-35% by 2030 compared to the 2005 levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Innovation (MI):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>global initiative of 24 countries and the European Commission</strong> (on behalf of the European Union) to accelerate clean energy innovation.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is one of the <strong>member countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The high ambitions of citizens to live and work in comfortable air conditioned spaces with appliances providing ease of living will lead to a multi fold increase in energy consumption. An approach to change the course of energy use behaviour through energy efficiency programmes is needed to<strong> curb future energy demand.</strong></li>
<li>It is crucial for India to push for the expansion of the <strong>Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) programme</strong> to all segments of the construction sector. The objective of this programme is to develop a framework for conventional buildings to achieve low energy use per unit area.</li>
<li>Also, India&rsquo;s power sector is slated for a revamp with multiple policy level changes through the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electricity-amendment-bill-2020#:~:text=It%20is%20therefore%20proposed%20to,special%20attention%20to%20hydro%20power." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> amendment of the Electricity Act</strong></a>. One of the major initiatives as a solution to issues like low billing efficiencies leading to revenue losses, heavy transmission and distribution losses, monitoring of electricity consumption, etc. is <strong>installation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">smart meters</a>.</strong> The installation of smart meters at a fast pace can help India in<strong> facilitating energy efficiency interventions at a large scale.</strong></li>
<li>Embracing<strong> an energy efficient lifestyle</strong> will provide a positive impetus towards transformation of India&rsquo;s energy system for the better. Energy efficiency interventions are one of the most cost-effective means of achieving <strong>a low carbon transition.</strong></li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7199,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Formulation of Policy for 3D Printing',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> (MeitY) will soon come up with a <strong>policy aimed at promoting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/make-it-the-indian-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3D printing</a></strong> on an industrial scale in view of its emerging market.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>3D Printing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>3D printing or additive manufacturing</strong> uses computer-aided designing to make prototypes or working models of objects by laying down successive layers of materials such as plastic, resin, thermoplastic, metal, fibre or ceramic.</li>
<li>With the help of software, the <strong>model to be printed is first developed by the computer,</strong> which then gives instructions to the 3D printer.</li>
<li>3D printing and a viable industry around it is mostly in the shape of <strong>additive manufacturing,</strong> wherein <strong>companies make specific products for projects where there are very specific demands</strong> such as lightweight equipment, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the key applications for such products is in the medical and allied sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>USA remains the global leader in 3D printing, </strong>with <strong>more than 35% market share.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>Asia,</strong> about<strong> 50% of its market is cornered by China,</strong> followed by <strong>Japan</strong> at 30%, and <strong>South Korea</strong> at 10%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Encourage market leaders to establish global bases for 3D manufacturing in India,</strong> while <strong>also discouraging imports</strong> of printed material for domestic requirements.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Help develop a <strong>conducive ecosystem</strong> for design, development and deployment of 3D printing and additive manufacturing.</li>
<li>Help domestic companies to overcome technical and economic barriers so that they can build supportive and ancillary facilities for world leaders in the technology, such as the USA and China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Areas of Focus and Application:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Auto and ancillary auto and motor spare part business, such as engines, interior and exterior parts of luxury vehicles, or landing gear, complex brackets, and turbine blades.</li>
<li>There can be some application of it in consumer electronics, printed circuit boards, clothing, toys and jewellery as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lack of Standards:</strong> Since 3D printing is <strong>a very niche and new domain,</strong> there are<strong> no global qualifications and certification norms.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hesitation in Adoption:</strong> Another challenge is <strong>to convince the industry and ministries to push for its adoption</strong> in their respective sectors as any new technology, which is not understood easily, faces a tough time.</li>
<li><strong>Risk of Job Losses:</strong> In the initial meetings on the subject, there was a <strong>lot of resistance on whether this technology would eat into the jobs of highly-skilled workers</strong> in the medical equipment or aerospace technology sectors.</li>
<li><strong>High Costing:</strong> Although actual printing is cheap, <strong>parts to build a 3D printer are very expensive</strong> as the<strong> equipment and manufacturing costs are very high.</strong> In addition, there is a<strong> concern about warranty</strong> hence, resource companies are <strong>hesitant to put 3D-printed parts into their machines if they are not covered for damage</strong> in case the parts fail.</li>
<li><strong>Sector Specific Challenges:</strong> Globally and even in India, the <strong>largest consumer of 3D printing is the automotive industry</strong> and right now it is going through a lot of changes like the introduction of <strong>BS-VI</strong> and <strong>electric vehicles. New vehicle design development has slowed</strong> and so has the demand for 3D printing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Market:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to MeitY&rsquo;s estimates, the <strong>global market for additive manufacturing</strong> is expected to reach <strong>USD 34.8 billion by 2024,</strong> which is growing at a compound annual growth rate of 23.2%.</li>
<li>3D printing<strong> may not lead to an increase in net employment,</strong> but this technology is something which can be pushed ahead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of investment and fewer research and development centres for 3D printing are some of the additional factors that are holding back a large scale adoption. However, a better understanding of 3D printing technology and its applications among users will definitely help increase its adoption in India.</li>
