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Fundamental Rights to Reside and to Move About Freely

Why in News Recently, while setting aside an externment order against a journalist, the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that a person’s fundamental...

31 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
Judicial Doctrines

Introduction Judicial Doctrine: A doctrine is a principle, theory, or position that is usually applied and upheld by courts of law. In...

30 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
Right to Privacy & Right to be Forgotten

Why in News A case was filed by an actor in the Delhi High Court, pleading to remove the videos that were uploaded on the online platforms, without...

27 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
Moral Policing

Why in News Recently, five teenagers were arrested by the police in connection to an attack on a 23-year-old man in Kerala. This attack is one of...

23 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
Minority Institutions and RTE: NCPCR Survey

Why in News Recently, the National Commission for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (NCPCR) conducted a Nationwide Assessment of Minority...

11 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
SC Judgement on Preventive Detention

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that a preventive detention order can only be passed if the detenu is likely to adversely affect...

04 Aug 2021 Fundamental Rights
Right to be Forgotten

Why in News Recently, a reality show contestant has approached the Delhi High Court with a plea seeking the removal of his videos, photographs and...

26 Jul 2021 Fundamental Rights
Surveillance Laws in India and Privacy

Why in News Recently, a global collaborative investigative effort has revealed that, at least 300 individuals in India, were potentially identified...

23 Jul 2021 Fundamental Rights
Plea Challenges Sedition Law

Why in News Recently, a petition was filed in the Supreme court (SC), that seeks a relook into the Sedition Law. Key Points From...

19 Jul 2021 Fundamental Rights
Section 66A of the IT Act

Why in News The Supreme Court has issued a notice to the Centre on the use of Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 that was scrapped...

13 Jul 2021 Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Introduction Background: The source of the concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is the Spanish Constitution from which it came...

05 Jul 2021 Fundamental Rights
Gujarat Prohibition Law

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949 has been challenged before the Gujarat High Court, more than seven decades after it came...

29 Jun 2021 Fundamental Rights
Right To Be Forgotten

This article is based on “The fine line that separates judicial transparency and the right to be forgotten” which was published in The...

25 Jun 2021 Fundamental Rights
Sedition Law

This article is based on “Why the sedition law must go” which was published in The Indian Express on 12/06/2021. It talks about the...

12 Jun 2021 Fundamental Rights
Time to Define Limits of Sedition: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) while protecting two Telugu (language) news channels from coercive action by the Andhra Pradesh...

01 Jun 2021 Fundamental Rights
World Press Freedom Day 2021

Why in News The World Press Freedom Day (WPFD) is an annual celebration of press freedom, observed on 3rd May every year. The main celebration is...

05 May 2021 Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights (Part-2)

Fundamental Rights (Part-1) Right Against Exploitation (Article 23 and 24) Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour: Forced labour in...

05 Apr 2021 Fundamental Rights
Uniform Civil Code

Why in News Recently, a petition has been filed in Supreme Court against Uniform Civil Code (UCC) on divorce and alimony. Key...

01 Apr 2021 Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights (Part-1)

Introduction About: The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12-35). Part III of the Constitution is...

23 Mar 2021 Fundamental Rights
Group of Ministers: Media Strategy

Why in News The Editors Guild of India flagged the Group of Ministers (GoM) report on the government’s media strategy as an example of the...

