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Right of Reputation vs Right to Dignity

Why in News Recently, a Delhi court has rejected a criminal defamation case filed by former Union Minister against a journalist over her tweets...

19 Feb 2021 Judiciary
Economic Impact of Judicial Decisions

Why in News Recently, the NITI Aayog has asked research organisation ‘Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International’ to conduct...

08 Feb 2021 Judiciary
Right to Privacy & Legitimate State Interest

Why in News Recently, the Central government has stated that though the right to privacy is held to be a sacred fundamental right, the veil of...

06 Feb 2021 Judiciary
Nilgiri Elephant Corridor Case

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) appointed a conservationist as Member of a Technical Committee constituted in the October 2020 case to...

30 Jan 2021 Judiciary
India Justice Report 2020

Why in News The India Justice Report (2020) prepared by the Tata Trusts in collaboration with the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, DAKSH,...

29 Jan 2021 Judiciary
Collegium System for the Appointment of Judges

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) questioned the government about the delay in clearing Collegium recommendations for judicial...

28 Jan 2021 Judiciary
Scandalising the Courts: A Ground for Contempt

Why in News The Karnataka High Court has issued notice to the Union government on a PIL petition, challenging the constitutional validity of a...

13 Jan 2021 Judiciary
e-Sewa Kendra

Why in News Recently, an e-Sewa Kendra was inaugurated by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) at the High Court of Tripura. Key Points e-Seva...

24 Dec 2020 Judiciary
SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has stayed an Andhra Pradesh High Court (HC) order intending to embark on a judicial enquiry into...

19 Dec 2020 Judiciary
No Replies to SC or HCs: Maharashtra

Why in News Recently, both Houses of the Maharashtra State Legislature have passed proposals stating that they will not take cognizance of or reply...

17 Dec 2020 Judiciary
Truths and Hate Speech: SC

Why in News In the context of discussing the limits of free speech and what may tantamount to hate speech, the Supreme Court (SC) has recently held...

08 Dec 2020 Judiciary
Gender Gap and Sensitisation in Judiciary

Why in News Recently, the Attorney General (AG) K K Venugopal, in his written submission to the Supreme Court (SC), has emphasised the need for...

03 Dec 2020 Judiciary
Reservation in Super-speciality Medical Courses: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has reserved its order on the state governments providing a 50% in-service reservation for admissions...

26 Nov 2020 Judiciary
Article 32 of the Constitution

Why in News Recently, the Chief Justice of India (CJI), during a hearing of a plea, said that the court is trying to discourage petitions filed...

17 Nov 2020 Judiciary
National Legal Services Day

Why in News The National Legal Services Day is celebrated on 9th November every year to spread awareness for ensuring reasonable fair and justice...

09 Nov 2020 Judiciary
Live Streaming of Court Proceedings

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat High Court has become the first Court to live stream judicial proceedings on YouTube channel. Key Points The...

27 Oct 2020 Judiciary
In- House Procedure Against Judges of Higher Judiciary

Why in News Recently, in a letter to the Chief Justice of India (CJI), Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister has accused the Supreme Court judge, Justice...

27 Oct 2020 Judiciary
SC on Crimes and Violence Against Women

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court has said that crimes against women continued in a “never-ending cycle” in India. Key...

16 Oct 2020 Judiciary
Right of Passage of the Animals

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) upheld the 2011 order of the Madras High Court (HC) on the Nilgiris elephant corridor, affirming the...

16 Oct 2020 Judiciary
SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request

Why in News The Supreme Court has sought a response from the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), to its request to eight...

