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SC Upholds Validity of IBC Amendment Act, 2020

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld the constitutional validity of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) (Amendment) Act,...

20 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Shadow Entrepreneurs

Why in News There has been a global rise of shadow entrepreneurship, in various sectors such as education (certificates), finance (for easy loans),...

20 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
North East Venture Fund

Why in News The Ministry of Development of North-East Region has recently given an update on the scheme North East Venture Fund. Key...

19 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

Why in News? India began the "World's Largest Vaccination Program" on January 16, 2021. The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering...

19 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Rooftop Solar Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has released an advisory on the rooftop solar scheme. Key...

19 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Indian Railway Finance Corporation: IPO

Why in News The Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) got 65% subscription on the first day of...

19 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Crowdfunding for Rare Diseases

Why in News Recently, the Delhi High Court has ordered the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to explore Crowdfunding to help two children, who...

19 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
New Whatsapp Policy & Privacy

This article is based on “Update debate: On WhatsApp and privacy” which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the...

18 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
UAV Procurement by Indian Army

Why in News The Indian Army has signed a contract to buy high-altitude drones from ideaForge for USD 20 million. ideaForge is a start-up founded...

16 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Jallikattu

Why in News As the assembly polls are to be held in Tamil Nadu in 2021, the Pongal festival and Jallikattu, the traditional bull-taming sport, have...

16 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Modified Scheme to Produce 1G Ethanol

Why in News Recently, the Department of Food & Public Distribution has notified a modified scheme for extending financial assistance for...

16 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0, in a bid to...

16 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

Why In News Recently, the flagship crop insurance scheme of the Government of India - the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) - has completed...

13 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Kayakalp Awards

Why in News Recently the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has conferred 5th National Kayakalp awards to Public and Private Health Facilities...

13 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
National Energy Conservation Awards

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Power, in association with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), organised the 30th National Energy...

12 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Single Window Clearance for Coal

Why in News Recently, the Union government has announced a new online single window clearance portal for the coal sector. The coal sector can be...

12 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid

Why in News? The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in...

12 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Issues with Agriculture in India

Why in News The protest by thousands of farmers at Delhi’s borders have brought to focus a range of issues in agriculture in India. The...

12 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Covid-19 Vaccine Policy

This article is based on “Devising a vaccine strategy for India” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 07/01/2021. It talks...

11 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Why in News Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated on 9th January every year to mark the contribution of Overseas Indian community in the...