10 Mar 2021 Fundamental Rights

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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Fundamental Rights to Reside and to Move About Freely',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, while setting aside an externment order against a journalist, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> ruled that <strong>a person&rsquo;s fundamental right to reside and to move about freely anywhere in India cannot be refused on &ldquo;flimsy grounds&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Externment orders</strong> prevent the movement of a person in certain areas.</li>
<li>According to the SC, the drastic action of externment should only be taken in exceptional cases, to maintain law and order in a locality and/or prevent a breach of public tranquility and peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Freedom to Move Freely Throughout the Territory of India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(d) of the Indian Constitution</strong> entitles every citizen to move freely throughout the territory of the country.</li>
<li>This right is protected<strong> against only state action and not private individuals.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, it is <strong>available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company</strong> but not to foreigners or legal persons like companies or corporations, etc.</li>
<li>The freedom of movement has <strong>two dimensions,</strong> viz, internal (right to move inside the country) and external (right to move out of the country and right to come back to the country).
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 19 protects only the first dimension.</strong></li>
<li>The second dimension is dealt by Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions</strong> on this freedom can only be<strong> imposed on two grounds</strong> which are mentioned in the <strong>Article 19(5)</strong> of the constitution itself, namely, the interests of the general public and the protection of interests of any scheduled tribe. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court held that the freedom of movement of prostitutes can be restricted on the grounds of public health and in the interest of public morals.</li>
<li>The entry of outsiders in tribal areas is restricted to protect the distinctive culture, language, customs and manners of scheduled tribes and to safeguard their traditional vocation and properties against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Freedom to Reside and Settle in any part of the Territory of India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>Article 19(1)(e) of the Constitution,</strong> every citizen of India has the right "to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India."</li>
<li>The object of the clause is <strong>to remove internal barriers</strong> within India or any of its parts.</li>
<li>This right is also<strong> subject to reasonable restrictions mentioned in clause (5) of Article 19.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Right to reside and the right to move freely</strong> throughout the country<strong> are complementary</strong> and often go together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 19 of the Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 19 entails<strong> freedom of speech and expression.</strong></li>
<li>It implies that every citizen has the <strong>right to express his views, opinions, beliefs and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing</strong> or in any other manner.</li>
<li>Article 19 guarantees to all citizens the <strong>six rights.</strong> These are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li>Right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</li>
<li>Right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies.</li>
<li>Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.</li>
<li>Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.</li>
<li>Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions on Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(2)):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reasons for such restrictions are in the interests of: Security, Sovereignty and integrity of the country, Friendly relations with foreign countries, Public order, Decency or morality, Hate speech, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/misuse-of-criminal-defamation-law-madras-hc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defamation</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Contempt of court.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC Judgments Regarding Article 19:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-dissent" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Protest</a>:</strong> While hearing the case of Shaheen Bagh protests, the SC declared that there is <strong>no absolute right to protest,</strong> and it could be subjected to the orders of the authority regarding the place and time.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/truths-and-hate-speech-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Truth and Hate Speech</a>:</strong> In the context of <strong>discussing the limits of free speech and what may tantamount to hate speech,</strong> the SC has recently held that &ldquo;Historical truths must be depicted without in any way disclosing or encouraging hatred or enmity between different classes or communities.&rdquo;</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/internet-as-a-medium-of-freedom-of-expression" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet as a Medium of Information Diffusion</a>: While hearing the case of Internet shutdown in Jammu and Kashmir,</strong> the SC refrained from the view on declaring the right to access the Internet as a fundamental right but still went on to make the Internet as an integral part of the freedom of expression guaranteed under Article 19(1) of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Freedom of Press: <em>Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras case</em> 1950,</strong> was amongst the earliest cases to be decided by the SC declaring freedom of press as a part of freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Information:</strong> SC in <em><strong>Union of India v. Assn. For Democratic Reforms case </strong></em><strong>2002</strong><em><strong>,&nbsp;</strong></em>held that the freedom of 'speech and expression' comprises not only the right to express, publish and propagate information, its circulation but also to receive information.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Expression Beyond National Boundaries:</strong> In <em><strong>Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India case 1978,</strong></em> the SC considered whether Article 19(1)(a) of Indian Constitution was confined to Indian territory and held that the freedom of speech and expression is not confined to National boundaries.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Silence:</strong> The SC in <em><strong>Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala </strong></em><strong>1986</strong> held that the right not to speak or Right to silence is also included in the Right to speech and expression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/person-cannot-be-denied-right-to-reside-move-freely-throughout-country-on-flimsy-grounds-sc-7475730/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9523,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Judicial Doctrines',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judicial Doctrine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A doctrine is a principle, theory, or position that is usually applied and upheld by courts of law. </li>
<li>In Indian Constitutional law also, there are different judicial doctrines that develop over time as per the interpretation given by the judiciary.</li>
<li>Some of the important judicial doctrines are discussed in this article.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Basic Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The constituents of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> basic structure</strong></a> are not clearly defined by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India.</strong></a> </li>
<li>Parliamentary democracy, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental rights</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/secularism-1#:~:text=Secularism%20means%20separation%20of%20religion,as%20a%20purely%20personal%20matter.&amp;text=It%20also%20stands%20for%20equal,partiality%20on%20grounds%20of%20religion." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>secularism</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> federalism</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/judicial-review-1#:~:text=Article%20372%20(1)%20establishes%20the,Fundamental%20Rights%20shall%20be%20void." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judicial review</strong></a> etc. are all held by courts as the basic structure of Indian Constitution. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The origins of the basic structure doctrine are found in the German Constitution which, after the Nazi regime, was amended to protect some basic laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong> Kesavananda Bharati case 1973</strong></em></a>, the <strong>Supreme Court of India</strong> for the first time ruled that the parliament has the power to amend any part of the constitution but it <strong>cannot alter the &ldquo;basic structure of the constitution&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It was reaffirmed by the SC in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indira Nehru Gandhi v Raj Narain case (1975).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SC court invalidated a provision of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>39<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act (1975)</strong> </a>which kept the election disputes involving the Prime Minister and the Speaker of Lok Sabha outside the jurisdiction of all courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Basic structure doctrine was reaffirmed in the <strong><em>Minerva Mills case, 1980</em></strong> and later in the <strong><em>Waman Rao case, 1981.</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this case the Supreme Court examined the validity of <strong>Article 31A</strong> and <strong>Article 31B</strong> of the Constitution of India with respect to the doctrine of basic structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Separation of Powers </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It mainly <strong>signifies the division of powers between various organs of the state; </strong>executive, legislature and judiciary. </li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Separation of powers</strong></a> signifies mainly three formulations of Governmental powers:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The same person should not form part of more than one of the three organs of the state. </li>
<li>One organ should not interfere with any other organ of the state. </li>
<li>One organ should not exercise the functions assigned to any other organ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/directive-principles-of-state-policy-dpsp#:~:text=Constitutional%20Provisions%3A%20Part%20IV%20of,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP).&amp;text=These%20principles%20aim%20at%20ensuring,India%20as%20a%20Welfare%20State." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article-50 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution separates the judiciary from executive as, &ldquo;the state shall take steps to separate judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state and except this there is no formal and dogmatic division of power&rdquo;. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>Ram Jawaya v. State of Punjab (1955) case,</strong></em> the SC held: &ldquo;Indian Constitution has not indeed recognized the doctrine of separation of powers in its absolute rigidity but the functions of the different parts or branches of the government have been sufficiently differentiated.&rdquo;</li>
<li>In <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)</strong></em></a>, the SC held: &ldquo;Separation of powers is part of the basic structure of the constitution. None of the three separate organs of the republic can take over the functions assigned to the other&rdquo;. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Pith and Substance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pith means <strong>&lsquo;true nature&rsquo;</strong> and Substance means<strong> &lsquo;the most important or essential part of something&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine was<strong> first acknowledged in the Canadian Constitution</strong> and In India, it came to be adopted in the pre-independence period, under the <a href="/printpdf/important-sources-of-the-indian-constitution#:~:text=Government%20of%20India%20Act%201935&amp;text=This%20act%20abolished%20the%20system,most%20of%20the%20princely%20states." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government of India Act, 1935.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Applicability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doctrine of Pith and Substance</strong></a> is usually applied where the <strong>question arises of determining whether a particular law relates to a particular subject (mentioned in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges#:~:text=The%20Seventh%20Schedule%20of%20the%20Constitution%20contains%20three%20lists%20that,has%20exclusive%20power%20to%20legislate." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Seventh Schedule</a>),</strong> the court looks to the substance of the matter. </li>
<li>Apart from its applicability in cases related to the competency of the legislature<strong> (Article 246),</strong> the Doctrine of Pith and Substance is also applied in<strong> cases related to repugnancy in laws</strong> made by Parliament and laws made by the State Legislatures <strong>(Article 254).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The doctrine is employed in such cases to resolve the inconsistency between laws made by the Centre and the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>Prafulla v. Bank of Commerce (1946),</strong></em> the SC held that a State law, dealing with money lending (a State subject), is not invalid, merely because it incidentally affects promissory notes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>developed as an addition to the Doctrine of Pith and Substance.</strong> </li>
<li>This doctrine is invoked<strong> when there is a need to aid the principal legislation</strong> in question.</li>
<li>The Doctrine of Pith and Substance deals only with subjects but the Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers <strong>deals with the power to legislate on such subjects and the matters connected thereto.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The evolution of this Doctrine can be traced back to<em><strong> &ldquo;R. v. Waterfield (1963)&rdquo;,</strong></em> a decision of the <strong>English Court of Appeal. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 4 talks about <strong>power to make consequential changes in the law on matters supplemental and incidental</strong> to the law providing for altering the names of states under Article 2 and 3. </li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/legislative-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 169</strong></a> talks about the power given to the parliament on abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States &ldquo;as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions as Parliament may deem necessary.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC in the<em><strong> State of Rajasthan v. G Chawla (1958)</strong> </em>stated: &ldquo;The power to legislate on a topic of legislation carries with it the power to legislate on an ancillary matter which can be said to be reasonably included in the power given.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Severability</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>doctrine of separability</strong> and protects the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fundamental Rights</strong></a> of the citizens. </li>
<li>As per clause (1) of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Article%2013(2)%20reads%2C,of%20contravention%2C%20be%20void.%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 13</strong></a> of the Constitution, if any of the laws enforced in India are inconsistent with the provisions of fundamental rights, they shall, to the extent of that inconsistency, be void. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>whole law/act would not be held invalid, but only the provisions which are not in consistency</strong> with the Fundamental rights. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the valid and invalid part are so closely mixed up with each other that it cannot be separated then the whole law or act will be held invalid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Doctrine of Severability <strong>finds its roots in England</strong> in the case of <em><strong>Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company Ltd.</strong></em> where the issue was related to a Trade clause.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/evolution-of-indian-judiciary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)</em></a>,</strong> the SC held that in case of inconsistency to the Constitution, only the disputed provision of the Act will be void and not the whole of it, and every attempt should be made to save as much as possible of the act. </li>
<li>In <strong><a href="/printpdf/gujarat-prohibition-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>State of Bombay v. F.N. Balsara (1951)</em></a>,</strong> eight sections of the Bombay Prohibition Act were declared invalid, the Supreme Court said that the portion which was invalid to the extent of fundamental rights was separable from the rest of the act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Eclipse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is applied when any law/act <strong>violates the Fundamental Rights (FR).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In such a case, the<strong> FR overshadows the law/act and makes it unenforceable but not void ab initio (Having no legal effect from inception).</strong> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They can be reinforced if the restrictions posed by the fundamental rights are removed.</li>
<li>It is <strong>only against the citizens</strong> that these laws/acts remain in a dormant condition but <strong>remain in operation as against non-citizens</strong> who are not entitled to fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doctrine of eclipse is contained in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 13(1)</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution. The doctrine of eclipse <strong>does not apply to post-constitutional laws. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was first introduced in India in<em><strong> Bhikaji Narain Dhakras v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1955)</strong></em> where in the Central Provinces and Berar Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1947 empowered the Provincial Government to take up the entire Provincial Motor Transport Business, these are violative of article 19(1) (g). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court held that the impugned law became, for the time being, eclipsed by the fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Territorial Nexus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It says that laws made by a State Legislature are<strong> not applicable outside the state, except when there is a sufficient nexus</strong> between the state and the object.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine <strong>derives its power from Article 245</strong> of the Indian Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 245 (2) provides that no law made by the Parliament would be invalid on the ground that it would have <strong>extra-territorial operation</strong> i.e. takes effect outside the territory of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>A.H. Wadia v. Income Tax Commissioner (1948),</strong> </em>it was held that a question of extraterritoriality of enactment can never be raised against a Supreme Legislative Authority on the grounds of questioning its validity. </li>
<li>In the <strong><em>State of Bombay vs RMDC (1952),</em></strong> the SC held that there existed a sufficient Territorial Nexus to enable the Bombay Legislature to tax the respondent as all the activities which the competitor is ordinarily expected to undertake took place mostly within Bombay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Colourable Legislation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Doctrine is also called <strong>&ldquo;Fraud on the Constitution&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/30-09-2020#:~:text=The%20Doctrine%20of%20Colourable%20Legislation,cannot%20also%20be%20done%20indirectly." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doctrine of Colourable Legislation</strong></a> comes into play when a Legislature does not possess the power to make law upon a particular subject but nonetheless indirectly makes one. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By applying this principle the fate of the Impugned Legislation is decided. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Doctrine traces its origin to a Latin Maxim which, in this context, implies: <strong>&ldquo;Whatever legislature cannot do directly, it cannot do indirectly&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine is usually applied to<strong> Article 246</strong> which has demarcated the Legislative Competence of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies by outlining the different subjects under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-planning-to-bypass-central-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Union list, State list and Concurrent list</a>. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine has <strong>no application where the powers of a Legislature are not fettered</strong> by any Constitutional limitation. </li>
<li>It is also<strong> not applicable to Subordinate Legislation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>R.S Joshi v. Ajit Mills (1977),</strong></em> the SC observed that &ldquo;In the statute of force, the colourable exercise of or extortion on administrative force or misrepresentation on the constitution, are articulations which only imply that the assembly is clumsy to authorise a specific law, albeit the mark of competency is struck on it, and afterwards it is colourable enactment.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Pleasure </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine of pleasure has its <strong>origins in English law</strong> as per which, a civil servant holds office during the pleasure of the Crown. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 155, the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governor of a State</strong></a> is appointed by the President and <strong>holds the office during the pleasure of the President.</strong></li>
<li>Under Article 310, the civil servants (members of the Defence Services, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/civil-services-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Civil Services</strong></a>, All-India Services or persons holding military posts or civil posts under the Centre/State) <strong>hold office at the pleasure of the President or the Governor</strong> as the case may be. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-311-of-the-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 311</strong></a> places restrictions on this doctrine and provides safeguards to civil servants against any arbitrary dismissal from their posts. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC in <strong><em>State of Bihar v. Abdul Majid (1954),</em></strong> held that the English Common Law has not been adopted in its entirety and with all its rigorous implications.</li>
<li><strong><em>In Union of India v. Tulsiram Patel (1965),</em></strong> the SC held that the &ldquo;pleasure doctrine&rdquo; was neither a relic of the feudal age nor was it based on any special prerogative of the British Crown but was based upon public policy. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Harmonious Construction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term harmonious construction refers to such construction by which harmony or oneness amongst various provisions of an enactment is arrived at. </li>
<li>When the words of statutory provision bear more than one meaning and there is a doubt as to which meaning should prevail, their interpretation should be in a way that each has a separate effect and neither is redundant or nullified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Doctrine of Harmonious construction originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of <em><strong>Shankari Prasad v. Union of India.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles of rule of Harmonious construction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the landmark case of <em><strong>CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003)</strong> </em>the supreme court laid down five principles of rule of harmonious construction:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The courts must avoid a head-on clash of seemingly contradicting provisions and they must construe the contradictory provisions.</li>