10 Oct 2020 Judiciary

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		'article_id' => (int) 7725,
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		'title' => 'Right of Reputation vs Right to Dignity',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a Delhi court has rejected a criminal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/misuse-of-criminal-defamation-law-madras-hc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>defamation</strong></a> case filed by former Union Minister against a journalist over her tweets accusing him of <strong>sexual harassment.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consideration by the Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court took consideration of the systematic abuse at the workplace due to the <strong>lack of mechanism to redress the grievance of sexual harassment</strong> at the time of the incident of sexual harassment against the accused journalist took place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was prior to the issuance of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=The%20right%20to%20life%20and,to%20procedure%20established%20by%20law%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Vishaka Guidelines</strong></a> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> and enactment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-s-verma-committee-on-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Court's Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> right of reputation</strong> cannot be protected at the cost of the <strong>right of life and dignity of women.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Right to Reputation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the SC, the right to reputation is an integral part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-rights-and-oci-cardholders#:~:text=Article%2021%3A%20It%20declares%20that,both%20citizens%20and%20non%2Dcitizens.&amp;text=We%20were%20unable%20to%20load%20Disqus." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 21</strong></a> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, existence of <strong>Section 499 (Criminal Defamation) of the Indian Penal Code, 1860</strong> is not a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression because it ensures that the social interest is served by holding a reputation as a shared value of the public at large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to Life (Article 21):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.</li>
<li>It confers on every person the fundamental right to life and personal liberty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to Live with Dignity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/evolution-of-indian-judiciary#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20in%20Maneka,miscellaneous%20grouping%20of%20constitutional%20guarantees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978</strong></em></a>, the SC gave a new dimension to Article 21 and held that the <strong>right to live is not merely a physical right but includes within its ambit the right to live with human dignity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Woman has a<strong> right to put her grievance at any platform</strong> of her choice and <strong>even after decades.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defamation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, <strong>defamation</strong> can both be a<strong> civil wrong</strong> and a <strong>criminal offence.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> difference</strong> between the two lies in the<strong> objects they seek to achieve.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>civil wrong</strong> tends to provide for a<strong> redress of wrongs</strong> by awarding compensation and a<strong> criminal law seeks to punish</strong> a wrongdoer and send a message to others not to commit such acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Laws for Defamation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Indian laws,<strong> criminal defamation</strong> has been specifically defined as an offence under the <strong>section 499 of the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-379" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Penal Code (IPC)</a></strong> whereas the<strong> civil defamation is based on tort law</strong> (an area of law which does not rely on statutes to define wrongs but takes from ever-increasing body of case laws to define what would constitute a wrong).</li>
<li><strong>Section 499</strong> states <strong>defamation could be through words, spoken or intended to be read, through signs, and also through visible representations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These can either be published or spoken about a person with the<strong> intention of damaging the reputation of that person, or with the knowledge or reason to believe that the imputation will harm his reputation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 499</strong> also cites <strong>exceptions.</strong> These include <strong>&ldquo;imputation of truth&rdquo;</strong> which is required for the <strong>&ldquo;public good&rdquo;</strong> and thus has to be published, on the public conduct of government officials, the conduct of any person touching any public question and merits of the public performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 500 of IPC,</strong> which is on punishment for defamation, reads, &ldquo;Whoever defames another shall be <strong>punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, in a <strong>criminal case, defamation has to be established beyond reasonable doubt</strong> but in a <strong>civil defamation suit, damages can be awarded based on probabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Validity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC of India, in the <em><strong>Subramanian Swamy vs Union of India, 2014,</strong> </em>upheld the constitutional validity of the criminal defamation law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/metoo-delhi-court-quashes-mj-akbars-defamation-case-against-priya-ramani/article33860324.ece#:~:text=Photo%3A%20Special%20Arrangement-,%22Women%20have%20the%20right%20to%20put%20their%20grievances%20at%20any,accusing%20him%20of%20sexual%20harassment." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7642,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Impact of Judicial Decisions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> has asked research organisation <strong>&lsquo;Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International&rsquo;</strong> to conduct a study on the<strong> &ldquo;economic impact&rdquo;</strong> <strong>of various judgments delivered by courts and tribunals</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/when-judges-legislate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;judicial activism&rsquo;</strong></a> of such courts and tribunals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judicial Activism:</strong> It implies the<strong> assertive role played by the judiciary</strong> to force the other two organs of the government (legislature and executive) to discharge their constitutional duties. It is<strong> also known as &ldquo;judicial dynamism&rdquo;.</strong> It is the<strong> antithesis of &ldquo;judicial restraint&rdquo;,</strong> which means the self-control exercised by the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conducting Organization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study is to be undertaken by the Jaipur-headquartered <strong>CUTS (Consumer Unity and Trust Society)</strong> Centre for Competition, Investment and Economic Regulation, that also has an international presence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> registered, recognised, non-profit, non-partisan, non-government organisation (NGO)</strong> pursuing social justice and economic equity both within and across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of the study aims a<strong> &ldquo;narrative building for sensitising the judiciary on the economic impact of their decisions&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is to do an objective <strong>cost-benefit analysis of the economic impact of the decisions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projects to be Studied:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Study intends to examine<strong> five major projects that have been &ldquo;impacted&rdquo; by judicial decisions of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court (SC)</a></strong> or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Projects to be analysed include the construction of an<strong> airport in Mopa, Goa;</strong> cessation of<strong> iron ore mining in Goa,</strong> and the shutting down of the <strong>Sterlite copper plant in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>The others are decisions by the NGT involving <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unep-report-on-sand-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sand mining</a>, and construction activities in the National Capital Region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It plans to do this by <strong>interviewing people who have been affected</strong> by the closure of the projects, environmental campaigners, experts and assessing the business impact of closure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings will be used as a <strong>training input for judges</strong> of commercial courts, NGT, High Courts and SC.</li>
<li>It would contribute to public discourse among policymakers for promoting an <strong>&ldquo;economically responsible approach by judiciary&rdquo;</strong> in its decisions.</li>
<li>The study is also a <strong>part of the larger umbrella project</strong> undertaken by NITI Aayog under which it wants to establish a<strong> judicial performance index,</strong> which would measure the performance of judges at district courts and subordinate levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2017, the same CUTS International had also conducted an assessment study on the economic impact of the SC&rsquo;s decision to <strong>impose a ban on the presence of liquor shops within 500 m of any highway.</strong></li>
<li>The study showed that <strong>cases which involve substantial social and economic dimensions need to be studied in detail</strong> to assess whether they are implementable in the first place and whether the loss to the economy outweighs the gains envisaged.</li>
<li>This could be done <strong>if Courts set up expert committees</strong> to study these aspects which can also engage economists to analyse the cost/benefits before a judgment is pronounced.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court had established such expert group committees for cases in the past like the <strong>Supreme Court Committee on Road Safety</strong> under the Chairmanship of Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan in 2014 and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-alters-lodhas-bcci-proposals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Justice Lodha Committee</a> set up in 2015</strong> for reforms within the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), amongst others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612782274_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612782274_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/niti-aayog-orders-study-on-economic-impact-of-judicial-decisions-7178976/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to Privacy & Legitimate State Interest',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Central government has stated that <strong>though the right to privacy is held to be a sacred fundamental right,</strong> the <strong>veil of privacy can be lifted for legitimate State interest.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government was <strong>responding to a petition seeking permanent halting of the Centre&rsquo;s surveillance projects</strong>- Centralized Monitoring System (CMS), Network Traffic Analysis (NETRA) and National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Surveillance Projects</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Centralized Monitoring System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has set up a Centralised Monitoring System (CMS) for lawful interception and monitoring of mobile phones, landlines and internet traffic through mobile networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Network Traffic Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NETRA (or Network Traffic Analysis) is one such effort being taken by the Indian Government to filter suspicious keywords from messages in the network</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Intelligence Grid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First conceptualised in 2009, NATGRID (National intelligence Grid) seeks to become the one-stop destination for security and intelligence agencies to access databases related to immigration entry and exit, banking and telephone details of a suspect on a &ldquo;secured platform&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Petitioner's Arguments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s surveillance projects enable<strong> government authorities</strong> to <strong>intercept, store, analyse and retain telephone and internet communications data</strong> in bulk in<strong> violation of the fundamental right to privacy.</strong></li>
<li>These systems <strong>allow the government a 360 degree surveillance of all citizens,</strong> including judges.</li>
<li>It<strong> sought creation of a permanent and independent oversight authority</strong> - judicial or parliamentary - for<strong> authorising and reviewing</strong> interception and monitoring orders or warrants issued under the<strong> Telegraph Act, 1885 and the IT Act, 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Arguments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li style="text-align: left;">Lawful interception, monitoring or decryption of any messages or information stored in any computer resources is done by authorised agencies after<strong> due approval in each case by the competent authority.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="text-align: left;">There is<strong> no blanket permission</strong> to any agency for interception or monitoring or decryption; and <strong>permission from the competent authority (Union Home Secretary)</strong> is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">It contended there is <strong>sufficient mechanism of oversight</strong> in place in the form of a Review Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary at the centre and chief secretary at the state level, which examines if the approval has been given in accordance with the law.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="text-align: left;">When the<strong> Review Committee is of the opinion that the directions are not in accordance with the provisions,</strong> it may set aside the directions and <strong>order for destruction of the copies</strong> of the intercepted message or class of messages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The grave threats to the country from<strong> terrorism, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-radicalisation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radicalization</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cross-border-terrorism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cross-border terrorism</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybercrime</a>, organized crime, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drug cartels</a></strong> cannot be understated or ignored and a strong and robust mechanism for timely and speedy collection of actionable intelligence including digital intelligence, is imperative to counter threats to the national security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Right to Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generally understood that privacy is synonymous with the<strong> right to be let alone.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court described privacy and its importance in the landmark decision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Union%20of%20India%20(2017),21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=The%20Puttaswamy%20judgement%20of%202017,fundamental%20right%20in%20Indian%20Jurisprudence." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India </strong></em></a>in<strong> 2017</strong> that - Right to Privacy is a fundamental and inalienable right and <strong>attaches to the person covering all information about that person and the choices that he/ she makes.</strong></li>
<li>The right to privacy is<strong> protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions (as stated in the Judgement):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right may be restricted only by state action that passes each of the three tests:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, such state action must have a <strong>legislative mandate;</strong></li>
