Article Tags

You searched “Government Policies & Interventions”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Global Diabetes Compact: WHO

Why in News The World Health Organization (WHO) launched a Global Diabetes Compact to better fight the disease while marking the centenary of the...

17 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Extradition

Why in News Recently, the UK’s Home Department has approved the extradition of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant to India in connection with the...

17 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement

Why in News Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making FASTag mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a...

17 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge. The...

16 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

Why in News Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) to commemorate 75 years...

16 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Initiatives of National Internet Exchange of India

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has inaugurated three new initiatives/services of National...

16 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Dolphin Population in Odisha

Why in News Recently, Odisha has released the final data on the dolphin census, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers. Key Points Census...

16 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Aahaar Kranti Mission

Why in News The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition. Key Points About: The...

16 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
MANAS Mobile App

Why in News Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System) to promote mental...

15 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Sputnik V Vaccine

Why in News Sputnik V, the vaccine against Covid-19 developed by Russia, has been cleared for emergency use by the Drugs Controller General of India...

15 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Child Labour and Forced labour in India

Why in News A recent study has raised the issue of ambiguity about definitions of child labour and forced labour in India, especially for sugarcane...

15 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Indian Rhino Vision 2020

Why in News The Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV2020) program has come to a close with the recent translocation of two rhinos to Manas National Park in...

14 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
e-SANTA

Why in News Recently the Union Commerce and Industry Minister has inaugurated an electronic platform named e-SANTA, which will connect aqua farmers...

14 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem

Why in News Scientists, with support from the National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) Programme, have been able to disseminate...

14 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Data Protection Regime

This article is based on “Why the Personal Data Protection Bill matters” which was published in The Hindu on 12/04/2021. It talks about...

13 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
National Supercomputing Mission

Why in News The second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) will be completed by September 2021, taking India’s total...

13 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala

Why in News The Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways seeks to develop 65 lighthouses on public-private-partnership mode. Odisha’s...

12 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Global Minimum Corporate Tax

Why in News The US Treasury Secretary has urged G20 nations to move towards a global minimum corporate tax. It is an attempt to reverse a...

12 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Opium Poppy Straw

Why in News The Central government has decided to rope in the private sector to commence production of concentrated poppy straw (CPS) from...

08 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya' through a video conference. In...