11 Jan 2021 Government Policies & Interventions

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		'title' => 'SC Upholds Validity of IBC Amendment Act, 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court</a> (SC)</strong> has upheld the constitutional validity of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3#:~:text=To%20consolidate%20and%20amend%20all,in%20a%20time%2Dbound%20manner." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</a> (Amendment) Act, 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In its August 2019 order, the SC had<strong> upheld the government decision to grant home-buyers the status of financial creditors.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Financial creditor:</strong> It means any person to whom a &lsquo;financial debt&rsquo; is owed and includes a person to whom such debt has been legally assigned or transferred to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Subsequently, the <strong>government introduced the IBC (Amendment) Act, 2020, that mandated a threshold of at least 10% of home-buyers</strong> (or allottees) <strong>in a project or 100 of the total allottees</strong> for initiating insolvency proceedings against the real estate developer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It means that <strong>a single home-buyer is barred from approaching the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1#:~:text=The%20NCLAT%20was%20constituted%20under,adjudicates%20issues%20relating%20to%20companies." target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</a></strong> under Section 7 of the IBC to initiate insolvency proceedings against the real estate developer/builder.</li>
<li>Section 3 of the Amendment Act allows <strong>home-buyers to seek the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/16-11-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)</a></strong> against builders<strong> only when 100 allottees or at least 10% of allottees</strong> make a joint application to NCLT.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> allottees should be from the same real estate project.</strong> Aggrieved allottees drawn from different projects of the same developer cannot form the 100.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>30-day deadline</strong> was given for existing applicants to find the requisite number of supporters to meet the threshold of 100, <strong>else their plea pending in the tribunal even before the commencement of the 2020 Act would be deemed as withdrawn.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This was <strong>done to prevent real estate projects from being stalled by few disappointed home-buyers/investors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Threshold:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC said that insisting on a threshold in regard to these categories of creditors would <strong>stop indiscriminate litigation.</strong></li>
<li>The court agreed with the legislature that <strong>having a single allottee approach the tribunal would be risky,</strong> considering that a corporate insolvency resolution may also entail a complete overhaul or replacement of the developer&rsquo;s company management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such an initiative by a lone allottee would <strong>derail the plans of other allottees,</strong> who still had faith in the existing developer or were pursuing other legal remedies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendment reflects an attempt at<strong> shielding corporate debtors (Real Estate Developers) from what it considers would be either for frivolous or avoidable applications.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consensus of Creditors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The amendment is likely to ensure that the filing of the application is preceded by a <strong>consensus at least by a minuscule percentage of similarly placed creditors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allotment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It does not matter whether a person has one or more allotments in his name or in the name of his family members.</li>
<li><strong>As long as there are independent allotments made to him or his family members, all of them would qualify as separate allottees and they would count both in the calculation of the total allotments,</strong> as also in reckoning the figure of hundred allottees or one-tenth of the allottees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enactment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IBC was enacted in <strong>2016.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>streamline and speed up the resolution process</strong> of failed businesses.</li>
<li>To<strong> consolidate provisions of the existing legislative framework</strong> to form a common forum for debtors and creditors of all classes to resolve insolvency.</li>
<li>To stipulate that the resolution process of a stressed company will have to be completed in a maximum of <strong>270 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threshold Amount for Invoking Insolvency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 2020, the government raised the threshold for invoking insolvency under the IBC to<strong> Rs. 1 crore from Rs. 1 lakh</strong> with a view to prevent triggering of such proceedings against small and medium enterprises that are facing the heat of the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutions to Facilitate Resolution of Insolvency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Insolvency Professionals:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These professionals <strong>administer the resolution process, manage the assets of the debtor, and provide information for creditors to assist them in decision making.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency Professional Agencies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The agencies <strong>conduct examinations to certify the insolvency professionals</strong> and enforce a code of conduct for their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Utilities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Creditors will report financial information of the debt owed to them by the debtor. Such information will include records of debt, liabilities and defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjudicating Authorities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proceedings of the resolution process is <strong>adjudicated by the NCLT,</strong> for companies; and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delay-in-resolutions-under-ibc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)</strong></a>, for individuals.</li>
<li>The duties of the authorities will include <strong>approval to initiate the resolution process, appoint the insolvency professional, and approve the final decision of creditors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Board <strong>regulates insolvency professionals, insolvency professional agencies and information utilities</strong> set up under the Code.</li>
<li>The Board consists of representatives of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, and the Ministries of Finance, Corporate Affairs and Law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insolvency:</strong> It is a situation where individuals or companies are unable to repay their outstanding debt.</li>
<li><strong>Bankruptcy:</strong> It is a situation whereby a court of competent jurisdiction has declared a person or other entity insolvent, having passed appropriate orders to resolve it and protect the rights of the creditors. It is a legal declaration of one&rsquo;s inability to pay off debts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/supreme-courtb-upholds-threshold-for-homebuyers-to-move-nclt-7153592/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:IE</a></strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7504,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>There has been a<strong> global rise of shadow entrepreneurship,</strong> in various sectors such as<strong> education</strong> (certificates), <strong>finance</strong> (for easy loans), <strong>the betting economy</strong> (online games) and <strong>healthcare</strong> (e-pharmacies).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shadow entrepreneurs</strong> are individuals <strong>who manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services</strong> but they <strong>do not register their businesses.</strong></li>
<li>This means that they <strong>do not pay tax,</strong> operating in a shadow economy where <strong>business activities are performed outside the reach of government authorities.</strong></li>
<li>Types of businesses include <strong>unlicensed taxicab services, roadside food stalls and small landscaping operations.</strong></li>
<li>In a study of 68 countries, the<strong> Imperial College Business School</strong> found that after Indonesia, India has the<strong> second highest rate of shadow entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes for Rise in Shadow entrepreneurs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Taxation &amp; Enforcement: High tax rates</strong> accompanied by <strong>loose enforcement </strong>induces<strong> tax avoidance, discourage investment in formal businesses,</strong> and drive entrepreneurial activity toward the informal sector.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs, offering<strong> technology-mediated services,</strong> bring complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers <strong>might not be able to access</strong> due to lockdown constraints.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Advancements:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurship is also promoted through technology-enabled new markets and also entry of new and tech savvy consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increase in employment: Most of Informal sector jobs come under shadow entrepreneurship.</li>
<li>Driver of economic development</li>
<li>Reduction in Poverty</li>
<li>Removes pressure on agriculture by providing non agricultural jobs.</li>
<li>Diversified options for consumers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges of Shadow Entrepreneurs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decrease Competitiveness:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Small firms will get acquired by large firms. First movers in the space with deep pockets could generate irrationally high valuations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dubious &amp; illegal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recent events related to app-based loan providers who charge very high interest rates and dubious methods for recovery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Loss:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Loss of revenue as these businesses are not registered with the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Corruption:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are beyond the reach of law making them vulnerable to corrupt officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asset Size:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Informal entrepreneurs tend to invest in their businesses much less intensively than the formal ones, which implies that formality is positively correlated with asset size.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Formalisation of Economy:</strong> Where proper economic and political frameworks are in place, individuals are more likely to become &lsquo;formal&rsquo; entrepreneurs and register their business, because doing so enables them to take advantage of laws and regulations that protect their company.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Strong monitoring of quality would be essential. This needs to be complemented with<strong> non-compliance being punishable with a jail term,</strong> clamping down on services and related strict consequences.</li>
<li><strong>Reward Compliance:</strong> Those shadow firms that comply should be welcome to join the dominant mode of service delivery with non-shadow firms.</li>
<li><strong>Coordination among Agencies:</strong> There also needs to be better coordination of <strong>activities between authorities of governments</strong> (for example the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education or finance).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7501,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'North East Venture Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Development of North-East Region has recently <strong>given an update on the scheme North East Venture Fund.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Set up by<strong> North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Limited</strong> (NEDFi) in association with the <strong>Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region</strong> (M-DoNER), the <strong>North East Venture Fund</strong> scheme was launched in September 2017.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated venture capital fund</strong> for the North Eastern Region (NER).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Venture capital is a form of <strong>private equity</strong> and a type of<strong> financing</strong> that<strong> investors provide to startup companies</strong> and small businesses that are believed to have <strong>long-term growth potential.</strong> Venture capital generally comes from<strong> well-off investors, investment banks and any other financial institutions. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Corpus Amount:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Capital commitment of<strong> Rs 100 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To contribute to the<strong> entrepreneurship development of the NER</strong> and achieve <strong>attractive risk-adjusted returns through long term capital appreciation</strong> by way of investments in privately negotiated equity/ equity related investments.</li>
<li>The fund targets to invest in Start-Ups and unique business opportunities to provide resources for new entrepreneurships in Food Processing, Healthcare, Tourism, segregation of services, IT, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range of funds:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The investment under this scheme ranges from<strong> Rs. 25 lakh to Rs.10 crore per venture,</strong> which is long term in nature with an investment horizon of <strong>4-5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Initiatives for the Development of North-Eastern Region</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>North East Rural Livelihood Project (NELRP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched in 2012, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/north-east-rural-livelihood-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NERLP</strong></a> is a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong> </a>aided, multi-state project under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER).</li>