<li>Second, it must be<strong> pursuing a legitimate state</strong> purpose; and</li>
<li>Third, it must be proportionate i.e., such <strong>state action- both in its nature and extent,</strong> must be necessary in a democratic society and the action ought to be the least intrusive of the available alternatives to accomplish the ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Steps to Protect Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill</strong> </a>regulates the processing of <strong>personal data of individuals (data principals)</strong> by <strong>government and private entities</strong> (data fiduciaries) incorporated in India and abroad. Processing is allowed if the individual gives consent, or in a medical emergency, or by the State for providing benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>B N Srikrishna Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government appointed a <strong>committee of experts on data protection</strong> under the chairmanship of<strong> Justice B N Srikrishna</strong> that submitted its report in <strong>July 2018. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IT Act provides for <strong>safeguard against certain breaches</strong> in relation to data from computer systems. It contains provisions to prevent the<strong> unauthorized use of computers, computer systems and data stored therein.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/veil-of-privacy-can-be-lifted-for-legitimate-state-interest-centre-response-in-delhi-hc-7176694/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7581,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nilgiri Elephant Corridor Case',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court (SC)</a> appointed a conservationist as Member of a Technical Committee</strong> constituted in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-of-passage-of-the-animals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>October 2020 case</strong></a> to hear complaints by landowners against sealing of their buildings infringing the <strong>Nilgiri Elephant Corridor</strong> in Tamil Nadu by the state authorities.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the October 2020 Case:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020,<strong> SC had upheld the Tamil Nadu government&rsquo;s authority to notify an &lsquo;elephant corridor&rsquo;</strong> and protect the migratory path of the animals through the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri biosphere reserve</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The SC had said it was the State&rsquo;s duty to protect a <strong>&ldquo;keystone species&rdquo;</strong> such as elephants, immensely important to the environment.</li>
<li>The SC also <strong>allowed the formation of a committee</strong> led by a retired HC judge and two other persons to hear the individual objections of resort owners and private landowners within the corridor space.</li>
<li>The SC judgment was based on <strong>appeals filed by resorts/private landowners, against a Madras High Court decision of July 2011. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Madras HC Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, the Madras HC <strong>upheld the validity of the Tamil Nadu government&rsquo;s notification (of 2010) declaring an &lsquo;Elephant Corridor&rsquo;</strong> in the Sigur Plateau of Nilgiris District.</li>
<li>It said that the government is fully empowered under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-undercounting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Project Elephant'</strong></a> of the Union government as well as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties#:~:text=All%20the%20eleven%20duties%20are,and%20to%20their%20fellow%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 51 A(g)</strong></a> of the Constitution to notify the elephant corridor in the state&rsquo;s Nilgiris district.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 51 A(g):</strong> It shall be the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties#:~:text=The%20idea%20of%20Fundamental%20Duties%20is%20inspired%20from%20the%20Constitution%20of%20Russia.&amp;text=The%20fundamental%20duties%20serve%20as,and%20to%20their%20fellow%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental duty</strong></a> of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, it upheld directions to the resort owners and other private landowners to vacate lands falling within the notified <strong>Nilgiri elephant corridor.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nilgiris Elephant Corridor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The corridor is situated in the ecologically fragile<strong> Sigur plateau, which connects the Western and the Eastern Ghats</strong> and sustains elephant populations and their genetic diversity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is situated near the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudumalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudumalai National Park</strong></a> in the Nilgiris district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has the Nilgiri hills on its southwestern side and the <strong>Moyar river valley</strong> on its northeastern side. The elephants cross the plateau in search of food and water.</li>
<li>There are about 100 elephant corridors in India of which almost 70% are used regularly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>75% of the corridors are in the southern, central and north-eastern forests.</li>
<li>There are an estimated 6,500 elephants in just the <strong>Brahmagiri-Nilgiris-Eastern Ghats ranges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges for Elephant Corridors:</strong> &lsquo;Right of Passage&rsquo;, an 800-page study released in August 2017, authored by experts and published by the <strong>Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)</strong> identifies and records details pertaining to 101 elephant corridors across India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Narrowing Passage Width:</strong> Only 22% corridors are of a width of one to three kilometres in 2017, compared with 41% in 2005, pointing to how constricted corridors have become in the past 12 years.</li>
<li><strong>Human Encroachment of Corridors:</strong> 21.8% of corridors were free of human settlements in 2017 compared with 22.8% in 2005.</li>
<li><strong>Intercepted Corridors:</strong> About 36.4% of the elephant corridors in northwestern India, 32% in central India, 35.7% in northern West Bengal and 13% of the elephant corridors in northeastern India have <strong>a railway line</strong> passing through them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost two-thirds of the corridors have a <strong>National or State Highway</strong> passing through them, fragmenting habitats and hindering elephant movement further.</li>
<li>11% of corridors have canals passing through them.</li>
<li>12% are affected by mining and the extraction of boulders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land-use Along Corridors:</strong> In terms of land use, only 12.9% of the corridors are totally under forest cover in 2017 compared with 24% in 2005.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Two in every three elephant corridors in the country are now affected by agricultural activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for Conservation of Elephants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/printpdf/electrocution-of-elephants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gaj Yatra.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project Elephant</a></strong>.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electrocution-of-elephants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name <strong>&rsquo;Nilgiris&rsquo; with literary meaning &lsquo;blue mountains&rsquo;</strong> has originated from the blue flower clad mountains of the Nilgiris plateau within the State of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>It was the<strong> first biosphere reserve in India</strong> established in the year 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geography:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The total area of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is 5,520 sq. km.</li>
<li>It is <strong>located in the Western Ghats</strong> and encompasses parts of<strong> Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Characteristics: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confluence of Biotic zones:</strong> It exemplifies the<strong> tropical forest biome</strong> which portrays the <strong>confluence of Afro-tropical and Indo-Malayan biotic zones</strong> of the world.</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity Hotspot:</strong> Biogeographically, Western Ghats is the most important region and one of the noted <strong>Biodiversity Hotspots</strong> (biogeographic regions having <strong>highest density of endemic species)</strong> for speciation in the tropics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NBR harbors a wide spectrum of ecosystem types. Major parts of the core areas spread over Kerala and Tamil Nadu States, include<strong> evergreen, semi evergreen, moist deciduous montane sholas and grassland types of vegetation.</strong></li>
<li>Whereas the core area spread over the State of Karnataka contains mostly <strong>dry deciduous forests and a few patches of moist deciduous, semi evergreen and scrub jungles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Animals like <strong>Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, slender loris, blackbuck, tiger, gaur, Indian elephant and marten</strong> are found here.</li>
<li>Freshwater fishes such as <strong>Nilgiri danio</strong> (<em>Devario neilgherriensis</em>), <strong>Nilgiri barb</strong> (<em>Hypselobarbus dubuis</em>) and <strong>Bowany barb</strong> (<em>Puntius bovanicus</em>) are endemic to this Biosphere Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water resources:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many of the major tributaries of the river <strong>Cauvery</strong> like the <strong>Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini and other rivers like Chaliyar, Punampuzha,</strong> etc., have their source and catchment areas within the reserve boundary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Population:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tribal groups like the <strong>Todas, Kotas, Irullas, Kurumbas, Paniyas, Adiyans, Edanadan Chettis, Cholanaickens, Allar, Malayan,</strong> etc., are native to the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Areas in NBR:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park</strong> and <strong>Silent Valley</strong> are the protected areas present within this reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7573,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Justice Report 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-justice-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> India Justice Report</strong></a> (2020) prepared by the<strong> Tata Trusts</strong> in collaboration with the<strong> Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, DAKSH, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy</strong> and the <strong>Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</strong> has been released recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report <strong>assesses the capacity of various states to deliver justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report <strong>analysed expenditure, vacancies, representation of women, human resources, infrastructure, workload, diversity across 18 large and medium-sized states</strong> with a population of over 1 crore and <strong>7 small states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The overall ranking is a result of a state&rsquo;s ranking across the<strong> four pillars of justice delivery system - Judiciary, Police, Prisons and Legal aid.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> was ranked<strong> topmost</strong> among 18 states for the second time in a row, followed by Tamil Nadu and Telangana. <strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> remains<strong> last.</strong></li>
<li>Amongst the<strong> smaller states, Goa</strong> remained at the<strong> top</strong> and <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> at the<strong> bottom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Ratio in Police Force:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bihar</strong> leads the list of 25 states for employing most women in its <strong>police force</strong> which is 25.3%.</li>
<li>It is the only state to have more than <strong>20% women in the police force.</strong> However, women account for only <strong>6.1% in the officer category. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Tamil Nadu</strong> has the<strong> highest percentage of women police officers</strong> (24.8%), followed by Mizoram (20.1%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Ratio in Judiciary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overall, <strong>only 29% judges in High Courts</strong> across the country are women, but no state <strong>except Sikkim</strong> has over 20% women judges.</li>
<li>Four states - Bihar, Uttarakhand, Tripura and Meghalaya <strong>have no woman judges in high courts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Justice:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Karnataka</strong> is the only state to meet its quotas for SC, ST and OBC in both officer cadre and constabulary.</li>
<li><strong>Chhattisgarh</strong> being the only other state that meets the diversity requirements for constabulary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Finances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the last 25 years, only<strong> 1.5 crore</strong> people have received legal aid with the Centre spending<strong> Rs. 1.05 per capita in 2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Proportion of Undertrials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Two-thirds</strong> of all prisoners are <strong>undertrials</strong> awaiting a conviction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A person who is being held in custody awaiting trial for a crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Poor Justice Delivery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Legal services institutions remain affected by a<strong> lack of infrastructure, uneven human resource distribution, poor utilization of central funds and an inability to effectively harness <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-adalat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lok Adalats</a> to ease the burden on the judiciary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-justice-report-2020-one-in-4-cops-in-bihar-a-woman-highest-among-states-report-7165809/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7565,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Collegium System for the Appointment of Judges',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>questioned the government about the delay in clearing<strong> Collegium recommendations for judicial appointments</strong> to various High Courts (HC).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> system of appointment and transfer of judges that has evolved through judgments of the SC,</strong> and not by an Act of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliament-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Parliament</strong></a> or by a provision of the Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Evolution of the System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Judges Case (1981)</strong>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It declared that the<strong> &ldquo;primacy&rdquo;</strong> of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Justice of India</a> (CJI)s</strong> recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for &ldquo;cogent reasons.&rdquo; </li>
<li>The r<strong>uling gave the Executive primacy over the Judiciary in judicial appointments</strong> for the next 12 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Judges Case (1993):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC <strong>introduced the Collegium system,</strong> holding that &ldquo;consultation&rdquo; really meant &ldquo;concurrence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It added that it was not the CJI&rsquo;s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the SC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Judges Case (1998):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC on President&rsquo;s reference <strong>expanded the Collegium to a five-member body,</strong> comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> SC collegium is headed by the CJI</strong> and <strong>comprises four other senior most judges</strong> of the court.</li>