<li>The provision of one section cannot be used to defeat the provision contained in another unless the court, despite all its efforts, is unable to find a way to reconcile their differences</li>
<li>When it is impossible to completely reconcile the differences in contradictory provisions, the courts must interpret them in such a way so that effect is given to both the provisions as much as possible.</li>
<li>Courts must also keep in mind that interpretation that reduces one provision to useless number or death is not harmonious construction.</li>
<li>To harmonize is not to destroy any statutory provision or to render it fruitless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <em><strong>Re-Kerala education bill 1951</strong></em> case it was held that in deciding the fundamental rights the court must consider the directive principle and adopt the principle of harmonious construction. So, two possibilities are given effect as much as possible by striking a balance.</li>
<li>In<em><strong> East India hotels ltd. V. Union of India (2001)</strong> </em>case, it was held that an Act is to be read as a whole, the different provisions have to be harmonized and the effect to be given to all of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9492,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to Privacy & Right to be Forgotten',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A case was filed by an actor in the Delhi High Court, pleading to remove the videos that were uploaded on the online platforms, without her consent.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court observed that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,decision%20of%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20v.&amp;text=The%20right%20to%20privacy%20is%20protected%20as%20an%20intrinsic%20part,Part%20III%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to privacy</strong> </a>of the woman is to be protected.</li>
<li>On the other hand, online platforms questioned their<strong> right to publish.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judgement: Right to privacy includes the right to be forgotten and the right to be left alone.</strong></li>
<li><strong>About the Right to Privacy:</strong> In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy v. Union of India case, 2017</strong></a>, the Right to Privacy was declared a fundamental right by the Supreme Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to privacy is protected as <strong>an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-be-forgotten-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to be Forgotten</a> (RTBF):</strong> It is the right to have <strong>publicly available personal information removed</strong> from the internet, search, databases, websites or any other public platforms, once the personal information in question is no longer necessary, or relevant.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RTBF <strong>gained importance after the 2014</strong> decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (&ldquo;CJEU&rdquo;) in the Google Spain case.</li>
<li>In the Indian context, the Supreme Court in <strong>Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017</strong> noted that the RTBF was <strong>a part of the broader right of privacy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The RTBF emerges from the <strong>right to privacy under Article 21</strong> and partly from the <strong>right to dignity under Article 14.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Right to be Left Alone:</strong> It doesn&rsquo;t mean that one is withdrawing from society. It is an expectation that society will not interfere in the choices made by the person so long as they do not cause harm to others.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Associated with RTBF: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Privacy vs. Information:</strong> The existence of RTBF in a given situation depends on its balancing with other conflicting rights such as the right to free expression or other publication rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, a person may want to de-link information about his criminal records and make it difficult for people to access certain journalistic reports when they google him.</li>
<li>This brings the person&rsquo;s right to be left alone, derived from Article 21, directly in conflict with the rights of the media to report on issues, flowing from Article 19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enforceability Against Private Individuals:</strong> The RTBF will normally be claimed against a private party (a media or news website).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This raises the question of whether fundamental rights can be enforced against the private individual, which is generally enforceable against the state.</li>
<li>Only Article 15(2), Article 17 and Article 23 provides protection against a private act of a private party that is challenged based on its violation of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ambiguous Judgements:</strong> In recent years, without a data protection law to codify RTBF, there are some inconsistent and peculiar adjudications of the right by various high courts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Courts in India have repeatedly either accepted or rejected the application of RTBF while completely ignoring the wider constitutional questions associated with it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Steps to Protect Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019#:~:text=Personal%20Data%3A%20The%20Bill%20requires,be%20stored%20only%20in%20India.&amp;text=Critical%20Personal%20Data%3A%20Critical%20personal,non%2Dpersonal%20data%20when%20demanded." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide for protection of privacy of individuals relating to their Personal Data and to establish a Data Protection Authority of India for the said purposes and the matters concerning the personal data of an individual.</li>
<li>Framed on the recommendations of B N Srikrishna Committee (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides for safeguard against certain breaches in relation to data from computer systems. It contains provisions to prevent the unauthorized use of computers, computer systems and data stored therein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parliament and the Supreme court to engage in a detailed analysis of RTBF and evolve a mechanism for balancing the conflicting rights of privacy and freedom of expression.</li>
<li>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the government should expedite the enactment of the <strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/privacy-invasion-delhi-hc-comes-to-the-rescue-of-actor/article36129874.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9427,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Moral Policing',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, five teenagers were arrested by the police in connection to an attack on a 23-year-old man in Kerala. This attack is one of the <strong>growing examples of moral policing</strong> in India.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Moral Policing in its broadest sense could mean<strong> a system where a strict vigil and restriction is imposed on those who violate the basic standards of our society.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The basic standard of our society could be found in its cultures, age-old customs and religious doctrines.</li>
<li>It is a situation where the moral character of an individual is questioned by those who advocate this phenomenon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manifestations of Moral Policing: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mob Lynching: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mob-lynching-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lynching</a></strong>, a form of violence in which a mob, under the pretext of <strong>administering justice without trial,</strong> executes a presumed offender, often after inflicting torture and corporal mutilation.</li>
<li><strong>Cow Vigilantism:</strong> Cow vigilantism or lynching in the name of <strong>Cow Protection</strong> poses a serious threat to the <strong>secular fabric of the nation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Killing of people just on the suspicion of beef depicts the intolerance among the vigilantes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural terrorism:</strong> Various extra constitutional actors like <strong>Anti Romeo Squads</strong> imposes their subjective belief through use of physical violence.</li>
<li><strong>Honor Killing:</strong> Honor killings are one of the extreme cases of moral policing which supposedly curtail western influences by encroaching on Individual freedom.</li>
<li><strong>Affecting Fundamental Rights:</strong> There are many times when moral policing hinders the basic fundamental rights of the citizen enshrined in the constitution such as the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-to-freedom" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> right to freedom of speech &amp; expression</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,choices%20that%20he%2F%20she%20makes." target="_blank" rel="noopener">right to privacy</a>, right to live with dignity etc.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, due to moral policing, the LGBT community faces extreme consequences and their basic right to life and liberty has been threatened.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors Promoting Moral Policing: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Religious Values:</strong> In a Hindu religion, cows are worshipped and they are seen as a symbol of life and thus they are revered and worshipped.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This sometimes leads to Cow vigilantism, which is perpetrated by the majority towards the minority on the presumption that the minorities are in regular consumption of bovine meat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Networking Platform:</strong> Platforms like Whatsapp&rsquo; and Facebook act as a <strong>catalyst towards moral policing,</strong> as it can amplify the spread of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fake-news-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fake news.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fake news can lead to events likle Lynching, Communal clashes, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patriarchy:</strong> People with a patriarchal mindset views the security of women as their duty, for they are perceived as weaker sex and gullible. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to this, they would impose restrictions on women in terms of speech, attitude, clothing, public behaviour etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overreach by Police:</strong> Police is a public organisation that is <strong>given extraordinary powers to use force.</strong> This leaves Police sometimes overreaching their powers. For example: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Section 292 of the<strong> Indian Penal Code</strong> (IPC) criminalized materials like books and paintings if it is deemed to be obscene. However, the term<strong> obscenity has not been defined.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the police personnel use Section 292 to file cases against film posters and advertisement hoardings that are deemed to be obscene. This <strong>undermines artistic creativity and curtails the artists&rsquo; freedom of expression.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Immoral traffic (prevention) act (PITA)</strong> was originally passed to prevent <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human trafficking.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it has been used by police to raid hotels if they suspect a sex racket being run there even without proper evidence, thus embarrassing legal couples and young people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reforming Criminal Justice System:</strong> There is a need to carry out reforms in the criminal justice system, so that sensitivity and awareness about constitutional values can be imbibed in the administration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Criminal justice system reforms broadly comprises three sets of reforms viz. <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-accessible-and-affordable-judicial-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Judicial reforms</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prison reforms</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/police-reforms-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Police reforms.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Discussions:</strong> Public discussion and debates should be promoted in schools and colleges to create awareness and sensitization towards different moral policing.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/five-teenagers-held-for-moral-policing-in-malappuram/article36044890.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9233,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Minority Institutions and RTE: NCPCR Survey',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>National Commission for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (NCPCR)</strong> conducted <strong>a Nationwide Assessment of Minority Schools.</strong> The report was<strong> titled</strong> &ldquo;Impact of Exemption under Article 15 (5) with regards to Article 21A of the Constitution of India on Education of Minority Communities&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim was to assess<strong> how the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">93<sup>rd</sup> Amendment to Indian Constitution</a>, which exempts minority institutions</strong> from otherwise <strong>mandatory provisions of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Education</a></strong>, affected children belonging to minority communities.</li>
<li>The report <strong>highlights the disproportionate number of minority institutions or dominance of non-minority category in Minority institutions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCPCR is a <strong>statutory body</strong> set up in March 2007 under the <strong>Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission's mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms are in<strong> consonance with the child rights perspective</strong> as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</li>
<li>It inquires into complaints relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the <strong>Right to Education Act, 2009.</strong></li>
<li>It monitors the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approved-changes-to-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Minority Schools Catering to the Non-Minorities:</strong> Overall, <strong>62.5% of the students in these schools belonged to non-minority communities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Only 8.76%</strong> of the students in minority schools belong to <strong>socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disproportionate Numbers:</strong> In West Bengal, 92.47% of the minority population is of Muslims and 2.47% are Christians. On the contrary, there are 114 Christian minority schools and only two schools with Muslim minority status.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Similarly, in Uttar Pradesh, though the Christian population is less than 1% there are 197 Christian minority schools in the state.</li>
<li>This disproportion <strong>takes away the core objective of establishing minority educational institutions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Uniformity in Madarsas:</strong> It found that the <strong>largest number of out-of-school children &ndash; at 1.1 crore &ndash; belonged to the Muslim community.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the report, there are three kinds of madrasas in the country:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Recognised Madrasas:</strong> These are registered and impart both religious as well as secular education;</li>
<li><strong>Unrecognised Madrasas:</strong> These have been found deficient for registration by state governments as secular education is not imparted.</li>
<li><strong>Unmapped Madrasas:</strong> These have never applied for registration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the NCPCR, the <strong>Sachar Committee report 2005,</strong> which says 4% of Muslim children (15.3 lakh) attend madrasas, has only taken into account the registered madrasas.</li>
<li>Further, the syllabi of madrasas, that have evolved over centuries, <strong>are not uniform, and that &ldquo;being left ignorant of the world around them&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many students develop an inferiority complex, being alienated from the rest of society and unable to adjust with the environment.</li>
<li>It also says that madrasas do not have any teachers training programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 15(5), 30, 21A Linkage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minority Institutions:</strong> Minority institutions have the fundamental right under Article 30 of the Constitution to establish and administer their educational institutions according to their choice. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, they cannot ignore the regulations recommended by the state.</li>
<li>Further, the Supreme Court in the <em>TMA <strong>Pai Foundation case, 2002</strong></em> said that Article 30(1) was neither absolute nor above the law.</li>
<li><strong>Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jain and Zoroastrians (Parsis) have been notified as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">minority communities</a></strong> under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 15 (5) (93<sup>rd</sup> Amendment to Indian Constitution):</strong> It empowers the <strong>state to make special provisions for the socially and educationally backward classes</strong> or the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in<strong> educational institutions</strong> including private educational institutions (whether aided or unaided by the state), <strong>except the minority educational institutions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Right to Education (RTE):</strong> In order to implement Right to Education under <strong>Article 21A.</strong> The Act mandates 25% reservation for disadvantaged sections of the society where disadvantaged groups include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SCs and STs</li>
<li>Socially Backward Class</li>
<li>Differently abled</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Using Article 30 to Bypassing RTE:</strong> Minority schools are outside the purview of the RTE Act. Further, in 2014, the Supreme Court in <em><strong>Pramati judgment</strong></em> made the whole RTE Act inapplicable to minority schools.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NCPCR survey highlighted that <strong>as many schools</strong> and institutions have <strong>registered as minority institutions, simply because they don&rsquo;t have to implement RTE.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government should bring all such schools, including madrasas, under the purview of the Right to Education and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan campaign</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The NCPCR also <strong>backed reservation for students</strong> from minority communities in such schools after its survey found a large proportion of non-minority students studying there.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a need to lay down <strong>specific guidelines regarding the minimum percentage of students</strong> from the minority community to be admitted to the institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to <strong>review the exemption made under RTE with respect to minority institutions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 30</strong> of Indian constitution ensures the right of minorities to open their own institutions for cultural, linguistic and religious protection.</li>
<li>However, it should not contravene with <strong>Article 21(A)</strong> which protects a child&rsquo;s fundamental right to education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncpcr-survey-finds-gaps-wants-all-minority-schools-under-rte-7448006/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9101,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC Judgement on Preventive Detention',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Supreme Court (SC)</a> ruled</strong> that <strong>a</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-and-k-public-safety-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">preventive detention</a> order can only be passed if the detenu is likely to adversely affect the maintenance of public order.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SC also gave<strong> direction to governments and to other courts,</strong> for dealing with detention under preventive detention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preventive Detention for Public Order:</strong> The court held that it cannot seriously be disputed that the<strong> Detenu may be a &lsquo;white collar offender&rsquo;</strong> and if set free, will continue to cheat gullible persons.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>However, a Preventive Detention Order can only be passed if his activities adversely</strong> affect or are likely to <strong>adversely affect the maintenance of public order.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clarity on the Term &lsquo;Public Order&rsquo;:</strong> Preventive detention is a <strong>necessary evil</strong> only to prevent public disorder, but a <strong>liberal meaning cannot be given</strong> to the expression public order in the context of preventive detention statute.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Contravention of law, such as indulging in cheating or criminal breach of trust, <strong>certainly affects &lsquo;law and order&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>However, before it can be said to affect &lsquo;public order&rsquo;, <strong>it must affect the community or the public at large.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direction to the Government:</strong> The State <strong>should not arbitrarily resort to &ldquo;preventive detention&rdquo;</strong> to deal with all and sundry &ldquo;law and order&rdquo; problems, which could be dealt with by the ordinary laws of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Directions to the Courts : One of the questions</strong> the courts must ask in deciding the legality under a preventive detention should be:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Was the ordinary law of the land sufficient to deal with the situation?</strong> If the answer is in the affirmative, the detention order will be illegal.</li>
<li>For example, the court said two drunks fighting on a road was a law and order problem, and not &lsquo;public disorder&rsquo;. The solution here was not preventive detention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventive Detention Undermines Liberty:</strong> Liberty of a citizen is a most important right won by our forefathers after long, historical and arduous struggles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the power of preventive detention is not narrowed down to limits, the right to liberty will become nugatory (of no value or importance).</li>
<li>Therefore, Preventive detention must fall within the ambit of<strong> Article 21</strong> (due process of law) and read with <strong>Article 22</strong> (safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention) and the <strong>statute in question.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>White Collar Crime vs Blue Collar Crime</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>White Collar Crime:</strong> The term "white collar crime" refers to<strong> financially motivated, nonviolent crime</strong> committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These crimes are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust.</li>
<li>Examples of white-collar crimes include <strong>securities fraud, corporate fraud, and money laundering, Ponzi and pyramid schemes, etc.</strong></li>
<li>White-collar crime has been associated with the<strong> educated and affluent.</strong></li>
<li>The term was first coined in <strong>1949 by sociologist Edwin Sutherland.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Blue Collar Crime:</strong> These crimes are <strong>primarily small scale,</strong> for immediate beneficial gain to the individual or group involved in them.</li>
<li>This can also include personal related crimes that can be <strong>driven by immediate reaction,</strong> such as during fights or confrontations.</li>
<li>These crimes may include Narcotic production or distribution, sexual assault, theft, burglary, assault or murder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Preventive Detention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 22 grants protection to persons who are arrested or detained.</strong> Detention is of two types, namely, <strong>punitive and preventive.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Punitive detention is to punish a person for an offence committed by him after trial and conviction in a court.</li>