<li>The project has been implemented in<strong> 11 districts of Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim</strong> with an aim to <strong>improve rural livelihoods especially that of women, unemployed youth and the most disadvantaged,</strong> in the four North Eastern States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>North Eastern Region Vision 2020 document</strong> provides an overarching framework for the development of the North Eastern Region.</li>
<li><strong>Science &amp; Technology Interventions in the North East Region</strong> (STINER): <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>STINER aims to bring <strong>relevant technologies developed by the academic, scientific and research institutions to the artisans and farmers especially women. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>North Eastern Region Power System Improvement Project</strong> (NERPSIP):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/north-eastern-region-power-system-improvement-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Scheme</strong></a> was initially approved in December 2014 as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong> </a>of the Ministry of Power.</li>
<li>It aims to create a reliable<strong> power grid</strong> and improve NER States' connectivity to the upcoming load centers, and thus extend the benefits of the <strong>grid connected power to all categories of consumers of beneficiaries in the North Eastern Region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destination North East festival:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The different facets of Northeast including the entrepreneurship avenues are replicated at <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-infrastructure-and-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>different locations across the country</strong></a>. During these events also, an exclusive arrangement is made for offering counselling and assistance to potential entrepreneurs and business Start-Ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1687668" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7495,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rooftop Solar Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)</strong> has released an advisory on the <strong>rooftop solar scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To generate solar power by installing <strong>solar panels</strong> on the roof of the houses, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to achieve a cumulative capacity of <strong>40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar Projects by the year 2022.</strong></li>
<li>In a grid-connected rooftop or small Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system wherein <strong>the DC power generated from the SPV panel is converted to AC power</strong> using the power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid.</li>
<li>The<strong> major objective</strong> of the programme includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the <strong>grid-connected SPV rooftop</strong> and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.</li>
<li>To<strong> mitigate</strong> the <strong>dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation</strong> and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.</li>
<li>To create an <strong>enabling environment for investment in the solar energy</strong> sector by the private sector, state government and the individuals.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for the <strong>supply of solar power from rooftop and small plants to the grid.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This scheme is being implemented in the state by <strong>distribution companies (DISCOMs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this scheme the Ministry is providing a <strong>40%</strong> subsidy for the first 3 kW and <strong>20%</strong> subsidy beyond <strong>3 kW</strong> and upto <strong>10 kW</strong> of solar panel capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>residential consumer has to pay the cost of rooftop solar plant by reducing the subsidy amount</strong> given by the Ministry as per the prescribed rate to the vendor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Schemes for Promoting Solar Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kusum#:~:text=PM%2DKUSUM%20consists%20of%20three,standalone%20solar%2Dpowered%20agriculture%20pumps." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan</strong></a> <strong>(PM-KUSUM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme covers grid-connected Renewable Energy power plants (0.5 &ndash; 2 MW)/Solar water pumps/grid connected agriculture pumps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheme for Development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs) under the existing Solar Park Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for <strong>promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid systems</strong> for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind - solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
<li>The policy also aims to encourage new technologies, methods and way-outs involving combined operation of wind and solar PV plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atal Jyoti Yojana</strong> (AJAY):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The AJAY scheme was launched in September 2016 for the installation of<strong> solar street lighting</strong> (SSL) systems in states with less than <strong>50%</strong> households covered with <strong>grid power</strong> (as per Census 2011).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a>: The ISA, is an Indian initiative that was launched by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France on 30th November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the Conference of the Parties (COP-21), with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Sun, One World, One Grid</strong></a> (OSOWOG): It focuses on a framework for facilitating global cooperation, building a global ecosystem of interconnected renewable energy resources (mainly solar energy) that can be seamlessly shared.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Solar Mission</a> (a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Suryamitra Skill Development Programme:</strong> To provide skill training to rural youth in handling solar installations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688826#:~:text=To%20generate%20solar%20power%20by,kW%20and%20upto%2010%20kW." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7493,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Railway Finance Corporation: IPO ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)</strong> got 65% subscription on the first day of bidding.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irctc-ipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd. held an IPO</strong></a> on the National Stock Exchange in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>first IPO in the calendar year 2021</strong> and the <strong>first public issue by a railway <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-banking financial company</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amount Raised:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the initial public offer, <strong>the Centre, the promoter of IRFC, will offload 13.6% stake in the company.</strong></li>
<li>At the higher price band of Rs 26 per share, <strong>the government would raise Rs 3,243 crore</strong> and the company will have a market cap of Rs 23,845 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRFC will use the IPO proceeds from the fresh issue to <strong>boost its capital base and general corporate purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Government Interventions to Enhance Railway&rsquo;s Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dedicated-freight-corridor-1#:~:text=Key%20Points,state%20of%20the%20art%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Development of freight corridors</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>High-speed railway </strong></li>
<li><strong>Elevated corridors</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Railway Finance Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>subsidiary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatizing-indian-railways" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Railways</a></strong>, it is the <strong>dedicated market borrowing arm</strong> of the Indian Railways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>incorporated in 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance Model:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It follows a<strong> financial leasing model</strong> to finance the acquisition of rolling stock assets, which includes locomotives, coaches, wagons, trucks, flats, electric multiple units, containers, cranes, trollies, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Finance Leasing Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Deriving revenues through the leasing model typically <strong>involves three parties: the seller, the buyer (lessee) and the financier (lessor).</strong></li>
<li>In exchange for payment, <strong>ownership of an item</strong> (usually equipment) is <strong>transferred from the seller to the lessor.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>lessee then contracts with the lessor</strong> for <strong>the use of the item in exchange for a periodic fee.</strong></li>
<li>The seller may or may not retake ownership of the item once the leasing contract has ended.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It plays a<strong> significant role in supporting the capacity enhancement of the Indian Railways</strong> by financing the majority proportion of their annual plan outlay which gives a long term business visibility, the brokerage feels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also into<strong> leasing railway infrastructure assets and national projects of the Government of India (project assets)</strong> and <strong>lending to other entities</strong> under the Ministry of Railways (MoR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IPO is the<strong> selling of securities to the public in the primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Primary market deals with new securities</strong> being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the<strong> secondary market</strong> where <strong>existing securities are bought and sold.</strong> It is also known as the stock market or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vix-measure-of-market-volatility" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stock exchange</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale</strong> of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unlisted companies</strong> are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is generally <strong>used by new and medium-sized firms that are looking for funds to grow and expand their business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The funds raised by IPO allows the company<strong> to invest in new capital equipment and infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li>An IPO paves way for<strong> listing and trading of the issuer&rsquo;s securities on the Stock exchange market.</strong></li>
<li>The IPO also allows the company to <strong>attract top talent</strong> because it <strong>can offer stock options to its employees.</strong> This enables the company <strong>to pay its executives fairly low wages initially.</strong> And later, in return, the employees as promised can cash out with the IPO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-should-you-invest-in-the-irfc-ipo-7151683/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7492,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Crowdfunding for Rare Diseases',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Delhi <strong>High Court</strong> has ordered <strong>the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> to explore <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crowdfunding#:~:text=Crowdfunding%20is%20a%20method%20of,for%20greater%20reach%20and%20exposure." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crowdfunding</strong></a> to help two children, who are suffering from a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rare-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rare Disease</strong></a> known as <strong>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC held that <strong>&lsquo;Right to Health and Healthcare&rsquo;</strong> is a <strong>fundamental right</strong> which has been recognised by the Supreme Court to be a part of the <strong>&lsquo;Right to life&rsquo;</strong> under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 21</strong> </a>of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direction to the Society and Authorities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>High Court</strong> directed the<strong> society in general and authorities in particular</strong> to ensure that the<strong> life of such children is not compromised,</strong> even if there is a small window of improving their chances of survival or even providing a<strong> better quality of life.</strong></li>
<li>Directed <strong>the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> to give a specific timeline in respect of the finalisation and notification of the <strong>Draft Health Policy for Rare Diseases, 2020.</strong> The draft policy has a section where the <strong>government proposed crowdfunding for treatment of high-cost Rare Diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>CrowdFunding</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crowdfunding is a <strong>method of raising capital through the collective effort of a large number of individual investors.</strong></li>
<li>This approach taps into the collective efforts of a large pool of individuals, primarily online via social media and crowdfunding platforms and leverages their networks for greater reach and exposure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Donation-Based Crowdfunding:</strong> Donation-based crowdfunding is a way to source money for a project by asking a <strong>large number of contributors to individually donate a small amount to it.</strong> In return, the backers may receive token rewards that increase in prestige as the size of the donation increases. For the smallest sums, however, the funder may receive nothing at all.</li>
<li><strong>Rewards-Based Crowdfunding:</strong> Rewards-based crowdfunding involves <strong>individuals contributing to a business in exchange for a &ldquo;reward,&rdquo;</strong> typically a form of the product or service which company offers. Even though this method offers backers a reward, it&rsquo;s still generally considered a subset of donation-based crowdfunding since there is no financial or equity return.</li>
<li><strong>Equity-Based Crowdfunding:</strong> Unlike the donation-based and rewards-based methods, <strong>equity-based crowdfunding allows contributors to become part-owners of the company by trading capital for equity shares.</strong> As equity owners, the contributors receive a financial return on their investment and ultimately receive a share of the profits in the form of a dividend or distribution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reach &ndash;</strong> By using a crowdfunding platform, one has <strong>access to thousands of accredited investors</strong> who can see, interact with, and share the fundraising campaign.</li>
<li><strong>Presentation &ndash;</strong> By creating a crowdfunding campaign, <strong>one goes through the invaluable process of looking at the business from the top level&mdash;</strong>its history, traction, offerings, addressable market, value proposition, with digestible packages.</li>
<li><strong>PR &amp; Marketing &ndash;</strong> From launch to close, one can share and <strong>promote the campaign</strong> through social media, email newsletters, and other online marketing tactics.</li>
<li><strong>Validation of Concept &ndash;</strong> Presenting the concept or business to the masses affords an excellent opportunity to <strong>validate and refine offering.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Efficiency &ndash;</strong> One of the best things about online crowdfunding is its<strong> ability to centralize and streamline fundraising efforts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rare Diseases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A rare disease is a <strong>health condition of low prevalence</strong> that <strong>affects a small number of people</strong> compared with other prevalent diseases in the general population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is<strong> no universally accepted definition of rare diseases</strong> and the definitions usually vary across different countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Though rare diseases are of low prevalence and individually rare, collectively they affect a considerable proportion of the population.</li>
<li><strong>80% of rare diseases are genetic</strong> in origin and hence disproportionately impact children.</li>
<li>In <strong>India there are 56-72 million people affected by rare diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> genetic disorder</strong> characterized by<strong> progressive muscle degeneration and weakness</strong> due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Muscle weakness</li>
<li>Enlargement of the calves</li>
<li>A waddling gait</li>
<li>Lumbar lordosis (an inward curve of the spine)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/explore-crowdfunding-to-help-two-children-with-rare-disease/article33595692.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7491,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Whatsapp Policy & Privacy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/update-debate-the-hindu-editorial-on-whatsapp-and-privacy/article33595227.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Update debate: On WhatsApp and privacy&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the issues emanating from the new Whatsapp privacy policy and the need for data protection law in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0rQvvmJRHs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WhatsApp has updated its policy</strong></a>, which states that it may share information of any of its users with its family of companies (Facebook). This new update has caused a lot of concern over the privacy of the people that use this application.</p>
<p>Privacy experts and antitrust bodies have also raised the alarm at this new privacy policy of WhatsApp. Moreover, Indian users are more vulnerable due to the absence of any data protection law.</p>
<p>As the Supreme court in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>K. Puttaswamy&rsquo;s judgment</strong></a> held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, the Whatsapp new policy is yet another reason why India needs data protection law.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to New Whatsapp Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Whatsapp As the Owner of Data:</strong> The information that WhatsApp automatically collects and will be sharing with Facebook includes the mobile phone number, user activity, and other basic information of the WhatsApp account.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WhatsApp&rsquo;s recent privacy policy to share commercial user data with Facebook establishes that it is the owner of the data rather than an intermediary.</li>
<li>The policy essentially takes away the choice users had until now to not share their data with other Facebook-owned and third-party apps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: Intermediaries</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic definition of intermediaries is that they do not own content and are mere platforms where third-party entities place content.</li>
<li>This particular status prevents them from liability in case anything unlawful is noticed on their platforms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In such instances, the government directs the intermediary concerned to remove the unlawful content within a specified period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If Whatsapp automatically shares the data, it can not be considered as an intermediary.</li>
<li>In such a scenario it may lose the immunity it has with regard to any objectionable content found on its platform at any given point in time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Against the Recommendations of the Srikrishna Committee Report:</strong> The new Whatsapp policy contradicts the recommendations of the Srikrishna Committee report, which forms the basis of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a>.<strong> For Example:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The principle of Data Localisation, which aims to put curbs on the transfer of personal data outside the country, may come in conflict with WhatsApp&rsquo;s new privacy policy.</li>
<li>The report stated that using the information for purposes that are reasonably linked to the purpose for which the information was given. However, the updated privacy policy of WhatsApp can be seen as a move to ensure subtle forms of commercial exploitation and micro-targeting by political campaigns <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-402" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Cambridge Analytica scandal)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sharing of Metadata:</strong> WhatsApp held that the end-to-end encryption clause remains intact, which will ensure that it can&rsquo;t see your messages or share them with anyone. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with the updated privacy policy, WhatsApp can now share one&rsquo;s metadata, essentially everything beyond the conversation&rsquo;s actual text.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Metadata</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It virtually gives a 360-degree profile into a person's online activity.</li>
<li>This level of insight into a person's private and personal activities is done without any government oversight at present or regulatory supervision.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Take it or Leave it&rsquo; Policy:</strong> If users disagree with the messaging platform&rsquo;s updated privacy policy, they will have to quit WhatsApp when the new terms of service are set to come into effect.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expediting Data Protection Law:</strong> India&rsquo;s data protection law has been languishing for two years now. If India had a data protection law in place, WhatsApp would not have been able to go ahead with this update in the first place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, WhatsApp&rsquo;s updated privacy policy guidelines won&rsquo;t be applicable if you live in the European Region thanks to the data protection law <strong>(<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDPR</a>)</strong> in place there.</li>
<li>Therefore, India must expedite the process of finalizing the data protection law.</li>
<li>Further, India should use the current Whatsapp issue to update the already under process intermediary guidelines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Awareness:</strong> According to many experts, WhatsApp users in India will not care too much about this issue, what with privacy policies being generally difficult to be understood by the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, the government and civil society must engage in awareness programs to make the public aware of the importance of digital privacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The privacy of a billion citizens is too important a thing to be left just to the practices of a commercial enterprise. It will be reassuring if a strong law guarantees it.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fffe;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The privacy of a billion citizens is too important a thing to be left just to the practices of a commercial enterprise.&rdquo; In light of the statement, analyze the issues emanating from the new Whatsapp privacy policy and the need for data protection law in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7479,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UAV Procurement by Indian Army',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Indian Army</strong> has signed a contract to buy <strong>high-altitude <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a> from ideaForge for USD 20 million.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ideaForge is a start-up founded and incubated by the alumni of<strong> Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B).</strong></li>
<li>The contract is for<strong> a high-altitude variant of SWITCH UAV,</strong> an indigenous system used in surveillance operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Contract:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It marks a <strong>strategic shift of focusing on indegenous technologies</strong> in the Indian defence procurement process.</li>
<li>This is an example of <strong>how government-funded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">start-ups</a></strong> can help the country grow.</li>
<li>This is the<strong> biggest such order</strong> in terms of the contract value,<strong> for any Indian equipment manufacturer for drones.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of UAV for the Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army has placed an order for the <strong>advanced high-altitude version of SWITCH UAV,</strong> a vertical take-off and landing drone. It is a fixed-wing hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Its features include:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Advanced flight time</strong> with a range of 15 km.</li>
<li>Around 2.6m long and 1.8m wide and <strong>weighs less than 6.5 kg.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Higher safety and simple operation</strong> with additional fail-safe redundancies.</li>
<li>Used for long-duration operations in harsh environments for day and night surveillance in<strong> Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Used in Photogrammetry -</strong> the technology of <strong>obtaining reliable information</strong> about physical objects and the environment<strong> through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images</strong> and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Uses:</strong> Crowd Monitoring, Disaster Management, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/session-on-precision-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Precision Agriculture</strong></a>, Mining, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/army-inks-20-mn-deal-with-ideaforge-for-uav/article33583294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7475,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Jallikattu',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As the assembly polls are to be held in Tamil Nadu in 2021, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harvest-festivals-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pongal festival</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu</strong></a>, the traditional bull-taming sport, have caught the attention of the Political Parties in the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Jallikattu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Traditional:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A tradition over 2,000 years old, Jallikattu is a <strong>competitive sport</strong> as well as an event to honour <strong>bull owners</strong> who rear them for mating.</li>
<li>It is a violent sport in which contestants try to tame a bull for a prize; if they fail, the bull owner wins the prize.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Areas of Sport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is popular in <strong>Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Theni, Pudukkottai and Dindigul</strong> districts of Tamil Nadu known as the <strong>Jallikattu belt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time of Event:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is celebrated in the <strong>second week of January, during the Tamil harvest festival, Pongal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance in Tamil Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Jallikattu is considered a traditional way for the peasant community to preserve their <strong>pure-breed native bulls.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At a time when cattle breeding is often an artificial process, conservationists and peasants argue that Jallikattu is a way to <strong>protect these male animals</strong> which are otherwise used only for meat if not for ploughing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kangayam, Pulikulam, Umbalachery, Bargur and Malai Maadu are among the <strong>popular native cattle breeds used for Jallikattu.</strong> The owners of these premium breeds <strong>command respect locally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Interventions on Jallikattu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, the Centre added bulls to the <strong>list of animals whose training and exhibition is prohibited.</strong></li>