<li>A <strong>HC collegium is led by its Chief Justice </strong>and<strong> four other senior most judges of that court.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Names recommended for appointment by a HC collegium reaches the government only after approval by the CJI and the SC collegium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed only through the collegium system and the <strong>government has a role only after names have been decided by the collegium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government&rsquo;s role is limited to getting an inquiry conducted by the Intelligence Bureau (IB)</strong> if a lawyer is to be elevated as a judge in a High Court or the Supreme Court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Intelligence Bureau (IB):</strong> It is a reputed and established intelligence agency. It is authoritatively controlled by the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>can also raise objections</strong> and seek clarifications regarding the collegium&rsquo;s choices, <strong>but if the collegium reiterates</strong> the same names, the government is bound, under Constitution Bench judgments, to appoint them as judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure for Various Judicial Appointments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For CJI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> President of India appoints the CJI and the other SC judges.</strong></li>
<li>As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor.</li>
<li>In practice, it has been strictly by seniority ever since the supersession controversy of the 1970s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For SC Judges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For other judges of the SC, the proposal is initiated by the CJI.</li>
<li>The<strong> CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members,</strong> as well as the senior-most judge of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.</li>
<li>The consultees must record their opinions in writing and it should form part of the file.</li>
<li>The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Chief Justice of High Courts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States.</li>
<li>The Collegium takes the call on the elevation.</li>
<li>High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges.</li>
<li>The proposal, however, is initiated by the outgoing Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.</li>
<li>The recommendation is sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to send the proposal to the Union Law Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of the Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Opaqueness and a lack of transparency.</li>
<li>Scope for nepotism.</li>
<li>Embroilment in public controversies.</li>
<li>Overlooks several talented junior judges and advocates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Attempts to reform the Appointment System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The attempt made to replace it by a <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-94" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;National Judicial Appointments Commission&rsquo;</strong></a> was struck down by the court in 2015 on the ground that it posed a threat to the independence of the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> of the Indian Constitution provides that the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after consultation with such a number of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose.</li>
<li><strong>Article 217</strong> of the Indian Constitution states that the Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Filling up of vacancies is a continuous and collaborative process involving the executive and the judiciary, and <strong>there cannot be a time frame for it.</strong> However, it is time to think of a <strong>permanent, independent body to institutionalize the process</strong> with adequate safeguards to preserve the judiciary&rsquo;s independence guaranteeing <strong>judicial primacy</strong> but <strong>not judicial exclusivity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should ensure<strong> independence, reflect diversity, demonstrate professional competence and integrity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instead of selecting the number of judges required against a certain number of vacancies, <strong>the collegium must provide a panel of possible names to the President</strong> to appoint in order of preference and other valid criteria.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hc-vacancies-sc-questions-govt-over-delay-in-action-on-collegium-recommendations-7164469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7440,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scandalising the Courts: A Ground for Contempt',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Karnataka High Court has issued notice to the Union government on a <strong>PIL petition,</strong> challenging the <strong>constitutional validity of a provision of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971,</strong> that makes <strong>&ldquo;scandalising or tends to scandalising courts&rdquo; as a ground for contempt.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/public-interest-litigation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Interest Litigation (PIL)</strong> </a>stands for a legal action taken by a public spirited person in order to protect public interest (any act for the benefit of the public).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds for Contempt:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/contempt-of-court-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Contempt</strong> </a>is the <strong>power of the court to protect its own majesty and respect.</strong> The power is <strong>regulated but not restricted in the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The expression &lsquo;contempt of court&rsquo; has <strong>not been defined by the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>Article 129</strong> of the Constitution conferred on the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> the power to punish contempt of itself. <strong>Article 215</strong> conferred a corresponding power on the <strong>High Courts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Contempt of Courts Act, 1971</strong> defines both <strong>civil and criminal contempt.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Civil contempt [Section 2(b)]</strong> refers to<strong> wilful disobedience to any judgment of the court. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Criminal contempt</strong> can be invoked if an act:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tends to <strong>scandalise or lower the authority</strong> of the court <strong>[Section 2 (c)(i)];</strong> or</li>
<li>Tends to <strong>interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding [Section 2 (c)(ii)];</strong> or</li>
<li><strong>Obstruct the administration of justice [Section 2 (c)(iii)].</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 5 of the Act provides that<strong> &ldquo;fair criticism&rdquo; or &ldquo;fair comment&rdquo;</strong> on the merits of a finally decided case <strong>would not amount to contempt.</strong> But the <strong>determination of what is &ldquo;fair&rdquo; is left to the interpretation of judges.</strong></li>
<li>The Act was <strong>amended in 2006</strong> to include the<strong> defence of truth</strong> under Section 13 of the original legislation. Implying that the court must permit justification by truth as a valid defence if it is satisfied that it is in the public interest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments of the Petitioners:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 2(c)(i)</strong> of the Act <strong>violates the right to free speech and expression</strong> guaranteed under<strong> Article 19(1)(a) and does not amount to a reasonable restriction under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/access-to-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 19(2).</a></strong></li>
<li>Though the petitioners have not<strong> challenged the constitutional validity of Section 2(c) (ii) and Section 2(c)(iii) of the Act,</strong> they have contended that <strong>rules and guidelines must be framed</strong> defining the process that superior courts must employ while taking criminal contempt action, keeping in mind principles of natural justice and fairness.</li>
<li>In the <strong>contempt jurisdiction,</strong> the petitioners have contended, the <strong>judges may often be seen to be acting in their own cause,</strong> thus<strong> violating the principles of natural justice</strong> and <strong>adversely affecting the public confidence</strong> they seek to preserve through the proceeding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues that Get Highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subjectivity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>word &lsquo;scandalising&rsquo; is subjective</strong> and depends on the perception of the concerned person. As long as the words &lsquo;scandalising the court&rsquo; are present (in the statute book), it will be <strong>susceptible to arbitrary exercise of power.</strong></li>
<li>One of the disturbing trends is the <strong>propensity of the court to treat personal attacks on their character as contempt.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is often forgotten that the law of contempt is <strong>not meant for protecting the judges, but it is for the protection of the institution of the judiciary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violation of Freedom of Expression:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> strong judiciary in a democratic republic</strong> is the bulwark of masses of this country. It <strong>must work towards</strong> fulfilling the goals set out in the constitution - to secure social economic and political justice for the masses and to uphold their fundamental rights.</li>
<li>If the<strong> judiciary is not functioning keeping in mind these objectives, an individual should have the freedom to point out the same</strong> and it cannot be said to be criminal contempt. Freedom of expression is a fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>United Kingdom&rsquo;s Decision to abolish &lsquo;scandalising the judiciary&rsquo; as a form of contempt of court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s contempt of court law is derived from British law,</strong> but<strong> in 2013,</strong> the <strong>United Kingdom abolished</strong> &lsquo;scandalising the judiciary&rsquo; as a form of contempt of court <strong>on the grounds that this went against freedom of expression while retaining other forms of contempt</strong> like behaviour causing disruption or interference with court proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>One of the reasons</strong> why the UK repealed scandalising judiciary as a ground for contempt is <strong>to allow constructive criticism. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Does not recognise one of the basic principles of natural justice, </strong>i.e.,<strong> no man shall be a judge in his own cause.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, in contempt proceedings, the court arrogates to itself the powers of a judge, jury and executioner which often leads to perverse outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Freedom of speech</strong> is the most fundamental of the fundamental rights and the restrictions thereupon have to be minimal. The <strong>law of contempt of court can impose only such restrictions as are needed to sustain the legitimacy of the judicial institutions.</strong> The law need not protect the judges. It has to protect only the judiciary.</li>
<li>A contempt notice issued without proper scrutiny could cause great hardship to people who are engaged in public life. Freedom must be the rule and the restriction must be an exception.</li>
<li>In contemporary times, it is more important that <strong>courts are seen to be concerned about accountability,</strong> that allegations are scotched by impartial probes rather than threats of contempt action, and processes are transparent.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-hc-notice-to-centre-on-pil-challenging-contempt-of-courts-act/article33558927.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7298,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'e-Sewa Kendra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an <strong>e-Sewa Kendra</strong> was inaugurated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong></a> at the <strong>High Court of Tripura</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>e-Seva Kendra:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>e-Seva Kendras</strong> have been <strong>created in the High Courts and in one District Court in each State</strong> on a pilot basis.</li>
<li>They are dedicated to serve as a <strong>one-stop center for all legal aid and assistance</strong> for common <strong>litigants and advocates</strong>.</li>
<li>It <strong>enables litigants to obtain information with respect to case status</strong> and to obtain copies of judgments and orders.</li>
<li>These centres also extend assistance in e-filing of cases.</li>
<li>These Kendras represent a <strong>significant step for the common man and his right to access to justice</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Technological Initiatives to Provide Legal Services:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tele-Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About: <a href="/printpdf/tele-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tele-Law programme</a></strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Law and Justice in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) in 2017</strong> to address cases at pre&ndash;litigation stage.</li>
<li><strong>Connect Lawyers to Litigants:</strong> It is a service that uses <strong>video conferencing facilities and telephone services to connect lawyers to litigants who need legal advice</strong>. This service aims to reach out to the needy especially the marginalized and disadvantaged.</li>
<li><strong>Common Service Centres:</strong> Under this programme, <strong>smart technology of video conferencing, telephone/instant calling facilities available at the vast network of Common Service Centres at the Panchayat level are used</strong> to connect the indigent, down-trodden, vulnerable, unreached groups and communities with the Panel Lawyers for seeking timely and valuable legal advice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>e-Courts Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-virtual-courts-and-way-forward#:~:text=An%20e-court%20or%20Electronic,in%20place%20since%20the%201990s." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Courts</strong></a> project was conceptualized on the basis of the <strong>National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary &ndash; 2005</strong>. It is a <strong>pan-India Project, monitored and funded by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Project:</strong><br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>To provide <strong>efficient &amp; time-bound citizen-centric services</strong> delivery as detailed in e-Court Project Litigant's Charter.</li>
<li>To <strong>develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems</strong> in courts.</li>
<li>To <strong>automate the processes</strong> to provide transparency and accessibility of information to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To <strong>enhance judicial productivity, both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively,</strong> to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable and transparent.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hallmark-of-great-judges-to-be-keener-on-justice-not-merely-on-law-says-cji-7117596/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7251,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>(SC) has stayed an <strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court</strong> (HC) order intending to embark on a <strong>judicial enquiry into whether there is a constitutional breakdown in the State machinery,</strong> requiring a declaration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra#:~:text=Under%20Article%20356%2C%20President's%20Rule,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President&rsquo;s rule</strong></a> <strong>(Article 356).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A three-judge bench headed by<strong> Chief Justice of India S A Bobde</strong> found the order <strong>disturbing</strong> and will take up the matter later on after vacations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court&rsquo;s Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While hearing a clutch of <em><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habeas-corpus-cases-in-jammu-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>habeas corpus</strong></a></em> petitions in <strong>October 2020,</strong> it<em><strong> suo motu</strong> </em><strong>summoned the State counsel</strong> to assist it in deciding &ldquo;whether in circumstances prevailing in the State, the<strong> court can record a finding that there is constitutional breakdown or not&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Habeas Corpus</strong> is a<strong> Latin term</strong> which literally means <strong>&lsquo;to have the body</strong> of&rsquo;. Under this the court issues an order to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it.</li>
<li>This <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>writ</strong> </a>is a <strong>bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention</strong> and can be issued <strong>against both public authorities as well as private individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Government&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC<strong> framed the question in an unprecedented manner</strong> and <strong>without any basis or pleadings</strong> by any of the parties to that effect.</li>
<li>It highlighted that <strong>Article 356,</strong> which deals with<strong> failure of Constitutional machinery in a State,</strong> is a <strong>power exclusively vested in the executive</strong> and <strong>not the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitutional framework, it is<strong> not for the Courts to decide</strong> as to whether there is a Constitutional breakdown in a State as they<strong> do not have any judicially discoverable and manageable standards to determine</strong> so.</li>
<li>The said fact is<strong> essentially an executive function and is necessarily required to be based on a detailed factual analysis.</strong></li>
<li>The HC order is a<strong> serious encroachment on the powers of the executive</strong> as enumerated under the Constitution and is<strong> violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1#:~:text=of%20the%20government.-,The%20Doctrine%20of%20Separation%20of%20Powers,arbitrary%20excesses%20by%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener">doctrine of separation of powers</a></strong> and thus, <strong>violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Origin%3A%20The%20basic%20structure%20theory,fundamental%20features%E2%80%9D%20of%20their%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">basic structure of the Constitution.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Separation of powers is the <strong>division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions</strong> of government.</li>
<li>Since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws, it <strong>minimises the possibility of arbitrary excesses by the government.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional demarcation <strong>precludes the concentration of excessive power by any branch</strong> of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It implies the <strong>suspension of a state government</strong> and the<strong> imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong> It is also known as<strong> &lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo;</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The SC in <em><strong>Bommai case 1994</strong></em> <strong>enlisted the situations</strong> where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be used.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such situation is that of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-electoral-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;</strong></a>, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s rule is imposed through the invocation of <strong>Article 356</strong> of the Constitution <strong>by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers</strong> (executive).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the President, upon <strong>receipt of the report from the Governor of the State</strong> or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule<strong> must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval<strong> takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule can be <strong>extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-study-constitutional-breakdown-in-state/article33364452.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Friday,a%20declaration%20of%20President's%20rule.&amp;text=As%20the%20apex%20court%2C%20we%20find%20this%20disturbing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7232,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'No Replies to SC or HCs: Maharashtra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>both Houses of the Maharashtra State Legislature</strong> have passed proposals stating that they <strong>will not take cognizance of or reply to any notice sent by the High Court</strong> (HC) or the <strong>Supreme Court</strong> (SC)<strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Breach of Privilege Motion</a></strong> against a TV editor and anchor.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Breach of Privilege Motion was moved in the State Assembly against the TV anchor, accused of using <strong>&ldquo;derogatory language&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;making baseless remarks&rdquo;</strong> against the Chief Minister of the State and <strong>&ldquo;frequently insulting&rdquo;</strong> Ministers and MPs during TV debates.</li>
<li>The anchor <strong>filed a petition challenging the Breach of Privilege Motion</strong> in the SC.</li>
<li>The <strong>assistant secretary of the Assembly questioned this move</strong> as well as <strong>producing &ldquo;confidential&rdquo; communications</strong> from the Speaker and the House Privileges Committee.</li>
<li>The <strong>SC then issued a contempt notice</strong> to the assistant secretary of the Assembly and also held that it might be &ldquo;necessary in all probability to serve the Speaker&rdquo; to know his version in matter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario and State Assembly&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The House Speaker<strong> initiated the motion of the Treasury benches</strong> and cited <strong>Article 194 of the Constitution,</strong> which lays down the powers and privileges of the Houses of Legislatures, and <strong>Article 212,</strong> which pertains to courts not inquiring into proceedings of the legislature.</li>
<li>The proposals held that <strong>replying to such notices could mean accepting that the judiciary can keep a check on the legislature</strong> and would be inconsistent with the <strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>The proposals were <strong>passed unanimously,</strong> which stated that the Speaker and Deputy Speaker would not respond to any notice or summons issued by the SC.</li>
<li>The <strong>Legislative Council also passed the proposal unanimously</strong> and stated that <strong>no cognizance will be taken of any notice or summons issued by the HC or SC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reactions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Politicians have noted that the<strong> notice was in exception to the language used in the letter and has not encroached in any way on the rights of the legislature</strong> to legislate. If the legislature passes such a motion, it will set a wrong precedent.</li>
<li>Parliamentary Affairs Minister has held that the <strong>proposal was limited to upholding the esteem of the Speaker&rsquo;s chair</strong> and<strong> ensuring that the presiding authority is safeguarded from judicial scrutiny</strong> in matters of legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Privilege Motion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is concerned with the <strong>breach of parliamentary privileges</strong> by a minister.</li>
<li><strong>Breach of Privileges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Parliamentary Privileges are certain <strong>rights and immunities enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively,</strong> so that they can &ldquo;effectively discharge their functions&rdquo;.</li>
<li>When any of these rights and immunities are <strong>disregarded,</strong> the <strong>offence is called a breach of privilege</strong> and is <strong>punishable</strong> under law of Parliament.</li>
<li>A <strong>notice is moved in the form of a motion by any member</strong> of either House against those being held guilty of breach of privilege.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of the Speaker/Chair:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Speaker/Chair is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion.</li>
<li>The Speaker/Chair can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament. If the Speaker/Chair gives consent under relevant rules, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules Governing Privilege:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rule 222 in Chapter 20 </strong>of the<strong> Lok Sabha Rule Book</strong> and correspondingly<strong> Rule 187 in Chapter 16</strong> of the <strong>Rajya Sabha Rule Book</strong> governs privilege.</li>
<li>Rules say that a member may, with the consent of the Speaker or the Chairperson, raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House or a committee thereof.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/privilege-motion-maharashtra-house-wont-take-note-of-court-in-arnab-case-7106543/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7164,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Truths and Hate Speech: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the context of<strong> discussing the limits of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-of-speech-and-expression-on-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener">free speech</a></strong> and <strong>what may tantamount to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/net-neutrality-vs-hate-speech" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hate speech</a></strong>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) has recently held that &ldquo;Historical truths must be depicted without in any way disclosing or encouraging hatred or enmity between different classes or communities.&rdquo;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>FIRs were filed against a TV anchor</strong> for alleged remarks on the <strong>sufi saint Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti</strong> in a news show.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>On &lsquo;True Facts&rsquo;:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Elaborating on the point about <strong>truth or true facts being a defence in cases of free speech,</strong> the SC cited its ruling in<em> K A Abbas versus Union of India case 1970,</em> which was about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/all-things-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>censorship.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The order said that there is<strong> no bar in showing carnage or bloodshed which have historical value,</strong> and depiction of such scenes may be permissible, if handled delicately<strong> as a part of an artistic portrayal</strong> of confrontation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The likelihood <strong>must be judged from a healthy and reasonable standard,</strong> thereby accepting the position that <strong>historical truth may be a relevant and important factor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, historical truth <strong>must be depicted without in any way disclosing or encouraging hatred or enmity</strong> between different classes or communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also referred to the ruling in <em><strong>Ebrahim Suleiman Sait versus M C Mohammed and Another case 1980.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The order held that <strong>speaking truth was not an answer to the charge of corrupt practice</strong> under <strong>Section 123 (3A) of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/representation-of-people-s-act-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Representation of the People Act 1950.</a></strong></li>
<li>What was relevant was<strong> whether the speech had promoted or had sought to promote feelings of enmity</strong> or hatred.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free Speech and the Marginalised:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There may be a<strong> possibility of divergence between truth and popular belief,</strong> and the bench held that in many ways, <strong>free speech has empowered those who were marginalised and discriminated,</strong> and thus it would be wholly incorrect and a mistake to assume that free speech is an elite concept and indulgence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hate Speech:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>hate speech should have no redeeming purpose,</strong> which means that &lsquo;the speech <strong>primarily carries no meaning other than hatred</strong> towards a particular group&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is necessarily<strong> subjective and requires examination of good faith and good motives</strong> on the part of the speaker.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Speaking on <strong>dignity in the context of hate speech,</strong> the court held that<strong> one must condemn and check any attempt at dissemination of discrimination</strong> on the basis of race, religion, caste, creed or regional basis.</li>
<li>The court pointed out that the <strong>object of criminalising hate speech is to protect the dignity and to ensure political and social equality</strong> between different identities and groups regardless of caste, creed, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, linguistic preference, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hate speech has not been defined in any law in India.</strong> However, legal provisions in certain legislations prohibit select forms of speech as an exception to freedom of speech.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Everyone must <strong>act with the objective for promoting social harmony and tolerance</strong> by proscribing hateful and inappropriate behaviour, which can be achieved by self-restraint, institutional check and correction, as well as self-regulation or through the mechanism of statutory regulations, if applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Speech:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>political speech relating to government policies requires greater protection for preservation</strong> and promotion of <strong>democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bench held that <strong>dissent and criticism of the elected government&rsquo;s policy,</strong> when puissant, deceptive or even false <strong>would be ethically wrong, would not invite penal action.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Government should be left out</strong> from adjudicating what is true or false, good or bad, valid or invalid as these aspects should be left for open discussion in the public domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intent and Purpose:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The court clarified that <strong>after these observations, persons of influence or even common people should not fear the threat of reprisal and prosecution,</strong> if they discuss and speak about controversial and sensitive topics relating to religion, caste, creed, etc <strong>as the question is primarily one of intent and purpose.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-declines-to-quash-firs-against-amish-devgan-7095019/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7123,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gender Gap and Sensitisation in Judiciary',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/attorney-general-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Attorney General</strong> </a>(AG) <strong>K K Venugopal</strong>, in his written submission to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC), has emphasised the need for<strong> greater gender sensitisation among members of the judiciary.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also highlighted that the<strong> figure of female judges has been consistently low</strong> across the Higher Judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC had asked AG and others to <strong>recommend ways to improve gender sensitivity towards victims</strong> while laying down <strong>bail conditions for sex crime offenders.</strong></li>
<li>The Bench had sought view on a plea about courts<strong> imposing bail conditions</strong> for sex crime offenders which <strong>end up further harassing, objectifying their victims.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> (MP) <strong>High Court</strong> (HC) <strong>asked a man</strong> (accused in a case of attempting to outrage the modesty of a woman) <strong>to visit the home of the alleged victim and request her to tie a rakhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on Gender Gap in Judiciary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>SC</strong> only has<strong> 2 women judges,</strong> as against the <strong>34 seats reserved for women judges</strong> and there has<strong> never been a female Chief Justice of India</strong> (CJI).</li>
<li>There are <strong>only 80 women judges</strong> out of the<strong> total sanctioned strength of 1,113</strong> judges in the <strong>SC and the HCs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of these 80 women judges, there are only two in the SC, and the other 78 are in various HCs, comprising only 7.2% of the total number of judges.</li>
<li>Of the 26 courts whose data was accessed, including the SC, the <strong>Punjab and Haryana HCs has the maximum strength</strong> of women judges (11 out of 85 judges) in the country, <strong>followed by the Madras HC</strong> (9 out of 75 judges). Both Delhi and Bombay HCs have 8 women judges.</li>
<li>The <strong>HCs of Manipur, Meghalaya, Patna, Tripura, Telangana, and Uttarakhand, do not have any women</strong> in the sitting judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, <strong>no data is centrally maintained</strong> on the number of <strong>women in tribunals or lower courts.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>senior designation of lawyers,</strong> there are <strong>only 17</strong> women senior counsel designates in the SC as <strong>opposed to 403 men.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Delhi HC has 8 women and 229 men designates. Similarly, in the Bombay HC, there are 6 women and 157 men designates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Women in Judiciary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a>(<strong>SDG 5</strong> and <strong>SDG 16</strong> in particular), address the global responsibility of having <strong>gender equality and women&rsquo;s representation in public institutions</strong> such as the <strong>judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Achieving equality for women judges is important not only because it is a<strong> right for women,</strong> but also because it is <strong>right for the achievement of a more just rule of law.</strong> Women judges <strong>strengthen the judiciary and help to gain the public's trust.</strong></li>
<li>The entry of women judges is a positive step in the direction of <strong>judiciaries being perceived as being more transparent, inclusive, and representative</strong> of the people whose lives they affect.</li>
<li>Women judges <strong>enhance the legitimacy of courts,</strong> sending a powerful signal that they are <strong>open and accessible to those who seek recourse to justice.</strong></li>
<li>Women judges<strong> bring those lived experiences to their judicial actions, experiences that tend toward a more comprehensive and empathetic perspective.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adjudication is enhanced</strong> by the presence of women who <strong>bring to the fore considerations that would not have been taken into account in their absence</strong> and the scope of the discussion is hence enlarged, possibly<strong> preventing ill-considered or improper decisions.</strong></li>
<li>By elucidating how laws and rulings can be based on gender stereotypes, or how they might have a different impact on women and men, a <strong>gender perspective enhances the fairness of adjudication, </strong>which<strong> ultimately benefits both men and women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Courts should declare that<strong> such remarks</strong> (MP HC issue) <strong>are unacceptable</strong> which can potentially cause harm to the victim and to society at large.</li>
<li>Judicial orders should<strong> conform to certain judicial standards</strong> and necessary steps have to be taken to ensure that this does not happen in the future.</li>
<li>The<strong> SC must direct the collection of data to determine the number of women</strong> judges in the lower judiciary and tribunals and also <strong>to determine the year-wise number of senior designates</strong> by all HCs.</li>
<li><strong>Greater representation of women should be ensured at all levels</strong> of the judiciary, including the SC and this initiative must come from the SC itself, considering that the <strong>power of appointment rests almost exclusively with the SC Collegium.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The judges of the SC are <strong>appointed by the President.</strong> The CJI is appointed by the President <strong>after consultation with such judges of the SC and HCs</strong> as (s)he deems necessary.</li>
<li>The <strong>other judges</strong> are appointed by the President <strong>after consultation with the CJI and such other judges of the SC and the HCs</strong> as (s)he deems necessary. The consultation with the CJI is obligatory in the case of appointment of a judge other than CJI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> goal must be to achieve at least 50% representation of women</strong> in all leadership positions and there should be a<strong> mandatory training of all lawyers on gender sensitisation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Judges, who might belong to the <strong>&ldquo;old school&rdquo;</strong> and are maybe <strong>&ldquo;patriarchal&rdquo;</strong> in outlook, <strong>should be sensitised to deal with cases of sexual violence</strong> so that they do not pass orders objectifying women in such cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The wide prevalence of orders like the one from the MP HC and other similar instances makes it clear that there is a need for urgent intervention from the Courts. Improving the representation of women in the judiciary is of crucial importance and have to go a long way towards a more balanced and empathetic approach in cases involving sexual violence.</li>
<li>Changing the long-established demographics of a court can make the institution more amenable to consider itself in a new light, and potentially lead to further modernisation and reform. As a court's composition becomes more diverse, its customary practices become less entrenched; consequently, the old methods, often based on unstated codes of behavior, or simply inertia, are no longer adequate.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/improve-representation-of-women-in-judiciary-sensitise-judges-ag-to-sc-7079925/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7079,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservation in Super-speciality Medical Courses: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) has reserved its order on the<strong> state governments providing a 50% in-service reservation</strong> for admissions to <strong>super-speciality medical courses</strong> (Doctorate of Medicine/DM and Master of Chirurgiae/M. Ch.) in government colleges for the academic year 2020-21.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>August 2020,</strong> the<strong> SC</strong> allowed states to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-to-in-service-doctors-in-pg-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>grant the benefit of reservation of seats to in-service doctors</strong></a> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency-postpones-neet-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Eligibility cum Entrance Test</strong></a> (NEET) postgraduate (PG) degree courses.</li>
<li>The judgment held that the <strong>state has the legislative competence and authority</strong> to provide for a separate source of entry for in-service candidates seeking admission to PG/diploma courses in the exercise of powers under<strong> Entry 25, List III.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Entry 25 of List-III:</strong> Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Constitution provides for a <strong>three-fold distribution of legislative subjects</strong> between the Union and the states, which are <strong>List-I</strong> (the Union List), <strong>List-II</strong> (the State List) and <strong>List-III</strong> (the Concurrent List), described in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seventh schedule</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In November 2020, Tamil Nadu government</strong> allowed counselling and filling of 50% of the super-speciality seats in the government medical colleges with in-service candidates in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The seats would be filled with candidates who have cleared <strong>NEET-Super Speciality Courses</strong> (SS) and the<strong> selection committee of the Directorate of Medical Education</strong> would prepare the merit list and conduct counselling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state government argued that there was an <strong>acute need for super-speciality qualified doctors</strong> both in the medical academia and in practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After 50% of seats in DM/M. Ch. courses in government medical colleges are allocated to in-service candidates, the rest will be surrendered to the <strong>Directorate General of Health Services</strong> (DGHS).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DGHS is a repository of technical knowledge concerning public health, medical education and health care. It is an <strong>attached organisation of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Doctors, including PG holders qualified in NEET 2020, <strong>challenged the decision saying that there is no concept of any reservation for admission to super-speciality medical courses.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They referred to the verdict in <em><strong>Dr Preeti Srivastava &amp; Anr. versus State of Madhya Pradesh &amp; Ors, 1999</strong></em> which held that <strong>&ldquo;merit, and merit alone, is the basis for admission at the super-speciality level&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Their appeal argued that the State order was contrary to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-national-medical-commission-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Postgraduate Medical Education (Amendment) Regulations of 2019</strong></a>, which mandated that the <strong>DGHS</strong> should be in charge of the admission process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The regulations <strong>empower DGHS to conduct the counselling for all super-speciality courses in medical educational institutions</strong> of the Central and state governments, deemed universities, medical educational institutions established by municipal bodies, trusts, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-reserves-order-on-in-service-quota-for-medical-courses-admissions/article33179388.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7006,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Article 32 of the Constitution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong></a>, during a hearing of a plea, said that the court is trying to discourage petitions filed under Article 32.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CJI&rsquo;s View:</strong> CJI noted that there is a <strong>spate of Article 32 petitions</strong> and reiterated that the <strong>High Court can also uphold fundamental rights (under article 226)</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 32 of the Constitution (Right to Constitutional Remedies):</strong> It is a <strong>fundamental right,</strong> which states that individuals have the right to approach the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> seeking enforcement of other fundamental rights recognised by the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC has <strong>power to issue directions or orders or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/constitutional-rights-judicial-review-and-parliamentary-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">writs</a></strong> for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights. The writs issued may include <strong>habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari</strong> and <strong>quo-warranto</strong>.</li>
<li>The right to move the SC <strong>shall not be suspended except</strong> as otherwise provided for by the Constitution. Thus, the Constitution provides that the President can suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights during a <strong>national emergency (Article 359)</strong>.</li>
<li>In case of the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, the <strong>jurisdiction of the SC is original but not exclusive</strong>. It is <strong>concurrent with the jurisdiction of the high court under Article 226</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Original,</strong> because an aggrieved citizen can <strong>directly go to the SC, not necessarily by way of appeal</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Concurrent</strong> means when the Fundamental Rights of a citizen are violated, the aggrieved party <strong>has the option of moving either the high court or the Supreme Court</strong> directly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since the <strong>right guaranteed by Article 32</strong> (ie, the right to move the SC where a fundamental right is infringed) is in itself a <strong>fundamental right</strong>, the <strong>availability of alternate remedy is no bar to relief under Article 32</strong>.</li>
<li>However, the SC has ruled that <strong>where relief through the high court is available under Article 226</strong>, the aggrieved party should <strong>first move the high court</strong>.</li>
<li>In the <em><strong>Chandra Kumar case </strong></em><strong>(1997)</strong>, the SC ruled that the <strong>writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme Court</strong> constitute a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>basic structure</strong></a> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Counter-Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even as the <strong>SC underlines the powers of the high courts,</strong> it has in the past <strong>transferred cases to itself from the high courts</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most recently, the SC transferred the case involving land use for the national capital&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-s-stand-on-central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vista project</strong></a> to itself from the Delhi High Court. Incidentally, the petitioners had not sought such a transfer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When such transfers are made, the petitioners <strong>lose a stage of appeal</strong> that would otherwise have been available had the high courts heard and decided the case.</li>
<li>Recently, the SC also conveyed its concerns that in many matters involving personal liberty, the <strong>High Courts are not exercising their jurisdiction as constitutional courts</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 226 of the Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 226 of the Constitution <strong>empowers a high court to issue writs</strong> including habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto <strong>for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of the citizens and for any other purpose</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The phrase &lsquo;for any other purpose&rsquo; refers to the <strong>enforcement of an ordinary legal right</strong>. This implies that the <strong>writ jurisdiction of the high court is wider than that of the SC</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is because the <strong>SC can issue writs only for the enforcement of fundamental rights and not for any other purpose,</strong> that is, it does not extend to a case where the breach of an ordinary legal right is alleged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The high court can issue writs to any person, authority and government <strong>not only within its territorial jurisdiction but also outside its territorial jurisdiction</strong> if the cause of action arises within its territorial jurisdiction.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bail-pleas-of-journalist-another-sc-says-why-not-go-to-hc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6954,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Legal Services Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Legal Services Day</strong> </a>is celebrated on <strong>9<sup>th</sup> November</strong> every year to spread awareness for ensuring reasonable fair and justice procedure for all citizens.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Legal Services Day (NLSD) was first started by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> in 1995 to provide help and support to poor and weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li>Free legal services are provided in matters before <strong>Civil, Criminal and Revenue Courts, Tribunals</strong> or any other authority exercising judicial or quasi judicial functions.</li>