08 Apr 2021 Government Policies & Interventions

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'amonth' => 'April',
	'ayear' => '2021',
	'articles' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'title' => 'Article Tags'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/english-books/all-english-books/Indian-and-World-Geography',
		'title' => 'New book release: Indian and World Geography - Prelims Practice Series (PPS)',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$amonth = 'April'
$ayear = '2021'
$articles = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8175,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Diabetes Compact: WHO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> launched a <strong>Global Diabetes Compact</strong> to better fight the disease while marking the centenary of the discovery of <strong>insulin.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme was <strong>launched at the Global Diabetes Summit</strong> co-hosted by the Government of Canada.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Diabetes Compact:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Global Diabetes Compact has the <strong>vision of reducing the risk of diabetes</strong>, and ensuring that all people who are diagnosed with diabetes have <strong>access to equitable, comprehensive, affordable and quality treatment and care.</strong></li>
<li>It will also <strong>support the prevention of type 2 diabetes</strong> from obesity, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.</li>
<li>It will set standards for tackling the diseases in the form of <strong>&lsquo;global coverage targets&rsquo;</strong> for ensuring a wider reach of diabetes care.</li>
<li>A key aim of the program is to unite key stakeholders from the public and private sectors, and, critically, people who live with diabetes, around a common agenda, to generate new momentum and co-create solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diabetes:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-diabetes-day-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Diabetes</strong></a> is a <strong>Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)</strong> that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar, or glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.</li>
<li>It is classified into two types:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Type 1 Diabetes:</strong> It occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 Diabetes:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In this condition the body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.The main reason for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is due to obesity and lack of exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insulin</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by Pancreas which helps in maintaining normal blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and promoting cell division and growth through its mitogenic effects.</li>
<li>It was <strong>discovered in 1921</strong> by orthopedic surgeon Dr. Frederick Banting and medical student Charles Best, from the University of Toronto.</li>
<li>Dr. Banting later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1923 along with Professor McLeod who was a Professor of Carbohydrate Metabolism.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Burden of Diabetes:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, approximately 6% of the world&rsquo;s population &ndash; more than 420 million people &ndash; live with either <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/south-asians-at-higher-health-risks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>type 1 or type 2 diabetes.</strong></a></li>
<li>It is the only major non-communicable disease for which the risk of dying early is going up, rather than down.</li>
<li>It has emerged as one of the major comorbid conditions linked to severe Covid-19 infections.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The International Diabetes Foundation Diabetes Atlas, in 2019, placed India among the top 10 countries for people with diabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by Government of India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s National <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)</strong></a> Target is to prevent the rise in obesity and diabetes prevalence.</li>
<li>National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010, to provide support for diagnosis and cost-effective treatment at various levels of health care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/global-diabetes-compact-to-increase-access-to-testing-treatment-who-76526" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'global-diabetes-compact-who',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8174,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extradition',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the UK&rsquo;s Home Department has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extradition-treaty-between-india-and-belgium" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extradition</strong></a> <strong>of Nirav Modi, a diamond merchant</strong> to India in connection with the Rs. 13,758-crore Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the UK entered into an<strong> extradition treaty in 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition is the process by which one state, upon the request of another, affects the <strong>return of a person for trial for a crime</strong> punishable by the laws of the requesting state and committed outside the state of refuge.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> defined extradition as the <strong>delivery on the part of one State to another of those whom it is desired to deal with for crimes of which they have been accused</strong> or convicted and are justifiable in the Courts of the other State.</li>
<li>Extraditable persons include those charged with a crime but not yet tried, those tried and convicted who have escaped custody, and those convicted in absentia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Law in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the extradition of a fugitive criminal is governed under the <strong>Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is<strong> for both extraditing persons to India and from India</strong> to foreign countries.</li>
<li>The<strong> basis of the extradition</strong> could be a treaty between India and another country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present India has an <strong>Extradition treaty</strong> with more than 40 countries and Extradition agreement with 11 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extradition Treaty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 2(d)</strong> of The Indian Extradition Act 1962 defines an &lsquo;Extradition Treaty&rsquo; as a Treaty, Agreement or <strong>Arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the extradition of fugitive criminals</strong> which extends to and is binding on India. Extradition treaties are traditionally bilateral in character.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles Followed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The extradition<strong> applies only to such offences which are mentioned in the treaty.</strong></li>
<li>It applies the <strong>principle of dual criminality</strong> which means that the offence sought to be an offence in the national laws of requesting as well as requested country.</li>
<li>The requested country must be satisfied that there is a<strong> prima facie case made against the offender.</strong></li>
<li>The extradition should be made <strong>only for the offence for which extradition was requested.</strong></li>
<li>The accused must be provided with a<strong> fair trial.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Authority:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consular, Passport and Visa Division</strong> of the Ministry of External Affairs, administers the Extradition Act and it processes incoming and outgoing Extradition Requests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extradition <strong>can be initiated in the case of under-investigation, under-trial and convicted criminals.</strong></li>
<li>In cases under investigation, abundant precautions have to be exercised by the law enforcement agency to ensure that it is in possession of prima facie evidence to sustain the allegation before the Courts of Law in the Foreign State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-home-department-clears-extradition-of-nirav-modi/article34336170.ece#:~:text=The%20U.K.'s%20Home%20Department,Of%20Friday's%20decision%2C%20a%20U.K." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'extradition-4',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8169,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'FASTag and Right to Freedom of Movement',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union government told the Bombay High Court that making<strong> FASTag</strong> mandatory for all vehicles does not breach a citizen&rsquo;s <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental right to freedom of movement</strong></a> in any way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/public-interest-litigation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Interest Litigation</strong></a> was filed in the Court challenging the government's decision to make FASTag, the electronic toll collection chip, mandatory for all vehicles at toll plazas on national highways.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About FASTag:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FASTag is <strong>a reloadable tag</strong> that allows <strong>automatic deduction of toll</strong> without having to stop for carrying out the cash transaction.</li>
<li>The tag <strong>uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology</strong> and is fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle once active.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>RFID</strong> is the <strong>use of radio waves</strong> to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object.</li>
<li>A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within the direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FASTag ensures seamless traffic movement, cut travel time short, and that all decisions had been taken in accordance with the<strong> Central Motor Vehicles (CMV) Rules.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 136A of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Motor Vehicles Amendment Act 2019</a></strong> puts the responsibility on the Central Government to make rules for the electronic monitoring and enforcement of road safety.</li>
<li>Legislating the establishment of robust electronic enforcement for traffic violations will result in reduction in human intervention and the associated corruption.</li>
<li>A robust electronic enforcement system including speed cameras, closed-circuit televisions cameras, speed guns and such other technology will ensure violations being captured at a greater scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions</strong> had been made at all toll plazas along national highways<strong> to fit the chip in vehicles</strong> that did not have FASTag. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In cases where it was not possible to fit vehicles with FASTag on the spot for any reason, the <strong>vehicle was permitted to still ply on highways, on extreme left of the FASTag lanes.</strong></li>
<li>However, such vehicles were<strong> required to pay twice the toll amount.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> double user fees</strong> or penalties imposed on vehicles without FASTag on national highways were also in accordance with the <strong>National Highway Fee (determination of rates and collection) Rules, 2008.</strong></li>
<li>Entertaining such petitions would cause "irreparable loss" to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhai-achieves-highest-ever-construction-of-national-highways" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Highways Authority of India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right to Freedom of Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Right to Freedom of movement is <strong>guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.</strong> It entitles every citizen to move freely throughout the territory of the country.</li>
<li>This right is <strong>protected against only state action and not private individuals.</strong> Moreover, it is available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company but<strong> not to foreigners or legal persons</strong> like companies or corporations, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions</strong> on this freedom can only be imposed on<strong> two grounds</strong> which are mentioned in the Article 19 of the constitution itself, namely, the interests of the general public and the protection of interests of any scheduled tribe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entry of outsiders in tribal areas is restricted to protect the distinctive culture, language, customs and manners of scheduled tribes and to safeguard their traditional vocation and properties against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court held that the freedom of movement of prostitutes can be restricted on the ground of public health and in the interest of public morals.</li>
<li>The freedom of movement has <strong>two dimensions,</strong> viz, internal (right to move inside the country) and external (right to move out of the country and right to come back to the country). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 19 protects only the first dimension. The <strong>second dimension is dealt by Article 21</strong> (right to life and personal liberty).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fastag-does-not-violate-right-to-free-movement-centre/article34321579.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'fastag-and-right-to-freedom-of-movement',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8166,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'eatsmart-cities-challenge-and-transport-4-all-challenge',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8165,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushal-se-kal-badlenge-ddu-gky" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)</strong> announced it on <strong>Antyodaya Diwas in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a demand-driven placement linked skill training initiative working under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool</strong> to diversify income and enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adding <strong>diversity to the incomes</strong> of rural poor families</li>