<li>In 2014, the Supreme Court banned the bull-taming sport, ruling on a petition that cited the <strong>2011 notification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Legal Position on Jallikattu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state government has legalised these events, which has been challenged in the court.</li>
<li>In 2018, the Supreme Court referred the Jallikattu case to a Constitution Bench, where it is pending now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict to be Resolved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whether the Jallikattu tradition can be protected as a <strong>cultural right of the people of Tamil Nadu which is a fundamental right. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 29 (1) against Rights of animals.</strong></li>
<li>Article 29 (1) mandates that &ldquo;any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Position in Other States for Similar Sports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Karnataka too passed a law to save a similar sport, called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kambala</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Except in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, where bull-taming and racing continue to be organised, these sports remain<strong> banned in all other states</strong> including Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra due to the 2014<strong> ban order from the Supreme Court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610793449_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610793449_image11.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="425" height="283" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-bjp-congress-7148150/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7473,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Modified Scheme to Produce 1G Ethanol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Department of Food &amp; Public Distribution</strong> has <strong>notified a modified scheme</strong> for <strong>extending financial assistance for producing 1<sup>st</sup> Generation (1G) ethanol.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim is to achieve blending targets of ethanol with petrol <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bioethanol-blending-of-petrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Ethanol Blending Programme)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims at <strong>blending ethanol with petrol,</strong> thereby bringing it under the category of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biofuels</strong></a> and saving millions of dollars by <strong>cutting fuel imports </strong>and<strong> decreasing carbon emissions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Target:</strong> The target is to<strong> achieve 20% blending</strong> of ethanol<strong> by 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ethanol Extraction from Foodgrains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In<strong> 2018,</strong> the Central Government<strong> extended the ambit of the EBP programme</strong> to extract the <strong>fuel from surplus quantities of food grains</strong> such as maize, jawar, bajra fruit and vegetable waste.</li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>only excess sugarcane production</strong> was allowed to be converted into ethanol for procurement under the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Assistance for Expansion of Ethanol Distillation Capacity:</strong> The government will provide<strong> interest subvention (on loans)</strong> to encourage the funding in this sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To set up distilleries for producing 1<sup>st</sup> Generation (1G) ethanol from feed stocks such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-potential-to-increase-cereals-export" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cereals</strong></a> (rice, wheat, barley, corn &amp; sorghum), sugarcane, sugar beet etc.</li>
<li>To convert molasses (a sugar byproduct) based distilleries to dual feedstock.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhancing Farmers&rsquo; Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Facilitate <strong>farmers to diversify their crops</strong> to cultivate particularly maize/corn which needs less water compared to sugarcane and rice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provide Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Investment <strong>in capacity addition or establishment of new distilleries</strong> shall provide new employment opportunities in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promote Distributed Ethanol Production:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bringing <strong>new grain based distilleries</strong> in the entire country would result in <strong>distributed production of ethanol</strong> and would<strong> save a lot of transportation cost</strong> and thus prevent delays in meeting the blending target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E20 Fuel:</strong> Earlier, the Indian government had invited public comments for introducing adoption of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e20-fuel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E20 fuel</strong></a> (a blend of 20% ethanol with gasoline).</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana, 2019:</strong> The objective of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-ji-van-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scheme</strong></a> is to create an ecosystem for setting up commercial projects and to boost research and development in the 2G Ethanol sector.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in GST:</strong> The Government has also reduced<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GST</strong></a> on ethanol for blending in fuel from 18% to 5%.</li>
<li><strong>National Biofuel Policy 2018:</strong> The Policy <strong>categorises biofuels</strong> as "Basic Biofuels" viz. First Generation (1G) bioethanol &amp; biodiesel and "Advanced Biofuels" - Second Generation (2G) ethanol, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to drop-in fuels, Third Generation (3G) biofuels, bio-CNG etc. to enable extension of appropriate financial and fiscal incentives under each category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610791777_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610791777_image10.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Proper implementation of the biofuel policy and ethanol blending programme should ensure <strong>fuel requirements should not compete with food requirements</strong> and that only surplus food crops should be used for fuel production.</li>
<li>Alternatives like 3<sup>rd</sup> generation (derived from algae) and 4<sup>th</sup> generation biofuels (derived from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds#:~:text=Bt%20cotton%20is%20the%20only,the%20common%20pest%20pink%20bollworm.&amp;text=In%20Bt%20brinjal%2C%20a%20gene,of%20fruit%20and%20shoot%20borers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>genetically engineered plants</strong> </a>or biomass) should be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688616#:~:text=by%20PIB%20Delhi-,To%20achieve%2020%25%20blending%20by%202025%20as%20well%20as%20to,for%20enhancement%20of%20their%20ethanol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7470,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0,</strong> in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by <strong>making over 300 skill courses available</strong> to them.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Skill India Mission</strong> was launched by the government in <strong>2015</strong> under which the flagship scheme Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is run.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.</strong> It aims at <strong>vocational training and certification</strong> of Indian youth for a better livelihood and respect in the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch: India&rsquo;s largest Skill Certification Scheme -<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</a></strong> - was launched on 15<sup>th</sup> July, 2015 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skills-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(World Youth Skills Day)</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To encourage and promote skill development in the country by providing <strong>free short duration skill training</strong> and incentivizing this by providing <strong>monetary rewards to youth for skill certification.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> PMKVY is implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong></a> under the guidance of the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Key Components:</strong> Short Term Training, Special Projects, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recognition-of-prior-learning-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>, Kaushal &amp; Rozgar Mela, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> In 2015-16, 19.85 lakh candidates were trained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage: PMKVY 2016-20</strong> (PMKVY 2.0) was launched by scaling up<strong> both in terms of Sector and Geography</strong> and by <strong>greater alignment with other missions</strong> of the Government of India like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Budget:</strong> Rs. 12,000 Crore.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Through Two Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Centrally Managed (CSCM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by National Skill Development Corporation.</strong> 75% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSCM.</li>
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored State Managed (CSSM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by State Governments</strong> through State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs). 25% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> More than <strong>1.2 Crore youth</strong> have been trained/oriented through an improved standardized skilling ecosystem in the country under PMKVY 1.0 and PMKVY 2.0.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 3.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> Launched in 717 districts, 28 States/eight UTs, PMKVY 3.0 is a step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atmnanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> It <strong>will be implemented in a more decentralized structure</strong> with greater responsibilities and support from States/UTs and Districts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>District Skill Committees (DSCs), under the guidance of State Skill Development Missions (SSDM), shall play a key role in addressing the skill gap and assessing demand at the district level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>envisages training of eight lakh candidates</strong> over a <strong>scheme period of 2020-2021</strong> with an outlay of Rs. 948.90 crore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>729 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras (PMKKs), empaneled non-PMKK training centres and more than 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)</strong> under Skill India will be rolling out PMKVY 3.0 training to build a robust pool of skilled professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be <strong>more trainee- and learner-centric.</strong> The focus is on bridging the demand-supply gap by <strong>promoting skill development in areas of new-age and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a> job roles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be <strong>a propagator of vocational education</strong> at an early level for youth to capitalize on industry-linked opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Educational Policy 2020</strong></a> also puts focus on vocational training for a holistic growth and increased employability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By taking the bottom-up approach to training, it will<strong> identify job roles that have demand at the local level and skill the youth,</strong> linking them to these opportunities <strong>(Vocal for Local).</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage healthy competition between states</strong> by making available increased allocation to those states that perform better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688836" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7446,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>flagship crop insurance scheme</strong> of the Government of India - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-pmfby" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong></a> - has completed five years of its launch.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY was launched on <strong>13<sup>th&nbsp;</sup>January 2016.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme was conceived as a milestone initiative to provide a <strong>comprehensive risk solution</strong> at the <strong>lowest uniform premium</strong> across the country for farmers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides<strong> a comprehensive insurance cover</strong> against failure of the crop thus helping in stabilising the income of the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> All food &amp; oilseed crops and annual commercial/horticultural crops for which past yield data is available.</li>
<li><strong>Premium:</strong> The prescribed premium is<strong> 2%</strong> to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and <strong>1.5%</strong> for all rabi crops. In the case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium is<strong> 5%.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Premium cost over and above the farmer share was <strong>equally subsidized</strong> by States and GoI.</li>
<li>However, GoI shared <strong>90% of the premium subsidy for North Eastern States</strong> to promote the uptake in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme was <strong>compulsory for loanee farmers</strong> availing Crop Loan/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-credit-card-kcc-saturation-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Credit Card</strong></a> (KCC) account for notified crops and voluntary for others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMFBY 2.0:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to ensure more efficient and effective implementation of the scheme, the central government <strong>had revamped PMFBY in the 2020 Kharif season.</strong></li>
<li>This overhauled PMFBY is often called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/revamping-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PMFBY 2.0</strong></a>, it has the following features:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Completely Voluntary:</strong> Enrolment 100% voluntary for all farmers from 2020 Kharif.</li>
<li><strong>Limit to Central Subsidy:</strong> The Cabinet has decided to cap the Centre&rsquo;s premium subsidy under the scheme for premium rates up to 30% for unirrigated areas/crops and 25% for irrigated areas/crops.</li>
<li><strong>More Flexibility to States:</strong> The government has given the flexibility to states/UTs to implement PMFBY and given them the option to select any number of additional risk covers/features.</li>
<li><strong>Investing in ICE Activities:</strong> Insurance companies have to now spend 0.5% of the total premium collected on information, education and communication (IEC) activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology under PMFBY:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crop Insurance App:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides for easy enrollment of farmers.</li>
<li>Facilitate easier reporting of crop loss within 72 hours of occurrence of any event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Technological Tools:</strong> To assess crop losses, <strong>satellite imagery, remote-sensing technology, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artificial intelligence</a></strong> and machine learning are used.</li>
<li><strong>PMFBY Portal:</strong> For integration of land records.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Scheme:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme covers over <strong>5.5 crore farmer applications on average per year.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/27-03-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhar seeding</strong></a> (linking Aadhaar through Internet banking portals) has helped in speedy claim settlement directly into the farmer accounts.</li>
<li>One notable example is mid-season adversity claims of nearly Rs. 30 crore in <strong>Rajasthan</strong> during<strong> Rabi 2019-20 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/swarm-of-desert-locust" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Locust attack.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rationalising waivers and service delivery:</strong> Loan waiver schemes announced by state governments along with mandatory Aadhar linkage should be rationalised to enable PMFBY of greater coverage.</li>
<li><strong>Enable Timely Compensation:</strong> There has been reports of delayed compensation by some of the states.</li>
<li><strong>Bringing Behavioural Change:</strong> Apart from this, a lot more needs to be done in bringing about a behavioural change regarding the cost of insurance being a necessary input and not a money-back investment.</li>
<li><strong>Streamlining with Similar Schemes:</strong> PMFBY needs to be streamlined with state crop insurance schemes and schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-the-crop-insurance-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme</strong></a> to include more risk areas not covered under them.</li>
<li><strong>Proper Implementation:</strong> Successful implementation of PMFBY is an essential benchmark in agricultural reform in India to make farmers self-sufficient in times of crisis and support the creation of an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar</strong> </a>Kisan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1687913" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7445,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kayakalp Awards',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has conferred <strong>5<sup>th</sup> National Kayakalp awards</strong> to<strong> Public and Private Health Facilities</strong> for high standards of Sanitation and Hygiene.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India launched a <strong>National Initiative &lsquo;Kayakalp&rsquo;</strong> on 15<sup>th</sup> May 2015 to ensure<strong> hygiene, sanitation and cleanliness in Public Health Facilities in India. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those District Hospitals, Sub-divisional hospitals, Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centres and Health &amp; Wellness Centres in the public healthcare system who have achieved high levels of cleanliness, hygiene and infection control were<strong> recognised and felicitated with awards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote <strong>cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices in public healthcare facilities,</strong> through incentivizing and recognizing such public healthcare facilities that show exemplary performance in adhering to standard protocols of cleanliness and infection control</li>
<li>To inculcate a <strong>culture of ongoing assessment</strong> and peer review of performance related to hygiene, cleanliness, and sanitation.</li>
<li>To create and share <strong>sustainable practices related to improved cleanliness in public health facilities</strong> linked to positive health outcomes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives under Kayakalp:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mera Aspataal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mera Aspataal Initiative was launched to <strong>capture patient reaction</strong> to the <strong>services offered in the hospital and help improve the services</strong> by taking corrective measures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swachh SwasthSarvatra (SSS) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MoHFW had collaborated with<strong> Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</strong> and launched <strong>SSS program,</strong> under which, <strong>one community health centre</strong> (CHCs) situated within <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/open-defecation-in-india#:~:text=The%20country%20has%20been%20declared,truly%20claim%20itself%20as%20ODF." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Defecation Free</a> block receives one-time grant</strong> of Rs. <strong>10.00 lakhs</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for undertaking improvement activities, so that the CHC becomes Kayakalp CHC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688001" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Energy Conservation Awards',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>the Ministry of Power,</strong> in association with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-star-rating-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></a>, organised the <strong>30<sup>th</sup> National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA)</strong> function.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the event, the <strong>Standards and Labelling Programme for Air Compressors and Ultra High Definition (UHD) TV</strong> on voluntary basis was initiated and<strong> SATHEE Portal</strong> was also launched.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Energy Conservation Awards Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> had launched a scheme in 1991, to give<strong> national recognition</strong> through awards to industries and establishments that have taken<strong> special efforts to reduce energy consumption</strong> while maintaining their production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The awards were given away for the<strong> first time on 14<sup>th</sup> December, 1991,</strong> which was declared as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-energy-conservation-day-2020#:~:text=The%20National%20Energy%20Conservation%20Day,are%20given%20on%20the%20occasion." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'The National Energy Conservation Day'.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It recognizes the energy efficiency achievements in<strong> 56 sub-sectors across industry, establishments and institutions.</strong></li>
<li>During the award ceremony, it was specifically mentioned that the impact of <strong>PAT Cycle II</strong> achieved<strong> emission reduction of 61 million ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>market-based mechanism</strong> to further accelerate as well as incentivize energy efficiency in the large energy-intensive industries.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides the option to trade any additional certified energy savings</strong> with other designated consumers to comply with the Specific Energy Consumption reduction targets.</li>
<li>It is <strong>being implemented by BEE,</strong> as a &ldquo;flag bearer&rdquo; which has not only demonstrated its promise in the country but also has found interest among many other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Standards and Labelling Programme for Air Compressors and Ultra High Definition (UHD) TV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is to be carried out on a <strong>voluntary basis.</strong></li>
<li>They are aimed to <strong>further enhance the level of energy conservation.</strong> This conserved energy can then be used for a different purpose in the home or workplace.</li>
<li>Besides saving energy, this programme could also <strong>facilitate reducing energy bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SAATHEE Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has developed a <strong>Management Information System (MIS) portal</strong> namely <strong>State-wise Actions on Annual Targets and Headways on Energy Efficiency (SAATHEE).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For SDAs:</strong> It is a portal for the <strong>State Designated Agency (SDA)</strong> for state level activities.</li>
<li><strong>Captures Status of Energy Efficiency:</strong> It will be useful in capturing the physical and financial status/ progress of Energy Efficiency activities being implemented by States/ UTs across the country. Thus, it will<strong> facilitate Real Time Monitoring.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Streamlines Decision Making and Compliance:</strong> It will also help in decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and implementation and enforcement of the compliance process for various energy consumers at the pan India level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Targets in Energy Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>one of the lowest per capita emissions</strong> and <strong>per capita energy consumption.</strong> Despite this the country has made ambitious commitments to meet the global challenge posed by climate change. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>has a target</strong> to<strong> reduce the emission intensity to 33-35% by 2030</strong> compared to 2005 level, as part of commitments made during <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP 21.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s vision aims at a climate mitigation goal, with a <strong>target for renewable energy capacity to be increased to 450 GW by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Aimed at Energy Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Standard and Labelling and Demand Side Management</a>, Energy Conservation Building Code, </strong>etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sophisticated-analytical-technical-help-institutes-sathi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SATHI</strong> </a><strong>(Sophisticated Analytical &amp; Technical Help Institutes):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative of the <strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To provide a shared, professionally managed services and strong Science and Technology infrastructure/facilities, to service the demands of faculty, researchers, etc., to enable them to carry out R&amp;D activities on a round the clock basis with minimum downtime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sophisticated-analytical-technical-help-institutes-sathi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAATHI</a> (Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of efficient Textile technologies to Help Small Industries) Initiative:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>initiative of the Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To sustain and accelerate the adoption of <strong>energy efficient textile technologies</strong> in the powerloom sector and cost savings due to use of such technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/merger-of-schools-in-odisha-sath-project#:~:text=Sustainable%20Action%20for%20Transforming%20Human%20Capital%20(SATH)%20focusses%20on%20two,the%20teacher%20at%20its%20centre%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener">SATH</a> (Sustainable Action for Transforming Human capital) Program:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>program of NITI Aayog.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To initiate transformation in the education and health sectors and build 3 future &lsquo;role model&rsquo; states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1687682" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7435,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Single Window Clearance for Coal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union government has announced a new <strong>online single window clearance portal for the </strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coal</strong></a><strong> sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The coal sector can be the<strong> biggest contributor</strong> towards the target of<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-07-2019#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20economic%20survey,economy%20in%20the%20near%20future." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> India becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025.</strong></a></li>
<li>Despite having the <strong>world's fourth-largest coal reserves,</strong> India is<strong> importing coal.</strong></li>
<li>The next tranche of commercial mining auction would be<strong> launched in January 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is aimed at<strong> allowing faster clearances,</strong> including<strong> environmental and forest clearances,</strong> from a<strong> single portal</strong> with progress monitoring, instead of having to go to multiple authorities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Presently, about <strong>19 major approvals, or clearances are required before starting the coal mine</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The portal will allow successful bidders to <strong>operationalise coal mines more quickly.</strong></li>
<li>It is in the spirit of <strong>minimum government and maximum governance.</strong></li>
<li>It will further<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> ease of doing business</strong> </a>in the country's coal sector.</li>
<li>It will help in bringing <strong>huge investment and creating employment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Plan:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PARIVESH</a> Mechanism</strong> for forest and environment related clearances would likely be <strong>merged into this single window clearance mechanism</strong> which is expected to<strong> help with the operationalisation of the coals blocks</strong> that are set to be auctioned in the upcoming auctions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PARIVESH</strong> is a <strong>web-based application</strong> which has been developed for online submission and monitoring of the proposals submitted by the proponents for <strong>seeking Environment, Forest, Wildlife and Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) Clearances from Central, State and district level authorities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives in Coal Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>As a part of Atmanirbhar Abhiyaan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coal-sector-reforms#:~:text=Announced%20Reforms%20In%20Coal%20Sector,offered%20to%20the%20private%20sector.&amp;text=Coal%20blocks%20to%20be%20offered,through%20rebate%20in%20revenue%20share." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commercial mining</strong></a> of coal allowed, with 50 blocks to be offered to the private sector.</li>
<li><strong>Entry norms will be liberalised</strong> as it has done away with the regulation requiring power plants to use &ldquo;washed&rdquo; coal.</li>
<li><strong>Coal blocks to be offered to private companies on revenue sharing basis</strong> in place of fixed cost.</li>
<li><strong>Coal gasification/liquefaction</strong> to be incentivised through rebate in revenue share.</li>
<li><strong>Coal bed methane (CBM)</strong> extraction rights to be auctioned from Coal India&rsquo;s coal mines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UTTAM (Unlocking Transparency by Third Party Assessment of Mined Coal):</strong> In April 2018, the Ministry of Coal launched <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coal-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UTTAM Application</strong></a> for coal quality monitoring.</li>
<li><strong>Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala (Coal) Transparently in India (SHAKTI):</strong> Launched in May 2017, for allocation of future coal linkages in a transparent manner for the power sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-new-single-window-clearance-for-coal-how-will-it-help-7142233/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7434,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wvy_6E2YisY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in Karnataka.</li>
<li>The government has set the energy roadmap, envisaging more than double the share of cleaner natural gas in the consumption basket, diversifying sources of energy, connecting the nation with one gas pipeline grid and bringing affordable fuel to people and industry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A gas-based economy is crucial for an Atmanirbhar Bharat and work is being done in the direction of <strong>'One Nation, One Gas Grid'.</strong></li>
<li>The pipeline grid is expected to not only help improve clean energy access, but also aid in the development of city gas projects.</li>
<li>The government is also considering the proposal of bringing natural gas under the ambit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good and Services Tax.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>One Nation, One Gas Grid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional grids.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One Nation, One Gas Grid refers to the integration of these regional grids thus establishing a National Grid for providing energy produced by natural gas to various stakeholders like the central government, the state governments, the public and the private sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Objective and Need of One Nation &amp; One Gas Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meeting the targets:</strong> The initiative of the Indian government will help meet its target of reaching 15% natural gas in its energy basket mix by 2030 which is currently at 6.2-6.5% whereas the global average is 23-24%.</li>
<li><strong>Connecting the nation:</strong> With one nation and one gas grid, the energy produced from natural gas will be supplied to the whole country via a single source.</li>
<li><strong>Improving regional imbalance:</strong> It will help in improving the regional imbalance of gas availability as currently the natural gas is only in limited pockets of the country.</li>
<li><strong>India as a gas based economy:</strong> One nation, one gas grid which will help emerge India as a gas based economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will not only lead to robust development in the economy but also encourage a clean environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cleaner environment:</strong> In times when conventionalsSources are depleting and mining is being extended to a greater depth and area, natural gas can prove to be a boon by preventing deforestation and desertification.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce import dependency:</strong> The import dependency of natural gas in India has reached to 53%. In order to reduce this high percentage, the government is taking measures to diversify the energy mix of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To increase the share of natural gas, the government has announced the expansion of the natural gas grid from the previous 17,500 kilometers to 34,500 kilometers. To which, 450 kms have already been added making it approx 18000.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The next 16000 kms is expected to be achieved in the next 4-6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Primarily, as a grid, the north and west part of India were already connected via LNG terminal.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 4 years, efforts have also been made to connect eastern India with North via the Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro-Dhamra Pipeline which is a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gas-grid-fuel-for-all" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Urja Ganga Project</strong></a> which is in its final stages and will also add around 3000 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The southern part of India is also being looked upon and is expected to add about 1500 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Encouraging investments:</strong> Investing in natural gas should be more encouraged. The share can be divided as : 20% for smaller manufacturing brands whereas for the government and bigger companies it should be 80%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important because investing in natural gas means investing in:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cleaner environment</li>
<li>Better health for our people</li>
<li>Creating more jobs and a better economy for our people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Educating about natural gas:</strong> One area where we all should work is in educating people about the natural gas economy because at present the lack of knowledge about natural gas based economy is widely persistent.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering the vehicles:</strong> Empowered vehicles are needed to reach the destination of One Nation, One Gas Grid. Vehicles such as GAIL, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-natural-gas-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ONGC</strong></a> etc need to be strengthened and empowered to eradicate natural gas energy poverty.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important to give more importance to companies like ONGC when it comes to upstream for gas and GAIL India when it comes to midstream production and gas distribution, and to companies like Oil India when it comes to oil distribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>We need more LNG terminals for more upstream production of gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Marketing and pricing reforms:</strong> To increase domestic exploration, investment and production of natural gas, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/natural-gas-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marketing and Pricing Reforms</strong></a> are the one step that the Government of India has taken in a couple of months.</li>
<li><strong>Natural gas democracy:</strong> Like no citizen of a country should be kept out of democracy, similarly no one should be left out of the benefits of natural gas, it should reach each and every household.</li>
<li><strong>Collaborative effort:</strong> It is not enough that only the central government takes initiatives in the direction, various state govts should also come on board or even a public sector is also as important when it comes to contributing their share in the notion of One Nation, One Gas Grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Tremendous efforts are on the way to achieve clean affordable and sustainable energy but going forward there will be infrastructure related and many other possible challenges that must be tackled in order to end energy poverty in the times to come, ensuring energy security for the citizens as well.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7433,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Issues with Agriculture in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-s-protest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>protest by thousands of farmers</strong></a> at Delhi&rsquo;s borders have brought to focus a range of<strong> issues in agriculture in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The protests are against the three farm bills that seek to replace <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agricultural-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ordinances issued in june 2020.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Concerns of Protesting Farmers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These laws signal the beginning of the <strong>end of open-ended procurement of wheat and paddy.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>success of states (Punjab and Haryana)</strong> in creating the infrastructure for procurement may now<strong> become the reason for withdrawal of support of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Stocking by corporates,</strong> especially those which are in modern retail and e-commerce</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land Size:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decreasing Area:</strong> Area under agriculture has been shrinking, it reduced from <strong>159.5</strong> million hectares <strong>(mn ha) in 2010-11 to 157 mn ha in 2015-16.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increase in Land Holdings:</strong> The number of<strong> operational holdings has been rising</strong> (increased from 138.3 million to about 146 million) owing to increasing population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This<strong> leads to falling average landholdings&rsquo; size</strong> of farmers, which has come down from 1.2 ha to about 1.08 ha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forced Selling: Smaller landholdings produce smaller pockets of produce,</strong> aggregation of which becomes essential for even a trolley-load to be carried to an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agricultural-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC)</strong> </a>mandi or a nearby market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to small holdings caused by fragmentation, small and marginal farmers are <strong>forced to sell their produce at the farm gate itself.</strong></li>
<li>This is especially so in states that have a weak network of APMC mandis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Access to Modern Technology:</strong> Bringing new technologies and practices to such a large number of smallholders scattered over a vast countryside and integrating them with the modern input and output markets is a <strong>huge challenge for Indian agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Farm Labourers than Farmers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>farmer</strong> is usually a<strong> farm owner,</strong> while <strong>employees</strong> of the farm are farm labourers, farmhands, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Employment in Agri-sector:</strong> As per recent estimates from the<strong> Labour Bureau, 45%</strong> of India&rsquo;s workforce is employed in agriculture. .</li>
<li><strong>Labours in Agri-sector:</strong> According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census 2011</strong></a>, <strong>55%</strong> of the agri-workforce comprises agri-labourers.</li>
<li><strong>No support for Labours:</strong> It is tough to drive or sustain growth in agriculture since farm labourers get no policy support or incentive to invest in farming.</li>
<li><strong>Owners Getting the Benefit:</strong> All benefits like seed kit, fertilisers, pesticides, farm machinery, micro-irrigation, land development assistance etc. are meant only for those who can prove land ownership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Falling Investment in Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Gross Capital Formation (GCF)</strong> in agriculture as a percentage of the total GCF in the economy has<strong> fallen from 8.5 % in Financial Year 2011-12 to 6.5 % in Financial Year 2018-19.</strong> This is because the share of private investment has shrunk.</li>