<li>Preventive detention, on the other hand, means detention of a person without trial and conviction by a court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Article 22 has two parts&mdash;<strong>the first part deals with the cases of ordinary law</strong> and the <strong>second part deals with the cases of preventive detention law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; background-color: #300202;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Rights Given Under Punitive Detention</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; background-color: #300202;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Rights Given Under Preventive Detention</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The detention of a person cannot exceed three months unless an advisory board reports sufficient cause for extended detention.</li>
<li>The board is to consist of judges of a high court.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The grounds of detention should be communicated to the detenu.</li>
<li>However, the facts considered to be against the public interest need not be disclosed.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding the journey time.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The detenu should be afforded an opportunity to make a representation against the detention order.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to be released after 24 hours unless the magistrate authorises further detention.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These safeguards are not available to an enemy alien.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #edf2ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This protection is available to both citizens as well as aliens.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978</strong> has reduced the period of detention without obtaining the opinion of an advisory board from three to two months. However, this <strong>provision has not yet been brought into force,</strong> hence, the original period of three months still continues.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The preventive detention laws made by the Parliament are:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Expired in 1969.</li>
<li>Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971. Repealed in 1978.</li>
<li>Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-with-national-security-act-1980#:~:text=About%20the%20National%20Security%20Act,or%20from%20escaping%20future%20prosecution.&amp;text=An%20Advisory%20Board%20reports%20sufficient%20cause%20for%20extended%20detention." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Security Act (NSA), 1980.</strong></a></li>
<li>Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act (PBMSECA), 1980.</li>
<li>Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), 1985. Repealed in 1995.</li>
<li>Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (PITNDPSA), 1988.</li>
<li>Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002. Repealed in 2004.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues related to Preventive Detention Laws in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>No democratic country in the world has made preventive detention as an integral part of the Constitution as has been done in India.</li>
<li>The governments sometimes use such laws in an extra-judicial power. Also, there remains a fear of arbitrary detentions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/preventive-detention-only-if-detenu-affects-or-likely-to-affect-public-order-sc-rules-7435435/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8976,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to be Forgotten',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a reality show contestant has approached the Delhi High Court with a plea seeking the removal of his videos, photographs and articles etc. from the internet citing his <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Right to be Forgotten (RTBF)&rdquo;</a></strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the plea, the petitioner also maintains that the<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Right to be Forgotten&rdquo;</a> </strong>goes in sync with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,decision%20of%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20v.&amp;text=The%20right%20to%20privacy%20is%20protected%20as%20an%20intrinsic%20part,Part%20III%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Right to Privacy&rdquo;</a></strong>, which is an integral part of<strong> Article 21</strong> of the Constitution (<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1#:~:text=Protection%20of%20Life%20and%20Personal,both%20citizens%20and%20non%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Life</strong></a>).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to be Forgotten (RTBF):</strong> It is the right to have publicly available personal information removed from the internet, search, databases, websites or any other public platforms, once the personal information in question is no longer necessary, or relevant.</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> The RTBF <strong>gained importance after the 2014 decision</strong> of the <strong>Court of Justice of the European Union (&ldquo;CJEU&rdquo;)</strong> in the<strong> Google Spain case.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RTBF has been recognised as a <strong>statutory right</strong> in the <strong>European Union</strong> under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It has been upheld by a number of courts in the United Kingdom, and in Europe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status in India:</strong> In India, there is <strong>no law that specifically provides for the right to be forgotten.</strong> However, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a> recognised this right.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000</strong></a> provides for safeguard against certain breaches in relation to data from computer systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains provisions to prevent the unauthorized use of computers, computer systems and data stored therein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill and RTBF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In December, 2019, the Personal Data Protection Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha. It aims to set out provisions meant for the protection of the personal data of individuals.</li>
<li><strong>Clause 20</strong> under Chapter V of this draft bill titled<strong> &ldquo;Rights of Data Principal&rdquo;</strong> mentions the <strong>&ldquo;Right to be Forgotten.&rdquo;</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It states that the &ldquo;data principal (the person to whom the data is related) shall have the right to restrict or prevent the continuing disclosure of his personal data by a data fiduciary&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Therefore, broadly, under the Right to be forgotten, users can de-link, limit, delete or correct the disclosure of their personal information held by data fiduciaries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>data fiduciary</strong> means any person, including the State, a company, any juristic entity or any individual who alone or in conjunction with others determines the purpose and means of processing of personal data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Protection Authority (DPA):</strong> Even so, the <strong>sensitivity of the personal data and information cannot be determined independently by the person concerned,</strong> but will be overseen by the Data Protection Authority (DPA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This means that while the draft bill gives some provisions under which a data principal can seek that his data be removed, his or her rights are<strong> subject to authorisation by the Adjudicating Officer who works for the DPA.</strong></li>
<li>While assessing the data principal&rsquo;s request, this officer will need to examine the sensitivity of the personal data, the scale of disclosure, degree of accessibility sought to be restricted, role of the data principal in public life and the nature of the disclosure among some other variables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to Privacy and RTBF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RTBF falls under the purview of an <strong>individual&rsquo;s right to privacy,</strong> which is governed by the <strong>Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, the <strong>Right to Privacy</strong> was declared a <strong>fundamental right</strong> by the Supreme Court in its landmark <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy case verdict</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The court said that, &ldquo;the right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to life and personal liberty under Article 21</strong></a> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by <strong>Part III of the Constitution&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conflict with Public Record:</strong> Right to be forgotten may get into conflict with matters involving public records.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, judgments have always been treated as public records and fall within the definition of a public document according to Section 74 of the <strong>Indian Evidence Act, 1872.</strong></li>
<li>The RTBF cannot be extended to official public records, especially judicial records as that would undermine public faith in the judicial system in the long run.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual vs Society:</strong> Right to be forgotten creates a dilemma between the right to privacy of individuals and the right to information of society and freedom of press.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There must be <strong>a balance between</strong> the right to privacy and <strong>protection of personal data (Article 21) and the freedom of information</strong> of internet users<strong> (Article 19).</strong></li>
<li>A comprehensive data protection law must address these issues and <strong>minimize the conflict between the two fundamental rights</strong> that form the crucial part of the <strong>golden trinity (Articles 14,19 and 21)</strong> of the Indian constitution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-right-to-be-forgotten-india-explained-7418661/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8953,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Surveillance Laws in India and Privacy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a global collaborative investigative effort has revealed that, at least 300 <strong>individuals in India, were potentially identified for targeted surveillance</strong> using sophisticated <strong>spyware called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pegasus-spyware" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pegasus</a>.</strong> However, the government has claimed that all interception in India takes place lawfully.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communication surveillance in India takes place primarily under <strong>two laws</strong> - the <strong>Telegraph Act, 1885 and the Information Technology Act, 2000.</strong></li>
<li>While the <strong>Telegraph Act deals with interception of calls</strong>, the <strong>IT Act was enacted to deal with surveillance of all electronic communication.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627027666_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627027666_image 2.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Telegraph Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under <strong>Section 5(2) of this law</strong>, the government can intercept calls only in certain situations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India,</li>
<li>Security of the state,</li>
<li>Friendly relations with foreign states or public order,</li>
<li>Preventing incitement to the commission of an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are the same restrictions imposed on free speech under <strong>Article 19(2) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>However, these restrictions can be imposed only when there is a <strong>condition precedent</strong> - the <strong>occurrence of any public emergency, or in the interest of public safety.</strong></li>
<li>Further, the grounds of selecting a person for surveillance and extent of information gathering has to be <strong>recorded in writing.</strong></li>
<li>This lawful interception <strong>cannot take place against journalists.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provided that press messages intended to be published in India of correspondents accredited to the Central Government or a State Government, unless their transmission has been prohibited under this subsection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court Intervention:</strong> In <em><strong>Public Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India (1996)</strong></em>, the SC pointed out lack of procedural safeguards in the provisions of the Telegraph Act and laid down following observations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tapping is a <strong>serious invasion of an individual&rsquo;s privacy.</strong></li>
<li>It is no doubt correct that every Government exercises some degree of surveillance operation as a <strong>part of its intelligence</strong> outfit but at the same time <strong>citizen&rsquo;s right to privacy has to be protected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanction for Interception:</strong> The abovementioned Supreme Court&rsquo;s observations formed the basis of <strong>introducing Rule 419A</strong> in the Telegraph Rules in 2007 and later in the rules prescribed under the IT Act in 2009.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rule 419A states that a <strong>Secretary to the Government of India (not below the rank of a Joint Secretary)</strong> in the Ministry of Home Affairs can pass orders of interception in the case of Centre, and similar provisions exist at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IT Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 69 of the Information Technology Act and the Information Technology (Procedure for Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules, 2009</strong> were enacted to further the legal framework for electronic surveillance.</li>
<li>However, the scope of <strong>Section 69 the IT Act</strong> is much broader and vague than the Telegraph Act as the only condition precedent for engaging electronic surveillance is for the<strong> &ldquo;investigation of an offence&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>These provisions are problematic and offer the <strong>government total opacity in respect of its interception and monitoring activities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Issues with the Surveillance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Legal Loopholes:</strong> According to the Centre for Internet &amp; Society, the <strong>gaps in laws allow surveillance and affect privacy.</strong> For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ambiguity on issues</strong> like type of interception, granularity of information that can be intercepted and the <strong>degree of assistance from service providers</strong> helps in bypassing the law and aids surveillance by the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affects Fundamental Rights:</strong> The very existence of a surveillance system impacts the right to privacy (held by the SC in <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Union%20of%20India%20(2017),21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=The%20Puttaswamy%20judgement%20of%202017,fundamental%20right%20in%20Indian%20Jurisprudence." target="_blank" rel="noopener">K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India case, 2017</a>)</strong> and the exercise of freedom of speech and personal liberty under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Authoritarian Regime:</strong> The surveillance promotes spread of authoritarianism in the government functioning since it allows the executive to exercise a disproportionate amount of power on the citizen and impacts their personal lives.</li>
<li><strong>Threat to Freedom of Press:</strong> Current revelations over the use of Pegasus highlights that surveillance was also conducted on many journalists. This affects freedom of press.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for reforms in the Indian surveillance regime, which should incorporate <strong>ethics of surveillance</strong> and considers the moral aspects of how surveillance is employed.</li>
<li>In this context, there is a need for a holistic debate before the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019</strong></a> is enacted.</li>
<li>So that the law can be tested against the <strong>cornerstone of fundamental rights</strong> and <strong>growth of the digital economy and security of the country</strong> can be balanced.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/project-pegasus-the-laws-for-surveillance-in-india-and-the-concerns-over-privacy-7417714/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8902,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Plea Challenges Sedition Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a petition was filed in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme court (SC)</strong></a>, that seeks a relook into the <strong>Sedition Law.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From Petitioner:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nearly-60-year old judgment helped sedition to survive in Indian Penal Code.</li>
<li>The <strong>1962 judgment in the KedarNath case,</strong> which upheld <strong>Section 124A (sedition),</strong> a relic of the colonial legacy, was given at a time when doctrines such as <strong>&lsquo;chilling effect&rsquo; (Deterring effect resulting from restrictive law) on free speech</strong> were unheard of. It was delivered at a time when scope and inter-relationship of fundamental rights were rather restrictive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Kedar Nath judgment, the court had reasoned that without<strong> Section 124A,</strong> the State would be in jeopardy if the government was subverted. It, however, said that Section 124A would apply only to expressions that either intended to or had the tendency to cause violence were punishable as<strong> &lsquo;sedition&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Court&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It sends a strong message to the government that <strong>sedition is being misused by the authorities</strong> to trample upon <strong>citizens&rsquo; fundamental rights</strong> of free speech and liberty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC made it clear that the court is sensitive to the public demand to judicially review the manner in which law enforcement authorities are using the sedition law to control free speech and send journalists, activists and dissenters to jail, and keep them there.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code <strong>may have passed its time.</strong></li>
<li>The Court said &ldquo;a statute criminalising expression based on unconstitutionally vague definitions of <strong>&lsquo;disaffection towards Government&rsquo;</strong> etc. is an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right to free expression guaranteed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-to-freedom" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 19 (1)(a)</strong></a> and causes constitutionally impermissible <strong>&lsquo;Chilling Effect&rsquo; on speech&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background of Sedition Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sedition laws were enacted in <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century England</strong> when lawmakers believed that <strong>only good opinions of the government should survive,</strong> as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>The law was originally drafted<strong> in 1837 by Thomas Macaulay,</strong> the British historian-politician, but was inexplicably omitted when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-road-map-for-criminal-justice-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong></a> was enacted <strong>in 1860.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-indias-sedition-law-needs-to-be-buried" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 124A</strong></a> was inserted in 1870 by an amendment introduced by Sir James Stephen when it felt the need for a specific section to deal with the offence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was one of the many draconian laws enacted to stifle any voices of dissent at that time.</li>
<li>It was used by the British to silence<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sedition Law Today:</strong> Sedition is a crime under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 124A IPC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defines sedition as<strong> an offence committed when</strong> "any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India".</li>
<li>Disaffection includes <strong>disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.</strong> However,<strong> comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred,</strong> contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishment for the Offence of Sedition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sedition is<strong> a non-bailable offence.</strong> Punishment under the <strong>Section 124A ranges</strong> from imprisonment up to <strong>three years to a life term,</strong> to which fine may be added.</li>
<li>A person charged <strong>under this law is barred</strong> from a government job.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have to live without their passport and must produce themselves in the court at all times as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Has its utility in combating anti-national, secessionist and terrorist elements.</li>
<li>It protects the elected government from attempts to overthrow the government with violence and illegal means.</li>
<li>If<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> contempt of court</strong></a> invites penal action, contempt of government should also attract punishment.</li>
<li>Many districts in different states face a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/naxalism-left-wing-extremism-internal-security-threat-vulnerabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>maoist insurgency</strong></a> and rebel groups, they openly advocate the overthrow of the state government by revolution.</li>
<li>Against this backdrop, the abolition of Section 124A would be ill-advised merely because it has been wrongly invoked in some highly publicized cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments against Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a constraint on the <strong>legitimate exercise of constitutionally guaranteed freedom</strong> of speech and expression.</li>
<li><strong>Dissent and criticism of the government are essential ingredients</strong> of robust public debate in a vibrant democracy. They should not be constructed as sedition.</li>
<li>The British, who introduced sedition to oppress Indians, have themselves abolished the law in their country. There is no reason why India should not abolish this section.</li>
<li>The terms used under Section 124A like <strong>'disaffection'</strong> are vague and subject to different interpretations to the whims and fancies of the investigating officers.</li>
<li>IPC and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 2019</strong></a> have provisions that penalize <strong>"disrupting the public order"</strong> or<strong> "overthrowing the government with violence and illegal means".</strong> These are sufficient for protecting national integrity.</li>
<li>The sedition law is being misused as a tool to persecute political dissent.</li>
<li>In 1979, India ratified the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)</strong></a>, which sets forth internationally recognized standards for the protection of freedom of expression. However, misuse of sedition and arbitrary slapping of charges are inconsistent with India's international commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the largest democracy of the world and the right to free speech and expression is an essential ingredient of democracy. The expression or thought that is not in consonance with the policy of the government of the day should not be considered as sedition.</li>
<li>Section 124A should not be misused as a tool to curb free speech. The SC caveat, given in the KedarNath case, on prosecution under the law can check its misuse. It needs to be examined under the changed facts and circumstances and also on the anvil of ever-evolving tests of necessity, proportionality and arbitrariness.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-agrees-to-examine-fresh-plea-challenging-sedition-law/article35316511.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8858,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Section 66A of the IT Act',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has issued a <strong>notice to the Centre</strong> on the use of <strong>Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000</strong> that was scrapped several years ago.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court struck down the provision as <strong>unconstitutional</strong> and <strong>a violation of free speech</strong> in 2015 in the <strong>Shreya Singhal Case.</strong></li>