<li>Cater to the <strong>career aspirations of rural youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alumni Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alumni meet is an <strong>important component of the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>The Alumni meets <strong>provide healthy ground for experience sharing by the former trainees with their present counterparts</strong> on topics like placements, career goals, challenges they faced in finding employment before undertaking the training and the benefits they reaped after.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>former trainees are also felicitated</strong> at the events for their exemplary performances at their workplaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is currently being implemented in <strong>27 States and 3 Union Territories</strong> and has over <strong>2198 Training Centres in 1822 projects</strong>, in partnership with <strong>839 Project Implementing Agencies</strong> conducting <strong>training across 56 sectors, and over 600 job-roles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception of the scheme, a total <strong>10.81 lakh candidates have been trained in 56 sectors and 600 Trades and 6.92 lakh placed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY and integrated farming initiatives for rural development across the country are important for greater success in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skilling</strong></a> and placing the rural youth.</li>
<li>DDU-GKY has played a significant role in the context of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>through skilling.</li>
<li>As a part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Skill India campaign</strong></a>, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social and economic programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Other Initiatives Related to Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in 2020 (by MSDE), it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme is to provide industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushal Acharya Awards:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched (by MSDE) to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2016 (by MSDE), it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antyodaya Diwas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>25<sup>th</sup> September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of <strong>Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya</strong>, one of the great thinkers and philosophers of the nationalist movement of the country.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced it for the first time in 2014 along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Antyodaya means <strong>"uplifting the poorest of the poor"</strong> and the day aims to reach the person in the last mile.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1712013%23:~:text%3DAs%2520part%2520of%2520the%2520%27Amrit,75%2520years%2520of%2520Indian%2520Independence.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618575874299000&amp;usg=AOvVaw06MYYSx1Qo60vbC5NKA1gP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'deen-dayal-upadhyaya-grameen-kaushalya-yojana',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8163,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiatives of National Internet Exchange of India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)</strong> has inaugurated <strong>three new initiatives/services</strong> of <strong>National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IP Guru, NIXI Academy, NIXI-IP-INDEX</strong> have been launched to facilitate adoption of IPv6 and create an environment to ensure smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NIXI is a <strong>not-for-profit organization</strong> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 8</strong></a> of the Companies Act 2013) working <strong>since 2003</strong> for <strong>spreading the internet infrastructure</strong> to the citizens of India through the following activities:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Internet Exchanges</strong> through which the internet data is exchanged amongst Internet Service Providers (ISP&rsquo;s), Data Centers and Content Delivery Network (CDNs).</li>
<li>.IN Registry, <strong>managing and operation of .IN country code domain</strong> and .BHARAT IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) domain for India.</li>
<li>Indian Registry for Internet <strong>Names and Numbers</strong> (IRINN), managing and operating <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mac-binding" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Protocol</a> (IPv4/IPv6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Three New Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>a group to extend support to all the Indian entities</strong> who are finding it technically challenging <strong>to migrate and adopt IPv6.</strong> It will be <strong>offering its services free of cost.</strong></li>
<li>It&rsquo;s a joint effort of the Department of Telecom <strong>(DOT), MeitY</strong> and industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIXI Academy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NIXI Academy is created <strong>to educate technical/non-technical people</strong> in India to learn and relearn technologies like IPv6 which are normally not taught in Educational Institutes.</li>
<li>Successful candidates (after passing examination) <strong>can take a certificate from NIXI</strong>, which will be useful to find/upgrade jobs in the Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIXI-IP-INDEX:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NIXI has developed <strong>an IPv6 index portal</strong> for the Internet community.</li>
<li>NIXI-IP-INDEX portal will <strong>showcase the IPv6 adoption rate in India and across the world.</strong> It can be used to compare IPv6 Indian adoption rate with other economies in the world.</li>
<li>It will also include <strong>details about web adoption in IPv6, IPv6 traffic etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Transition from IPv4 to IPv6</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IP:</strong> &lsquo;IP&rsquo; stands for &lsquo;Internet Protocol&rsquo;. It is a <strong>set of rules</strong> that dictate how data should be delivered over the public network (Internet).</li>
<li><strong>IPv4:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IPv4 was the first major version of IP. It was deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983.</li>
<li>It is the most widely used IP version. It is used to identify devices on a network using an addressing system.</li>
<li>The IPv4 <strong>uses a 32-bit address scheme.</strong> Till date, it is considered the primary Internet Protocol and carries 94% of Internet traffic.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>an addressing capability of approximately 4.3 billion addresses.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IPv6:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>most recent version of the Internet Protocol.</strong> The Internet Engineer Task Force initiated it in early 1994. The design and development of that suite is now called IPv6.</li>
<li>This new IP address version is being deployed to fulfill the need for more Internet addresses.</li>
<li>IPv6 is <strong>also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation).</strong></li>
<li>It has the <strong>capability to provide an infinite number of addresses.</strong></li>
<li>With <strong>128-bit address space</strong>, it allows 340 undecillion unique address space. It can easily accommodate the growing number of networks worldwide and help solve the IP address exhaustion problem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit of Transitioning to IPv6:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most well-known benefit that IPv6 offers is the <strong>exponential address space</strong>, practically inexhaustible in the foreseeable future. Therefore, it allows <strong>simple, seamless, and cost-effective connectivity</strong> for service providers, enterprises and end-users.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is considered especially important with the impending move to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G</strong></a>, which will massively increase the total number of devices connecting to the Internet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The IPv6 operating systems <strong>automatically create two IPv6 addresses.</strong> One IPv6 with randomised MAC address in the suffix to hide the device identity and another IPv6 with real MAC address which is only used for end-to-end encrypted applications.</li>
<li>IPv6 has <strong>a privacy protocol</strong> to protect end-user privacy. The current internet (v4) lacks effective privacy and effective authentication mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sustainable development and evolution of internet infrastructure is <strong>essential to the global cyberspace and digital economy</strong>, and IPv6 root server, which controls and manages the internet, can serve as a great tool.</li>
<li>Creating such critical infrastructure at the national level is important. As a critical internet resource, the IPv6 root server system is <strong>pivotal to manage the security and stability of the internet.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>contribute to in-country expertise building on critical information infrastructure</strong> as well as promoting &lsquo;a major technological knowledge base within the country&rsquo;, and having a root server within the country would facilitate surveillance by Indian legal authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712056" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'initiatives-of-national-internet-exchange-of-india',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8160,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dolphin Population in Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Odisha has released the final data on the dolphin census, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Census Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> population of dolphins in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a>,</strong> India&rsquo;s largest brackish water lake, and along the Odisha coast has <strong>doubled this year</strong> (2021) compared with last year.</li>
<li><strong>Three species were recorded</strong> during the census, with 544<strong> Irrawaddy, bottle-nose and humpback dolphins</strong> sighted this year, compared with 233 last year.</li>
<li>The<strong> rise in the Irrawaddy dolphin population in Chilika</strong> can be attributed to the <strong>eviction of illegal fish enclosures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Irrawaddy Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Irrawaddy dolphins are<strong> found in coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia,</strong> and in<strong> three rivers:</strong> the Ayeyarwady (Myanmar), the Mahakam (Indonesian Borneo) and the Mekong. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mekong River Irrawaddy dolphins inhabit a 118-mile stretch of the river between Cambodia and Lao PDR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Endangered</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CMS</strong></a> <strong>(Convention on Migratory Species):</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indo- Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins generally occur in shallow coastal waters of the<strong> Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Australia.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Near Threatened</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin occurs within the Indian Ocean from South Africa to India.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:</strong> Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chilika is <strong>Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> lies on the east coast of India in the state of Odisha,</strong> separated from the mighty Bay of Bengal by a small strip of sand.</li>
<li>It spreads over Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 square kilometers.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest wintering ground for migratory birds</strong> on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</li>
<li>In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the<strong> first Indian wetland of international importance</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-backs-dhanauri-for-ramsar-site-tag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramsar Convention.</strong></a></li>
<li>Major attraction at Chilika is <strong>Irrawaddy dolphins</strong> which are often spotted off Satapada Island.</li>
<li>The <strong>large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds)</strong> covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared <strong>a bird sanctuary</strong> in 1987.</li>
<li><strong>Kalijai Temple -</strong> Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/dolphin-boom-in-odishas-chilika-lake/article34292274.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'dolphin-population-in-odisha',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8159,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aahaar Kranti Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a <strong>mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo; will focus on <strong>addressing the problem of hunger and diseases in abundance</strong> across India and the world.</li>
<li>The initiative will shine a light on the <strong>richness and value of India&rsquo;s traditional diet</strong>, the miracles of <strong>local fruits and vegetables</strong>, and the healing powers of a <strong>balanced diet.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> Pravasi Bharatiya Academic and Scientific Sampark (PRABHASS), Global Indian Scientists and Technocrats&rsquo; Forum (GIST), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fifth-india-international-science-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijnana Bharati (Vibha)</strong></a> and Vigyan Prasar (an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology) have come together to launch the mission &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>motto</strong> of the Mission is <strong>&ldquo;Uttam Aahaar- Uttam Vichaar or Good Diet-Good Cognition&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The messages <strong>will be imparted through the curriculum</strong> in the form of `what&rsquo;s and `why&rsquo;s of nutrition, or through the forms of games or as instructions such as `how to&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The content will be provided both online and offline, in all vernacular languages besides English and Hindi.</li>
<li>The programme <strong>will focus on training teachers</strong>, who, in turn, will pass on the message to the multitudes of students, and through them to their families and finally the society at large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations (UN) has also declared <strong>2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables</strong>, which vibes very well with Aahaar Kranti.</li>