<li>Though public investment has gone up it is not sufficient to check the slide or keep the GCF at FY12 level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Subsidy and Related Issues:.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Flowing to Businesses:</strong> A number of subsidies meant for agriculture also flow to businesses, e.g <strong>grants given to food processing units and cold chain projects.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Net Loss of Farmers:</strong> As per the <strong>Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (ICRIER-OECD)</strong> report, despite the plethora of schemes run to support and subsidise Indian farmers, because of <strong>regressive policies on the marketing side</strong> (both domestic and international trade policies) and the <strong>deficit of basic infrastructure for storage, transportation</strong> etc., <strong>Indian farmers suffered net losses</strong> and thus emerged to be net taxed despite receiving subsidies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Related Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Selective Procurement:</strong> The government<strong> declares <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener">MSP</a> for 23 crops,</strong> only wheat and paddy (rice) are procured in large quantities as they are required to meet the requirement of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong> </a>(PDS), which is about 65 million tonnes.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant Rates of MSP:</strong> The government declaration of Minimum support prices do not increase at par with increase in cost of production.</li>
<li><strong>Unequal Access:</strong> The benefits of this scheme do not reach all farmers and for all crops. There are many regions of the country like the north-eastern region where the implementation is too weak.</li>
<li><strong>Non Scientific Practices:</strong> MSP leads to non-scientific agricultural practices whereby the soil, water are stressed to an extent of degrading ground water table and salinisation of soil.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If India has to move away from procurement-based support, at present restricted to certain crops only, a <strong>more attractive income support scheme has to be conceived coupled with much higher investment, both public and private,</strong> in agri-infrastructure.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)</strong> </a>incentivised the states, which increased their expenditure on agriculture. The <strong>Centre&rsquo;s assistance for such states should be higher.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Focused research on crops grown in low-productivity states can deliver better seeds,</strong> which can withstand the challenge of higher temperature due to climate change.</li>
<li>Democratic norms and processes like <strong>open public debate, dialogue with stakeholders and detailed Parliamentary scrutiny</strong> to ensure every aspect and implication of a public policy goes through meticulous examination before being adopted and implemented is crucial to fix the issues with agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/issues-in-indian-agriculture-7141148/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7429,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Covid-19 Vaccine Policy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/devising-a-vaccine-strategy-for-india/story-u12s0fA8oFOmfMxXo3St1H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Devising a vaccine strategy for India&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 07/01/2021. It talks about the challenges and solutions in the development &amp; distribution of Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India has approved the Covid-19 vaccines developed by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Astra-Zeneca (Covishield)</strong> </a><strong>and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Biotech (Covaxin)</strong></a>. There are several more vaccines that will likely be available later in 2021.</p>
<p>Although India will not need to vaccinate its entire population, it would have to vaccinate at least 30-40% of the people to develop herd immunity fully. Even at a minimum scale, approximately 1 billion doses of <strong>Covid-19 vaccines</strong> will be required, given that most vaccines need a booster dose.</p>
<p>Moreover, other factors, like allocation, distribution, financing, communication, etc., will be impediments to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 vaccination</strong> </a>drive. Therefore, deploying a robust vaccine development &amp; distribution policy will be very crucial for India.</p>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Allocation:</strong> Most nations will vaccinate healthcare workers first. They treat those who are infected with Covid-19 and vaccinate the remaining population. After that, it seems logical to prioritise the elderly, who have a higher infection fatality rate. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, premature death costs a young person more years of life than an older adult. This is a more significant concern for India, as 80% of its population is below 50.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong> Moving vaccines from companies to warehouses will be relatively easy, but moving it from warehouses to distributors to end-users will be tricky, given the difficulties with cold chains and storage facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong> In the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe, vaccines are likely to be entirely free and administered publicly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, given the tight fiscal situation, the Indian government faces the dilemma of whether to finance vaccinations publicly or privately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human Resource:</strong> Administering 30-40 million immunisations (under regular vaccination drive) a year is very different from vaccinating 600 million people in a year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sourcing the trained human resources necessary to deliver intramuscular shots, without diverting from existing priorities, will not be easy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Confidence:</strong> &ldquo;Optimism bias," as it is called, makes vaccination seem unnecessary to them. Concerning diseases, a lot of people tend to think that their risk is low.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this behaviour can prove fatal in battling a pandemic like Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine Prioritisation:</strong> The protective benefit from vaccination is much lower if one has immunity from a prior infection. Hence, the allocation of the vaccine among the working-age population should consider two factors: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It may be prudent to screen people for Covid-19 antibodies and prioritise vaccination of those without antibodies.</li>
<li>Areas closest to herd immunity even without suppression require the least number of doses to return to regular economic activity and have higher returns from vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening VaccineSupply Chain:</strong> Enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronic-vaccine-intelligence-network" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong></a> (eVIN) system will enhance real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperatures across all country&rsquo;s cold chain points.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Human Resource Gap:</strong> Engaging medical students, phlebotomists, paramedics and pharmacists can be rapidly and reliably trained to administer vaccines, will bridge the human resource gap.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid Financing Policy:</strong> India will need a hybrid strategy, where the majority of the population (economically challenged) is vaccinated for free publicly while allowing private markets to operate for rich people.</li>
<li><strong>Effective Communication:</strong> A good communication strategy that envisages removing myths associated with Covid-19 vaccine should be science-led, involve regular communication, utilise respected community leaders to widen reach, and clamp down on the spread of misinformation.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Vaccine Certification:</strong> To resume normalcy and allow free movement of people, every country will need an internal set of protocols regarding proof of vaccination that is interoperable with norms elsewhere. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In other words, proof of vaccination in India or Tanzania must be acceptable to Singapore Airlines or Qantas.</li>
<li>This will also require multilateral bodies to play an active role in creating frameworks, around which digital platforms can be developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s Covid-19 vaccine drive will be a monumental mission, not just in terms of vaccinating its own population, but also vaccinating a large part of the world thanks to its position as the world&rsquo;s leading vaccine producer.</p>
<p>Addressing the issues associated with the development and distribution of vaccines will augment the effort to efficiently get vaccines to hundreds of millions in the shortest period of time.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Covid-19 immunisation drive will be a different kettle of fish from regular vaccination programs&rdquo;. In light of the statement analyse the challenges in the development &amp; distribution of Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7425,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pravasi Bharatiya Divas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) </strong>is<strong> celebrated on 9<sup>th</sup> January every year</strong> to mark the contribution of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Overseas Indian community</strong></a> in the development of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion, several events such as <strong>PBD Convention, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award</strong> and <strong>Bharat ko Janiye Quiz</strong> are organised.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>9<sup>th</sup> January</strong> was chosen as the day to celebrate PBD since it was <strong>on this day in 1915 that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa,</strong> led India&rsquo;s freedom struggle and changed the lives of Indians forever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PBD Conventions:</strong> These are<strong> held once every two years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PBD 2021:</strong> The <strong>16<sup>th</sup> PBD Convention</strong> was held virtually in New Delhi. The <strong>theme</strong> was <strong>"Contributing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aatmanirbhar Bharat</a>".</strong></li>
<li><strong>Chief Guest:</strong> President of Suriname Chandrikapersad Santokhi.</li>
<li><strong>Highlights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Response to the Pandemic:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Despite dependence on critical things like PPE kits, masks, ventilators or testing kits, India developed its capabilities not only to become self-reliant but started exporting many things.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s drugs regulator has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved</strong></a> the Oxford Covid-19 vaccine <strong>Covishield,</strong> manufactured by the Serum Institute, and<strong> indigenously developed Covaxin</strong> of Bharat Biotech for restricted emergency use in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is using technology to <strong>end corruption <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-advisory-on-direct-benefit-transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Direct Benefit Transfer)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Further, <strong>India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-space-policy-for-new-space-age" target="_blank" rel="noopener">space programme</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliamentary-committee-report-on-startups#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20flagship%20initiative,innovation%20and%20entrepreneurship%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tech start-up ecosystem</strong></a> is a leader in the global sphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy 2020</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Subsidies Scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives for Indian Diaspora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a>, in which more than 45 lakh Indians were rescued during Corona times.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20create%20a,placement%20opportunities%20in%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skilled Workers Arrival Database for Employment Support (SWADES)</strong></a>, an initiative for returning immigrants from the Gulf and other areas.</li>
<li><strong>Global Pravasi Rishta Portal</strong> for better connectivity and communication with the Pravasi Bharatiyas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>75<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of India&rsquo;s Freedom (2021):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Prime Minister <strong>asked the members of the diaspora</strong> and people in Indian Missions world over to prepare a portal, a digital platform where contribution of the Pravasi Bharatiyas in the freedom struggle of India can be documented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>highest honour conferred on</strong> a <strong>Non-Resident</strong> Indian, <strong>Person of Indian Origin;</strong> or an organisation or <strong>institution established and run by Non-Resident Indians</strong> or Persons of Indian Origin, who have made significant contribution in better understanding of India abroad, support India's causes and concerns in a tangible way, community work abroad, welfare of local Indian community, philanthropic and charitable work, etc.</li>
<li>During the PBD convention, select eminent Indian diaspora members are awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards in the presence of the President of India.</li>
<li><strong>30 Winners of the 2021 Award:</strong> Including<strong> Suriname President</strong> Chandrikapersad Santokhi, <strong>Curacao Prime Minister</strong> Eugene Rhuggenaath and<strong> New Zealand minister</strong> Priyanca Radhakrishnan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Edition Bharat ko Janiye Quiz (2021):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2015-16</strong> in order to<strong> strengthen the engagement with young overseas Indians (18-35)</strong> and encourage them to know more about their country of origin.</li>
<li>The first edition was held in 2015-16 and the second one in 2018-19.</li>
<li><strong>Fifteen winner</strong>s of the Quiz were announced during the PBD convention and<strong> will be invited for an India Tour</strong> (Bharat ko Janiye Darshan) after Covid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1687362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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