<li><strong>In line with Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 39A</strong> of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system <strong>promotes justice</strong> on a basis of <strong>equal opportunity,</strong> and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability.</li>
<li><strong>Articles 14 and 22(1)</strong> also make it <strong>obligatory</strong> for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system which promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of Legal Services Authorities are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provide free legal aid and advice.</li>
<li>Spread legal awareness.</li>
<li>Organise <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-adalat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lok adalats.</strong></a></li>
<li>Promote settlements of disputes through <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-mechanisms-paper-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)</strong> </a>Mechanisms. Various kinds of ADR mechanisms are <strong>Arbitration, Conciliation, Judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, or Mediation.</strong></li>
<li>Provide compensation to victims of crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Services Institutions for providing Free Legal Services</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Level :</strong> National Legal Services Authority.The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted under<strong> the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.&nbsp;</strong>The <strong>Chief Justice of India</strong> is the <strong>Patron-in-Chief.</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Level :</strong> State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the <strong>Chief Justice of the State High Court</strong> who is its Patron-in-Chief.</li>
<li><strong>District Level :</strong> District Legal Services Authority. The<strong> District Judge</strong> of the District is its<strong> ex-officio Chairman.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taluka/Sub-Division Level :</strong> Taluka/ Sub-Divisional Legal Services Committee. It is headed by a senior Civil Judge.</li>
<li><strong>High Court :</strong> High Court Legal Services Committee</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court :</strong> Supreme Court Legal Services Committee</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>It can be noted that the role played by NALSA and its networks is very much relevant to achieving the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal-16</strong></a>, which seeks to <strong>"Promote peaceful and inclusive societies</strong> for sustainable development, provide <strong>access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels".</strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6857,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Live Streaming of Court Proceedings',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Gujarat High Court has become the first Court to live stream judicial proceedings on YouTube channel.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The High Court allowed the open court proceedings through the video conferencing, except the proceedings to be conducted <strong>in camera.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In camera means in <strong>private chambers of a judge,</strong> with the press and public excluded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It observed that the initiative of live telecast is on an<strong> experimental basis</strong> and the aspect of continuing with or adapting the modality of live court proceedings<strong> will be decided based on the outcome of this trial.</strong></li>
<li>The move has been welcomed by lawyers, law students and the public at large besides litigants, being seen as a major measure towards transparency in judicial proceedings.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the Courts have been functioning through video conferencing throughout the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organisation%20(WHO,31st%20December%2C%202019)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong> </a>and even after that. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Advocates, the parties, victims, corpses etc. all are participating in the court proceedings during the course of the hearing through video conferencing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, in the <strong>model video conferencing rules</strong> as prescribed by the <strong>e-Committee of the Supreme Court,</strong> it has been provided that the public will be allowed to view the hearing conducted through video conferencing.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in<em><strong> Swapnil Tripathi v Supreme Court of India</strong> </em>(2018) has ruled in favour of<strong> opening up</strong> the apex court through live-streaming. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It held that the live streaming proceedings <strong>is part of the right to access justice under Article 21 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>However, the judgment has remained unimplemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Court Mission Mode Project</strong></a> was conceptualized with a vision to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT enablement of Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A live stream <strong>would help litigants follow the proceedings in their case</strong> and also <strong>assess their lawyers&rsquo; performance.</strong> People from far-flung States such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala do not have to travel all the way to the national capital for a day&rsquo;s hearing.</li>
<li>It would keep a <strong>check on lawyers&rsquo; conduct</strong> inside the courtrooms. With the entire country watching them, there would be fewer interruptions, raised voices and adjournments from the lawyers.</li>
<li>Live-streaming will <strong>bring transparency and access to justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Involved</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The live streaming of the Courts are<strong> susceptible to abuses.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can involve <strong>national security concerns</strong> and can amount to<strong> a violation of the fundamental right to privacy</strong> in matrimonial disputes and rape cases.</li>
<li>The unauthorised reproduction of the live streaming videos is another cause for concern as its regulation will be very difficult at the government&rsquo;s end.</li>
<li>Concerns have also been raised about the <strong>commercial aspect of the whole issue.</strong> The agreements with broadcasters should be on a non-commercial basis. No one should profit from the arrangement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure,</strong> specially internet connectivity is also the biggest challenge in implementing the live proceedings of Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The public has a right to know about court proceedings in constitutional courts as well as trial and appellate courts. Openness and transparency reinforce the public&rsquo;s faith in the judicial system.</li>
<li>Over the last few years, the Courts have taken steps to make justice more accessible. If the technology is available, it could be extended to members of the public, who can view court proceedings themselves.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-high-court-begins-live-streaming-of-proceedings-on-trial-basis/article32944091.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6854,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'In- House Procedure Against Judges of Higher Judiciary',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, in a letter to the Chief Justice of India (CJI), Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister has accused the Supreme Court judge, Justice N.V. Ramana and some judges of Andhra Pradesh (AP) High Court of <strong>misconduct, corruption and political bias.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The allegation against the judges is unprecedented since it has been made publicly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution of India <strong>protects the independence of judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court</strong> by making them <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">removable only through a process of impeachment</a>. Article 121 and 211</strong> expressly bars the Parliament and State Legislatures from discussing the misconduct of judges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 121</strong> states that <strong>no discussions shall take place in Parliament</strong> with respect to the conduct of any judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties <strong>except upon a motion for the removal of the judge.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 211</strong> says that <strong>no discussion shall take place in the legislature of a state</strong> with respect to the conduct of any judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the AP CM has<strong> not made the allegations against the judges in the legislative assembly,</strong> and therefore, the<strong> bar under Article 211 is not attracted.</strong></li>
<li>The chief minister of a state can make such allegations by circumventing the bar under Article 211, as the constitution does not envisage such a possibility.</li>
<li>However, generally <strong>such allegations against judges are not made publicly,</strong> since it <strong>may cast aspersion on the credibility of the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Since, AP CM has made the allegations publicly, such an act may invite action for <strong>contempt of court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Action in Cases of Misconduct of Judges:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> judge can be removed from office on grounds of &lsquo;proved misbehaviour or incapacity&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>However,<strong> not all forms of misbehaviour will warrant removal.</strong> There could be other kinds of impropriety too.</li>
<li>There are times when serious complaints of misconduct are made and CJI is called upon to examine them. Since 1997, judges have adopted an <strong>&lsquo;in-house procedure&rsquo;</strong> for inquiring into such charges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In-House Procedure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the in-house procedure, when a <strong>complaint is received against a High Court judge,</strong> the CJI should decide if the issue is frivolous or serious.</li>
<li>If a <strong>deeper probe</strong> is considered necessary, <strong>both the complaint and the judge&rsquo;s response, along with the High Court&rsquo;s Chief Justice&rsquo;s comments, are recorded for further action.</strong></li>
<li>If deemed necessary, <strong>CJI can also form a three-member committee</strong> to hold an inquiry into the matter. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee should have <strong>two Chief Justices from other High Courts and one High Court judge.</strong></li>
<li>The inquiry it holds is of the nature of a <strong>fact-finding mission</strong> and is <strong>not a formal judicial inquiry</strong> involving examination of witnesses. The judge concerned is entitled to appear before it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome of In-House Procedure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the committee finds substance in the charges, it can give <strong>two kinds of recommendations.</strong> One, that the <strong>misconduct is serious enough to require removal from office,</strong> or that it is <strong>not serious enough to warrant removal.</strong></li>
<li>If the misconduct involves removal of a judge, the judge concerned will be urged to resign or seek voluntary retirement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the judge is unwilling to quit, the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned would be asked to withdraw judicial work from him.</li>
<li>The President and the Prime Minister will be informed of the situation, clearing the way for Parliament to begin the process of removal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the misconduct does not warrant removal, the judge would be advised accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure in Case of Chief Justice of High Court/ Judge of Supreme Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the case is against a <strong>High Court&rsquo;s Chief Justice,</strong> the<strong> same procedure</strong> is followed as that of a judge of the High Court, but the probe <strong>committee comprises a Supreme Court judge and two Chief Justices.</strong></li>
<li><strong>If a Supreme Court judge faces such a charge,</strong> the in-house <strong>panel will comprise three Supreme Court judges.</strong></li>
<li>Also, the in-house procedure does not give any separate provision to deal with complaints against the<strong> Chief Justice of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/when-judges-legislate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Separation of powers</strong></a> between legislative, executive and judiciary has been regarded as a basic feature of our constitution in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala, 1973.</strong></em></a></li>
<li>The constitution does not envisage supremacy of any of the three organs of the state. But the functioning of all the three organs is controlled by the constitution.</li>
<li>Wherever interaction and deliberations among the three organs have been envisaged, a delicate balance and mutual respect are contemplated.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-cms-letter-an-affront-to-judiciary-says-ex-supreme-court-judge/article32886826.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6761,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC on Crimes and Violence Against Women',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Supreme Court</a></strong> has said that crimes against women continued in a <strong>&ldquo;never-ending cycle&rdquo;</strong> in India.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The judgement dealt with the statutory scheme of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/change-in-the-provision-of-the-domestic-violence-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.</strong></a> It has allowed women fighting domestic violence cases the<strong> right to reside in the &lsquo;shared household&rsquo;</strong> even if her husband had no legal right to the house and the same was owned by the father-in-law or mother-in-law.</li>
<li><strong>Making the Act Comprehensive:</strong> The court observed that the <strong>relief granting right to residence</strong> to a married woman under the domestic violence law by a <strong>criminal court</strong> is relevant and could be <strong>considered even in civil proceedings</strong> seeking her <strong>eviction from the matrimonial home</strong> (the residence in which a husband and wife have lived together).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The wife would have the right to claim the <strong>&ldquo;shared household&rdquo;</strong> of the joint family under the Domestic Violence Act, 2005.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 2(s)</strong> of the domestic violence act defines<strong> &ldquo;shared property&rdquo;,</strong> as the property owned by a woman&rsquo;s husband, or by the joint family of which the husband is a member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reversed Earlier Judgement:</strong> The court reversed the law held by a previous decision of the Supreme Court in December 2006 in SR Batra v Taruna Batra where on similar facts, it refused permission to the wife to continue staying in her husband&rsquo;s house as it was owned by her mother-in-law. This part of the ruling was held wrong in law as it did not give full meaning to the 2005 act.</li>
<li><strong>Least Reported Form of Cruel Behaviour:</strong> The court noted that the domestic violence in India is rampant yet underreported. Women in India faced <strong>violence and discrimination</strong> in one form or the other in their various roles as daughter, sister, wife, mother, partner or single woman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) (NFHS-4)</strong> suggests that 30% women in India in the age group of 15-49 have experienced physical violence.</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/violence-against-women-on-rise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Women</strong></a>, globally in 2019-20, 243 million women and girls (aged 15-49) across the world have been subjected to sexual or physical violence by an intimate partner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Less than 40% of women who experience violence seeking help of any sort or reporting the crime.</li>
<li>Less than 10% of those women seeking help go to the police.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> Women continue to be vulnerable to these crimes because of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Non-Retaliation,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absence of laws</strong> addressing their rights comprehensively.</li>
<li><strong>Ignorance of the existing statutes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Societal attitude, stigma</strong> and<strong> conditioning</strong> also made women<strong> vulnerable</strong> to domestic violence and these are the main factors for<strong> under-reporting</strong> of cases.</li>
<li>This set of circumstances ensured that a majority of women preferred to suffer in silence, <strong>not out of choice but of compulsion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Acts of Domestic Violence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Physical violence,</strong> such as slapping, hitting, kicking and beating.</li>
<li><strong>Sexual violence,</strong> including forced sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual coercion.</li>
<li><strong>Emotional (psychological) abuse,</strong> such as insults, belittling, constant humiliation, intimidation, threats of harm, threats to take away children.</li>
<li><strong>Controlling behaviors,</strong> including isolating a person from family and friends, monitoring their movements and restricting access to financial resources, employment, education or medical care.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The increase in<strong> violence against women should be dealt with urgently</strong> with measures embedded in<strong> economic support and stimulus packages</strong> that meet the gravity and scale of the challenge and reflect the needs of women who face multiple forms of discrimination.</li>
<li><strong>Grassroots and women&rsquo;s organizations</strong> and <strong>communities</strong> need to be supported strongly in their current frontline role.</li>
<li><strong>Helplines, psychosocial support and online counselling</strong> should be boosted, using technology-based solutions such as SMS, online tools and networks to expand social support, and to reach women with no access to phones or internet.</li>
<li><strong>Police and justice services should</strong> ensure that incidents of violence against women and girls are given high priority with no impunity for perpetrators.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-end-to-violence-against-women-sc/article32866398.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6760,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right of Passage of the Animals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Supreme Court (SC) upheld the 2011 order of the Madras High Court (HC)</strong> on the<strong> Nilgiris elephant corridor,</strong> affirming the <strong>right of passage of the animals</strong> and the closure of resorts in the area.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Madras HC Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, the Madras HC upheld the validity of the Tamil Nadu government&rsquo;s notification (of 2010) declaring an &lsquo;Elephant Corridor&rsquo; in the Sigur Plateau of Nilgiris District.</li>
<li>It said that the government is fully empowered under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-undercounting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Project Elephant'</strong> </a>of the Union government as well as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties#:~:text=All%20the%20eleven%20duties%20are,and%20to%20their%20fellow%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 51 A(g)</strong></a> of the Constitution to notify the elephant corridor in the state&rsquo;s Nilgiris district.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 51 A(g):</strong> It shall be the<strong> duty of every citizen of India</strong> to protect and improve the <strong>natural environment</strong> including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have <strong>compassion for living creatures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, it <strong>upheld directions to the resort owners</strong> and other private landowners <strong>to vacate lands falling within the notified elephant corridor.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highlights of the SC Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It&rsquo;s the State&rsquo;s duty to protect a<strong> &ldquo;keystone species&rdquo;</strong> like elephants, which are immensely important to the environment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Keystone species,</strong> in ecology, a species that has a disproportionately large effect on the communities in which it lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Elephant corridors <strong>allow elephants to continue their nomadic mode of survival,</strong> despite shrinking forest cover, by facilitating travel between distinct forest habitats. These corridors<strong> play a crucial role in sustaining wildlife by reducing the impact of habitat isolation.</strong></li>
<li>The court also allowed the formation of<strong> a committee</strong> led by <strong>a retired HC judge and two other persons</strong> to hear the individual <strong>objections of resort owners and private landowners</strong> within the corridor space.</li>
<li>However, during the hearings, the SC opined that the area is a fragile ecosystem, where the will of men must give way to elephants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1602845495_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1602845495_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nilgiris Elephant Corridor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The corridor is situated in the ecologically fragile <strong>Sigur plateau,</strong> which <strong>connects the Western and the Eastern Ghats</strong> and sustains elephant populations and their genetic diversity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is situated near the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudumalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudumalai National Park</strong></a> in the Nilgiris district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has the Nilgiri hills on its <strong>southwestern</strong> side and the <strong>Moyar river valley</strong> on its northeastern side.</li>
<li>There are about <strong>100 elephant corridors</strong> in India of which almost 70% are used regularly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>75% of the corridors are in the southern, central and north-eastern forests.</li>
<li>There are an estimated 6,500 elephants in just the <strong>Brahmagiri-Nilgiris-Eastern Ghats ranges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges for Elephant Corridors: &lsquo;Right of Passage&rsquo;,</strong> an 800-page study released in August 2017, authored by experts and<strong> published by the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)</strong> identifies and records details pertaining to 101 elephant corridors across India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Narrowing Passage Width:</strong> Only 22% corridors are of a width of one to three kilometres in 2017, compared with 41% in 2005, pointing to how constricted corridors have become in the past 12 years.</li>
<li><strong>Human Encroachment of Corridors:</strong> 21.8% of corridors were free of human settlements in 2017 compared with 22.8% in 2005, and 45.5% have 1-3 settlements in 2017 compared with 42% in 2005.</li>
<li><strong>Intercepted Corridors:</strong> About 36.4% of the elephant corridors in northwestern India, 32% in central India, 35.7% in northern West Bengal and 13% of the elephant corridors in northeastern India have a <strong>railway line passing through</strong> them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost <strong>two-thirds of the corridors</strong> have a <strong>National or State Highway passing</strong> through them, <strong>fragmenting habitats</strong> and hindering elephant movement further.</li>
<li>11% of corridors have <strong>canals passing through them.</strong></li>
<li>12% are affected by<strong> mining</strong> and the extraction of boulders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land-use Along Corridors:</strong> In terms of land use, only 12.9% of the corridors are totally under forest cover in 2017 compared with 24% in 2005.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Two in every three elephant corridors in the country are now affected by agricultural activities.</li>
<li>All the corridors in northern West Bengal (100%) and almost all in central India (96%) and northeastern India (52.2% under <strong>settled cultivation</strong> and 43.4% under <strong>slash and burn cultivation</strong>) have agricultural land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Elephant</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are <strong>three subspecies of Asian elephant &ndash; the Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian has the widest range and accounts for the majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Escalation of poaching, habitat loss, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-high-cost-of-man-animal-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human-elephant conflict</strong></a> and mistreatment in captivity are some common threats to both African and Asian elephants.</li>
<li><strong>African elephants</strong> are listed as<strong> &ldquo;vulnerable&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>Asian elephants</strong> as <strong>&ldquo;endangered&rdquo;</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> of threatened species.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a> status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong> for <strong>Asian Elephants.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appendix II</strong> for <strong>African elephants</strong> in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Project Elephant</strong> launched by the <strong>Government of India in the year 1992</strong> as a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Elephant census</strong> is conducted once in 5 years under the aegis of Project elephant.</li>
<li>Establishment of elephant reserves and adoption of the <strong>&ldquo;World Elephant Day&rdquo; (August 12)</strong> to help conserve and protect elephants in India.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Gaj Yatra&rsquo;</strong> a nationwide awareness campaign to celebrate elephants and highlight the necessity of securing elephant corridors.</li>
<li>The <strong>Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme, launched in 2003,</strong> is an international collaboration that tracks trends in information related to the illegal killing of elephants from across Africa and Asia, to monitor effectiveness of field conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The judgement sets the pace for better, more effective laws for the protection of elephant corridors across India.</li>
<li>Illegal structures in these pathways should be removed without delay as the first step.</li>
<li>Elephant Corridors are not fully protected areas. Therefore, the need is to ensure their protection. This needs political will.</li>
<li>People should be encouraged to avoid critical elephant migratory routes. Conservation is an achievement only if local communities are also involved in the process.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/nilgiris-elephant-corridor-sc-upholds-madras-hc-order-affirming-animals-right-of-passage-73791#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20(SC)%20October,of%20resorts%20in%20the%20area.&amp;text=The%20court%20had%20taken%20the,petition%20on%20the%20same%20issue." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has sought a response from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/children-abandoning-education-in-mica-mining-districts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong></a>, to its request to eight States for immediate repatriation of children living in care homes with their families.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repatriation Request:</strong> The NCPCR requested to Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Mizoram, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Meghalaya for repatriation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These States combinedly have 1.84 lakh children in care homes.</li>
<li>This accounts for over 70% of the children in care homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Activism:</strong> The court is<strong> suo motu</strong> monitoring the condition and welfare of children placed in care homes across the country during the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The active role of the judiciary, even in the executive or legislative sphere, for upholding the rights of citizens and preserving the constitution is known as judicial activism.</li>
<li>The court questioned if the NCPCR could issue such general directions to the States without considering the education, health, safety of the children, the consent of their parents and their economical situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On individual basis:</strong> Repatriation ought to be considered on an individual basis for child safety.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sovereignty-unconstrained-right#:~:text=An%20amicus%20curiae%20(literally%2C%20%22,the%20issues%20in%20the%20case." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>amicus curiae</strong></a> (&ldquo;friend of the court&rdquo; - one who assists the court advice regarding questions of law or fact ), the NCPCR direction violated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice Act of 2015</strong></a> since the pandemic would make a child more vulnerable to domestic abuse.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, comprehensively addresses children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.</li>
<li>As per the <strong>Section 27(1) of the Act,</strong> Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) are to be constituted by State Government by notification in the Official Gazette for every district, for exercising the powers and to discharge the duties conferred on such Committees in relation to children in need of care and protection under JJ Act, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NCPCR&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> The NCPCR, suggested the need for a child to grow up in a familial environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, in an April 2020 order, the court had directed juvenile authorities to &ldquo;proactively consider whether a child or children should be kept in the child care institutions considering the best interest, health and safety concerns&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Care Homes:</strong> The children being taken in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/survey-of-child-care-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> child care homes</strong></a>, are not only those who are orphans/abandoned children, but also children <strong>hailing from downtrodden/financially unstable families.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, if there is any child who is either being brought up by a single parent or comes from a family which is not able to bring up the child properly, then that child can avail all the facilities at a care home.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The facilities for children like individual bedding, proper nutrition and diet, toys, hygiene and maintenance of the CCI/Homes, sufficient water, health check-ups, educational facilities based on the age and special needs of the child.</li>
<li>All the children in these care homes are required to study in nearby government schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCPCR is a<strong> statutory body</strong> set up in <strong>March 2007</strong> under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>It is under the<strong> administrative control of the Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission's mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</li>
<li>It inquires into <strong>complaints</strong> relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aser-report-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>It monitors the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approved-changes-to-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Individual case basis of repatriation is a reasonable step to begin with.</li>
<li>Meanwhile there must be strengthened monitoring of child care institutions regarding the proper facilities.</li>
<li>Elements of sensitivity can be inducted with training in the staff at child care homes so as to understand the needs of children.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-questions-ncpcr-on-children-repatriation/article32812837.ece#:~:" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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