<li>Further, it is in line with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN sustainable goal 3</strong></a> that emphasizes human well-being.</li>
<li>It will <strong>help in applying the rich knowledge of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayurveda</a>-based nutrition</strong> to practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Performance of India on Global Hunger Index 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has been <strong>ranked at 94</strong> among 107 countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a score of 27.2, India has a level of hunger that is<strong> &ldquo;serious&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<li><strong>Performance on the Indicators:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernourishment:</strong> 14% of India&rsquo;s population is undernourished (2017-19). It was 16.3% during 2011-13.</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong> 17.3% (2015-19), it was 15.1% in 2010-14.</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong> 34.7%, it has improved significantly, from 54% in 2000 to less than 35% now.</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality:</strong> 3.7%, it was 5.2% in 2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711729&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618553875541000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3ZnBVP6DHbLSIwybxBcKLH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'aahaar-kranti-mission',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8155,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MANAS Mobile App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, <strong>MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System)</strong> to <strong>promote mental wellbeing across age groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MANAS was endorsed as a national program by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions#:~:text=Prime%20Minister's%20Science%2C%20Technology%20%26%20Innovation,to%20ensure%20India's%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that <strong>facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to assess the status in specific science and technology domains</strong>, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform</strong> and an app <strong>developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries</strong>, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on life skills and core psychological processes</strong>, with <strong>universal accessibility</strong>, delivering <strong>age-appropriate methods</strong> and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-brain-templates-nimhans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS)</strong></a> Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC)</strong></a> Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of <strong>all age groups</strong>, the <strong>initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a <strong>Swasth and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto of MANAS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttam Mann, Saksham Jan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Mental Health in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> A report published in <strong>The Lancet Psychiatry</strong> in February 2020 indicates that in 2017, there were <strong>197.3 million people with mental disorders in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>top mental illnesses were depressive disorder</strong> (45.7 million) and <strong>anxiety disorder</strong> (44.9 million).</li>
<li>The contribution of mental disorders to the total <strong>Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)</strong> in India increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Depressive disorder and anxiety disorder contributed the most to the total mental disorders DALYs.</li>
<li><strong>DALYs:</strong> The burden of disability associated with a disease or disorder can be measured in units called DALYs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DALYs <strong>represent the total number of years lost</strong> to illness, disability, or premature death within a given population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Indian Initiatives to Improve Mental Health:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/mental-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017</strong></a> came into force in 2018 to meet the requirements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-principles-for-people-with-disabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong></a> which India ratified in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>KIRAN:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24/7 toll-free helpline</strong></a> to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manodarpan Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manodarpan-mental-health-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manodarpan</strong></a> is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
<li>It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIMHANS RAAH APP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>one-stop source of data on mental health centres and professionals.</strong> It is developed by the <strong>NIMHANS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although developing apps to cater mental well-being of citizens on scalable, secure and digital platforms is the need of the hour the <strong>app must be integrated with the public health schemes</strong> like the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-summit-on-good-replicable-practices-innovations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Sanjeevani</a></strong> and others so that it is used widely. Besides, the <strong>application must be made multi-lingual.</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the number of psychologists and psychiatrists, and Apps alone won&rsquo;t help. <strong>Stigma and awareness</strong> are two separate issues although interlinked. They <strong>need to be addressed in parallel in order to tackle the burden of mental illness.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'manas-mobile-app',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8154,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sputnik V Vaccine',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Sputnik V</strong>, the vaccine against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> developed by Russia, has been cleared for emergency use by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is now the third coronavirus vaccine to get emergency use approval, after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield (Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin (Bharat Biotech).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Sputnik V Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sputnik V vaccine</strong></a> has been <strong>developed by Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</strong> in Moscow.</li>
<li>It<strong> uses two different viruses</strong> that cause the <strong>common cold (adenovirus)</strong> in humans. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>adenoviruses</strong> are weakened so they cannot replicate in humans and cannot cause disease.</li>
<li>They are also modified so that the vaccine delivers a code for making the coronavirus spike protein. This aims to ensure that when the real virus tries to infect the body, it can mount an immune response<strong> in the form of antibodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik uses a <strong>different vector</strong> for each of the<strong> two shots</strong> in a course of vaccination. This<strong> provides immunity with a longer duration than vaccines using the same delivery mechanism</strong> for both shots.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two shots are <strong>given 21 days apart.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik<strong> V is to be stored at -18&deg;C in its liquid form.</strong> However, in its freeze-dried form,<strong> it can be stored at 2-8&deg;C,</strong> in a conventional refrigerator without any need to invest in additional cold-chain infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efficacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase 3 trials</strong> </a>conducted in Russia, with the results published in The Lancet, have found it has<strong> an efficacy of 91.6%.</strong></li>
<li>In India, Dr Reddy&rsquo;s conducted a bridging study after which it applied for emergency use approval.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trial <strong>participants</strong> were given the <strong>first dose (rAd26-)</strong> followed by <strong>a booster dose (rAd5-S) 21 days later.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adenoviruses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adenoviruses (ADVs) are<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> DNA viruses</a> ranging from 70-90</strong> nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses are <strong>preferred for vaccines</strong> because their<strong> DNA is double stranded</strong> which makes them <strong>genetically more stable</strong> and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.</li>
<li><strong>Rabies vaccine</strong> is an adenovirus vaccine.</li>
<li>Adenovirus vaccines are<strong> a type of viral vector vaccine.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, there are <strong>drawbacks of adenovirus vector</strong> vaccines like<strong> pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses etc.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Just as human bodies develop immune responses to most real viral infections, they also develop immunity to adenoviral vectors. Since adenoviral vectors are based on natural viruses that some humans might already have been exposed to, these vaccines might not work for everyone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-sputnik-v-works-against-coronavirus-and-how-effectively-7270877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'sputnik-v-vaccine',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8153,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Child Labour and Forced labour in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study has raised the <strong>issue of ambiguity about definitions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020#:~:text=National%20Policy%20on%20Child%20Labour,processes%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20prevention." target="_blank" rel="noopener">child labour</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forced labour</a></strong> in India, especially for sugarcane producing states of Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study was commissioned by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/undps-accelerator-lab#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Development%20Programme%20(UNDP)%20is%20the%20UN's%20global,assistance%20to%20the%20least%20developed." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a><strong> and The Coca-Cola Company.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings from the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities discounted <strong>underage child labour as &ldquo;children helping parents in the field&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Similarly, confusion was about the <strong>advance payment to migrant workers, </strong>and<strong> associated risks of forced or bonded labour.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the interventions in the sugarcane sector, either by government authorities or by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> arm of companies, were focused just on &ldquo;improving farming techniques to ensure an increase in cane productivity&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Forced Labour (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &ldquo;child labour&rdquo;</strong> is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.</li>
<li><strong>Forced labour</strong> is defined as &ldquo;all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term forced labour <strong>includes slavery and practices similar to slavery as well as bonded labour or debt bondage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour</strong> is a practice in which <strong>employers give high-interest loans</strong> to workers who <strong>work at low wages to pay off the debt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="432" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act</strong></a>, employment of <strong>children below the age of 14 years in any commercial enterprise is illegal.</strong></li>
<li>The Act also <strong>bars the employment of adolescents</strong> in occupations that deal with <strong>hazardous working conditions</strong> such as chemical plants and mines.</li>
<li>The Act says that <strong>children can only work after school hours or during holidays </strong>and that <strong>children are allowed to work in family owned secure sectors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is criticised that the Act allows child labour in <strong>&ldquo;family or family enterprises&rdquo;</strong> or allows the child to be<strong> &ldquo;an artist in an audio-visual entertainment industry&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Itt <strong>excludes</strong> a section of toiling children in the unorganized sectors including <strong>agriculture as well as the household work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act <strong>does not define the hours of work</strong> and it simply states that children may work after school hours or during vacations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India </strong>has<strong> interpreted bonded labour as the payment of wages that are below the prevailing market wages</strong> and legal minimum wages.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution of India prohibits forced labour under Article 23</strong> (Fundamental Rights).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 23:</strong> Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bonded labour was historically associated with rural economies where peasants from economically disadvantaged communities were bound to work for the landlords.</li>
<li>Bonded labour is found to <strong>exist in both rural and urban pockets</strong> in unorganized industries such as brick kilns, stone quarries, coal mining, agricultural labour, domestic servitude, circus, and sexual slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sugarcane Cultivation in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21&deg;C to 27&deg;C and an annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm</li>
<li>In India, sugarcane is primarily grown and cultivated in Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Of these,<strong> Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane producer</strong> and accounts for<strong> nearly 40%</strong> of the cash crop grown in the country, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka, which account for 21% and 11% of the total domestic production.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Child Labour Laws/Programmes in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 24 of the Constitution:</strong> No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.</li>