<li>The IT Act, 2000 provides for legal recognition for transactions through electronic communication, also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-commerce</strong></a>. The Act also penalizes various forms of cyber crime.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626167411_pasted%20image 0 (8).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626167411_pasted image 0 (8).png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Section 66A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>empowered police</strong> to make arrests over what policemen, in terms of their subjective discretion, could construe as <strong>&ldquo;offensive&rdquo; or &ldquo;menacing&rdquo; or for the purposes of causing annoyance, inconvenience, etc.</strong></li>
<li>It prescribed the <strong>punishment for sending messages through a computer</strong> or <strong>any other communication device</strong> like a mobile phone or a tablet, and a conviction could fetch a <strong>maximum of three years in jail.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with Section 66A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Based on Undefined Actions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The court observed that the <strong>weakness of Section 66A lay in the fact</strong> that it had created an <strong>offence on the basis of undefined actions:</strong> such as causing <strong>&ldquo;inconvenience, danger, obstruction and insult&rdquo;</strong>, which do not fall among the exceptions granted under <strong>Article 19 of the Constitution</strong>, which <strong>guarantees the freedom of speech.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Subjective Nature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The court also <strong>observed that the challenge was to identify</strong> where to draw the line. Traditionally, it has been drawn at incitement while terms like <strong>obstruction and insult remain subjective.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Procedural Safeguards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition, the court had noted that <strong>Section 66A did not have procedural safeguards like other sections of the law</strong> with similar aims, such as the need to obtain the concurrence of the Centre before action can be taken.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Local authorities could proceed autonomously, literally on the whim of their political masters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Court did not strike down</strong> two other provisions- <strong>sections 69A and 79 of the IT Act &ndash;</strong> and said that they can remain enforced with certain restrictions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 69A provides power</strong> to issue directions to<strong> block public access of any information</strong> through any computer resource and <strong>Sec 79 provides for exemption from liability of intermediar</strong>y in certain cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against the Fundamental Rights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Section 66A was <strong>contrary to both Articles 19 (free speech) and 21 (right to life) of the Constitution.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Right to know</strong> is the species of the <strong>right to speech and expression</strong> provided by the <strong>Article 19(1) (a) of the constitution of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a pressing <strong>need to move from a system where communication about judicial decisions</strong> is at the mercy of initiatives by scrupulous officers, to a method not <strong>contingent on human error to the greatest possible extent.</strong> The urgency cannot be overstated.</li>
<li><strong>Enforcing unconstitutional laws</strong> is sheer wastage of public money.</li>
<li>But more importantly, <strong>until this basic flaw is addressed</strong>, certain persons will remain exposed to denial of their right to life and personal liberty in the worst possible way imaginable.</li>
<li>They will s<strong>uffer the indignity of lawless arrest and detention</strong>, for no reason other than their poverty and ignorance, and inability to demand their rights.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/distressing-and-shocking-that-people-are-still-tried-under-section-66a-of-it-act-says-sc/article35142975.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8781,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The source of the concept of<strong> Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> is the Spanish Constitution from which it came in the Irish Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of DPSP emerged from <strong>Article 45 of the Irish Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions: <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part IV</a></strong> of the Constitution of India <strong>(Article 36&ndash;51)</strong> contains the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 37</strong> of the Indian Constitution States about the <strong>application of the Directive Principles.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These principles aim at ensuring <strong>socioeconomic justice</strong> to the people and establishing India as a Welfare State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights Vs DPSP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the Fundamental Rights (FRs), the <strong>scope of DPSP is limitless</strong> and it protects the rights of a citizen and work at a <strong>macro level.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP consists of all the <strong>ideals which the State should follow</strong> and keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Directive Principles <strong>are affirmative directions</strong> on the other hand, Fundamental Rights are negative or prohibitive in nature because they put limitations on the State.</li>
<li>The DPSP is <strong>not enforceable by law;</strong> it is non-justiciable.</li>
<li>It is important to note that DPSP and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRs</strong></a> go hand in hand. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP is <strong>not subordinate to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FRs.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification of Principles:</strong> The Directive Principles are classified on the basis of their ideological source and objectives. These are Directives based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Socialist Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gandhian Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liberal and Intellectual Principles</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Socialist Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 38:</strong> The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order by<strong> ensuring social, economic and political justice</strong> and by <strong>minimising inequalities</strong> in income, status, facilities and opportunities</li>
<li><strong>Articles 39:</strong> The State shall in particular, direct its policies towards securing: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to an<strong> adequate means of livelihood</strong> to all the citizens.</li>
<li>The<strong> ownership and control of material resources</strong> shall be organised in a manner to serve the common good.</li>
<li>The State shall <strong>avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Equal pay for equal work</strong> for both men and women.</li>
<li>The protection of the strength and health of the workers.</li>
<li>Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 41:</strong> To secure the<strong> right to work, to education and to public assistance</strong> in cases of unemployment, <strong>old age, sickness and disability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 42:</strong> The State shall make provisions for <strong>securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>secure to all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> The State shall take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> To <strong>raise the level of nutrition</strong> and the <strong>standard of living</strong> of people and to improve public health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Gandhian Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 40:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> organise village panchayats</strong> as units of Self Government</li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>promote cottage industries</strong> on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43B:</strong> To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> The State shall<strong> promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people particularly that of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>other weaker sections.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> improve public health</strong> and prohibit consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.</li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch</strong></a> and draught cattle and to improve their breeds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Liberal-Intellectual Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 44:</strong> The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizen a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uniform-civil-code-2#:~:text=Article%2044%20of%20the%20Constitution,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uniform Civil Code</strong></a> through the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 45:</strong> To provide <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>early childhood care and education</strong></a> for all children until they complete the <strong>age of six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 48A:</strong> To protect and<strong> improve the environment</strong> and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 49:</strong> The State shall <strong>protect every <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monument</a></strong> or place of artistic or historic interest.</li>
<li><strong>Article 50:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> separate judiciary from the executive</strong> in the public services of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51:</strong> It declares that to <strong>establish international peace and security</strong> the State shall endeavour to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maintain just and honourable relations with the nations.</li>
<li>Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.</li>
<li>Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Amendments in DPSP:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2#:~:text=Forty%2DFourth%20Amendment%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=Restored%20the%20original%20term%20of,the%20Parliament%20and%20state%20legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1976</strong></a>: It introduced certain changes in the part-IV of the Constitution by adding new directives: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 39A:</strong> To provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>free legal aid</strong> </a>to the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> Participation of workers in management of Industries.K1M</li>
<li><strong>Article 48A:&nbsp;</strong>To protect and improve the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-constitution-day#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20(44th%20Amendment)%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20provided%20that,been%20declared%20a%20legal%20right." target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1978</a>:</strong> It inserted Section-2 to Article 38 which declares that; &ldquo;The State in particular shall strive to minimise economic inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities not amongst individuals but also amongst groups&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>eliminated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Property</a></strong> from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=The%2086th%20amendment%20to,children%20between%206%2D14%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2002</strong></a>: It changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21 A.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conflicts Between Fundamental Rights and DPSP: Associated Cases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Champakam Dorairajan v the State of Madras (1951): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india#:~:text=The%20State%20of%20Madras%20v,First%20amendment%20in%20the%20constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court ruled that in case of <strong>any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles, the former would prevail.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It declared that the Directive Principles have to conform to and run as subsidiary to the Fundamental Rights.</li>
<li>It also held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended by the Parliament by enacting constitutional amendment acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golaknath v the State of Punjab (1967): <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-123#:~:text=Golak%20Nath%20V%20State%20of,rights%20a%20%E2%80%9CTranscendental%20Position%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court declared that<strong> Fundamental Rights could not be amended by the Parliament</strong> even for implementation of Directive Principles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was contradictory to its own judgement in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=In%20the%20early%20years%20of,Sajjan%20Singh%20case%20(1965).&amp;text=This%20means%20Parliament%20had%20the,the%20constitution%20including%20Fundamental%20rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Shankari Parsad case&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kesavananda Bharati v the State of Kerala (1973): <a href="/printpdf/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case#:~:text=Key%20Points,owned%20property%20without%20government%20interference." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court overruled its Golak Nath (1967) verdict and declared that Parliament <strong>can amend any part of the Constitution</strong> but it <strong>cannot alter its &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the Right to Property (Article 31) was eliminated from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minerva Mills v the Union of India (1980): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court reiterated that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but it cannot change the &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo; of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementation of DPSP: Associated Acts and Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Reforms:</strong> Almost all the states have passed<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/land-reforms-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> land reform</strong></a> laws to bring changes in the agrarian society and to improve the conditions of the rural masses. These measures include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abolition of intermediaries</strong> like zamindars, jagirdars, inamdars, etc</li>
<li><strong>Tenancy reforms</strong> like security of tenure, fair rents, etc</li>
<li>Imposition of ceilings on land holdings</li>
<li><strong>Distribution of surplus land</strong> among the landless labourers</li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-142#:~:text=Cooperative%20farming%20to%20resolve%20the,and%20thus%20it%20costs%20less." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative farming</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Reforms:</strong> The following acts were enacted to protect the interests of the Labour section of the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Minimum Wages Act (1948), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-related-to-minimum-wage#:~:text=The%20Code%20on%20Wages%2C%202020,be%20fixed%20by%20state%20governments." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages, 2020</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-laws-diluted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Act%2C%20employment,as%20chemical%20plants%20and%20mines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act (1986)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Renamed as the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Child and Adolescent Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986</strong> </a>in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india#:~:text=and%20sexual%20slavery.-,Bonded%20Labour%20System%20(Abolition)%20Act%201976,the%20form%20of%20Vigilance%20Committees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining#:~:text=The%20Union%20Cabinet%20has%20approved,attract%20investment%20in%20coal%20mining.&amp;text=)%20Act%2C%202015.-,The%20Mines%20and%20Minerals%20(Development%20and%20Regulation)%20Act%2C%201957,mining%20leases%20for%20mining%20operations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india#:~:text=The%20Maternity%20Benefit%20Amendment%20Act%20increases%20women's%20leave%20entitlements%20from,more%20children%20get%20reduced%20entitlements." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maternity Benefit Act (1961)</strong></a> and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of women workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Panchayati Raj System:</strong> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotation-of-panchayat-seats-between-men-and-women#:~:text=The%2073rd%20Constitutional%20Amendment,it%20by%20the%20State%20Legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992</strong></a>, government fulfilled constitutional obligation stated in Article 40. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Three tier<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Panchayati Raj System&rsquo;</strong></a> was introduced at the Village, Block and District level in almost all parts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cottage Industries:</strong> To promote cottage industries as per <strong>Article 43,</strong> the government has established several Boards such as Village Industries Board, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All India Handicraft Board</strong></a>,<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Silk Board</a></strong>, Coir Board, etc., which provide essential help to cottage industries in finance and marketing.</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> Government has implemented provisions related to free and compulsory education as provided in <strong>Article 45.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-3#:~:text=Amendment%3A,functional%20items%20of%20the%20panchayats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment</strong> </a>and subsequently passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-education-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rights to Education Act 2009,</strong></a> Elementary Education has been accepted as Fundamental Right of each child between the 6 to 14 years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rural Area Development:</strong> Programmes such as the Community Development Programme (1952), <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Rural Development Programme</strong></a> (1978-79) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA-2006)</strong></a> were launched to raise the standard of living particularly in rural areas, as stated in the <strong>Article 47</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> Central Government sponsored schemes like <strong>Pradhan Mantri Gram Swasthya Yojana (PMGSY)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana#:~:text=National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM)%20was,the%20National%20Urban%20Health%20Mission.&amp;text=The%20National%20Health%20Mission%20seeks,to%201%2F1000%20live%20births" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)</strong></a> are being implemented to fulfill the social sector responsibility of the Indian State.</li>
<li><strong>Environment:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/wildlife-protection-act-wpa-1972#:~:text=Wildlife%20(Protection)%20Act%2C%201972,101%20National%20Parks%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=Forest%20Conservation%20Act%2C%201980%3A%20The,conserve%20biodiversity%20and%20save%20wildlife." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980</strong></a> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environment-protection-act-1986" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a> have been enacted to safeguard the wildlife and the forests respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water</strong> </a>and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-environment-day-1#:~:text=quality%20monitoring%20network.-,Air%20(Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981,control%20%26%20abatement%20of%20air%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Pollution</a> Control Acts</strong> have provided for the establishment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Heritage Preservation:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958)</strong></a> has been enacted to protect the monuments, places and objects of national importance.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8725,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gujarat Prohibition Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949 has been challenged</strong> before the Gujarat High Court, more than seven decades after it came into effect as the <strong>Bombay Prohibition Act.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>prohibition on manufacture, sale and consumption of liquor in the state vide the Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949</strong>, has been challenged on grounds of 'manifest arbitrariness' and violation of 'right to privacy'.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bombay Abkari Act, 1878:</strong> The first hint at the prohibition of liquor was through the Bombay Abkari Act, 1878 (in the Province of Bombay). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This Act dealt with levying of duties on intoxicants, among other things and aspects of prohibition via amendments made in 1939 and 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949:</strong> There were &ldquo;many lacuna&rdquo; in the Bombay Abkari Act, 1878, from the point of view of the government&rsquo;s decision to enforce prohibition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This led to the birth of <strong>Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court</a> (SC) upheld the Act</strong> broadly barring a few sections in 1951 in the judgment of <em><strong>State of Bombay and another versus FN Balsara.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Following the <strong>reorganisation of Bombay province into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960</strong>, there was continued amendment and<strong> liberalisation in the state of Maharashtra</strong>, especially in 1963.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ground for the liberalisation of the law was to check the business of illicit liquor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat<strong> adopted the prohibition policy in 1960</strong> and subsequently chose to enforce it with greater rigidity, but also made processes easier for foreign tourists and visitors to get liquor permits.</li>
<li>In 2011, the Act was <strong>renamed as Gujarat Prohibition Act.</strong> In 2017, the <strong>Gujarat Prohibition (Amendment) Act</strong> was passed with provision of up to ten years jail for manufacturing, purchase, sale and transportation of liquor in the dry state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grounds for Challenging the Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The right of privacy:</strong> Any invasion by the state in an individual&rsquo;s right to choice of food and beverage amounts to an unreasonable restriction and destroys the individual&rsquo;s decisional and bodily autonomy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to privacy</strong></a> has been held as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in several judgments since 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ground of Manifest Arbitrariness:</strong> It has been especially highlighted while <strong>challenging sections pertaining to grant of health permits and temporary permits to out-of-state tourists.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The petitioner says that there are no intelligible differences in the classes thus being created by the state on who gets to drink and who does not and <strong>violates the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1#:~:text=Equality%20of%20Opportunity%20in%20Public,appointment%20to%20any%20public%20office." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Equality</a> under Article 14 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Counter Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aggravate the Sense of Violence:</strong> Various research and studies have shown that alcohol tends to aggravate the sense of violence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the domestic violence crimes against women and children are committed behind closed doors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Obligation of State:</strong> Challenging the law, is an &ldquo;attack on the constitutional obligation of the primary duty of the State as the guardian of the population to protect the health and lives of its people&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>National Prohibition</strong> was advocated by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments Against Prohibition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Loss of Revenue:</strong> Tax revenues from alcohol is a major part of any government&rsquo;s revenues. These enable the government to finance several public welfare schemes. Absence of these revenues severely impacts state&rsquo;s ability to run public welfare programmes.</li>
<li><strong>Burden on Judiciary:</strong> Bihar introduced complete prohibition in April 2016. While it certainly has led to reduction in alcohol consumption, the related social, economic, and administrative costs have been far too much to justify gains. Prohibition crippled the judicial administration. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>So far over 2.14 lakh cases have been registered under the Act; 2.55 lakh people have been booked and 1.67 lakh arrests have been made.</li>
<li>Ironically, liquor sales in districts in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal bordering Bihar have seen a sharp rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source of Employment:</strong> Today, Indian Made Foreign Liquors (IMFL) industry contributes over 1 lakh crore in taxes every year. It supports the livelihood of 35 lakh farming families and provides direct and indirect employment to lakhs of workers employed in the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition in Other States:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alcohol prohibition is in force in the states of <strong>Bihar, Mizoram, Nagaland</strong> and the <strong>union territory of Lakshadweep.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>State Subject:</strong> Alcohol is a subject in the <strong>State list under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">seventh schedule</a> of the Indian Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> The <strong>Directive Principle in the Constitution of India</strong> states that &ldquo;The state shall undertake rules to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between issues such as morality, prohibition or freedom of choice, there are also<strong> factors like economy, jobs, etc, which cannot be ignored.</strong> What is required is an informed and constructive dialogue on the causes and effects.</li>
<li>Policy makers should<strong> focus on framing laws which encourage responsible behavior and compliance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Drinking age should be made uniform across the country and no person below that should be permitted to buy alcohol.</li>
<li>Tough laws should be made against drunken behaviour in public, domestic violence under influence, and drinking and driving.</li>
<li>The governments should set aside part of revenue earned from alcohol for social education, de-addiction, and community support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-70-years-on-why-gujarats-prohibition-law-is-being-challenged-in-court-7377782/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8702,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Right To Be Forgotten',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<strong> <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-fine-line-that-separates-judicial-transparency-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten-101624521826341.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The fine line that separates judicial transparency and the right to be forgotten&rdquo;</a></strong> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 24/06/2021. It talks about the issues involved with the right to be forgotten.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Delhi high court has granted relief to a petitioner seeking to exercise <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;right to be forgotten</strong></a> (RTBF). The petitioner, who was earlier acquitted in a narcotics case, had come before the high court praying for the removal of the judgment of his acquittal from online platforms.</p>
<p>The court&rsquo;s order assumes significance by removing it from online platforms to protect an individual&rsquo;s right to privacy and the need to balance it with the right to information of the public and maintenance of transparency in judicial records.</p>
<h3>The Right To Be Forgotten</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; is the right to have publicly available personal information removed from the internet, search, databases, websites or any other public platforms, once the personal information in question is no longer necessary, or relevant.</li>
<li>RTBF gained currency after the 2014 decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (&ldquo;CJEU&rdquo;) in the Google Spain case.</li>
<li>RTBF has been recognised as a statutory right in the European Union under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong></a>, and has been upheld by a number of courts in the United Kingdom, and in Europe.</li>
<li>In India, there is no law that specifically provides for the right to be forgotten. However, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a> recognised this right.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Google Spain Case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this case, the CJEU ruled in favour of a Spanish national who had requested Google to remove two links to newspaper articles about him.</li>
<li>It held that personal information found to be inadequate, irrelevant, or excessive in relation to the purposes of the processing should be erased, even if it was published lawfully.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>RTBF in India &amp; Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, RTBF doesn&rsquo;t have legislative sanction yet. However, in the Puttaswamy judgment, the Supreme court held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right.</li>
<li>In the Puttaswamy judgment, the Supreme Court observed that the &ldquo;right of an individual to exercise control over his personal data and to be able to control his/her own life would also encompass his right to control his existence on the Internet&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Currently, many High courts have expressly recognised the right to be forgotten in their judgments, taking note of international jurisprudence on this right.</li>
<li>With deeper integration of technology and the digitisation of data, a simple Google search can yield a plethora of information about an individual, which may hurt a person's reputation &amp; dignity guaranteed under Article 21 of the constitution.</li>
<li>At a time when the judiciary is entering Phase III of its ambitious eCourts project, rights such as RTBF will have to be coded into any technology solution that is developed for judicial data storage and management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated With Right to Be Forgotten</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal Challenge:</strong> Right to be forgotten may get into conflict with matters involving public records. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, judgments have always been treated as public records and fall within the definition of a public document according to Section 74 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.</li>
<li>According to a report by Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, RTBF cannot be extended to official public records, especially judicial records as that would undermine public faith in the judicial system in the long run.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information in the Public Domain is Like Toothpaste:</strong> Like once toothpaste is out of the tube one can&rsquo;t get it back in and once the information is in the public domain, in the digital era, it will never go away.</li>
<li><strong>Individual vs Society:</strong> Right to be forgotten creates a dilemma between the right to privacy of individuals and the right to information of society and freedom of press.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Making Privacy as Reasonable Restriction:</strong> In order to implement the right to be forgotten, privacy needs to be added as a ground for reasonable restriction under Article 19 (2) by a major amendment to the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Balancing Privacy &amp; Information:</strong> There is need for development of framework, the right to be forgotten can be restricted. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;</li>
<li>Compliance with legal obligations;</li>
<li>The performance of a task carried out in public interest, or public health;</li>
<li>Archiving purposes in the public interest;</li>
<li>Scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes; or</li>
<li>The establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Given that the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 is already tabled in parliament, there needs to be a comprehensive debate. So as to minimize the conflict between the two fundamental rights that form the crucial part of the golden trinity (Art. 14,19 and 21) of the Indian constitution.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Striking the right balance between right to privacy of individuals and right to information of society, will be key to the development of Right to be Forgotten India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8596,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Sedition Law',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-sedition-law-must-go-7355073/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Why the sedition law must go&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 12/06/2021. It talks about the associated issues with the Sedition Law.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court decision quashed the sedition charges against a senior journalist. Civil society hailed this as a heartening development, especially in the context of the increasing number of sedition cases filed.</p>
<p>Increasing number of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sedition-law-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sedition</strong></a> cases reflects the repressive approach to dissent and criticism of the government.</p>
<p>Moreover, a report by Freedom House (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-in-the-world-2021-report#:~:text=The%20Freedom%20in%20the%20World,deterioration%20over%20the%20last%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Freedom in the World 2021: Democracy Under Siege</strong></a>) downgraded India&rsquo;s status from a free country to a partly free country. One of the reasons for the fall is the rise in sedition cases against dissenters.</p>
<p>Therefore, as the sedition law is often used to stifle democracy, it should be removed from the statutes.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Historical Background of Sedition Law</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sedition laws were enacted in 17<sup>th</sup> century England when lawmakers believed that only good opinions of the government should survive, as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>This sentiment (and law) was borrowed and inserted into the Section 124A of IPC in 1870, by the British.</li>
<li>British used Sedition law to convict and sentence freedom fighters. It was first used to prosecute Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1897.</li>
<li>Mahatama Gandhi, too, was later tried for sedition for his articles in Young India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Relevance of Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasonable Restrictions:</strong> The constitution of India prescribes reasonable restrictions (under Article 19(2)) that can always be imposed on this right in order to ensure its responsible exercise and to ensure that it is equally available to all citizens.</li>
<li><strong>Maintaining Unity &amp; Integrity:</strong> Sedition law helps the government in combating anti-national, secessionist and terrorist elements.</li>
<li><strong>Maintaining Stability of State:</strong> It helps in protecting the elected government from attempts to overthrow the government with violence and illegal means. The continued existence of the government established by law is an essential condition of the stability of the State.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasonable restrictions are mentioned under Article 19(2) Constitution of India i.e. interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Associated Issues With Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Relic of Colonial Era:</strong> Colonial administrators used sedition to lock up people who criticised the British policies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stalwarts of the freedom movement such as Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhagat Singh, etc., were convicted for their &ldquo;seditious&rdquo; speeches, writings and activities under British rule.</li>
<li>Thus, rampant use of the sedition law recalls the colonial era.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stand of Constituent Assembly:</strong> The Constituent Assembly did not agree to include sedition in the Constitution. The members felt it would curtail freedom of speech and expression. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They argued that the sedition law can be turned into a weapon to suppress people&rsquo;s legitimate and constitutionally guaranteed right to protest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disregarding Supreme Court&rsquo;s Judgement:</strong> Supreme Court in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar case 1962, limited application of sedition to &ldquo;acts involving intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence&rdquo;.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, invoking sedition charges against academicians, lawyers, socio-political activists and students is in disregard of the Supreme Court&rsquo;s order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Repressing Democractic Values:</strong> Increasingly, India is being described as an elected autocracy primarily because of the callous and calculated use of sedition law.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scrapping Sedition Law:</strong> There are enough laws in our country to deal with external and internal threats to India and there is no need to continue with the sedition law.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need to abolish the sedition law on the ground that it is used to curb freedom of expression and speech.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Judiciary:</strong> Until the sedition law is scrapped by the parliament, the higher judiciary should use its supervisory powers to sensitize the magistracy and police to the constitutional provisions protecting free speech.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, to avoid overuse of sedition law, the higher judiciary can narrow down the definition of sedition, to include only the issues pertaining to the territorial integrity of India as well as the sovereignty of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Raising Civil Society Awareness:</strong> Civil society must take the lead to raise awareness about the arbitrary use of Sedition law.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Now that the Supreme Court has quashed sedition charges slapped on a journalist, we as the citizens of the Indian Republic should demand the quashing of the sedition law in its entirety to fulfil the vision of the Constituent Assembly, which rejected sedition while framing the Constitution.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e8fff3;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>There is a need to abolish the sedition law on the ground that it is used to curb freedom of expression and speech. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8496,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Time to Define Limits of Sedition: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>while protecting two Telugu (language) news channels from coercive action by the Andhra Pradesh government noted that <strong>it is time to define the limits of sedition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-on-criminal-law-reform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Committee for Reforms in Criminal Laws</strong></a> constituted by the Union Home Ministry to suggest reforms to the British-era <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-379" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong></a>, is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defining-hate-speech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>attempting for the first time to define Hate speech.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Case:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Channels blamed the state government for <strong>suppressing the right to freedom of speech</strong> by <strong>obstructing the media</strong> coverage and reportage of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> in the State.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 19</strong> </a>guarantees freedom of expressing one&rsquo;s own views, opinions, beliefs and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Channels urged the SC to <strong>initiate<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> contempt</a> proceedings against the senior officials of the State government</strong> for violating its previous order.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The previous order of SC directed the<strong> state government to immediately cease any direct and indirect threats</strong> of prosecution and arrest to citizens, who air their grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indiscriminate Use of Sedition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC flagged <strong>indiscriminate use of the sedition law against critics,</strong> journalists, social media users, activists and citizens for airing their<strong> grievances about the government's Covid-19 management.</strong></li>
<li>Even for seeking help to gain medical access, equipment, drugs and oxygen cylinders, especially during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave</strong></a> of the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interpretation of &lsquo;Sedition&rsquo;:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ambit and parameters of the provisions of <strong>Sections 124A</strong> (sedition), <strong>153A</strong> and <strong>505</strong> of the<strong> IPC</strong> would require interpretation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IPC Section 153 A:</strong> Punishes<strong> acts promoting enmity between different groups on ground of religion, race,</strong> <strong>place of birth, residence, language, etc,</strong> and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.</li>
<li><strong>IPC Section 505:</strong> Makes the<strong> publication and circulation of content</strong> which may cause ill-will or hatred between different groups an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Particularly in the <strong>context of the right of the electronic and print media to communicate news,</strong> information and the rights, even those that may be critical of the <strong>prevailing regime in any part of the nation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights of Media:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Acknowledged the argument that the<strong> media was well within its rights to air critical programmes</strong> about a prevailing regime without attracting sedition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sedition (Section 124A of IPC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sedition-law-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sedition</strong> </a>is a <strong>crime under Section 124A, IPC.</strong></li>
<li>Section 124A, IPC <strong>defines sedition </strong>as<strong> an offence</strong> committed when "any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite <strong>disaffection towards the government established by law in India".</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disaffection<strong> includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.</strong> However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishment for the Offence of Sedition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sedition is a <strong>non-bailable offence.</strong> Punishment under the Section 124A ranges from <strong>imprisonment up to three years to a life term, to which fine may be added.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>person charged</strong> under this law is<strong> barred from a government job.</strong></li>
<li>They have to <strong>live without their passport and must produce themselves in the court at all times as and when required.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Section 124A of the IPC has its <strong>utility in combating anti-national, secessionist and terrorist elements.</strong> However, <strong>Dissent and criticism of the government are essential ingredients of robust public debate in a vibrant democracy.</strong> They should not be constructed as sedition.</li>
<li>The higher judiciary should <strong>use its supervisory powers to sensitize the magistracy and police to the constitutional provisions protecting free speech.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>definition of sedition should be narrowed down,</strong> to include only the issues pertaining to the territorial integrity of India as well as the sovereignty of the country.</li>
<li>Civil society must take the lead to<strong> raise awareness about the arbitrary use of Sedition law.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/its-time-to-define-limits-of-sedition-says-sc/article34688053.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8302,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Press Freedom Day 2021 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>World Press Freedom Day (WPFD)</strong> is an annual celebration of press freedom, observed on <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> May</strong> every year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main celebration is organized by the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1620204411209000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0aaEiDu7LA2r44L8JnxyWY" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>theme for WPFD 2021</strong> is <strong>&ldquo;Information as a Public Good".</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The day was proclaimed by the <strong>UN General Assembly</strong> in 1993, following the recommendation of <strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s General Conference</strong> in 1991.</li>
<li>The day also <strong>marks the 1991 Windhoek Declaration</strong> (adopted by UNESCO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aimed towards the &lsquo;development of a free, independent and pluralistic press&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three Key Highlights of WPFD 2021:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steps to ensure the <strong>economic viability of news media.</strong></li>
<li>Mechanisms for ensuring <strong>transparency of Internet companies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enhanced Media and Information Literacy (MIL) capacities</strong> that enable people to recognize and value, as well as defend and demand, journalism as a vital part of information as a public good.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Press Conference 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 2021 Global Conference was <strong>hosted by UNESCO</strong> and the Government of <strong>Namibia.</strong></li>
<li>It called for <strong>urgent attention to the threat of extinction faced by local news media</strong> around the world, a crisis worsened by the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li>It <strong>put forward ideas</strong> to tackle the challenges of our online media environment, push for more transparency of internet companies, strengthen safety of journalists, and improve their working conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Freedom of Press in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom of press is <strong>not expressly protected by Indian legal system</strong> but it is <strong>impliedly protected under article 19(1) (a) of the constitution</strong>, which states - "All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression".</li>