<li>Indian market has a high potential ground as the adoption of 3D printing solutions is continuously rising for the past few years with increased general market awareness and there is still a lot of growth here compared to markets that are more mature such as Japan, Germany or the USA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-readies-3d-printing-policy-local-firms-global-market-7101493/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7196,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Suggestions for Delimitation Exercise',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Pranab Mukherjee Foundation</strong> (PMF), a <strong>non governmental institution,</strong> has made suggestions for the next delimitation exercise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/delimitation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delimitation</strong></a> literally means the <strong>act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies</strong> in a country to represent changes in population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong> The next delimitation exercise should be a <strong>two&shy; step process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Delimitation Commission</strong> should be set up to<strong> draw the boundaries as per the 2031 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a></strong> and recommend the reorganisation of States based on population.</li>
<li>A<strong> State Reorganisation Act</strong> should be brought to give effect to the Delimitation Commissions&rsquo; recommendations <strong>&ldquo;by splitting States into smaller ones&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> 84<sup>th</sup> Amendment to the Constitution in 2002</strong> had<strong> put a freeze</strong> on the delimitation of<strong> Lok Sabha and State Assembly</strong> constituencies till the <strong>first Census after 2026.</strong></li>
<li>The current boundaries were drawn on the <strong>basis of the 2001 Census,</strong> the <strong>number of Lok Sabha seats</strong> and State Assembly seats <strong>remained frozen on the basis of the 1971 Census.</strong></li>
<li>The population according to the <strong>last census preceding the freeze</strong> was<strong> 50 crore, which in 50 years has grown to 130 crore,</strong> causing<strong> a massive asymmetry in the political representation</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the<strong> President of India</strong> and works in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Retired Supreme Court judge</li>
<li>Chief Election Commissioner</li>
<li>Respective State Election Commissioners</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To determine the <strong>number and boundaries of constituencies</strong> to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.</li>
<li>To identify seats <strong>reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,</strong> wherever their population is relatively large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Delimitation Commissions have been<strong> set up four times &mdash;</strong> 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.</li>
<li>The Delimitation Commission in India is a high power body whose orders have the <strong>force of law</strong> and cannot be<strong> called in question before any court.</strong></li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7178,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Partners in Population and Development Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has digitally addressed the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by Partners in Population and Development</strong> (PPD).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Partners in Population and Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It is an <strong>intergovernmental initiative</strong> created specifically for the purpose of <strong>expanding and improving<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-africa-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> South-South Cooperation</a></strong> in the fields of reproductive health, population, and development.</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> PPD was <strong>launched at the 1994 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Conference on Population and Development</a></strong> (ICPD), when <strong>ten developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America</strong> formed an intergovernmental alliance to help implement the <strong>Cairo Program of Action</strong> (POA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The POA,<strong> endorsed by 179 nations,</strong> stresses the need to <strong>establish mechanisms to promote development</strong> through the sharing of experiences in reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) within and among countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> An alliance of <strong>27 developing countries. India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Dhaka, Bangladesh</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by PPD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> jointly organised by</strong> PPD, <strong>National Health Commission of China</strong> (NHC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></a> (UNFPA).</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Advocate and ensure political support and investment to address the effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>in the achievement of the <strong>Three Zeros by 2030,</strong> finalised under the <strong>Nairobi Summit 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India appreciated the efforts of PPD</strong> in promoting cooperation in key areas of reproductive health, population and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nairobi Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In<strong> November 2019,</strong> the Nairobi Summit, also known as <strong>ICPD+25,</strong> was held in Nairobi, Kenya, to celebrate the<strong> 25<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the ICPD</strong> (held in Cairo in 1994).</li>
<li>The <strong>UNFPA and the Government of Kenya hosted</strong> the Nairobi Summit, which brought together governments, UN agencies, private sector organizations, women's groups and youth networks to discuss and agree on initiatives to <strong>further advance the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Three Zeros by 2030:</strong> Pledges were announced to achieve <strong>zero preventable maternal deaths, zero unmet need for family planning, </strong>and<strong> zero gender-based violence and harmful practices by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steadfast in its reaffirmation of the<strong> commitments made at the Nairobi Summit.</strong></li>
<li>Committed to ensuring<strong> universal health coverage</strong> through its flagship programme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Government has <strong>pledged USD 3 billion by 2020 for improving reproductive health services.</strong></li>
<li>With aspirations of achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>universal health care</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017</strong> aims at raising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong> </a>(GDP).</li>
<li>Continuous efforts to<strong> substantially reduce the unmet need for contraception</strong> by increasing the range of contraceptives and improving accessibility and quality of family planning services.</li>
<li>Implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-council-of-health-and-family-welfare-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan</strong></a> (SUMAN) initiative for achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong> </a>(SDG) target for reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to less than 70 by 2030.</li>
<li>It is<strong> enacting stringent legislation to address gender-based violence</strong> and eliminate all forms of atrocities against women and girls.</li>
<li>Dedicated to providing quality, timely and disaggregated data, <strong>investing in digital health innovations, and improvement of data systems</strong> by 2030 to achieve sustainable development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong></a> aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 response</strong> </a>started even before it was declared as a pandemic by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-whohttps://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/umbrella-scheme-for-family-welfare-and-other-health-interventions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Community-based interventions</strong></a> including <strong>family planning</strong> are also a part of various services provided.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of alternate service delivery mechanisms</strong> along with<strong> telemedicine</strong> services, digital platforms for training, improving finances and streamlining supply chain systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Current times require integrated and coordinated efforts from all health institutions, academia and other partners directly or indirectly associated with the health care services to make these services accessible, affordable and acceptable to all. PPD plays an important role in fostering such dialogue at the highest levels to take forward the common agenda of &lsquo;Health for All&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1679131" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7172,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Medicine Supplies and Make in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> has written to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade</strong> </a>(DPIIT) seeking<strong> exemption for procuring certain medical items</strong> manufactured outside India, particularly medicines used in the treatment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cancer</strong></a>, etc.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DPIIT is a <strong>central government department</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> August 2020,</strong> Northern Railway formally wrote to the Railway Board, expressing <strong>difficulty in procuring drugs and surgical items in the light of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a> policy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian Railways is<strong> one of the largest employers in the country</strong> with over 12 lakh employees and<strong> has its own network of healthcare infrastructure,</strong> including super speciality hospitals in all Zonal Headquarters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It highlighted that certain<strong> drugs used in cancer treatment</strong> and the<strong> supplies of antiviral medicines and the vaccines for Covid-19</strong> are manufactured outside India but available in the Indian market through agents or dealers, who <strong>may not fall under the Class-I or Class-II categories,</strong> which is required for purchases under the new Make in India guidelines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The revised <strong>Public Procurement (Preference to Make in India), Order 2017</strong> introduced a concept of Class-I, II and non-local suppliers, based on which they will get preference in government purchases of goods and services.</li>
<li>In<strong> June 2020,</strong> the <strong>government modified public procurement norms</strong> to give <strong>maximum preference to companies whose goods and services have 50% or more local content,</strong> a move aimed at promoting 'Make in India' and making the country self-reliant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the existing <strong>Make in India policy,</strong> there is no window available to procure such items from the suppliers who may not meet the<strong> Local Content Criteria required for Class-I and Class-II Local Supplier category.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Class-I</strong> is a local supplier or service provider whose goods, services or works offered for procurement have<strong> local content equal to or more than 50%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Class-II</strong> is a supplier or service provider whose goods, services or works offered for procurement have a <strong>local content of more than 20% but less than 50%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Only these two categories of suppliers shall be eligible to bid in the procurement</strong> of all goods, services or works and with an estimated value of purchases of <strong>less than Rs. 200 crores.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is therefore <strong>proposed to seek an exemption to procure</strong> such medicines and medical items <strong>from Indian Market from &lsquo;non-local suppliers&rsquo;</strong> (suppliers who supply<strong> local content of less than 20%</strong>).</li>
<li>However, the DPIIT informed that <strong>procurement of imported items through Indian agents/traders amounted to an indirect violation of the General Finance Rules, 2017</strong> and hence, it was <strong>not recommended and advised to get specific relaxation</strong> for procurement of such medicines/medical equipment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rule 161 (iv) of GFR 2017</strong> was amended by the <strong>Department of Expenditure</strong> in May 2020 order to <strong>restrict global tender enquiry for contracts worth more than Rs. 200 crore.</strong></li>
<li>This was intended to enable floating of local tenders by procuring entities of the government to benefit local entities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The purpose of seeking relaxation was to<strong> achieve indigenisation of the items</strong> that are<strong> presently not being manufactured in the country</strong> and the <strong>objective is defeated</strong> in case the subject relaxation is granted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The DPIIT has forwarded the issue to the<strong> Department of Pharmaceuticals</strong> and <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,</strong> which are the <strong>nodal agencies for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-pharma-and-india-medical-device-2020-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and Equipment.</a></strong></li>
<li>The Ministry of Railways was<strong> advised to exercise the powers conferred under Para 14 of the Make in India policy guidelines</strong> with the approval of the Minister-in-charge to <strong>seek relaxation in any particular procurement,</strong> if required.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Para 14 empowers Ministries and various Departments to <strong>grant an exemption and to reduce minimum local content.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/is-make-in-india-hitting-supply-of-life-saving-medicines/article33282678.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Centre’s Power for Land Acquisition for Highway: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has upheld notifications issued under the<strong> National Highways Act, 1956,</strong> for acquisition of land for construction of the <strong>Chennai-Krishnagiri-Salem national highway.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The verdict came on a batch of appeals filed by the Centre and the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and few landowners and others. These <strong>pleas were filed against the Madras High Court's judgement,</strong> holding as <strong>&ldquo;illegal and bad in law&rdquo;</strong> the notifications issued.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chennai-Krishnagiri-Salem National Highway:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> part of the first phase of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-bharatmala-pariyojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Bharatmala Pariyojna&rsquo;</a> project.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bharatmala Pariyojna Project</strong> stretches across 24,800 km and has an estimated outlay of Rs. 5.35 lakh crore. It seeks to<strong> improve the efficiency of freight and passenger movement</strong> across the country by bridging critical infrastructure gaps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>277.3-km-long eight-lane greenfield project</strong> which aims to<strong> cut travel time</strong> between the two cities Chennai and Salem by half to about two hours and 15 minutes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>greenfield project</strong> is one which is not constrained by prior work. It is <strong>constructed on unused land</strong> where there is no need to remodel or demolish an existing structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Project <strong>has faced opposition</strong> from locals, including farmers, over <strong>fears of losing their land,</strong> besides environmentalists, who are<strong> against felling of trees. It runs through reserve forest and water bodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>nothing in the Constitution which constricts the power of Parliament</strong> to make a law for declaring any stretch/section within the State (not being a road or an existing highway) to be a national highway.</li>
<li>Provisions in the Constitution unambiguously indicate that the <strong>legislative as well as executive power</strong> regarding all matters concerning and connected with a highway to be designated as a national highway, <strong>vests in Parliament,</strong> and the laws to be made by it in that regard.</li>
<li>The<strong> Central government is free</strong> to construct/build a new national highway keeping in mind the obligations it has to discharge under <strong>Part IV of the Constitution</strong> (Directive Principles of State Policy) for securing a social order and promotion of welfare of the people in the concerned region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of National Highways:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National highways are the<strong> arteries of India&rsquo;s economy.</strong> By its very nomenclature, a national highway is to<strong> link the entire country and provide access to all</strong> in every remote corner of the country for interaction and to promote commerce and trade, employment and education, including health related services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This approach <strong>enhances and furthers the federal structure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The availability of a highway in any part of the State paves way for <strong>sustainable development</strong> and for overall enhancement of <strong>human well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Aspects Related to the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Madras High Court had been wrong to quash the acquisition proceedings</strong> on the ground that<strong> no prior environmental clearance</strong> was taken.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SC said that the <strong>notification is only an expression of interest to acquire the designated land,</strong> and no prior environmental clearance was needed before issuing it.</li>
<li><strong>Prior environmental clearance</strong> under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act</strong></a> and Rules of 1986 is <strong>required to be taken before commencement of the &ldquo;actual construction or building work&rdquo; of the national highway</strong> by the executing agency (NHAI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On complaints about &ldquo;alterations&rdquo; in the highway route, the court said <strong>changes to the extent of 15% was permissible in a project of such a macro scale.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unforeseen concerns</strong> like land availability factors related to congestion, reduction of distance, operational efficiency attract such alteration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Highways</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> major roads</strong> in India are the<strong> national and state highways. National Highways (NH)</strong> are built, financed and maintained by the <strong>Central government</strong> whereas <strong>State Highways (SH)</strong> are developed by the <strong>respective States&rsquo; public works department.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways - <strong>Union List under Seventh Schedule.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 257 (2):</strong> The <strong>executive power of the Union</strong> shall also extend to the giving of directions to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared in the direction to be of national or military importance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provided that nothing in this clause shall be taken as restricting the <strong>power of Parliament to declare highways or waterways to be national highways or national waterways</strong> or the power of the Union with respect to the highways or waterways so declared.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</strong> is primarily responsible for development and maintenance of NHs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry has taken up detailed review of NHs network with a view to develop the road connectivity to <strong>Border areas,</strong> development of<strong> Coastal roads</strong> including road connectivity for Non-Major ports, improvement in the efficiency of<strong> National Corridors,</strong> development of <strong>Economic Corridors,</strong> Inter Corridors and Feeder Routes along with integration with<strong> Sagarmala,</strong> etc., under <strong>Bharatmala Pariyojana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NHs in the country <strong>are notified under the National Highways Act, 1956. </strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-highways-authority-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Highways Authority of India</strong></a> (NHAI) was set up by an act of the Parliament, <strong>NHAI Act, 1988,</strong> for the development, maintenance and management of national highways and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li><strong>Land for development of National Highways</strong> and associated purposes is acquired under<strong> Section 3 of the NHs Act, 1956</strong> and <strong>compensation</strong> is determined in accordance with the First Schedule of the <strong>Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhoomi-rashi-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BhoomiRashi portal</strong></a> was launched in <strong>2018,</strong> to fully <strong>digitize and automate the entire process of land acquisition.</strong></li>
<li>The aim of the <strong>Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification &amp; Maintenance) Policy, 2015</strong> is to<strong> promote greening of Highway corridors</strong> with participation of the community, farmers, private sector, NGOs, and government institutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-can-notify-any-land-acquire-it-for-highway-supreme-court-7097341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7160,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tharu Tribals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Uttar Pradesh (UP) government</strong> is working to<strong> connect Tharu villages</strong> in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit bordering Nepal, <strong>with the home stay scheme</strong> of the UP Forest Department.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea is to<strong> offer tourists an experience of living in the natural Tharu habitat,</strong> in traditional huts made of grass collected mainly from the forests.</li>
<li>This is expected to <strong>create jobs and bring economic independence</strong> for the tribal population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning of &lsquo;Tharu&rsquo;:</strong> The word tharu is believed to be <strong>derived from sthavir,</strong> meaning followers of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Theravada Buddhism.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Tharu community <strong>belongs to the Terai lowlands,</strong> amid the Shivaliks or lower Himalayas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Terai is a <strong>region of northern India and southern Nepal</strong> running <strong>parallel to</strong> the <strong>lower ranges of the Himalayas.</strong></li>
<li>The Tharus<strong> live in both India and Nepal.</strong> In the Indian terai, they<strong> live mostly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribe:</strong> Tharu is a scheduled tribe in the states of <strong>Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh </strong>and <strong>Bihar.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Occupation:</strong> Most of them are<strong> forest dwellers,</strong> and some practice<strong> agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They<strong> speak various dialects of Tharu, a language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup,</strong> and variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.</li>
<li>Tharus<strong> worship Lord Shiva</strong> as Mahadev, and call their supreme being <strong>&ldquo;Narayan&rdquo;,</strong> who they believe is the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.</li>
<li><strong>Tharu women have stronger property rights</strong> than is allowed to women in mainstream North Indian Hindu custom.</li>
<li>Standard items on the Tharu plate are <strong>bagiya or dhikri &ndash;</strong> which is a steamed dish of rice flour that is eaten with chutney or curry &ndash;<strong> and ghonghi,</strong> an edible snail that is cooked in a curry made of coriander, chili, garlic, and onion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Theravada Buddhism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>strongest</strong> in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. It is sometimes called <strong>'Southern Buddhism'.</strong></li>
<li>The name means <strong>'the doctrine of the elders' -</strong> the elders being the senior Buddhist monks.</li>
<li>This school of Buddhism <strong>believes that</strong> it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. However, it<strong> does not over-emphasise</strong> the status of these teachings in a fundamentalist way - they are <strong>seen as tools to help people</strong> understand the truth, <strong>and not as having merit of their own.</strong></li>
<li>It emphasises <strong>attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts.</strong> The <strong>follower is expected to</strong> "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good and to purify their mind".<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>ideal of Theravada Buddhism is the arhat,</strong> or perfected saint, who attains enlightenment as a result of his own efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meditation</strong> is one of the <strong>main tools</strong> by which a Theravada Buddhist transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are<strong> scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342 s</strong>ays that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria</strong> for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe. <strong>Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational &amp; economic backwardness</strong> are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.</li>
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes,<strong> 75 in number known as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</a> (PVTGs),</strong> who are<strong> characterised by</strong>:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy.</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</strong></a>, 2006 (FRA); The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathalgarhi-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act</strong></a>, 1996; Minor Forest Produce Act 2005;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20the%20Amendment%20Act%2C%202018&amp;text=It%20delineates%20specific%20crimes%20against,in%20the%20Act%20are%20cognizable." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SC And ST (Prevention Of Atrocities) Act</strong></a>; and the Tribal Sub-Plan Strategy are focused on the socio-economic empowerment of STs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-the-tharu-tribals-of-the-up-terai-7095740/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7158,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JDZBY4K2kKY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade which are likely to generate business prospects of around $20 billion per year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Post the inauguration of the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020),</strong> the PM addressed and invited the investors, developers and businesses to join India's renewable energy journey.</li>
<li>After the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Performance Linked Incentives (PLI)</strong></a> in electronics manufacturing, the government has decided to give similar incentives to high efficiency solar modules.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dedicated <strong>Project Development Cells</strong> have been established to facilitate investors ensuring<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Ease of Doing Business'.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India's renewable power capacity is the<strong> fourth largest in the world</strong> and is growing at the fastest speed among all major countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is a big market and a lot of countries are attracted towards it in terms of One Sun, One World, One Grid and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is currently <strong>136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36% of its total capacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target for capacity increase is 450GW by 2030, increasing 25GW every year as we move forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Per capita consumption of energy in India is quite low as compared globally.</li>
<li>Power sector, being primarily dependent on fossil fuels, is one of prime sources of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable:</strong> Energy generated from renewable sources will be cleaner and greener and more sustainable.</li>
<li><strong>Employment opportunities:</strong> Inclusion of a newer technology simply means more employment opportunities for the working population of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Market assurance:</strong> From the economy point of view, renewable sources provide the market and revenue assurance which no other resources can provide.</li>
<li><strong>Power supply:</strong> Providing 24*7 power supply to 100% of the households, sustainable form of transports are some of the goals that can only be achieved through sustainable power that comes from renewables.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initiatives Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)</strong></a> scheme is an excellent initiative of the Government of India with respect to enhancing the manufacturing sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the electronics value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a></strong> aims to provide financial and water security to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solarisation of water pumps is a step in distributed power providing at the doorstep of the consumer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on its website also hosts <strong>Akshay Urja Portal </strong>and<strong> India Renewable Idea Exchange (IRIX) Portal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRIX is a platform that promotes the exchange of ideas among energy conscious Indians and the Global community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Key Focus for Next Five Years</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Twin Challenge:</strong> India has a twin challenge of providing more energy as well as cleaner energy to the masses in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should focus on getting into the manufacturing of the solar panels under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative as the demand is to create jobs as well as supply decentralised energy to all the households in India.</li>
<li>Look and develop the entire supply chain of all the components beside the manufacturing sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methanol and Biomass:</strong> Looking for other alternatives such as methanol based economy and biomass.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bio-CNG vehicles with 20% blending in petrol is also a target the government has been chasing.</li>
<li>Conversion of energy from <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biomass</strong></a> is a considerable option as it will clean the cities as well as reduce our energy dependence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fuels produced from biomass have a high calorific value and are cleaner than traditional biomass.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen based FCV:</strong> Hydrogen in technology is likely to change the landscape of renewables, shifting towards <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles#:~:text=Hydrogen%20in%20Fuel%20Cell%20Electric,electricity%20from%20only%20a%20battery.&amp;text=The%20amount%20of%20energy%20stored,of%20the%20hydrogen%20fuel%20tank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Based Fuel Cells Vehicles</strong> </a>(FCV) is another area of focus.</li>
<li><strong>Grid Integration:</strong> It is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (RE) to the grid.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identifying the demands which are in tune with the characteristics of the renewables, focussing on characteristics of renewables mainly solar and wind and considering their variability as strength rather than weakness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integration with the Main Grid:</strong> Integrating the renewables with the main grid is the area India needs to work upon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To accelerate the uptake of renewables, storage and battery solutions is needed in large quantities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost factor:</strong> Renewable resources are slightly more expensive than conventional sources.</li>
<li><strong>24*7 Power Supply:</strong> Sustainable, round-the-clock power supply along with the storage system is a big challenge ahead.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural Sector:</strong> Much power is consumed in the agricultural sector. The challenge is to provide sufficient power and energy to every household and to the agricultural sector as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identification of areas:</strong> Renewable resources specially wind cannot be set up everywhere, they require specific location. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identification of these specific locations, integrating them with the main grid and distribution of powers; A combination of these three is what will take India forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploration:</strong> More storage solutions need to be explored.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture subsidy:</strong> Agricultural subsidy should be rectified in order to ensure that only the required amount of energy is consumed.</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell based vehicles and Electric vehicles:</strong> These are the most suitable options when it comes to shifting towards renewable sources of energy, that&rsquo;s where we need to work upon.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A well planned road map is needed, for which <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> is coming up with Energy Vision 2035 to achieve India's clean energy goals.</li>
<li>Diversified energy mix is what India needs to focus on, no doubt solar and wind have a lot of potential, Hydrogen would be a game changer in Indian energy transition space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable sources of energy are expected to replace fossil fuels by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India should be working on areas like investment in infrastructure, capacity building and better integration in the near and immediate future.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7156,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The process of establishing Waqf Boards in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir </strong>and<strong> leh-kargil</strong> has started recently.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are thousands of Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil and the process has been started to <strong>register these Waqf properties. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Digitisation, Geo Tagging/GPS</strong> Mapping of these Waqf properties has also been initiated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government will provide adequate <strong>financial assistance</strong> to construct infrastructure for socio-economic and educational activities on Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sanskritik-sadbhav-mandap-pmjvk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram&rdquo;</strong> </a>(PMJVK).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram</strong> (PMJVK) seeks to provide better socio economic infrastructure facilities to the minority communities particularly in the field of <strong>education, health &amp; skill development</strong> which would further lead to lessening of the gap between the national average and the minority communities with regard to backwardness parameters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The erstwhile <strong>Multi-sectoral Development Programme</strong> (MsDP) has been restructured and renamed as Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram for effective implementation since 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Waqf Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Waqf Council is a<strong> statutory body</strong> under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Minority Affairs</strong> set up in 1964 as per the provision given in the Waqf Act, 1954.</li>
<li>It is an<strong> advisory body</strong> to the Central Government on matters concerning the working of the Waqf Boards and the due administration of<strong> Auqaf.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Auqaf</strong> (also spelled awkaf,) is an Arabic word meaning assets.</li>
<li>The Council consists of <strong>Chairperson,</strong> who is the <strong>Union Minister</strong> In charge of Waqf, such other members<strong>, not exceeding 20 in number,</strong> as may be appointed by the <strong>Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Each state has a Waqf Board headed by a chairperson,</strong> one or two nominees from the state government, Muslim legislators and parliamentarians, Muslim members of the state Bar Council, recognised scholars of Islamic theology and mutawalis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1678292" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7132,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Export Promotion Council for Technical Textiles',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Textiles has invited proposals for the constitution of a dedicated<strong> Export Promotion Council</strong> (EPC) for Technical Textiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The constitution of an Export Promotion Council for Technical Textiles is <strong>a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Technical Textiles Mission.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Council shall abide by all directions of the Central Government in respect of promotion and development of international trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Technical Textiles Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was approved with <strong>a total outlay of Rs. 1480 crore</strong> in February 2020.</li>
<li>It aims to position the country as a <strong>global leader in technical textiles</strong> and<strong> increase the use</strong> of technical textiles in the <strong>domestic market.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at taking <strong>domestic market</strong> size to<strong> USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
<li>It will be implemented for<strong> four years starting from 2020-2021</strong> and has <strong>four components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First component:</strong> It focuses on <strong>research, development and innovation</strong> with an outlay of <strong>Rs. 1,000 crores.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The research will be at both<strong> fibre level and application-based</strong> in geo, agro, medical, sports and mobile textiles and development of <strong>biodegradable</strong> technical textiles.</li>
<li>Research activities will also focus on<strong> the development of indigenous machinery</strong> and process equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second component:</strong> It is for the promotion and <strong>development of the market</strong> for technical textiles.</li>
<li><strong>Third component:</strong> It focuses on <strong>export promotion</strong> so that technical textile exports from the country reach from Rs.14,000 crores to Rs. 20,000 crores by <strong>2021-2022</strong> and will ensure <strong>10% average growth</strong> every year till the Mission ends.</li>
<li><strong>Fourth component:</strong> It focuses on education, training and skill development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A<strong> Mission Directorate</strong> is operational in the <strong>Ministry of Textiles</strong> for implementation of the Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on the Indian Technical Textiles Segment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is estimated at <strong>16 billion USD</strong> which is approximately <strong>6% of the 250 billion USD global technical textiles market.</strong></li>
<li>The penetration level of technical textiles in India varies between<strong> 5% and 10% against the level of 30% to 70%</strong> in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Technical textiles are textiles materials and products manufactured<strong> primarily for technical performance and functional properties</strong> rather than aesthetic characteristics.</li>
<li>Technical textiles are <strong>functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety (fire proof jackets), personal protection (bullet proof jackets, high altitude combat gear), space applications etc.</li>
<li>Based on usage, there are <strong>12 technical textile segments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Agrotech, Meditech, Buildtech, Mobiltech, Clothtech, Oekotech, Geotech, Packtech, Hometech, Protech, Indutech and Sportech.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For example,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mobiltech</strong> refers to <strong>products in vehicles</strong> such as seat belts and airbags, airplane seats.</li>
<li><strong>Geotech,</strong> which is incidentally the fastest growing segment, used to<strong> hold back soil,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1677979" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7125,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Malaria Report 2020: WHO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) has released the <strong>World Malaria Report (WMR) 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report provides a<strong> comprehensive update on global and regional <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/worlds-first-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malaria</a> data</strong> and trends including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, elimination and surveillance.</li>
<li>It indicates that <strong>India has made considerable progress in reducing its malaria burden.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Malaria cases<strong> globally numbered about 229 million,</strong> an annual estimate that has remained virtually <strong>unchanged over the last four years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019,</strong> it claimed about 4,09,000 lives, compared to 4,11,000 in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report noted that the <strong>11 highest-burden countries</strong> viz. Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, <strong>India,</strong> Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda and Tanzania, account for <strong>70% of the global estimated case burden and 71% of global estimated deaths</strong> from malaria.</li>
<li>Countries in <strong>South-East Asia made particularly strong progress,</strong> with <strong>reductions in cases and deaths</strong> of 73% and 74%, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is the <strong>only high endemic country</strong> which has<strong> reported a decline of 17.6%</strong> in 2019 as compared to 2018.</li>