<li><strong>National Policy on Child Labour (1987):</strong> It focuses more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.</li>
<li><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015:</strong> It includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation.</li>
<li><strong>National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme 2007:</strong> Under it, children in the age group of 9-14 years, rescued/withdrawn from work are enrolled in the NCLP Special Training Centres, where they are provided with bridge education, vocational training, mid day meal, stipend, health care, etc. before being mainstreamed into formal education system.</li>
<li>The <strong>Right to Education Act, 2009</strong> has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged 6 to 14 years are in school and receive free education.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Mines Act of 1952,</strong> employment of children below the age of 18 years is illegal in mines.</li>
<li><strong>Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and the general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.</li>
<li>It has been launched for the effective implementation of Child Labour Act and National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India has ratified <strong>International Labour Organizations Convention (ILO) no 138</strong> (minimum age for employment) and <strong>Convention no 182</strong> (worst forms of child labour).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bonded Labour Related Schemes/Acts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India but implemented by respective state governments.</li>
<li>It provides for an institutional mechanism at the district level in the form of Vigilance Committees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance committees advise District Magistrate (DM) to ensure the provisions of this act are properly implemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Governments/UTs may confer, on an Executive Magistrate, the powers of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class or second class for the trial of offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourers (2016):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this scheme financial assistance to the extent of Three lakhs Rupees is provided to released bonded labourers along with other non-cash assistance for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> cycle of poverty and its implications </strong>must be <strong>addressed properly,</strong> so families can find other means to survive and send their children to schools.</li>
<li>Many <strong>NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, ChildFund, CARE India, Kailash Satyarthi Children Foundation</strong> etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India. Right kind of<strong> focus and orientation with state level authorities</strong> is also needed to avoid the practice of child labour.</li>
<li><strong>Forced Child Labour</strong> requires an urgent action from governments and the international communities.</li>
<li>A <strong>very robust, reliable and fairly decent social security package</strong> and <strong>strict implementation</strong> of the acts is needed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/study-flags-labour-issues-in-sugarcane-producing-states-7268274/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8146,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Rhino Vision 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV2020) program</strong> has come to a close with the recent translocation of two rhinos to Manas National Park in Assam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the eighth round of rhino translocation under IRV2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Indian Rhino Vision 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launched in 2005,</strong> Indian Rhino Vision 2020 was an ambitious effort<strong> to attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos</strong> spread over seven protected areas <strong>in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Seven protected areas</strong> are <strong>Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang National Park, Manas National Park, Laokhowa wildlife sanctuary, Burachapori wildlife sanctuary </strong>and<strong> Dibru Saikhowa wildlife sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Wild-to-wild translocations</strong> were an essential part of IRV2020 &ndash; moving rhinos from densely populated parks like Kaziranga NP, to ones in need of more rhinos, like Manas NP.</li>
<li>It is <strong>a collaborative effort</strong> between various organisations, including the International Rhino Foundation, Assam&rsquo;s Forest Department, Bodoland Territorial Council, World Wide Fund - India, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Program:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Target of attaining a population of 3,000 rhinos almost achieved</strong> but the<strong> animal could be reintroduced in only one of the four protected areas planned.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The plan to spread the Greater one-horned rhino across four protected areas beyond Kaziranga National Park, Orang National Park and Pobitora could not materialise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The translocated rhinos <strong>helped<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Manas National Park</a> get back its<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Heritage Site status in 2011. </a></strong></li>
<li><strong>2018 and 2019 saw significant decreases in poaching,</strong> the results of forestry, local and national government officials coordinating efforts to combat wildlife crime across Assam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Greater One-Horned Rhino:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> three species of rhino in Asia &mdash;</strong> Greater one-horned <em>(Rhinoceros unicornis)</em>, Javan and Sumatran.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching for the horns and habitat loss</strong> are the two greatest threats to the survival of Asia's rhinos.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>five rhino range nations</strong></a> (India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia) have signed a declaration &lsquo;The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019&rsquo; for the conservation and protection of the species.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Javan and Sumatran Rhino</strong> are<strong> critically endangered</strong> and the <strong>Greater one-horned (or Indian) rhino</strong> is <strong>vulnerable</strong> under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IUCN Red List.</strong></a></li>
<li>All three listed under <strong>Appendix I <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(CITES)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Greater one-horned rhino is listed under the <strong>Schedule I of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat of Greater One-Horned Rhino:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.</li>
<li>In India, rhinos are mainly found in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaziranga-national-park-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Kaziranga NP</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pobitora-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pobitora WLS</strong></a>, Orang NP, Manas NP in Assam, Jaldapara NP and Gorumara NP in West Bengal and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Dudhwa TR</strong></a> in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/last-rhinos-translocated-in-assam-under-vision-2020-to-increase-population/article34309773.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'indian-rhino-vision-2020',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8145,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'e-SANTA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the Union Commerce and Industry Minister has inaugurated an <strong>electronic platform</strong> named <strong>e-SANTA</strong>, which will connect <strong>aqua farmers and the buyers.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>e-SANTA</strong> was coined for the web portal, meaning <strong>Electronic Solution for Augmenting NaCSA farmers' Trade in Aquaculture.</strong></li>
<li>e-SANTA is a <strong>digital bridge</strong> to end the market divide and will act as an alternative marketing tool between farmers &amp; buyers by eliminating middlemen.</li>
<li>The farmers can <strong>freely list their produce and quote their price</strong> while the exporters have the freedom to list their requirements and also to choose the products based on their requirements such as desired size, location, harvest dates etc.</li>
<li>The Platform is available in <strong>many languages</strong>, which will help the local population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>e-SANTA will <strong>RAISE</strong> income, lifestyle, self-reliance, quality levels, traceability, and provide new options for aqua farmers by: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reducing Risk</li>
<li>Awareness of Products &amp; Markets</li>
<li>Increase in Income</li>
<li>Shielding Against Wrong Practice</li>
<li>Ease of Processes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will enable the farmers and buyers to have greater control over the trade and enables them to make informed decisions.</li>
<li>It will provide a cashless, contactless and paperless electronic trade platform between farmers and exporters.</li>
<li>e-SANTA can become a tool to advertise collectively the kind of products the buyers, fishermen &amp; fish producing organisations are harvesting.</li>
<li>It will help people in India &amp; internationally to know about the products availability and has the potential of becoming an auction platform in future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) is an extension arm of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-aqua-aquaria-india-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)</strong></a>, Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry Govt. of India.</li>
<li>The objectives of NaCSA are to <strong>encourage and uplift the small and marginal farmers</strong> through organization of clusters and maintaining Best Management Practices in shrimp culture.</li>
<li>The primary advantage of cluster approach to shrimp farming is that it contributes to substantial reduction in cost of production.</li>
<li>It also enables participating farmers to organize:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The schedule of farm operations,</li>
<li>Quality seed procurement,</li>
<li>Simultaneous stocking,</li>
<li>Water exchange</li>
<li>Harvesting regimes</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711426" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB </strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'e-santa',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8141,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists, with support from the <strong>National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)</strong> Programme, have been able to disseminate available scientific information to the farmers to enable sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture in the Leh region.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NMSHE is one of the eight missions under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2010</strong> but was formally <strong>approved by the government in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-pronged, cross-cutting mission</strong> across various sectors.</li>
<li>It <strong>contributes to the sustainable development of the country</strong> by enhancing the understanding of climate change, its likely impacts and adaptation actions required for the Himalayas- a region on which a significant proportion of India&rsquo;s population depends for sustenance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States Covered:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eleven states:</strong> Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam and West Bengal.</li>
<li><strong>Two Union Territories:</strong> Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>facilitate formulation of appropriate policy</strong> measures and time-bound action programmes to sustain ecological resilience and ensure the continued provisions of key <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecosystem services</strong></a> in the Himalayas.</li>
<li>To <strong>evolve suitable management and policy measures</strong> for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan ecosystem along with developing capacities at the national level to continuously assess its health status.</li>
<li>To <strong>address a variety of important issues</strong>, including studying the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayan glaciers</strong></a> and <strong>associated hydrological consequences</strong> and prediction and management of natural hazards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Himalayas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Himalayas are the <strong>highest and the youngest fold mountain ranges</strong> of the world.</li>
<li>Their geological structure is young, weak and flexible since the Himalayan uplift is an ongoing process, making them <strong>one of the highest earthquake-prone regions of the world.</strong></li>
<li>It separates India, along its north-central and northeastern frontier, from China (Tibet).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian part of Himalayas covers an area about <strong>5 lakh km<sup>2</sup> (about 16.2% of the country's total geographical area)</strong> and forms the northern boundary of the country.</li>
<li>The region is <strong>responsible for providing water to a large part of the Indian subcontinent.</strong> Many rivers considered holy like the Ganga and Yamuna flow from the Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ranges:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Himalayas are a <strong>series of parallel mountain ranges</strong> extending along the North-West to the South-East direction (known as the Strike of the Himalayas). These ranges are separated by longitudinal valleys. They include,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trans-Himalayas</li>
<li>The Greater Himalayas or Himadri</li>
<li>The Lesser Himalayas or Himachal</li>
<li>Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas</li>