<li>In <strong>1950</strong>, the Supreme Court in <em><strong>Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras</strong></em> observed that freedom of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Freedom of press is also not absolute.</strong> It faces <strong>certain restrictions under Article 19(2)</strong>, which are as follows-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Matters related to interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Rankings/Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been <strong>ranked 142<sup>nd</sup> out of 180 nations</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-press-freedom-index-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Press Freedom Index, 2021</strong></a>, published by Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) or Reporters Without Borders.</li>
<li>Reports such as &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-in-the-world-2021-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Freedom in the World 2021</strong></a> (Freedom House, US)&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-report-2020-usa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2020 Human Rights Report</strong></a> (US State Department)&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/autocratisation-goes-viral-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Autocratisation Goes Viral</strong></a> (V-Dem Institute, Sweden)&rsquo; have all highlighted <strong>intimidation of journalists in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/africa/as-press-freedom-continues-to-struggle-in-kenya-alternatives-keep-hope-alive-76770" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8078,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Fundamental Rights (Part-2)',
		'description' => '<p><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1#:~:text=The%20Fundamental%20Rights%3A%20The%20Constitution,exploitation%20(Articles%2023%E2%80%9324)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fundamental Rights (Part-1)</strong></a></p>
<h3>Right Against Exploitation (Article 23 and 24)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-in-india#:~:text=Article%2023%20of%20the%20Constitution,years)%20in%20factories%2C%20etc." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Forced labour in India</a></strong> was imposed by landlords, moneylenders and other wealthy persons in the past. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 23</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution prohibits human trafficking and begar (forced labour without payment) to protect the millions of underprivileged and deprived people of the country.</li>
<li>The right is available to<strong> citizens</strong> of India as well as to <strong>non-citizens.</strong></li>
<li>The right provides against human trafficking in the form of: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Selling and buying of men, women and children.</li>
<li>Prostitution</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/devadasis-system-still-prevalent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Devadasis</strong></a></li>
<li>Slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/analysing-the-new-anti-trafficking-bill#:~:text=The%20Immoral%20Traffic%20(Prevention)%20Act,1986%2C%20and%20Juvenile%20Justice%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 13, 1956</strong></a> has been enacted to deal with violations of this fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition of Child Labour: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020#:~:text=Article%2024%3A%20Prohibition%20of%20employment,years)%20in%20factories%2C%20etc." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 24</a></strong> of the Indian Constitution forbids employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it did not prohibit their employment in any harmless or innocent work.</li>
<li>The <strong>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986</strong> (renamed as <strong>Child &amp; Adolescent Labour</strong> (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 in 2016) specifically deals with the violations of related to this right. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2016 amendment</strong></a> of this act completely prohibited employment or of children below 14 years of age in all occupations and processes.</li>
<li>It also prohibited the employment of adolescents (14-18 years of age) in hazardous occupations or processes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Freedom of Conscience, Profession, Practice and Propagation: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 25</a></strong> of the Constitution of India provides the freedom of conscience, to profess, to practice and to propagate any religion. These rights are <strong>available to citizens as well as non-citizens.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Conscience:</strong> A person may or may not choose to follow any religion.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Profess:</strong> One can declare his/her religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Practice:</strong> Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Propagate:</strong> Persuading people to convert from one religion to another. However, the Constitution does not allow forcible conversions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It only gives us the right to spread information about our religion and thus attract others to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitations:</strong> The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of religion in order to protect public order, morality and health.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government can interfere in religious matters for rooting out certain social evils. For example: banning practices like sati, bigamy or human sacrifice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such restrictions cannot be opposed in the name of interference in the right to freedom of religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs:</strong> The <a href="/pdf/sabarimala-and-secularism-in-india.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 26</strong> </a>of the Indian Constitution provides every religious denomination (or any section of it) the <strong>right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also empowers the religious denominations to manage their own affairs in matters of religion.</li>
<li>Moreover, the right to own and acquire movable and immovable property and the right to administer such property is also provided to every religious denomination.</li>
<li>The rights provided under Article 26 are also <strong>subjected to public order, morality and health. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion:</strong> The Indian Constitution under<strong> Article 27</strong> lays down that <strong>no person shall be compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion</strong> or religious denomination. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It says that no public money, collected through taxes, shall be spent for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Favouring, patronising or supporting any religion over the other is prohibited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It prohibits only levy of a tax and not a fee. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The purpose of a fee is to control secular administration of religious institutions and not to promote or maintain religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction: Article 28</strong> states that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State (the territory of India) funds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the provision is not applicable to educational institutions administered by the State or established under any endowment or trust.</li>
<li>Moreover, no person is required to attend any religious instructions or worship without his consent in any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case of a minor, the consent of his guardian is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 and 30)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection of Interests of Minorities: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities#:~:text=Article%2029%3A%20It%20provides%20that,as%20well%20as%20linguistic%20minorities." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 29</a></strong> provides that every section of citizens residing in any part of the country have the right to protect and conserve its own distinct language, script or culture (it provides the right to a group/section/community of people). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, it says that <strong>no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution on grounds only of religion, race, caste, or language</strong> (it provides the rights to an individual citizen).</li>
<li>Article 29 grants protection to both religious, linguistic as well as cultural minorities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the rights are <strong>not necessarily restricted to minorities only,</strong> as it is commonly assumed to be. It includes minorities as well as the majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-can-regulate-minority-institutions-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 30</a></strong> grants all the minorities the following rights: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.</li>
<li>The compensation amount fixed by the State for the compulsory acquisition of any property of a minority educational institution shall not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed to them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This provision was added by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1978</strong></a> to protect the right of minorities in this regard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State shall not discriminate against any educational institution managed by a minority.</li>
<li>Thus, the protection under Article 30 is confined only to minorities (religious, cultural or linguistic) and does not extend to any other section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Article 31, 31A, 31B and 31C</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originally, the <strong>right to property was one of the seven fundamental rights</strong> and provided that <strong>no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, being one the most controversial rights, the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2#:~:text=Forty%2DFourth%20Amendment%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=Omitted%20the%20reference%20to%20the,Parliament%20and%20the%20state%20legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978</strong></a> abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right and made it a legal right (constitutional right) under<strong> Article 300A in Part XII</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Article 31 led to a number of Constitutional amendments; 1<sup>st</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 39<sup>th</sup>, 40<sup>th</sup> and 42<sup>nd</sup> Amendments. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>First Amendment Act, 1951</strong></a> inserted Articles 31A and 31B to the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 31C was inserted in the Constitution by 25<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1971.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 31A:</strong> It saves five categories of laws from being challenged and invalidated on the ground of contravention of the fundamental rights conferred by Article 14 and Article 19. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Acquisition of estates and related rights by the State;</li>
<li>Taking over the management of properties by the State;</li>
<li>Amalgamation of corporations;</li>
<li>Extinguishment or modification of rights of directors or shareholders of corporations</li>
<li>Extinguishment or modification of mining leases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also provides the guaranteed right to compensation in case of acquisition or requisition of the private property by the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 31B:</strong> It <strong>protects the acts and regulations included in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inclusion-of-reservation-laws-in-ninth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ninth Schedule</a></strong> from being challenged and invalidated on the ground of contravention of any of the fundamental rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> scope of Article 31B is wider than Article 31A</strong> as it immunises any law included in the Ninth Schedule from the Fundamental Rights (unlike article 31A that protects only five categories).</li>
<li>However, the Supreme Court in its judgement in the<strong> I.R. Coelho case (2007)</strong> ruled that <strong>even laws under the Ninth Schedule would be open to scrutiny</strong> if they violated Fundamental Rights or the basic structure of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court first propounded the doctrine of &lsquo;basic structure&rsquo; of the constitution in the Kesavananda Bharati on April 24, 1973.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 31C:</strong> It contained two provisions: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It says that <strong>no law that seeks to implement socialistic directive principles specified in Articles 39 (b) and (c), shall be declared void</strong> on the grounds of contravention of the fundamental rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19.</li>
<li>Moreover, no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be questioned in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such a policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Articles 31A, 31B and 31C have been retained as exceptions to the fundamental rights.</strong></em></p>
<h3>Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-32-of-the-constitution#:~:text=Article%2032%20of%20the%20Constitution%20(Right%20to%20Constitutional%20Remedies)%3A,rights%20recognised%20by%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 32</strong></a> is considered the most important article of the Constitution as it provides that the <strong>right to get Fundamental Rights protected is itself a fundamental right.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It confers the<strong> right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental rights</strong> of an aggrieved citizen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has ruled that Article 32 is a basic feature of the Constitution. Hence, it<strong> cannot be abridged or taken away even by way of an amendment</strong> to the Constitution.</li>
<li>It contains the following four provisions: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/constitutional-rights-judicial-review-and-parliamentary-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>writs</strong></a> for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights.</li>
<li>Parliament can empower any other court to issue directions, orders and writs of all kinds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any other court here does not include high courts because <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-32-of-the-constitution#:~:text=Article%2032%20of%20the%20Constitution%20(Right%20to%20Constitutional%20Remedies)%3A,rights%20recognised%20by%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Article 226)</strong> </a>has already conferred these powers on the high courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The right to move the Supreme Court shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the case of national emergency, the right can be suspended by the President (<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/emergency-provisions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 359</strong></a>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Only the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution can be enforced under Article 32 and not any other right like non-fundamental constitutional rights, statutory rights, customary rights etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The violation of a fundamental right is the <em><strong>sine qua non</strong></em> (absolutely necessary condition) for the exercise of the right conferred by Article 32.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Article 33, 34 and 35</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 33:</strong> It empowers the <strong>Parliament to restrict or abrogate the fundamental rights of the &lsquo;Members of the Armed Forces&rsquo;, paramilitary forces, police forces, intelligence agencies and analogous forces.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of this provision is to <strong>ensure the proper discharge of their duties</strong> and the maintenance of discipline among them.</li>
<li>The <strong>power to make laws under Article 33 is conferred only on Parliament</strong> and not on state legislatures. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any such law made by Parliament cannot be challenged in any court on the ground of contravention of any of the fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The &lsquo;members of the armed forces&rsquo; also covers non-combatant employees of the armed forces such as barbers, carpenters, mechanics, cooks, chowkidars, bootmakers and tailors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 34:</strong> It provides for the <strong>restrictions on fundamental rights while martial law is in force</strong> in any area within the territory of India. The expression &lsquo;martial law&rsquo; has not been defined anywhere in the Constitution but literally, it means &lsquo;military rule&rsquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The martial law is <strong>imposed under extraordinary circumstances</strong> like war, invasion, insurrection, rebellion, riot or any violent resistance to law.</li>
<li>Article 34 <strong>empowers the Parliament to indemnify (compensate) any government servant</strong> or any other person for any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or <strong>restoration of order in any area where martial law was in force.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act of Indemnity made by the Parliament cannot be challenged in any court on the ground of contravention of any of the fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 35:</strong> Article 35 lays down that the power to make laws, to give effect to certain specified fundamental rights shall vest only in the Parliament and not in the state legislatures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Powers of Parliament (only) to Make Laws:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Prescribing residence as a condition for certain employment or appointments in a state/UT/local or any other authority.</li>
<li>Empowering courts other than the Supreme Court and the high courts to issue directions, orders and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.</li>
<li>Restricting or abrogating the application of Fundamental Rights to members of armed forces, police forces, etc.</li>
<li>Indemnifying any government servant or any other person for any act done during the operation of martial law in any area.</li>
<li>The Parliament has powers to make laws prescribing punishment for offences such as untouchability and traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Article 35 extends the competence of the Parliament to make a law on the specified matters even those matters which may fall within the sphere of the state legislatures (i.e., State List).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fundamental Rights, despite having a lot of exceptions &amp; restrictions and lack of permanency, are a crucial part of the Constitution of India as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They provide necessary conditions for the material and moral protection of man and ensure the liberty of every individual.</li>
<li>These rights protect the interests of minorities and weaker sections of society and also strengthen the notion of India as a secular State.</li>
<li>They ensure the dignity and respect of individuals by laying down the foundation of social equality and justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8053,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Uniform Civil Code',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a petition has been filed in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>against <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/uniform-civil-code" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uniform Civil Code (UCC)</strong></a> on divorce and alimony.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617275102_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617275102_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UCC is one that would <strong>provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters</strong> such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc.</li>
<li><strong>Article 44</strong> of the Constitution lays down that the <strong>state shall endeavour to secure a UCC</strong> for the citizens throughout the territory of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 44 is one of the<strong> Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).</strong></li>
<li>DPSP as defined in<strong> Article 37,</strong> are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Uniform Codes in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian laws do follow a uniform code in most civil matters such as<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/22-05-2020#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20contract%20farming%20is,farming%20sponsors%20and%20dispute%20settlement." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Contract Act 1872</strong></a>, Civil Procedure Code, Transfer of Property Act 1882, Partnership Act 1932, <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/right-to-information-master-key-to-good-governance-2nd-arc#:~:text=Section%20123%20of%20the%20Indian,abundant%20discretion%20in%20the%20matter." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Evidence Act, 1872</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li>States, however, have made hundreds of amendments and, therefore, in certain matters, there is diversity even under these secular civil laws. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, several states refused to be governed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety#:~:text=The%20Motor%20Vehicles%20(Amendment)%20Bill%2C%202019%20is%20based%20on,while%20dealing%20with%20transport%20departments." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>uniform Motor Vehicles Act, 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The origin of the UCC dates back to colonial India when the British government submitted its report in 1835 stressing the need for <strong>uniformity in the codification of Indian law relating to crimes, evidence, and contracts,</strong> specifically <strong>recommending that personal laws of Hindus and Muslims be kept outside such codification.</strong></li>
<li>Increase in legislations dealing with personal issues in the far end of the British rule forced the government to form the<strong> B N Rau Committee to codify Hindu law in 1941.</strong></li>
<li>Based on these recommendations, <strong>a bill was then adopted in 1956 as the Hindu Succession Act</strong> to amend and codify the law relating to intestate or unwilled succession, among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, there were separate personal laws for muslim, chirstian and Parsis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to bring uniformity, the courts have often said in their judgements that the <strong>government should move towards a UCC.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The judgement in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/criminalising-triple-talaq" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shah Bano case</a> (1985)</strong> is well known.</li>
<li>Another case was the<strong> Sarla Mudgal Case (1995),</strong> which dealt with issue of bigamy and conflict between the personal laws existing on matters of marriage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By arguing that practices such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/muslim-women-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>triple talaq</strong> </a>and<strong> polygamy</strong> impact adversely the right of a woman to a life of dignity, the Centre has raised the question whether constitutional protection given to religious practices should extend even to those that are not in compliance with fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications of Uniform Civil Code on Personal Laws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Protection to Vulnerable Section of Society:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The UCC aims to provide protection to vulnerable sections as envisaged by Ambedkar including<strong> women and religious minorities,</strong> while also promoting <strong>nationalistic fervour through unity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Simplification of Laws:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The code will <strong>simplify the complex laws around marriage ceremonies, inheritance, succession, adoptions</strong> making them one for all. The same civil law will then be applicable to all citizens irrespective of their faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adhering to Ideal of Secularism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Secularism is the objective enshrined in the Preamble, a <strong>secular republic needs a common law for all citizens</strong> rather than differentiated rules based on religious practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Justice:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If a UCC is enacted, all personal laws will cease to exist. It will<strong> do away with gender biases in existing laws.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exceptions in Central Family Laws:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The preliminary sections in all central family law Acts enacted by Parliament since Independence declare that they will apply to &ldquo;the whole of India except the state of <strong>Jammu and Kashmir.&rdquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A Second exception was added in 1968 in all these Acts, pronouncing that &ldquo;nothing herein contained shall apply to the Renoncants in the<strong> Union Territory of Pondicherry.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>A third exception, none of these Acts applies in Goa, Daman and Diu.</li>
<li>A fourth exception, relating to the north-eastern states of Nagaland and Mizoram, emanates from <strong>Articles 371A and 371G</strong> of the Constitution, decreeing that no parliamentary legislation will replace the customary law and religion-based system for its administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Communal Politics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The demand for a uniform civil code has been framed in the context of communal politics.</li>
<li>A large section of society sees it as <strong>majoritarianism under the garb of social reform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Hurdle:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 25</strong></a> of Indian constitution, that seeks to preserve the <strong>freedom to practise and propagate any religion</strong> gets into conflict with the concepts of <strong>equality enshrined under<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i#:~:text=Context%20%2D%20The%20Muslim%20Women%20(Protection,the%20violative%20of%20Article%2014." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Article 14</a></strong> of indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government and society will have to work hard to <strong>build trust, but more importantly, make common cause</strong> with social reformers rather than religious conservatives.</li>
<li>Rather than an omnibus approach, the <strong>government could bring separate aspects</strong> such as marriage, adoption, succession and maintenance into a UCC <strong>in stages.</strong></li>
<li>Need of the hour is the<strong> codification of all personal laws</strong> so that prejudices and stereotypes in every one of them would come to light and can be tested on the anvil of fundamental rights of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/plea-in-sc-against-bid-to-take-away-muslim-womans-right/article34208540.ece#:~:text=Petitioner%20says%20it%20is%20against%20fundamental%20right%20to%20religion,-A%20petition%20has&amp;text=In%20December%20last%20year%2C%20the,and%20alimony%20for%20all%20religions." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7989,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Fundamental Rights (Part-1)',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12-35).</li>
<li>Part III of the Constitution is described as the<em><strong> Magna Carta</strong></em> of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Magna Carta&rsquo;, the Charter of Rights issued by King John of England in 1215 was the first written document relating to the Fundamental Rights of citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Fundamental Rights:</strong> The Constitution of India provides for six Fundamental Rights:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Right to equality (Articles 14&ndash;18)</li>
<li>Right to freedom (Articles 19&ndash;22)</li>
<li>Right against exploitation (Articles 23&ndash;24)</li>
<li>Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25&ndash;28)</li>
<li>Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29&ndash;30)</li>
<li>Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Originally the constitution also included <strong>Right to property (Article 31).</strong> However, it was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1978.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is made a <strong>legal right under Article 300-A&nbsp;</strong>in Part XII of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision for Laws Violating Fundamental Rights: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Article%2013(2)%20reads%2C,of%20contravention%2C%20be%20void.%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 13</a></strong> of the Indian constitution declares that all laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of any of the fundamental rights shall be void. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This power has been conferred on the Supreme Court <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-32-of-the-constitution#:~:text=Article%2032%20of%20the%20Constitution%20(Right%20to%20Constitutional%20Remedies)%3A,rights%20recognised%20by%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Article 32)</strong></a> and the high courts (Article 226).</li>
<li>Further, the article declares that a constitutional amendment cannot be challenged (as it is not a law). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the Supreme Court in the<strong> Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)</strong> held that a Constitutional amendment can be challenged if it violates a fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Writ Jurisdiction:</strong> A writ is a legal order given by a court of law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court (Article 32) and the High courts (Article 226) can issue the writs of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/constitutional-rights-judicial-review-and-parliamentary-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo-warranto.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Features of the Fundamental Rights:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protected by Constitution:</strong> Fundamental Rights, unlike ordinary legal rights, are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the rights are available only to the citizens while others are available to all persons whether citizens, foreigners or legal persons like corporations or companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Not Sacrosanct, Permanent, or Absolute:</strong> They are not sacrosanct or permanent and the Parliament can curtail or repeal them but only by a constitutional amendment act.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights are not absolute but qualified.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them, however, the reasonability of the restrictions is decided by the courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights are Justiciable:</strong> The rights are justiciable and allow persons to move the courts for their enforcement, if and when they are violated. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any aggrieved person can directly go to the Supreme Court in case of violation of any fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of Rights:</strong> The rights can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the six rights guaranteed by Article 19 can be suspended only when there is an external emergency war or external aggression) [and not on the ground of armed rebellion (i.e., internal emergency].</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restriction of Laws:</strong> Their application to the members of armed forces, paramilitary forces, police forces, intelligence agencies and analogous services can be restricted or abrogated by the Parliament (Article 33).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their application can be restricted while martial law (military rule imposed under abnormal circumstances) is in force in any area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 35px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #140a3d; text-align: center; border-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Fundamental Rights (available to citizens as well foreigners) (except enemy aliens)</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 35px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #140a3d; text-align: center; border-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Fundamental Rights available to citizens only</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 36px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Equality before law.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 36px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<p>Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Protection in respect of conviction for offences.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<p>Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 37px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Protection of personal life and liberty.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 37px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<p>Protection of the six fundamental rights of freedom mentioned in article 19.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to elementary education.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">Protection of language, script and culture of minorities.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 29px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 29px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prohibition of employment of children in factories.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom to manage religious affairs.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #fff7fd;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>The Fundamental Rights</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616481225_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616481225_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Right to Equality (Article <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">14, 15, 16</a>, 17 and 18):</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Equality Before Law: Article 14</strong> says that no person shall be denied treatment of equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right is extended to all persons whether citizens or foreigners, statutory corporations, companies, registered societies or any other type of legal person.</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> As per article 361, the President of India or Governor of states is not answerable to any court for the exercise of their powers/duties and no civil or criminal proceedings can occur or continue against them in any court during their term of office.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per article 361-A, no civil or court proceedings can occur for a person for publishing any substantially true report of either House of the Parliament and State Legislature.</li>
<li>No member of Parliament (article 105) and State Legislature (article 194) shall be liable to any court proceedings in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee.</li>
<li>The foreign sovereigns (rulers), ambassadors and diplomats enjoy immunity from criminal and civil proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition of Discrimination: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 15</a></strong> provides that no citizen shall be discriminated on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> Certain provisions can be made for the women, children, citizens from any socially or educationally backward class for their upliftment (such as reservation and access to free education).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 16</a></strong> of the Indian constitution provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of employment or appointment to any public office. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> There are provisions for reservation in appointments or posts for any backward class that is not adequately represented in the state services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, an incumbent of a religious or denominational institution may belong to the particular religion or denomination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abolition of Untouchability: Article 17</strong> abolishes &lsquo;untouchability&rsquo; and forbids its practice in any form. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A person convicted of the offence of &lsquo;untouchability&rsquo; is disqualified for election to the Parliament or state legislature. <strong>The acts of offences include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Preaching untouchability directly or indirectly.</li>
<li>Preventing any person from entering any shop, hotel, public place of worship and place of public entertainment.</li>
<li>Refusing to admit persons in hospitals, educational institutions or hostels established for public benefit.</li>
<li>Justifying untouchability on traditional, religious, philosophical or other grounds.</li>
<li>Insulting a person belonging to scheduled caste on the ground of untouchability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abolition of Titles: Article 18</strong> of the constitution of India abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It prohibits the state from conferring any title on any citizen or a foreigner (except a military or academic distinction).</li>
<li>It prohibits a citizen of India from accepting any title from any foreign state.</li>
<li>A foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the state cannot accept any title from any foreign state without the consent of the President of India.</li>
<li>No citizen or foreigner holding any office of profit or trust within the territory of India can accept any present, emolument or office from or under any foreign State without the consent of the president.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Right to Freedom (Article <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-to-freedom" target="_blank" rel="noopener">19</a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-double-jeopardy-bar-if-there-was-no-trial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 20</a>, 21 and <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/17-09-2019#:~:text=Article%2022(2)%20states%20that,the%20authority%20of%20a%20magistrate.'" target="_blank" rel="noopener">22</a>):</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection of 6 Rights: Article 19</strong> guarantees to all citizens the six rights of freedom including: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to freedom of speech and expression.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Expressing one&rsquo;s own views, opinions, belief and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Includes the right to hold public meetings, demonstrations and take out processions which can be exercised only on public land.</li>
<li>It does not protect violent, disorderly and riotous assemblies or strike.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes the right to form (and not to form) political parties, companies, partnership firms, societies, clubs, organisations, trade unions or any body of persons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The freedom of movement has two dimensions, viz, internal (right to move inside the country) (article 19) and external (right to move out of the country and right to come back to the country) (article 21).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The right of outsiders to reside and settle in tribal areas is restricted to protect the distinctive culture and customs of scheduled tribes and to safeguard their traditional vocation and properties against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It doesn&rsquo;t include the right to carry on a profession that is immoral (trafficking in women or children) or dangerous (harmful drugs or explosives, etc,).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences: Article 20</strong> grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether citizen or foreigner or legal person like a company or a corporation. It provides that: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act or subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law.</li>
<li>No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.</li>
<li>No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection of Life and Personal Liberty: Article 21</strong> declares that no person shall be deprived of his<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-rights-and-oci-cardholders#:~:text=Article%2021%3A%20It%20declares%20that,both%20citizens%20and%20non%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> life or personal liberty</strong></a> except according to procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right to life is not merely confined to animal existence or survival but also includes the right to live with human dignity and all those aspects of life which go to make a man&rsquo;s life meaningful, complete and worth living.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right to Education:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-education-2#:~:text=The%2086th%20Constitutional%20Amendment,Right%20to%20Education%20Act%202009." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Article 21 (A)</a></strong> declares that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This provision makes only elementary education a Fundamental Right and not higher or professional education.</li>
<li>This provision was added by the <strong>86<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002.</strong></li>
<li>Before the 86<sup>th</sup> amendment, the Constitution contained a provision for free and compulsory education for children under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=Originally%20Part%20IV%20of%20Indian,as%20equitable%20and%20accessible%20education.&amp;text=The%2086th%20amendment%20to,part%2DIII%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 45 in Part IV</strong> </a>of the constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Against Arrest and Detention:</strong> Article 22 grants protection to persons who are arrested or detained. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Detention is of two types, namely, <strong>punitive</strong> (punishment after trial and conviction) and <strong>preventive</strong> (punishment without trial and conviction).</li>
<li>The first part of Article 22 deals with the ordinary law and includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.</li>
<li>Right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner.</li>
<li>Right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding the journey time.</li>
<li>Right to be released after 24 hours unless the magistrate authorises further detention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The second part of Article 22 deals with preventive detention law. Protection under this article is available to both citizens as well as aliens and includes the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The detention of a person <strong>cannot exceed three months</strong> unless an advisory board (judges of high court) reports sufficient cause for extended detention.</li>
<li>The grounds of detention should be communicated to the detenu.</li>
<li>The detenu should be afforded an opportunity to make a representation against the detention order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Group of Ministers: Media Strategy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Editors Guild of India</strong> flagged the <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/22-02-2020/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Group of Ministers (GoM) </a>report</strong> on the <strong>government&rsquo;s media strategy</strong> as an example of the government's <strong>&ldquo;increasingly draconian attitude&rdquo;</strong> towards any criticism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The GoM, whose members include five Cabinet Ministers and four Ministers of State, was set up in mid-2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Editors Guild of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Editors Guild was founded in 1978 with the<strong> twin objectives of protecting press freedom</strong> and for <strong>raising the standards of editorial leadership</strong> of newspapers and magazines.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recommendations from Group of Ministers (GoM) Report on Media Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Identifying and engaging <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/ethics-in-journalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">journalists</a></strong> - who had lost jobs but have been &ldquo;supportive or neutral&rdquo; to the present government - in various ministries so that their services could be used to project the government&rsquo;s image positively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, the government should have an <strong>increased engagement with journalism schools</strong> as part of its long-term strategy since present students are future journalists.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engaging with Foreign Media and NRIs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be <strong>regular interaction with foreign media journalists</strong> as part of the government&rsquo;s global outreach so that &ldquo;its perspective&rdquo; is put out correctly in the international forum.</li>
<li>An <strong>effective system of communication with the NRI community</strong> should be established so that they can raise their voice against negative narratives in foreign countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highlighting Government&rsquo;s Work:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It calls for <strong>mass circulation of positive stories</strong> and testimonials to highlight the work done by the government and the difference they have made in people&rsquo;s lives.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>And <strong>rebuttal of negative stories,</strong> ensuring advertisements and outreach programmes in regional languages for better &lsquo;connect with local people&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Physical copies of the government magazine, <strong>New India Samachar,</strong> should be distributed to 6 lakh people and the e-version to 8 crore people.</li>
<li>Tasking different ministries with different outreach goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Using Social Media:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It calls for<strong> engaging with platforms</strong> such as <strong>Twitter and Google</strong> to increase the government&rsquo;s outreach positively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Countering False Narratives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tracking<strong> 50 &lsquo;negative influencers&rsquo;</strong> who discredit the government &amp; encouraging <strong>50 &lsquo;positive influencers&rsquo;</strong> who project government work in 'right perspective'.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615375623_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615375623_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Concern of Editors Guild:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The media strategy illustrates the government&rsquo;s <strong>increasingly draconian attitude</strong> against any critique and inquiry by the press.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The suggestions from the GoM report hint at <strong>increased surveillance and targeting of writers and journalists</strong> who depart from the government&rsquo;s narrative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The guild said the GoM prepared its report &ldquo;with an <strong>embedded toolkit to control the narrative</strong> about the government in the media&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Among the more disturbing suggestions was to develop a &ldquo;strategy to neutralise the people who are writing against the government without facts and set false narratives/spread fake news&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Suggestion revealed an intention to<strong> &ldquo;muzzle any criticism of the government&rdquo;,</strong> in the absence of clarity on what constitutes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fake-news-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fake news</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is supposed that the<strong> government should safeguard constitutional values of freedom of expression</strong> for media as well as journalists and should make it clear that it is committed to the plurality of views in the media.</li>
<li>Countering content manipulation and fake news to restore faith in the media without undermining its freedom will require public education, strengthening of regulations and effort of tech companies to make suitable algorithms for news curation.</li>
<li>On the other hand, it is important for the <strong>media to stick to the core principles</strong> like truth and accuracy, transparency, independence, fairness and impartiality, responsibility and fair play so that they can gain credibility.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/group-of-ministers-report-points-to-draconian-attitude-of-government-says-editors-guild/article34029064.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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