<li>The <strong>Annual Parasite Incidence</strong> (API, the number of new infections per year per 1000 population) reduced by 18.4% in 2019 as compared to 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has sustained API less than one since the year 2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also <strong>contributed to the largest drop in cases region-wide,</strong> from approximately 20 million to about 6 million.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The percentage <strong>drop in the malaria cases was 71.8%</strong> and<strong> deaths were 73.9%</strong> between<strong> 2000 to 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India achieved a<strong> reduction of 83.34% in malaria morbidity</strong> and<strong> 92% in malaria mortality</strong> between the year 2000 and 2019, thereby achieving <strong>Goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MDG 6 aimed to <strong>combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,</strong> which have a direct and indirect impact on rural development, agricultural productivity and food and nutrition security.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> have replaced the MDGs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States of <strong>Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya</strong> and <strong>Madhya Pradesh (high endemic states)</strong> disproportionately accounted for nearly <strong>45.47% of malaria cases</strong> in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>63.64% of malaria deaths</strong> were also reported from these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The figures and trends between the last two decades clearly show the <strong>drastic decline in malaria,</strong> hence the <strong>malaria elimination target of 2030 looks achievable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Curb Malaria:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In India, malaria elimination efforts</strong> were <strong>initiated in 2015</strong> and were intensified after the launch of the <strong>National Framework for Malaria Elimination</strong> (NFME) in <strong>2016</strong> by the<strong> Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NFME is in line with <strong>WHO&rsquo;s Global Technical Strategy for Malaria,</strong> 2016-2030, which guides the<strong> WHO Global Malaria Programme</strong> (GMP), responsible for coordinating WHO's global efforts to control and eliminate malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-report-2019#:~:text=The%20Strategic%20Plan%20gives%20year,for%20Malaria%2C%202016%2D2030." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination</strong> </a><strong>(2017-22)</strong> was launched in <strong>July 2017</strong> which laid down strategies for the following five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It gives year wise elimination targets in various parts of the country depending upon the endemicity of malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-report-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>High Burden to High Impact</strong></a> (HBHI)<strong> initiative</strong> was started in <strong>four states</strong> (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh) in <strong>July 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2018, the WHO and the RBM Partnership initiated the HBHI initiative in <strong>11 high malaria burden countries,</strong> including <strong>India</strong> to end malaria.</li>
<li>It has continued to make impressive gains in India, with<strong> 18% reductions in cases</strong> and<strong> 20% reductions in death,</strong> over the last 2 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to the efforts made by the Government of India in the <strong>provision of microscopes, rapid diagnostics Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets</strong> (LLINs) to high burden areas has led to a reduction in endemicity in these otherwise very high endemic states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LLINs are<strong> nets treated</strong> in the factory with an insecticide<strong> incorporated into the net fabric which makes the insecticide last at least 20 washes</strong> in standard laboratory testing and <strong>three years of recommended</strong> <strong>use</strong> under field conditions.</li>
<li>Use of LLINs has been accepted by the community at large and has been one of the main contributors to the drastic malaria decline in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1677601" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7124,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Honey Adulteration',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per an investigation carried out by the <strong>Centre for Science and Environment</strong> (CSE), <strong>honey</strong> sold by several major brands in India has been<strong> found adulterated with sugar syrup.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSE is a <strong>not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy</strong> organisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Samples of 10 out of 13 brands,</strong> which were examined, <strong>failed to clear the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) test.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Honey samples from <strong>brands</strong> such as Dabur, Patanjali, Baidyanath, Zandu, Hitkari and Apis Himalaya, all <strong>failed</strong> the internationally accepted NMR test.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indian companies in the business of honey are <strong>importing synthetic sugar syrups from China</strong> for adulterating with honey.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSE tracked down <strong>Chinese trade portals which were advertising fructose syrup</strong> that can bypass tests to check adulteration.</li>
<li>Chinese companies informed CSE that even if <strong>50-80% of the honey is adulterated with syrup,</strong> they would <strong>pass all stipulated tests as per Indian standards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tests employed as <strong>per Indian regulations</strong> check whether the honey is adulterated with <strong>C4 sugar (cane sugar) or C3 sugar (rice sugar).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Adulteration also destroyed the<strong> livelihoods of bee-keepers</strong> who found it <strong>unprofitable to make pure honey</strong> because <strong>sugar-syrup honey</strong> was often available at <strong>half the price.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Households consume more honey because of its<strong> intrinsic goodness (antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties).</strong></li>
<li>As per this investigation, most of the honey sold in the market is<strong> adulterated with sugar syrup.</strong> Therefore, instead of honey, people are eating more sugar, which will <strong>add to the risk of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> and increase the risk of <strong>Obesity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Test</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a test that can <strong>ascertain the composition</strong> of a product at the <strong>molecular level.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> an analytical chemistry technique</strong> used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure.</li>
<li>The NMR test is <strong>not required by Indian law</strong> for honey that is being marketed locally <strong>but is needed for export.</strong></li>
<li>Recent NMR tests, while being able to detect additives, <strong>were not able to detect the quantity of adulteration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to<strong> strengthen enforcement</strong> in India through <strong>tightened standards, testing, and also traceability.</strong></li>
<li>The government should get samples tested using<strong> advanced technologies</strong> and <strong>make this information public</strong> so that consumers are aware and their health is not compromised.</li>
<li>Stop import of syrups and honey from China and do not allow this to come through other countries <strong>(syrup laundering).</strong></li>
<li>Companies need to <strong>trace back the origins of the honey</strong> from the beekeeper to the hive.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-out-of-13-honey-brands-fail-purity-test-finds-cse-investigation/article33230094.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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