<li>The Eastern Hills or Purvanchal</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2008</strong> by the Prime Minister's Council on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)</strong> is the coordinating Ministry of NAPCC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618385920_image%201.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618385920_image 1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission:</strong> This initiative started in 2010 to promote the use of solar power.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:</strong> The initiative was undertaken in 2009 to promote the market for energy efficiency by fostering innovative policies and effective market instruments.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat:</strong> Approved in 2011, it aims to make cities sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste and shift to public transport.</li>
<li><strong>National Water Mission:</strong> The mission was put in place to ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem:</strong> It is aimed at protecting the Himalayas, it has mapped institutes and civil society organisations working on the Himalayan ecology for ease of coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for A Green India:</strong> It aims at protecting; restoring and enhancing India's diminishing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures. It was started in 2014.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture:</strong> It has been formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in rain-fed areas focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health management and synergizing resource conservation. It was started in 2010.</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change:</strong> It seeks to build a dynamic and vibrant knowledge system that informs and supports national policy and action for responding effectively to climate change challenges, while not compromising on the nation's growth goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711116#:~:text=NMSHE's%20ICAR%20Team%20awarded%20for%20agricultural%20information%20dissemination%20in%20Leh&amp;text=A%20team%20of%20scientists%20from,Today%2C%20a%20National%20Agriculture%20Magazine." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-mission-on-sustaining-himalayan-ecosystem',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8138,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Data Protection Regime',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/why-the-personal-data-protection-bill-matters/article34296775.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Why the Personal Data Protection Bill matters&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/04/2021. It talks about how the personal data protection bill, 2019 can help in establishing a strong data protection regime.</p>
</div>
<p>The pandemic has increased people&rsquo;s participation in the digital economy. Unfortunately, the number of personal data breaches from major digital service providers has increased worryingly in the same period.</p>
<p>The recent alleged data breach at MobiKwik could stand to be India&rsquo;s biggest breach with the data of 9.9 crore users at risk. Given the significance of data in this age, robust data protection regimes are necessary to prevent such events and protect users&rsquo; interests.</p>
<p>Presently, how different entities collect and process users&rsquo; personal data in India is mainly governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000, but this data protection regime falls short of providing effective protection to users and their personal data.</p>
<p>However, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019</strong></a> (which is now under scrutiny by a Joint Parliamentary Committee) could play a big role in providing robust protections to users and their personal data.</p>
<h3>Associated Issues With IT Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue of Consent:</strong> Data aggregator entities could override the protections in the regime by taking users&rsquo; consent to process personal data under broad terms and conditions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is problematic given that users might not understand the terms and conditions or the implications of giving consent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Neglecting Data Privacy:</strong> The frameworks under IT Act emphasize data security but do not place enough emphasis on data privacy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In essence, while entities must employ technical measures to protect personal data, they have weaker obligations to respect users&rsquo; preferences in how personal data can be processed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large Vacuum for Data Protection:</strong> The data protection provisions under the IT Act also do not apply to government agencies. This creates a large vacuum for data protection when governments are collecting and processing large amounts of personal data.</li>
<li><strong>Becoming Obsolete:</strong> IT Act was enacted in 2000 and further amended in 2008. However, technology and cross-platform integration have increased exponentially.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, the current data protection regime seems to have become inadequate in addressing risks emerging from new developments in data processing technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 can help?</h3>
<p>The Bill seeks to bring a massive and meaningful change to personal data protection in India through this regime. The proposed regime under the Bill seeks to be different from the existing regime in some prominent ways.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Defining the Roles:</strong> The Bill envisages codifying the relationship between individuals and firms/state institutions as one between &ldquo;data principals&rdquo; (whose information is collected) and &ldquo;data fiduciaries&rdquo; (those processing the data) so that privacy is safeguarded by design.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the Bill seeks to apply the data protection regime to both government and private entities across all sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Data Privacy:</strong> The Bill seeks to emphasize that data principals will have to maintain security safeguards to protect personal data and also have to fulfill a set of data protection obligations and transparency and accountability measures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In nutshell, the provides scrutiny on these entities govern and process personal data to uphold users&rsquo; privacy and interests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The need for a more robust data protection legislation came to the fore in 2017 post the Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) v. Union of India established the right to privacy as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>In the judgment, the Court called for a data protection law that can effectively protect users&rsquo; privacy over their personal data.</li>
<li>Consequently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology formed a Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd) B.N. Srikrishna to suggest a draft data protection law.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rights of the Citizens:</strong> The Bill seeks to give users a set of rights over their personal data and means to exercise those rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, a user will be able to obtain information about the different kinds of personal data that an entity has about them and how the entity is processing that data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishing a Regulator:</strong> The Bill seeks to create an independent and powerful regulator known as the Data Protection Authority (DPA). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The DPA will monitor and regulate data processing activities to ensure their compliance with the regime.</li>
<li>More importantly, the DPA will give users a channel to seek redress when entities do not comply with their obligations under the regime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues With The Bill</h3>
<p>Several provisions in the Bill create cause for concern about the regime&rsquo;s effectiveness. These provisions could contradict the objectives of the Bill by giving wide exemptions to government agencies and diluting user protection safeguards.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scope for Loopholes:</strong> For instance, under clause 35, the Central government can exempt any government agency from complying with the Bill. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government agencies will then be able to process personal data without following any safeguard under the Bill.</li>
<li>This could create severe privacy risks for users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compromised Concept of Consent:</strong> Similarly, users could find it difficult to enforce various user protection safeguards (such as rights and remedies) in the Bill. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, the Bill threatens legal consequences for users who withdraw their consent for a data processing activity.</li>
<li>In practice, this could discourage users from withdrawing consent for processing activities they want to opt-out of.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sweeping Mandate of DPA:</strong> DPA will be tasked with regulating the provisions of the bill to frame regulations on issues such as mechanisms for taking consent, limitations on the use of data, and cross-border transfer of data. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The supervisory mandate of the DPA is sweeping, given the fact that it has to regulate a wide array of preventive obligations, such as security safeguards and transparency requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime.</p>
<p>The Joint Parliamentary Committee that is scrutinizing the Bill, is expected to submit its final report in the Monsoon Session of Parliament in 2021. This interim period shall be utilized to make some changes in the Bill targeted towards addressing various concerns in it could make a stronger and more effective data protection regime.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'posturl' => 'data-protection-regime',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8136,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Supercomputing Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) will be completed by September 2021,</strong> taking India&rsquo;s total computational capacity to <strong>16 Petaflops.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> NSM was<strong> announced in 2015,</strong> with an <strong>aim</strong> to connect national academic and R&amp;D institutions with a grid of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,500 crores <strong>over the period of seven years by 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> supports the government's vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Digital India'</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Make in India'</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> NSM is <strong>jointly steered by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology</strong> (DST - Ministry of Science and Technology) and implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)</strong></a>, Pune and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also an effort <strong>to improve the number of supercomputers</strong> owned by India.</li>
<li>These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the<strong> National Knowledge Network (NKN).</strong> The NKN connects academic institutions and R&amp;D labs over a high-speed network.</li>
<li>Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons over the next five years who will be equipped to handle the complexities of supercomputers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Progress of NSM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the first phase,<strong> PARAM Shivay, PARAM Shakti, PARAM Brahma, PARAM Yukti and PARAM Sanganak</strong> were deployed at IIT (BHU), IIT Kharagpur, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Research.</li>
<li>Recently,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supercomputer-param-siddhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> PARAM-Siddhi AI</strong></a>, has been <strong>ranked 63<sup>rd</sup> in the Top 500 list of most powerful supercomputers</strong> in the world. It was developed under the NSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020, <strong>C-DAC had inked MoUs with IITs</strong> along with <strong>IISc, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute and NIT, Tiruchirapalli</strong> &mdash; where a High Power Computing (HPC) system in each institute is currently being installed.</li>
<li>So far, <strong>over 4,500 people have been trained in HPC</strong> and further training in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> will be held at specia<strong>l NSM nodal centres</strong> established at four IITs &mdash; <strong>Kharagpur, Madras, Goa and Palakkad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NSM envisages setting up a network of 70 high-performance computing facilities in the country but <strong>skewed funding for the mission</strong> during the initial years slowed down the overall pace of building supercomputers.</li>
<li><strong>Only 16.67% of the total budget of Rs. 4,500 crore,</strong> was utilised during the first four-and-a-half years for execution of the mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, <strong>China</strong> has the maximum number of supercomputers and maintains the <strong>top position</strong> in the world, <strong>followed</strong> by the <strong>US, Japan, France, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-supercomputing-mission-to-enter-final-phase-in-september-7270718/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-supercomputing-mission-2',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8125,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> seeks to <strong>develop 65 lighthouses</strong> on public-private-partnership mode. <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s five lighthouses</strong> present huge potential for tourism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry wants to develop lighthouses as hubs of tourism under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala project</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Five lighthouses of Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;False Point&rsquo; island lighthouse:</strong> It is situated off the Kendrapara coast. It is the British era lighthouse and its location close to massive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves#:~:text=Mangrove%20forests%20perform%20multiple%20ecological,sediment%20to%20form%20new%20land" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mangrove vegetation</strong></a> infested with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-crocodile-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>crocodiles</strong></a> makes it an adventurous tourist place on the eastern coast.</li>
<li><strong>Paradip lighthouse:</strong> It also holds tourism potential because of its proximity to the port town and Cuttack and Bhubaneswar cities (100 km). It was commissioned in the 1980s.</li>
<li><strong>Gopalpur lighthouse:</strong> It is located in Ganjam district. If it is developed as a place of tourist interest, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika Lake</a> and the Gopalpur beach</strong> will be added attractions.</li>
<li><strong>Chandrabhaga lighthouse:</strong> It is 10 km from the world famous <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark temple</strong></a>. It had withstood the severity of cyclones such as the Super Cyclone (1999), Phailin (2013) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-fani" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fani</a> (2019).</li>
<li><strong>Puri lighthouse:</strong> It is 4 km from the 12th century <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jagannath-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shree Jagannath Temple</strong></a>, which is also a tourist place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lighthouse Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of Lighthouses:</strong> India has as many as 189 lighthouses dotting its vast coastline including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives for Promoting Lighthouse based Tourism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>enhance &amp; develop the existing lighthouses &amp; its surrounding areas</strong> into a Tourism Destination, Maritime Landmark, and Heritage Precinct.</li>
<li>To<strong> develop allied Maritime Infrastructure</strong> like National Maritime Museums &amp; National Lighthouse Museums.</li>
<li>To explore the possibilities of developing these projects under various modes including the possibilities of <strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> by integrating commercially viable interventions at the feasible locations in order to make the project viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The advantages behind creation of lighthouses into a tourism product are that it shall <strong>help in attracting tourists</strong> from across the world &amp; locally and thereby create a source of revenue for the government, <strong>employment opportunities for local people, increase in commerce</strong> through purchase and sale of goods and services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sagarmala Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sagarmala Programme was <strong>approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015</strong> which aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</li>
<li>The vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to <strong>reduce logistics cost for EXIM</strong> (Export-Import) and <strong>domestic trade</strong> with minimal infrastructure investment.</li>
<li>Sagarmala <strong>could boost India&rsquo;s merchandise exports</strong> to USD 110 billion by 2025 and create an estimated 10 million new jobs (four million in direct employment).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="753" height="295" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of the Sagarmala Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Port Modernization &amp; New Port Development:</strong> De-bottlenecking and capacity expansion of existing ports and development of new Greenfield ports.</li>
<li><strong>Port Connectivity Enhancement:</strong> Enhancing the connectivity of the ports to the hinterland, optimizing cost and time of cargo movement through multi-modal logistics solutions including domestic waterways (inland water transport and coastal shipping).</li>
<li><strong>Port-linked Industrialization:</strong> Developing port-proximate industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones to reduce logistics cost and time of EXIM and domestic cargo.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Community Development:</strong> Promoting sustainable development of coastal communities through skill development &amp; livelihood generation activities, fisheries development, coastal tourism etc.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Shipping &amp; Inland Waterways Transport:</strong> Impetus to move cargo through the sustainable and environment-friendly coastal and inland waterways mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Public-Private Partnerships</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public-private partnerships involve <strong>collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company</strong> that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centers.</li>
<li>Financing a project through a public-private partnership can <strong>allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place</strong>.</li>
<li>Public-private partnerships <strong>often involve concessions of tax</strong> or other operating revenue, protection from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally public services and property <strong>to private sector</strong>, for-profit entities.</li>
<li>It can create <strong>complex principal-agent problems,</strong> such as corrupt dealings, pay-offs to political cronies, etc.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commonly adopted model of PPPs</strong></a> include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) ,Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT), Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate-Maintain-Transfer (OMT), etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lighthouses-in-odisha-hold-huge-tourism-potential/article34296290.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'potential-of-lighthouses-for-tourism-sagarmala',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8121,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Minimum Corporate Tax',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The US Treasury Secretary has urged <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 nations</strong></a> to move towards a <strong>global minimum corporate tax</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>an attempt to reverse a &ldquo;30-year race to the bottom&rdquo;</strong> in which countries have resorted to slashing corporate tax rates to attract multinational corporations (MNCs).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proposal on a Global Minimum Corporate Tax Rate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US proposal envisages a <strong>21% minimum corporate tax rate, coupled with cancelling exemptions on income from countries</strong> that do not legislate a minimum tax to discourage the shifting of multinational operations and profits overseas.</li>
<li>The proposal for a minimum corporate tax is <strong>tailored to address the low effective rates of tax shelled out by some of the world&rsquo;s biggest corporations,</strong> including digital giants such as Apple, Alphabet and Facebook, as well as major corporations such as Nike and Starbucks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These companies typically <strong>rely on complex webs of subsidiaries to hoover profits out of major markets into low-tax countries</strong> such as Ireland or Caribbean nations such as the British Virgin Islands or the Bahamas, or to central American nations such as Panama.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>US&rsquo; Reasons for the Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposal <strong>aims to somewhat offset any disadvantages</strong> that might arise from the <strong>proposed increase in the US corporate tax rate</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proposed increase to 28% from 21% would partially reverse the previous cut in tax rates on companies from 35% to 21% by way of a 2017 tax legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increase in corporation tax <strong>comes at a time when the pandemic is costing governments across the world,</strong> and is also timed with the US&rsquo;s push for a USD 2.3 trillion infrastructure upgrade proposal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A global compact on this issue, at the time of pandemic, <strong>will work well for the US government and for most other countries in western Europe,</strong> even as some low-tax European jurisdictions such as the Netherlands, Ireland and Luxembourg and some in the Caribbean rely largely on <strong>tax rate arbitrage</strong> to attract MNCs.</li>
<li>The plan to peg a minimum tax on overseas corporate income <strong>seeks to potentially make it difficult for corporations to shift earnings offshore</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>average headline corporate tax rate in advanced economies has fallen</strong> from 32% in 2000 to just over 23% by 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is largely because <strong>smaller countries such as Ireland, the Netherlands and Singapore have attracted footloose businesses by offering low corporate tax rates</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Footloose industry is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multinational companies</strong> with increasingly intangible assets such as the global tech firms <strong>have shifted some actual business and a lot of profits into these tax havens and low-tax jurisdictions,</strong> lowering their global tax bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The European Commission backed the proposal, but the global minimum rate should be decided after discussions in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development</strong></a> (OECD).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The European nations, including Germany and France have supported the US proposal.</li>
<li>The OECD and Group of Twenty (G20) have been leading the <strong>Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative</strong>&mdash;a multilateral negotiation with over 135 countries, including the United States&mdash;since 2013.</li>
<li><strong>BEPS</strong> refers to tax planning strategies used by multinational enterprises that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to avoid paying tax.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> is not likely to have a serious objection with the US call, but an <strong>area of concern</strong> for Beijing would be the <strong>impact of such a tax stipulation on Hong Kong</strong>, the seventh-largest tax haven in the world and the largest in Asia.</li>
<li>The US proposal also has support from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposal <strong>impinges on the right of the sovereign to decide a nation&rsquo;s tax policy</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Taxation is ultimately a sovereign function, and depending upon the needs and circumstances of the nation, the government is open to participate and engage in the emerging discussions globally around the corporate tax structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A global minimum rate <strong>would essentially take away a tool that countries use to push policies that suit them</strong>. A lower tax rate is a tool they can use to alternatively push economic activity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, in the backdrop of the pandemic, IMF and World Bank data suggest that developing countries with less ability to offer mega stimulus packages may experience a longer economic hangover than developed nations.</li>
<li>Also, a global minimum tax rate <strong>will do little to tackle tax evasion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Position</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cut in Corporate Tax:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a bid to revive investment activity, the Finance Minister announced, in September 2019, a sharp cut in corporate taxes for domestic companies to 22% and for new domestic manufacturing companies to 15%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong> resulted in the insertion of a section (115BAA) to the Income-Tax Act, 1961 to provide for the concessional tax rate of 22% for existing domestic companies subject to certain conditions including that they do not avail of any specified incentive or deductions.</li>
<li>Also, the existing domestic companies opting for the concessional taxation regime will <strong>not be required to pay any Minimum Alternate Tax</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The cuts effectively <strong>brought India&rsquo;s headline corporate tax rate broadly at par with the average 23% rate in Asian countries</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China and South Korea have a tax rate of 25% each, while Malaysia is at 24%, Vietnam at 20%, Thailand at 20% and Singapore at 17%.</li>
<li>The effective tax rate, inclusive of surcharge and cess, for Indian domestic companies is around 25.17%.</li>
<li>The average corporate tax rate stands at around 29% for existing companies that are claiming some benefit or the other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equalisation Levy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>address the challenges posed by the enterprises who conduct their business through digital means</strong> and carry out activities in the country remotely, the government has the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/equalisation-levy-for-non-resident-e-commerce-firms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Equalisation Levy&rsquo;</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The equalization levy is <strong>aimed at taxing foreign companies which have a significant local client base in India</strong> but are billing them through their offshore units, effectively escaping the country&rsquo;s tax system.</li>
<li>The Income-tax Act, 1961 has been amended to bring in the concept of <strong>&ldquo;Significant Economic Presence&rdquo;</strong> for establishing &ldquo;business connection&rdquo; in the case of non-residents in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agreements for Exchange of Information:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been proactively engaging with foreign governments with a view to facilitating and enhancing exchange of information under <strong>Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements, Tax Information Exchange Agreements and Multilateral Conventions</strong> to plug loopholes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such agreements <strong>promote cooperation in tax matters</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, <strong>effective enforcement actions</strong> including expeditious investigation in foreign assets cases have been launched, including searches, enquiries, levy of taxes, penalties, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Corporate Tax</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corporation Tax or Corporate Tax is a <strong>direct tax levied on the net income or profit of a corporate entity</strong> from their business, foreign or domestic.</li>
<li>The rate at which the tax is imposed as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 is known as the Corporate Tax Rate.</li>
<li>The Corporate Tax rate is based on a slab rate system depending on the type of corporate entity and the different revenues earned by each of corporate entities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Minimum Alternate Tax</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At times it may happen that a taxpayer, being a company, may have generated income during the year, but by taking the advantage of various provisions of Income-tax Law (like exemptions, deductions, depreciation, etc.), it may have reduced its tax liability or may not have paid any tax at all.</li>
<li>Due to an increase in the number of zero tax paying companies, Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) was introduced by the Finance Act, 1987 with effect from assessment year 1988-89. Later on, it was withdrawn by the Finance Act, 1990 and then reintroduced by Finance Act, 1996.</li>
<li>MAT is <strong>calculated at 15% on the book profit</strong> (the profit shown in the profit and loss account) or at the usual corporate rates, and whichever is higher is payable as tax.</li>
<li>All companies in India, whether domestic or foreign, fall under this provision. MAT was later extended to cover non-corporate entities as well.</li>
<li>MAT is an important tool with which tax avoidance can be prevented.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Domestic Company</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Domestic company is one which is <strong>registered under the Companies Act of India (2013)</strong> and also includes the company registered in the foreign countries having control and management wholly situated in India.</li>
<li>A domestic company includes private as well as public companies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Foreign Company</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign company is one which is not registered under the Companies Act of India and has control &amp; management located outside India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tax Heaven</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A tax haven is generally an offshore country that offers foreign individuals and businesses little or no tax liability in a politically and economically static environment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-bidens-radical-tax-proposal-7266899/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'global-minimum-corporate-tax',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8107,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Opium Poppy Straw',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Central government has decided to <strong>rope in the private sector to commence production of concentrated poppy straw (CPS) from India&rsquo;s opium crop to boost the yield of alkaloids</strong>, used for medical purposes and exported to several countries.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Alkaloids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally <strong>occurring organic compounds which contain nitrogen atom or atoms</strong> (amino or amido in some cases) in their structures.</li>
<li>These nitrogen atoms cause alkalinity of these compounds.</li>
<li>Well-known alkaloids include <strong>morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine.</strong></li>
<li>The medicinal properties of alkaloids are quite diverse. Morphine is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pain, though its addictive properties limit its usefulness. Codeine, the methyl ether derivative of morphine found in the opium poppy, is an excellent analgesic that is relatively nonaddictive.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poppy Straw:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poppy straw is the <strong>husk left after the opium</strong> <strong>is extracted</strong> from pods.</li>
<li>This poppy straw also contains a <strong>very small morphine content</strong> and if used in sufficient quantities, poppy straw can give a high.</li>
<li><strong>Possession, sale, use</strong>, etc. of poppy straw is <strong>regulated by the State Governments</strong> under the <strong>State Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Rules.</strong></li>
<li>Farmers sell the poppy straw to those licensed by the State Governments to purchase poppy straw. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any excess poppy straw is ploughed back into the field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Poppy straw is one of the narcotic drugs under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/narcotics-control-bureau#:~:text=the%20central%20government.-,Narcotic%20Drugs%20and%20Psychotropic%20Substances%20Act%2C%201985,Central%20Government%20under%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Act 1985</a> (NDPS Act).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hence, anyone possessing, selling, purchasing or using poppy straw <strong>without a license or authorization or in violation</strong> of any conditions of the license is liable to prosecution under the NDPS Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Extraction of Alkaloids:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India currently only <strong>extracts alkaloids from opium gum</strong> at facilities controlled by the Revenue Department in the Ministry of Finance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This entails farmers extracting gum by manually lancing the opium pods and selling the gum to government factories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry has now decided to <strong>switch to new technologies</strong>, after trial cultivation by two private firms showed higher extraction of alkaloids using the <strong>Concentrated Poppy Straw (CPS)</strong>. Thus, the Government is mulling the idea of using public-private partnership (PPP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two types of Narcotic Raw Material (NRM) can be produced from opium poppy - <strong>Opium gum and Concentrate of Poppy Straw</strong> (CPS).</li>
<li>So far, only opium gum has been produced in India. The Government of India has now decided that CPS production should be commenced in India.</li>
<li>The various stakeholders will frame an appropriate model including<strong> public-private partnership (PPP)</strong>, advise on the changes needed to the rules and laws to facilitate private investment, and recommend security measures to protect the crop and the final product.</li>
<li>The firms carrying out the <strong>trials faced legal hassles</strong> in terms of getting relevant licences from the State governments to manufacture bulk alkaloids on their premises, this issue will need to be ironed out.</li>
<li>As per the trials&rsquo; findings, the <strong>imported seeds of certain CPS varieties worked effectively in Indian fields</strong> and their narcotic raw material yield was much higher from imported seeds instead of those used currently.</li>
<li>Some firms also <strong>cultivated CPS with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydroponics#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20method%20of,strawberries%20are%20other%20popular%20items." target="_blank" rel="noopener">hydroponic</a> and aeroponic methods</strong> under a greenhouse environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both Hydroponics and Aeroponics are sustainable, water-conservative farming methods, differing only by the medium which is used in the growth of the plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While alkaloid extraction from the current opium crop using the CPS was found more than opium gum, it is possible to have two or three crop cycles in one year if CPS varieties of seeds are used in an indoor greenhouse environment.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s opium crop acreage has been steadily declining</strong> over the years and using the CPS extraction method is expected to help cut the occasional dependence on imports of products like codeine (extracted from opium) for medicinal uses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Opium Cultivation In India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After independence, the control over cultivation and manufacture of opium became <strong>responsibility of the Central Government</strong> with effect from April, 1950.</li>
<li>At present the <strong>Narcotics Commissioner</strong> along with the subordinates exercises all <strong>powers and performs all functions</strong> relating to superintendence of the cultivation of the opium poppy and production of opium. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commissioner derives this power from the <strong>Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Narcotic Drugs &amp; Psychotropic Substances Rules, 1985.</strong></li>
<li><strong>License for manufacture</strong> of certain types of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as well as permits for export and import of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and controlled substances are issued with the approval and permission of the Narcotics Commissioner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India announces the <strong>licensing policy for cultivation of opium poppy every year</strong>, prescribing the minimum qualifying yield for issue of or renewal of licence, maximum area that can be cultivated by an individual cultivator, the maximum benefit that can be allowed to a cultivator for damage due to natural causes, etc.</li>
<li>The opium poppy can be cultivated only in such tracts as are <strong>notified by the Government.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present these <strong>tracts are confined to three States</strong>,viz. <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mandsaur district</strong> of Madhya Pradesh and <strong>Chittorgarh and Jhalawar Districts of Rajasthan</strong> constitute about <strong>80% of the total area cultivated.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is one of the few countries <strong>internationally permitted (by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illicit-drug-supply-and-covid-19-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> ) to cultivate opium poppy for export.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Uses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Opium is unique in its therapeutic value and is indispensable in the medical world.</li>
<li>It also finds use in <strong>Homeopathy and Ayurveda or Unani systems</strong> of indigenous medicines.</li>
<li>The opium which is used as <strong>Analgesics, Anti-Tussive, Anti spasmodic</strong> and as a source of <strong>edible seed-oil</strong>, acts as a <strong>medicinal herb.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-mulling-ways-to-boost-yield-from-poppy/article34268262.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'opium-poppy-straw',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8103,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched <strong>Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya'</strong> through a video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018, an expert committee released a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-by-expert-committee-on-tribal-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>comprehensive report on tribal health</strong></a> in India which highlighted the issues and concerns of tribal health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative <strong>bringing together</strong> governments, philanthropists, national and international foundations, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a>/Community Based Organizations (CBOs) <strong>to end all preventable deaths among the tribal communities of India.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>converge efforts of various Government agencies and organisations</strong> to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>build a sustainable, high-performing health ecosystem</strong> to address the key health challenges faced by the tribal population of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a multi-stakeholder initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> supported by <strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-vaccine-pneumosil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> is the philanthropic arm of Piramal Group. The foundation undertakes projects under the four broad areas &ndash; <strong>healthcare, education, livelihood creation and youth empowerment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>begin its operations with 50 tribal</strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong></a> (with more than 20% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> population) across 6 high tribal population states.</li>
<li>Over a <strong>10-year period</strong>, the work of the THC will be <strong>extended to 177 tribal Districts</strong> as recognised by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to the Tribal Communities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Programme for Capacity Building of Scheduled Tribe (ST) Representatives in Local Self Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at empowering tribal <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)</strong></a> representatives by enhancing their decision making capabilities at local government level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1000 Springs Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1000 Springs Initiative</strong></a> aims at improving access to safe and adequate water for the tribal communities living in difficult and inaccessible parts of rural areas in the country.</li>
<li>The initiative will help in harnessing the potential of perennial springs&rsquo; water to address natural scarcity of water in tribal areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Health Cell:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A &lsquo;Tribal Health Cell&rsquo; is being set up in the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It will help central ministries and state governments to <strong>facilitate and strengthen primary health care</strong> systems and <strong>invest in tribal health research.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1710256#:~:text=The%20Collaborative%20is%20a%20multi,the%20tribal%20communities%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'anamaya-tribal-health-collaborative',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	}
]
$tags = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'id' => (int) 305,
		'tag' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'colorcode' => 'FFFFFF',
		'posturl' => 'government-policies-&-interventions',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'metakeyword' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'metadescription' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 15,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Tag Search Results

You searched “Government Policies & Interventions”. Your tag search matches the following results: