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China-India Agreed to Disengage

Why in News Recently, during the 12th round of discussions between the senior military commanders of India and China to resolve the standoff in...

03 Aug 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Hunger Hotspots Report : FAO-WFP

Why in News Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) released a report named Hunger Hotspots -...

03 Aug 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Halam Sub-tribes Clash

Why in News People of Halam sub-tribes, who took refuge in Assam following clashes with Bru refugees in north Tripura, are returning to their...

03 Aug 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Fossil Fuel And Policy Dilemma

This article is based on The agenda for Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri which was published in The Indian Express on 30/08/2021. It talks...

02 Aug 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Credit Growth for MSMEs

Why in News According to a report from TransUnion Cibil and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), there has been a growth in the credit...

31 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Severe Acute Malnutrition in India

Why in News According to the Women and Child Development Ministry, more than 9.2 lakh children (from six months to six years) in India were...

31 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Menace of Manual Scavenging

Why in News Recently, the centre has claimed that no deaths due to manual scavenging have been reported in the past five years. However,...

31 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Initiatives to Promote Tribal Culture

Why in News The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is administrating the schemes of “Support of Tribal Research Institute” and “Tribal...

31 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, Rajya Sabha has passed the Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021 to bring changes in the legislation aimed at helping...

30 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
NEET’s All India Quota

Why in News Recently, the Union Health Ministry has announced 27% reservation for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and 10% quota for the...

30 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
New Initiatives for Education Sector

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister launched multiple initiatives in the education sector at a conference, to mark the completion of one year...

30 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
AERA Amendment Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (AERA) Amendment Bill, 2021. It was first...

30 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Social Audit of Social Sector Schemes

Why in News The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has formulated a scheme, namely Information-Monitoring, Evaluation and Social Audit...

30 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
SLDE and GHG Calculator

Why in News Recently, the government has launched the Secured Logistics Document Exchange (SLDE) along with a Calculator for GreenHouse Gas (GHG)...

29 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Juvenile Justice Amendment Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021, was passed in the Rajya Sabha. The bill seeks...

29 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Reforming Indian Agriculture

This article is based on Farm reforms must be oriented towards minimising risk and increasing returns for farmers which was published in The Indian...

29 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
DICGC Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) Bill, 2021. The failure of...

29 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Marine Aids to Navigation Bill 2021

Why in News Recently, the Parliament has passed the Marine Aids to Navigation Bill 2021. The bill will repeal the Lighthouse Act, 1927, an over...

28 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Initiative on Making Water Sensitive Cities in Ganga Basin

Why in News Recently, a new capacity building initiative on ‘Making water sensitive cities in Ganga basin’ was launched by the National...

28 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Kargil Vijay Diwas

Why in News The 22nd anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas was observed on the 26th of July 2021. The day is dedicated to the martyred soldiers of...

27 Jul 2021 Government Policies & Interventions

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		'article_id' => (int) 9074,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'China-India Agreed to Disengage',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, during the <strong>12<sup>th</sup> round of discussions between the senior military commanders</strong> of India and China to resolve the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/face-off-between-india-and-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>standoff in eastern Ladakh</strong></a>, both have <strong>agreed in principle to disengage at a key patrol point</strong> in eastern Ladakh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-not-leaving-hot-springs-gogra-post" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>11<sup>th</sup> Corps Commander-level talks were</strong></a> held in April 2021, when the<strong> two sides could not even agree on a joint statement.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627985796_pasted%20image 0 (1).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627985796_pasted image 0 (1).png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Disengagement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The agreement on <strong>Patrolling Point (PP)17A (Gogra post)</strong> was reached but <strong>China is not inclined to move back from PP15 (Hot Springs area);</strong> it continues to insist that it is holding its own side of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Line of Actual Control (LAC)</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The disengagement at PP17A is likely to follow the process that was adopted for PP14 in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan Valley</strong></a> and <strong>Pangong Tso</strong> where a time-frame was set for withdrawal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both sides<strong> agreed to resolve these remaining issues in an expeditious manner in accordance with the existing agreements and protocols</strong> and maintain the momentum of dialogue and negotiations.</li>
<li>They also agreed that in the interim they will continue their<strong> effective efforts in ensuring stability along the LAC in the Western sector</strong> and jointly maintain peace and tranquility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patrolling Point 15 and 17A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Along the LAC between India and China,<strong> Indian Army has been given certain locations that its troops have access to patrol</strong> the area under its control.</li>
<li>These points are <strong>known as patrolling points, or PPs</strong>, and are decided by the <strong>China Study Group (CSG).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSG was <strong>set-up in 1976</strong>, when Indira Gandhi was the prime minister, and is the apex decision-making body on China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Barring certain areas, like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depsang-plains" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Depsang Plains</strong></a>, these patrolling points are on the LAC, and troops access these points to assert their control over the territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an important exercise since the <strong>boundary between India and China is not yet officially demarcated.</strong></li>
<li><strong>LAC</strong> is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PP15 and PP17A are two of the 65 patrolling points in Ladakh along the LAC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both these points are in an area where India and China largely agree on the alignment of the LAC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PP15 is located in an area known as the <strong>Hot Springs</strong>, while PP17A is near an area called the <strong>Gogra post.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location of Hot Springs and Gogra Post:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hot Springs is just north of the Chang Chenmo river</strong> and <strong>Gogra Post is east of the point</strong> where the river takes a hairpin bend coming southeast from Galwan Valley and turning southwest.</li>
<li>The <strong>area is north of the Karakoram Range of mountains</strong>, which lies north of the Pangong Tso lake, and south east of Galwan Valley.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Hot Springs and Gogra Post :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The area lies close to <strong>Kongka Pass</strong>, one of the main passes, which, according to China, marks the boundary between India and China.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s claim of the international boundary lies significantly east, as it includes the entire <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aksai-chin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aksai Chin</strong></a> area as well.</li>
<li>Hot Springs and Gogra Post are <strong>close to the boundary between two of the most historically disturbed provinces (Xinjiang and Tibet) of China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Friction Points:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from PP15 and PP17A, PP14 in Galwan Valley, and<strong> Finger 4 on the north bank of Pangong Tso</strong> and <strong>Rezang La and Rechin La on the south bank of Chang Chenmo river</strong>, were identified as friction points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pangong Tso lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pangong Lake is located in the <strong>Union Territory of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/importance-of-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ladakh</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is situated at a <strong>height of almost 4,350m</strong> and is the<strong> world&rsquo;s highest saltwater lake.</strong></li>
<li>Extending to almost 160km, one-third of the Pangong Lake lies in India and the other two-thirds in China.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galwan Valley</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The valley refers to the land that sits between steep mountains that buffet the <strong>Galwan River.</strong></li>
<li>The river has its <strong>source in Aksai Chin</strong>, on China&rsquo;s side of the LAC, and it flows from the east to Ladakh, where it <strong>meets the Shyok river on India&rsquo;s side of the LAC.</strong></li>
<li>The valley is <strong>strategically located between Ladakh in the west and Aksai Chin in the east</strong>, which is currently controlled by China as part of its Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Chang Chenmo River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chang Chenmo River or Changchenmo River<strong> is a tributary of the Shyok River, part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-indus-water-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indus River system</a></strong>.</li>
<li>It is at the southern edge of the disputed Aksai Chin region and north of the Pangong Lake basin.</li>
<li>The <strong>source of Chang Chenmo is near the Lanak Pass.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Kongka Pass</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kongka Pass or Kongka La is a <strong>low mountain pass over a hill that intrudes into the Chang Chenmo Valley.</strong> It is in the disputed India-China border area in Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Karakoram Range</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also <strong>known as Krishnagiri</strong> which is <strong>situated in the northernmost range of the Trans-Himalayan ranges.</strong> It forms India's frontiers with Afghanistan and China.</li>
<li>It <strong>extends eastwards from the Pamir for about 800 km</strong>. It is a range with lofty peaks [elevation 5,500 m and above].</li>
<li>Some of the peaks are more than 8,000 metre above sea level. <strong>K2 (8,611 m)[Godwin Austen or Qogir] is the second highest peak in the world</strong> and the highest peak in the Indian Union.</li>
<li>The <strong>Ladakh Plateau lies to the north-east of the Karakoram Range</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-not-leaving-hot-springs-gogra-post" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9072,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hunger Hotspots Report : FAO-WFP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/42nd-session-of-fao-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-food-programme-wfp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong></a> released a report named <strong>Hunger Hotspots - August to November 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2021 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Food Crises Report</strong></a> released in May 2021 had already warned of acute food insecurity, soaring to a five-year high, <strong>pushing at least 155 million people into acute food insecurity in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Hunger Hotspots:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ethiopia, Madagascar, South Sudan, northern Nigeria and Yemen are among 23 countries where <strong>acute food insecurity will worsen from August through November, 2021.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ethiopia and Madagascar</strong> are the world's newest <strong>"highest alert"</strong> hunger hotspots.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ethiopia faces a devastating food emergency linked to ongoing conflict in the Tigray region.</li>
<li>Meanwhile, in southern Madagascar the <strong>worst drought in 40 years</strong> is expected to push <strong>28,000 people into famine-like conditions</strong> by the end of 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors causing food insecurity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Population displacement, abandonment of agricultural land, loss of life and assets, disruption of trade and cropping and loss of access to markets<strong> caused by conflicts can worsen food insecurity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Violence is predicted to intensify</strong> in Afghanistan, Central Sahel, the Central African Republic etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Violence is also likely to<strong> disrupt access to humanitarian assistance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pandemic Shocks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, almost all low- and middle-income countries were affected by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pandemic</a>-induced</strong> economic downturns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural Hazards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Extreme weather conditions and climate variability are likely to affect several parts of the world during the outlook period.</li>
<li>In <strong>Haiti,</strong> for instance, <strong>reduced precipitation during the main growing season</strong> ended May is likely to have impacted yield. Continued below-average rainfall, on the hand, is likely to reduce yield during the main rice-growing season.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/swarm-of-desert-locust" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Desert Locust</strong> </a>infestation was a major worry in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conflict-over-nile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horn of Africa</strong></a> at the beginning of July 2021, while other regions were unaffected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor humanitarian access:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Humanitarian access is limited in various ways, including <strong>administrative/bureaucratic impediments, movement restrictions, security constraints and physical constraints</strong> related to the environment.</li>
<li>Countries currently facing the most significant obstacles, preventing aid from reaching those who need it most are <strong>Afghanistan, Ethiopia, the Central African Republic</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Short-term Interventions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Short-term protective interventions</strong> be implemented before new humanitarian needs materialise and immediate actions are to be taken for <strong>addressing existing humanitarian requirements. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integration of policies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Integrate <strong>humanitarian, development and peacebuilding policies in conflict areas &ndash;</strong> for example, through <strong>social protection measures</strong> to prevent families from selling meagre assets in exchange for food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilience:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Scale-up climate resilience across food systems by <strong>offering smallholder farmers wide access to climate risk insurance</strong> and forecast-based financing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen Resilience:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable to economic adversity through in-<strong>kind or cash support programmes</strong> to lessen the impact of pandemic-style shocks or food price volatility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Step in Ensuring Food Security</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims <strong>to increase production of rice, wheat, pulses, coarse cereals and commercial crops,</strong> through area expansion and productivity enhancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-ann-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY):</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aimed at providing each person who is covered under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act 2013</strong></a> with an additional 5 kg grains (wheat or rice) for free, in addition to the 5 kg of subsidised foodgrain already provided through the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System (PDS).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One Nation One Ration Card</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will address the poor state of hunger in India, as highlighted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index</strong></a>, where India has been ranked 102 out of 117 countries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It intends<strong> to supplement the financial needs of the Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs)</strong> in procuring various inputs to ensure proper crop health and appropriate yields, commensurate with the anticipated farm income at the end of each crop cycle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It legally entitled up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized food grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above is mandated to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing ration cards under the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FAO is a specialized agency of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-day-1#:~:text=About%20World%20Food%20Day%3A,Together.%E2%80%9D" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Day</strong></a> is celebrated every year on <strong>16<sup>th</sup> October</strong> to mark the anniversary of the founding of the<strong> FAO in 1945.</strong></li>
<li>It is one of the <strong>UN food aid organisations based in Rome (Italy).</strong> Its sister bodies are the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-food-programme-wfp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme</strong> </a>and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Food Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> leading humanitarian organization</strong> saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was award the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize for 2020</strong></a> for its efforts to combat hunger</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was founded<strong> in 1961 by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</a></strong> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong> </a>with its headquarters in Rome, Italy.</li>
<li>WFP focuses on <strong>emergency assistance as well as rehabilitation and development aid.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two-thirds of its work is in conflict-affected countries, where people are three times more likely to be undernourished than elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/these-countries-need-urgent-action-to-beat-famine-deaths-in-the-next-4-months-fao-78219" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9060,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Halam Sub-tribes Clash',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>People of Halam sub-tribes,</strong> who took refuge in Assam following <strong>clashes with Bru refugees in north Tripura,</strong> are returning to their village Damcherra in North district of Tripura.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Brus came to Tripura in 1997</strong> to escape an ethnic clash in Mizoram and started staying at six relief camps in the North District.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627975804_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627975804_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="414" height="414" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Halam Sub-tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ethnically, <strong>Halam communities (categorised</strong> as a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">scheduled tribe</a> in Tripura) belong to the Kuki-Chin tribes of Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group.</strong></li>
<li>Their<strong> language</strong> is also more or less <strong>similar to that of the Tibeto-Burman family.</strong></li>
<li>Halams are also known as <strong>Mila Kuki,</strong> though they are not at all Kukis in terms of language, culture and living style.</li>
<li>Halams are divided into <strong>several sub-clans</strong> which are referred to as <strong>&ldquo;Barki-Halam&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Major sub-clans of Halams are Koloi, Korbong, Kaipeng, Bong, Sakachep, Thangachep, Molsom, Rupini, Rangkhowl, Chorai, Lankai, Kaireng (Darlong), Ranglong, Marchafang and Saihmar.</li>
<li>As per<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 2011 Census</strong></a>, their total <strong>population is 57,210 and distributed throughout the State.</strong></li>
<li>Halams live in typical <strong>"Tong Ghar"</strong> specially made of <strong>bamboo and Chan grass.</strong> Apart from plain land cultivation they still practice <strong>Jhum cultivation</strong> and depend on both the activities beside other substitute works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bru Refugees:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bru or Reang</strong> is a community<strong> indigenous to Northeast India,</strong> living mostly in <strong>Tripura, Mizoram and Assam.</strong> In <strong>Tripura,</strong> they are recognised as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.</strong></a></li>
<li>In<strong> Mizoram,</strong> they have been <strong>targeted by groups</strong> that do not consider them indigenous to the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1997, following ethnic clashes, nearly 37,000 Brus fled Mamit, Kolasib and Lunglei districts of Mizoram and were accommodated in relief camps in Tripura.</li>
<li>Damcherra is Tripura&rsquo;s last village before the inter-state boundary with Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since then, 5,000 have returned to Mizoram in eight phases of repatriation, while 32,000 still live in six relief camps in North Tripura.</li>
<li>In June<strong> 2018,</strong> community leaders from the <strong>Bru</strong> camps <strong>signed an agreement with the Centre and the two state governments,</strong> providing for repatriation in Mizoram. But <strong>most camp residents rejected the terms</strong> of the agreement.</li>
<li>In January <strong>2020,</strong> the <strong>Centre, the governments of Mizoram and Tripura and leaders of Bru organisations</strong> signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>quadripartite agreement.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the pact, the Home Ministry has committed to incur the whole expenditure of settlement in Tripura.</li>
<li>A package was assured in the accord that each refugee family would get:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A plot, fixed deposit of Rs. 4 lakh, free ration and a monthly stipend of Rs. 5,000 for two years.</li>
<li>In addition, each family will also be provided Rs. 1.5 lakh to construct a house.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>northeast has had a history of ethnic conflicts &mdash;</strong> not only between the &ldquo;indigenous&rdquo; and &ldquo;settlers&rdquo; but inter-tribe too &mdash; and issues could also arise within smaller sub-groups within the same tribe.</li>
<li>The <strong>decision to settle Bru Tribal People in Tripura could also throw up questions of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">citizenship</a>, specifically in Assam</strong> where a process is on to define who is indigenous and who is not.</li>
<li>The move on the Brus<strong> legitimises the settlement of foreigners under Citizenship (Amendment) Act</strong> too, creating conflicts with the indigenous people as well as communities that settled earlier.</li>
<li>It could also lead to<strong> loss of space and revenue for other communities in Tripura.</strong></li>
<li>Further, the inter-state border disputes have come under fresh focus after the recent violent clash on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-mizoram-border-dispute-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam-Mizoram border.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Considering the present conditions of Brus, the state government should ensure that the <strong>quadrilateral agreement is enforced in letter and spirit.</strong></li>
<li>However, the same agreement which provides for resettlement of Bru refugees in Tripura <strong>should be implemented keeping in mind the interests of non-Brus,</strong> so that no conflict emerges between the Bru and non-Bru communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/over-700-halam-people-return-to-tripura-after-fleeing-violence/article35668235.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9054,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Fossil Fuel And Policy Dilemma',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/petroleum-minister-climate-change-policy-dilemma-7433669/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The agenda for Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 30/08/2021. It talks about the policy challenges faced by India with respect to crude oil import and utilisation.</p>
</div>
<p>The spread and speed of the destruction caused by climate change presents the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-petroleum-natural-gas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas </strong></a>a<strong> policy dilemma, if not a moral one.</strong></p>
<p>Dilemma is how to redefine the supply-side priorities in the face of the imperatives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbharta (self Sufficiency)</strong></a> when about 85% fossil fuels are still imported.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need to look into various measures that can be taken by the ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in order to bridge the demand supply gap.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to Crude Oil Management</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Balancing Environment With Extraction:</strong> Indian oil and gas industry leaders are faced with the twin challenge of responding to the<strong> changing environment, while sticking to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndc-synthesis-report-unfccc#:~:text=Aims%3A%20To%20reduce%20global%20GHG,1.5%C2%B0C%20by%202100.&amp;text=Addressing%20the%20financial%20losses%20vulnerable,impacts%20such%20as%20extreme%20weather." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> commitment</a></strong> of reduction of fossil fuel consumption.</li>
<li><strong>Import Dependent:</strong> The Indian economy is dependent on fossil fuels and there is no discernible end in sight to this dependence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India imports approximately 85% of its crude oil requirements and is exposed to the volatility of the international oil market.</li>
<li>Moreover, a major chunk comes from the Middle East, predominantly <strong>Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran,</strong> which faces deep political and social fault lines and there is no knowing when our supply lines might get ruptured.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues With Exploration:</strong> There have been few substantive commercial discoveries in recent years, in large part because the bulk of the reserves are in <strong>complex geological structures and harsh terrain</strong> (Himalayan foothills or deep waters offshore). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are difficult to find but even when found, the costs incurred are often so high that except in market conditions of high prices, the discovery is not commercially viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structural Challenges:</strong> In 2021 structural changes are brought by the <strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong> Some are mentioned in the Graph1.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627902532_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627902532_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="179" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rationalise Domestic Exploration:</strong> India should scale up the harnessing of its indigenous petroleum resources by intensifying exploration, but resources indulged in it should be properly managed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the exploration has its own challenges, after rationalisation the resources earmarked for exploration can be deployed more productively elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improving The Productivity And Efficiency:</strong> Companies such as ONGC should allocate increasing resources to improving the productivity of its producing fields. The average oil recovery rate in India is around 28%. That is, for every 100 molecules discovered, only 28 are monetised. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The global average is around 45% for fields of comparable geology.</li>
<li>The recovery rate may be better today but if there is still a wide gap, the application of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/increasing-domestic-oil-production#:~:text=Enhanced%20Oil%20Recovery%20(EOR)%20is,the%20viscosity%20of%20the%20oil." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)</a> technology</strong> offers a relatively low-risk avenue for increasing domestic production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Contingency Plan:</strong> India currently has strategic reserves equivalent to 12 days of imports. The government has approved plans to increase this buffer to 25 days. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By comparison, China, the EU, South Korea and Japan hold between 70-100 days of reserves.</li>
<li>This should be done by constructing a cavern in Jamnagar, the entrepot that receives approximately 60% of our crude oil imports and is well connected through tanks and pipelines to the hinterland refineries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restructure And Reorganise Public Sector Petroleum Companies:</strong> The upstream assets should be consolidated under ONGC (the upstream assets of BPCL, IOC, HPCL, and GAIL should pass onto ONGC) and GAIL should be changed into a public utility gas pipeline company. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This restructuring will help <strong>cut back the &ldquo;avoidable&rdquo; costs</strong> of intra-public sector competition, <strong>reduce the inefficiencies of &ldquo;sub scale&rdquo;</strong> operations and provide a focused platform for balancing the shorter-term need to provide secure and affordable hydrocarbons with the medium and longer-term imperative of developing clean energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Search For Alternatives:</strong> These companies should be encouraged to look beyond hydrocarbons to build an<strong> &ldquo;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green energy</a>&rdquo; enterprise.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Looking for other alternatives such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>methanol based economy and biomass.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus, all stakeholders should not work through the siloed prism of oil and natural gas. They should broaden the aperture and become the progenitor of the energy transition.</p>
<p>The dilemma referred to in the opening sentence will be easier to resolve if priorities are developed within the framework of clean energy.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627902555_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627902555_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f2fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>There is an urgent need to look into various measures that can be taken by India in order to bridge the demand supply gap. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9039,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Credit Growth for MSMEs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a report from<strong> TransUnion Cibil and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),</strong> there has been a growth in the credit outstanding amount of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME)</strong></a> sector to Rs 20.21 lakh crore, with a <strong>year-on-year growth rate of 6.6%.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even according to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>, credit growth to micro and small industries accelerated to <strong>6.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to a contraction of <strong>2.9% in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Small Industries Development Bank of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SIDBI set up in April 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, acts as the <strong>Principal Financial Institution for Promotion, Financing and Development</strong> of the MSME sector as well as for coordination of functions of institutions engaged in similar activities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>TransUnion CIBIL Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>credit information company operating in India.</strong> It maintains credit files on 600 million individuals and 32 million businesses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loans to MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong></a> 2021, the country disbursed loans worth Rs 9.5 lakh crore to MSME sector, higher than preceding year of Rs 6.8 lakh crore in FY 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outstanding Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME credit outstanding has grown by 6.6% in March&rsquo;21, with the <strong>micro segment growing the fastest at 7.4%</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Micro segment was followed by the<strong> small segment at 6.8% and medium segment at 5.8%. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector Wise Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture and Allied Activities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit to agriculture and allied activities continued to perform well, registering an <strong>accelerated growth of 11.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to 2.4% in June 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Within industry, credit to food processing, gems &amp; jewellery, glass &amp; glassware, leather &amp; leather products, mining &amp; quarrying, paper &amp; paper products, rubber, plastic &amp; their products, and textiles registered <strong>high growth in June 2021.</strong></li>
<li>However, credit growth to all engineering, beverages &amp; tobacco, basic metal &amp; metal products, cement &amp; cement products, chemicals &amp; chemical products, construction, infrastructure, petroleum coal products &amp; nuclear fuels and vehicles, vehicle parts &amp; transport equipment <strong>decelerated or contracted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit growth to the <strong>services sector decelerated to 2.9% in June 2021,</strong> from 10.7% in June 2020, mainly <strong>due to contraction in credit growth to commercial real estate, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)</a> and tourism, hotels &amp; restaurants.</strong></li>
<li>Credit to <strong>trade segment continued to perform well,</strong> registering accelerated growth of 11.1% in June 2021 as compared to 8.1% a year ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rise in credit offtake by MSMEs is due to a host of government initiatives like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong></a> to tackle the economic downturn created by the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid pandemic.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ECLGS scheme was launched as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan package</strong></a> announced in May 2020 to mitigate the distress caused by coronavirus-induced lockdown, by providing credit to different sectors, especially MSMEs</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s <strong>objective</strong> was to support small businesses struggling to meet their operational liabilities due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
<li>Recently, the government has<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> widened its scope to new sectors,</strong></a> including hospitality, travel and tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program#:~:text=Launch%3A%20The%20Government%20of%20India,as%20well%20as%20urban%20areas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation programme (PMEGP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-elixir-for-msmes-access-to-credit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry &amp; Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/pdf/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interest Subvention Scheme for Incremental Credit to MSMEs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/champions-portal-for-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CHAMPIONS portal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-msmes-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSME Samadhan</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="800" height="200" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/eclgs-unlocks-help-msme-credit-offtake-rise-6-6-in-fy21/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9035,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Severe Acute Malnutrition in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Women and Child Development Ministry, more than 9.2 lakh children</strong> (from six months to six years) in India were <strong>&lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; </strong>till <strong>November,</strong> 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It underscores concerns that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> could exacerbate the health and nutrition crisis among the poorest of the poor.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Definition:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> defines &lsquo;severe acute malnutrition&rsquo; (SAM) by very <strong>low weight-for-height</strong> or a <strong>mid-upper arm circumference less than 115 mm,</strong> or by the presence of <strong>nutritional oedema.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children suffering from SAM are <strong>nine times more likely to die</strong> in case of diseases due to their weakened immune system.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional oedema: Abnormal fluid retention in the tissues</strong> (oedema) resulting especially from lack of protein in states of starvation or malnutrition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Oedema can, however, occur in starvation even if the blood levels of albumin are not lowered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of SAM Children (National scenario):</strong> An estimated 9,27,606 &lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; children from six months to six years were identified across the country till November 2020.</li>
<li><strong>States with SAM Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>most in Uttar Pradesh (3,98,359 ) followed by Bihar</strong> (2,79,427).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are <strong>also home to the highest number of children</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maharashtra (70,665)</strong> &gt; Gujarat (45,749) &gt; Chhattisgarh (37,249) &gt; Odisha (15,595) &gt; Tamil Nadu (12,489) &gt; Jharkhand (12,059) &gt; Andhra Pradesh (11,201) &gt; Telangana (9,045) &gt; Assam (7,218) &gt; Karnataka (6,899) &gt; Kerala (6,188) &gt; Rajasthan (5,732).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States with No Severely Malnourished Children:</strong> Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Nagaland, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh reported no severely malnourished children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Family Health Survey Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4),</strong> 2015-16 suggests that prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children was at 7.4%.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NFHS-5</strong></a> suggests that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> increased among children in 2019-20 from 2015-16 in 22 states and UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunted:</strong> Around 13 states and UTs out of the 22 surveyed <strong>recorded a rise in percentage of children under five years</strong> who are stunted in comparison to 2015-16.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunting</strong> is when a child has a low height for their age, usually due to malnutrition, repeated infections, and/or poor social stimulation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wasted:</strong> 12 states and UTs recorded <strong>a rise in the percentage</strong> of children under five years who are wasted.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Wasting</strong> is low weight for their height among children, reflecting acute undernutrition. It is a strong predictor of mortality among children under five years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severely wasted and underweight:</strong> 16 states and UTs <strong>recorded a rise</strong> in the percentage of children under five years who are severely wasted and underweight in 2019-20.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Covid-19 is pushing millions into poverty, reducing incomes of many more and disproportionately affecting the economically disadvantaged, who are also most vulnerable to malnutrition and food insecurities.</li>
<li>The pandemic-prompted lockdowns disrupted essential services, such as supplementary feeding under <strong>Anganwadi centres, mid-day meals, immunisation,</strong> and <strong>micro-nutrient supplementation</strong> which exacerbated malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>: The government of India has launched the <strong>National Nutrition Mission (NNM) </strong>or <strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong> to ensure a<strong> &ldquo;Malnutrition Free India&rdquo;</strong> by 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>: Launched in 2018, the mission aims at accelerating the annual rate of <strong>decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to <strong>improve nutritional levels among school children</strong> which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a>: It aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerables through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to food a legal right.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a>: Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20provides%20a%20package%20of,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</strong></a>: It was launched in 1975 and the scheme aims at providing food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2: Zero hunger)</strong> aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people &ndash; especially children &ndash; have access to sufficient and nutritious food all year round.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Home Based and Facility Based Care:</strong> Covid-19 could further exacerbate the situation with <strong>shrinking food diversity</strong> and<strong> low intake combined</strong> with episodes of missing food at times. The solutions have to be both <strong>home-based care</strong> and <strong>facility-based care.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Build Linkages:</strong> The severe Acute Malnutrition has a direct connection with food availability, utilisation and awareness, the immediate task is to appropriately <strong>build linkages with the government systems</strong> to ensure families receive not just ration/food, but required education and support.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs):</strong> The need to strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs) which are meant to treat SAM cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are studies that suggest that NRCs have not been very effective.</li>
<li>In many cases, it has been seen that SAM cases have been discharged early because either the centre could not continue to keep the same case for a continued period, or the caregivers could not stay for a longer duration at the facility, or there was simply not enough supervision by the higher ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Designing Customised Menus:</strong> There is the need for designing customised menus in consultation with experts for SAM cases and formulating guidelines.</li>
<li><strong>Segregation of SAM Cases:</strong> For administrative and operational convenience, as well as for better accountability, SAM cases could be segregated into smaller units.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>responsibility to manage/coordinate and monitor smaller units</strong> could be handed over to independent entities such as medical colleges, local NGOs, women&rsquo;s collectives &ndash; under the overall guidance of the District/Block health staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Role of Anganwadi Centres</a>:</strong> The identification of SAM children was done by over 10 lakh Anganwadi centres from across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The anganwadis have to<strong> become much more functional</strong> and if the possibility of children reaching anganwadis is going to become hard because of lockdowns, then the anganwadis need to reach the children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/927-lakh-severely-acute-malnourished-children-identified-till-november-last-year-rti/article34743642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9033,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Menace of Manual Scavenging',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the centre has claimed that no deaths due to manual scavenging have been reported in the past five years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, according to the <strong>National Convener of the Safai Karmachari Andolan,</strong> 472 manual scavenging deaths across the country were recorded between 2016 and 2020, and 26 so far in 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Safai Karmachari Andolan is <strong>a movement for elimination of manual scavenging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 21 of the Constitution</strong> guarantees <strong>&lsquo;Right to Life&rsquo; and that also with dignity.</strong> This right is available to<strong> both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manual Scavenging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manual scavenging is defined as &ldquo;the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Prevalence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.</li>
<li><strong>Issues due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice is <strong>driven by caste, class and income divides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job.</li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> India<strong> banned the employment of people as manual scavengers</strong> (The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993), however, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-eliminate-manual-scavenging" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to completely mechanise sewer cleaning, introduce ways for &lsquo;on-site&rsquo; protection and provide compensation to manual scavengers in case of sewer deaths.</li>
<li>It will be an amendment to <strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>still awaiting cabinet approval.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention of Atrocities Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1989, the <strong>Prevention of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atrocities Act</a></strong> became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than <strong>90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste.</strong> This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-toilet-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Toilet Day</a> (19<sup>th</sup> November)</strong> in 2020.</li>
<li>The Government launched this &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; for<strong> all states to make sewer-cleaning mechanised by April 2021 &mdash;</strong> if any human needs to enter a sewer line in case of unavoidable emergency, proper gear and oxygen tanks, etc., are to be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Swachhta Abhiyan App&rsquo;:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been developed to <strong>identify and geotag the data of insanitary latrines and manual scavengers</strong> so that the insanitary latrines can be replaced with sanitary latrines and rehabilitate all the manual scavengers to provide dignity of life to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC Judgement:</strong> In 2014, a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> order made it <strong>mandatory</strong> for the government to <strong>identify all those who died in sewage work</strong> since 1993 and provide <strong>Rs. 10 lakh each</strong> as compensation to their families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> States need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a> identified as a top priority area by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong> </a>and funds available for smart cities and urban development providing for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-says-no-death-reported-due-to-manual-scavenging-activists-decry-govt-response/article35621742.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9031,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiatives to Promote Tribal Culture',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> is administrating the <strong>schemes of &ldquo;Support of Tribal Research Institute&rdquo; and &ldquo;Tribal Festival, Research, Information and Mass Education&rdquo;</strong> under which various activities to promote tribal culture have been undertaken.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The schemes aim to ensure quality and uniformity in research works, evaluation studies, training, awareness generation among tribals, showcasing of rich tribal heritage including languages, habitats and cultivation and production practices.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Highlights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Museum for Tribal Freedom Fighters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To acknowledge the heroic and patriotic deeds of tribal people, the Ministry has sanctioned setting up 10 Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Documentation of Indigenous Practices:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Research and documentation of Indigenous practices by tribal healers and medicinal plants, Adivasi Languages, agriculture system, dances and paintings etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Repository:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To preserve and promote rich tribal cultural heritage and also to create awareness among others, a searchable digital repository has been developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding for Tribal Festivals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry gives funding to<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> TRIFED</strong></a> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India) for organizing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adi Mahotsav</strong></a> festivals at National level and state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-for-digital-transformation-of-tribal-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools</a>:</strong> In the first phase, 250 EMRS schools have been adopted by Microsoft, out of which 50 EMRS schools will be given intensive training and 500 master trainers would be trained.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Development of PVTGs</a>:</strong> It covers<strong> 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong> for their comprehensive socio-economic development.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana</a>:</strong> It is a market-linked tribal entrepreneurship development program for forming clusters of tribal Self Help Groups (SHGs) and strengthening them into Tribal Producer Companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFED acts as a facilitator and service provider for tribes to sell their product.</li>
<li>TRIFED aims to empower tribal people with knowledge, tools and pool of information so that they can undertake their operations in a more systematic and scientific manner.</li>
<li>It organises <strong>Tribal Artisan Melas (TAMs)</strong> to identify new artisans and new products at the sourcing level in States/Districts/Villages for expanding the tribal producers base.</li>
<li>It is also involved in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MSP</strong> </a>for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MFP</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-se-siddhi-mission-van-dhan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFOOD</strong></a> Schemes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740383" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9028,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></a> has passed the<strong> Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021</strong> to bring changes in the legislation aimed at helping the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)</a> sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has incorporated many suggestions from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UK Sinha Committee.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factoring business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factoring business is a business where an entity acquires the receivables of another entity for an amount. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Note that <strong>credit facilities provided by a bank against the security of receivables</strong> are not considered as factoring business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factor</strong> can be a <strong>bank, a registered non-banking financial company or any company registered under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Companies Act.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Receivables</strong> is the total amount that is owed or yet to be paid by the customers (referred as the debtors) to the assignor for the use of any goods, services or facility.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Change in the Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It amends the definitions of <strong>"receivables", "assignment", and "factoring business"</strong> to bring them at par with international definitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation to NBFCs&rsquo; Factoring Threshold:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bill <strong>seeks to amend the Factoring Regulation Act, 2011 to widen the scope of entities</strong> which can engage in factoring business.</li>
<li>The current law which gave the Reserve Bank of India authority to allow non-bank finance companies to remain in factoring business only if it was their principal business. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is, <strong>more than half of assets were to be deployed and income earned from factoring business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Bill removes this threshold</strong> and opens up the opportunity in this business to more non-bank lenders at a time small businesses are facing financial stress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TReDS to Register Charges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bill states that where <strong>trade receivables are financed through Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS),</strong> the details regarding transactions should be filed with the <strong>Central Registry by the concerned TReDS, on behalf of the factor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>TReDS is an <strong>electronic platform for facilitating financing of trade receivables of MSMEs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RBI to Regulate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It empowers <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> to make<strong> regulations for granting registration certificates to a factor, filing of transaction details</strong> with the Central Registry and all other matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No time-bound Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> removes the 30-day time period for the factors to register the details of every transaction</strong> entered by them. The registering authority for such transactions is the Central Registry setup under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banks-under-sarfaesi-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Allowing non-NBFC factors and other entities</strong> to undertake factoring is expected to <strong>increase the supply of funds</strong> available to small businesses.</li>
<li>This may<strong> result in bringing down the cost of funds and enable greater access</strong> to the credit-starved small businesses, ensuring timely payments against their receivables.</li>
<li>MSMEs will get the <strong>easier liquidity</strong> which will help in their operation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MSMEs are facing difficulty due to <strong>delay in receivables and this bill will help in ensuring smoother working capital cycle and healthier cash flow.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will <strong>liberalise the restrictive provisions in the Act</strong> and at the same time ensure that a strong regulatory/oversight mechanism is put in place through the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK Sinha Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Reserve Bank had set up an eight-member expert committee under the leadership of the former chairman of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),</strong></a> UK Sinha to review the framework for the MSME sector, in 2019.</li>
<li>It has made recommendations with regard to amendments in MSME Development Act, strengthening of financial delivery mechanism, improving marketing support, encouraging technology adoption and strengthening of cluster development support for MSMEs etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-din-parliament-passes-bill-to-open-up-factoring-sector-help-msmes-7429002/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9027,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NEET’s All India Quota',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Health Ministry has announced<strong> 27% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other Backward Classes (OBCs)</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong></a> in the <strong>All India Quota (AIQ) scheme</strong> for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical/dental courses from 2021-22 onwards.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About All India Quota (AIQ) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> AIQ was introduced in 1986</strong> under the directions of the Supreme Court (SC) to provide for <strong>domicile-free merit-based opportunities</strong> to students from any State to aspire to study in a medical college located in another State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <strong>15% of UG seats and 50% of PG seats in government medical colleges.</strong></li>
<li>Remaining chunk of the seats in state medical/dental colleges is <strong>reserved for students domiciled in their respective states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In January, 2007, in <em><strong>Abhay Nath v University of Delhi and Others,</strong></em> the SC directed that reservation of <strong>15% for Scheduled Castes</strong> and<strong> 7.5% for Scheduled Tribes</strong> be introduced in the AIQ.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2007, no reservation was implemented within the All India Quota for medical admission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act became effective in 2007,</strong> providing for uniform 27% reservation to the OBCs, the scheme was implemented in all the Central Educational Institutions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this was <strong>not extended to the AIQ seats of State medical and dental colleges.</strong></li>
<li>The 10% EWS quota under the <strong>Constitution (One Hundred And Third Amendment) Act, 2019,</strong> too, has been implemented in central educational Institutions, but not in the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) AIQ for state institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now, after this decision, the Reservation for the OBC and EWS categories within the AIQ will be offered in medical colleges from the current academic year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This decision will help thousands of students under the given categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NEET:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency-postpones-neet-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET)</strong></a> is the entrance examination for entry to all undergraduate and postgraduate medical and dental courses in the country.</li>
<li>Until 2016, the <strong>All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT)</strong> was the national-level entrance examination for medical colleges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While state governments used to hold separate entrance tests for seats that were not contested at an all-India level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2016, the Supreme Court upheld the newly inserted section<strong> 10-D of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</a></strong> which provides for a uniform entrance examination to all medical educational institutions at undergraduate level and postgraduate level in Hindi, English and various other languages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Now, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</strong></a> stands repealed after it has been replaced by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Medical Commission Act, 2019</strong></a> that came into existence on 8<sup>th</sup> August 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is conducted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Testing Agency (NTA).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/obc-ews-quota-medical-course-modi-7428622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9026,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Initiatives for Education Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister launched<strong> multiple initiatives in the education sector</strong> at a conference, to mark the completion of one year of reforms under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy 2020</strong></a> which aims at making<strong> India a global knowledge superpower.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister also noted the role played by portals like<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)</strong></a> in online education during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Academic Bank of Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>envisaged as a digital bank</strong> that holds the <strong>credit earned by a student</strong> in any course. It is <strong>a major instrument for facilitating multidisciplinary and holistic education.</strong> It will provide <strong>multiple entry and exit options</strong> for students in <strong>Higher education.</strong></li>
<li>It will make the youth <strong>future-oriented and open the way for an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> -driven economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engineering in Regional Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14 engineering colleges in<strong> eight States</strong> are going to start engineering studies in five Indian languages: <strong>Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi and Bangla.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This emphasis on mother tongue as the medium of instruction will<strong> instil confidence in the students from poor, rural and tribal backgrounds.</strong></li>
<li>In a recent survey, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Council of Technical Education</strong></a> (AICTE) discovered that <strong>42% of the students surveyed nationally, favoured pursuing Engineering in regional languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> AICTE</strong> is creating a <strong>database of resources to allow colleges to offer more programmes in regional languages</strong> and developed a tool to translate engineering content into<strong> 11 languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vidya Pravesh &amp; SAFAL:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vidya Pravesh, a <strong>three month play based school preparation module for Grade 1</strong> students will be released along with<strong> SAFAL</strong> (Structured Assessment For Analyzing Learning Levels), <strong>a competency based assessment framework for Grades 3, 5 and 8 in CBSE schools.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help in<strong> building up a new education ecosystem that will create a digital foundation leading to self-governance</strong> of all parties involved, particularly states and the Centre.</li>
<li>It lets <strong>educationists do evaluation based on talents and abilities,</strong> helping students understand their area of specialties that can be utilised in their future profession.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Education Technology Forum (NETF):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide independent<strong> evidence-based advice to central and state government agencies</strong> on technology-based interventions. A <strong>special focus will be on improving technology access</strong> at the grassroot education level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Schools will be required to <strong>have skilled professionals.</strong> In addition, <strong>schools will have to hire qualified candidates</strong> to teach emerging technological skills to students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Once the forum is set up, <strong>school-wise information will be sought on how technology is being used</strong> for imparting academic content and what steps are being taken to enhance research.</li>
<li>It will be <strong>funded by the government</strong> but at a later stage, <strong>private funding and support from industry bodies would be invited.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NISHTHA 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>training to teachers as per their needs</strong> and they will be able to give their suggestions to the department. It will have <strong>68 modules including 12 generic and 56 subject-specific modules</strong> and will cover around <strong>10 lakh teachers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nishtha-teachers-training-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISHTHA</strong> </a>is the largest teachers&rsquo; training programme, first of its kind in the world to motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sign Language as a Subject:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian sign language,<strong> for the first time, has been accorded the status of language subject.</strong> Students will be able to study it as a language also.</li>
<li>There are more than 3 lakh students who need sign language for their education. This will give a boost to Indian sign language and will help the <strong>divyang people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Previous Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan</a> (RUSA).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-research-fellows-pmrf-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prime Minister's Research Fellowship</a> (PMRF).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-promotion-of-academic-and-research-collaboration-sparc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration</a> (SPARC).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEAT</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PRAGYATA</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mid-day-meal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid Day Meal Scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/Implementation-of-Section-12-1c-of-the-RTE-Act-A-Progress-Report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right To Education (RTE) Act, 2009</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/performance-of-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740401" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9020,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'AERA Amendment Bill, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-aera-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</a> (AERA) Amendment Bill, 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>first introduced in March 2021</strong> and subsequently referred to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary standing committee</strong></a> <strong>on transport, tourism and culture,</strong> which approved it without any changes.</li>
<li>It seeks to amend the <strong>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to <strong>amend the definition of major airport</strong> to include a group of airports.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 2008 Act designates an airport as a <strong>major airport if it has an annual passenger traffic of at least 35 lakh.</strong></li>
<li>The central government <strong>may also designate any airport as a major airport by a notification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tariff:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will allow AERA to<strong> regulate tariff and other charges for aeronautical services</strong> for not just major airports with annual passenger traffic of more than 35 lakh, but also a group of airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Profitable Clubbing:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government will be <strong>able to club profitable and non-profitable airports</strong> as a combination/package to bidders to make it a viable combination for investment under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PPP (Public-Private Partnership)</strong></a> mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>help in expanding the air connectivity</strong> to relatively remote areas and as a result, expediting the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-4-1#:~:text=About%20UDAN%20Scheme%3A,develop%20the%20regional%20Aviation%20market." target="_blank" rel="noopener">UDAN regional connectivity scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage development of smaller airports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of clarity in the bill on the <strong>criterion for deciding which airports will be clubbed together</strong> to qualify under &lsquo;a group of airports&rsquo; definition, whether it will be the passenger traffic of more than 3.5 million or some other factors too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wings-india-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> </a>was <strong>running and managing the airports.</strong> After some time, a change was made in the civil aviation policy as some private players were also given airports to run. The reason behind this was to provide consumers with great services.</li>
<li>Typically, <strong>airports run the risk of becoming a monopoly because cities usually have one civilian airport</strong> which controls all aeronautical services in that area.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure that private airport operators do not misuse their monopoly, the need for an independent tariff regulator</strong> in the airport sector was felt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008 (AERA Act) was passed which set up the AERA as a <strong>statutory body.</strong></li>
<li>It was set up, keeping in mind that the <strong>country needs to have an independent regulator</strong> who has transparent rules and can take care of the interests of the service providers as well as that of the consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The AERA <strong>regulates tariffs and other charges</strong> (development fee and passenger service fee) <strong>for aeronautical services</strong> (air traffic management, landing and parking of aircraft, ground handling services) at major airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-lok-sabha-passes-two-bills-without-debate/article35609874.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9018,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Audit of Social Sector Schemes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-social-justice-and-empowerment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong></a> has formulated a scheme, namely <strong>Information-Monitoring, Evaluation and Social Audit (I-MESA)</strong> in FY 2021-22.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the I-MESA Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this scheme, Social Audits are to be conducted for all the schemes of the Department starting FY 2021-22.</li>
<li>These social audits are done through <strong>Social Audit Units (SAU)</strong> of the <strong>States </strong>and<strong> National Institute for Rural Development and Panchayati Raj.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Schemes of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schemes for Economic Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit Enhancement Guarantee Scheme for the Scheduled Castes (SCs)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nbcfdc-and-nisd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)</strong></a></li>
<li>Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCA to SCSP)</li>
<li>Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-eliminate-manual-scavenging" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS)</a></strong></li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/ambedkar-social-innovation-and-incubation-mission#:~:text=Implemented%20By%3A%20Venture%20Capital%20Fund,to%20set%20up%20business%20ventures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Venture Capital Fund For Scheduled Castes</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes for Social Empowerment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Centrally Sponsored Scheme for implementation of the <strong>Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-july-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Social Audit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> Social Audit is the <strong>audit of a scheme jointly by the Government and the people,</strong> especially by those who are affected by the scheme or its beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> It is a powerful tool <strong>to promote transparency, accountability and people&rsquo;s participation</strong> in the schemes meant for them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A social audit helps to <strong>narrow gaps between vision/goal and reality,</strong> between <strong>efficiency</strong> and <strong>effectiveness.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi National National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</a> was the first Act to mandate Social Audit</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/appointment-of-government-servants-as-gram-panchayat-administrator" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gram Sabha</strong></a> of all the projects taken up in the Gram Panchayat.</li>
<li>Most States have set up an independent<strong> Social Audit Unit (SAU)</strong> and some have even begun to facilitate Social Audit in other programmes, including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awaas-yojana-gramin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Social Assistance Programme</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-mid-day-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Midday Meal Scheme</strong></a> and<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1#:~:text=The%20Public%20distribution%20system%20(PDS,food%20grains%20at%20affordable%20prices." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Public Distribution System.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> lack of adequate administrative and political will</strong> in institutionalising social audits to deter corruption has meant that social audits in many parts of the country are not independent of the influence of implementing agencies.</li>
<li>Social audit units, including village social audit facilitators, <strong>continue to face resistance and intimidation</strong> and find it difficult to even access primary records for verification.</li>
<li><strong>People&rsquo;s participation has been minuscule</strong> due to the lack of education, awareness and capacity building among the common masses.</li>
<li>There is <strong>an absence of an independent agency</strong> to investigate and act on social audit findings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Citizens groups need to<strong> campaign for strengthening social audits</strong> and make real progress in holding the political executive and implementing agencies accountable.</li>
<li><strong>Team of social audit experts should be established</strong> in each district who are responsible for training social audit committee members (stakeholders).</li>
<li><strong>Training programmes should be created on social auditing methods</strong> such as conducting and preparing social audit reports, and presentation at Gram Sabha.</li>
<li>The <strong>system of social audits needs a synergetic endorsement</strong> and a push by multiple authorities to establish an institutionalised framework which cannot be undermined by any vested interests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1739891" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9017,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SLDE and GHG Calculator',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has launched the <strong>Secured Logistics Document Exchange (SLDE)</strong> along with a <strong>Calculator for <a href="/admin/articles/edit/Why%20in News Recently, the government has launched the Secured Logistics Document Exchange (SLDE) along with a Calculator for GreenHouse Gas (GHG) Emissions to boost Ease-Of-Doing Business in the country. In World Bank's Ease-Of-Doing Business Report, 2020 India was ranked 63 out of 190 countries. Key Points Secured Logistics Document Exchange: The SLDE platform is a solution to replace the present manual process of generation, exchange and compliance of logistics documents with a digitized, secure and seamless document exchange system. It will enable generation, storage and interchange of logistics-related documents digitally using Aadhaar and blockchain-based security protocols for data security and authentication It will also provide a complete audit trail of document transfer, faster execution of transactions, lower cost of shipping and overall carbon footprint, easy verification of authenticity of documents, lowered risk of fraud, etc. GreenHouse Gas Emission Calculator: The GHG Calculator is an efficient, user-friendly tool and provides for calculating and comparing GHG emissions across different modes. It allows for commodity-wise comparison of GHG emissions and total cost of transportation, including their environmental cost, between movement by road and rail. The tool is intended to facilitate appropriate modal choice for all concerned. Benefits: Improved Efficiency: Initiatives will improve logistics efficiency, reduce logistics cost, and promote multi-modality and sustainability in a big way, also help fill the gap areas where no action has yet been taken either by private players or any of the line ministries.  Achieving Targets: It will help achieve the targets of improved India&rsquo;s ranking in Logistics Performance Index (LPI), reduction in logistics cost and establishment of indigenous India-specific metrics for continual improvement in logistics. India ranked 44th on the LPI in 2018. Related Initiatives: Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC): It is a high speed and high capacity railway corridor that is exclusively meant for the transportation of freight, or in other words, goods and commodities. National Logistics Law 2020:  It aims to streamline the logistics ecosystem in the country, with a view to promote growth of the sector and also to add impetus to enhance export competitiveness and ranking in LPI. Logix India 2019:  It was organized by the Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry and the Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO) as an initiative to improve logistics cost effectiveness and operational efficiencies for India&rsquo;s global trade. Multimodal Logistics Park:  The park will reduce trade cost by 10% and have cargo capacity of 13 million metric tons (MMT) per year. Fast Tracking Freight in India:  Recently it was launched to make goods transport cost-effective and to reduce India&rsquo;s logistics cost. Port Community System &lsquo;PCS1x&rsquo;:  The platform has the potential to revolutionize maritime trade in India and bring it at par with global best practices and pave the way to improve the Ease of Doing Business world ranking and LPI ranks. Source: PIB" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas</a> (GHG) Emissions</strong> to boost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease-Of-Doing Business</strong></a> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank's</strong></a> Ease-Of-Doing Business <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020#:~:text=The%20World%20Bank%20recently%20released,ranked%20at%20190th%20spot." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Report, 2020</strong></a> India <strong>was ranked 63</strong> out of 190 countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Secured Logistics Document Exchange:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SLDE platform is a solution to<strong> replace the present manual process of generation, exchange and compliance of logistics documents</strong> with a digitized, secure and seamless document exchange system.</li>
<li>It will <strong>enable generation, storage and interchange of logistics-related documents digitally</strong> using <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blockchain-technology-in-voting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blockchain</strong></a>-based security protocols for data security and authentication</li>
<li>It will also provide<strong> a complete audit trail of document transfer,</strong> faster execution of transactions, <strong>lower cost of shipping and overall carbon footprint,</strong> easy verification of authenticity of documents, lowered risk of fraud, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GreenHouse Gas Emission Calculator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GHG Calculator is an efficient, <strong>user-friendly tool and provides for calculating</strong> and<strong> comparing GHG emissions</strong> across different modes.</li>
<li>It allows for <strong>commodity-wise comparison of GHG emissions</strong> and total cost of transportation, including their environmental cost, between movement by road and rail.</li>
<li>The tool is intended to <strong>facilitate appropriate modal choice for all concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improved Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initiatives will improve <strong>logistics efficiency, reduce logistics cost, and promote multi-modality and sustainability</strong> in a big way, also help <strong>fill the gap areas</strong> where no action has yet been taken either by private players or any of the line ministries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achieving Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help achieve the targets of<strong> improved India&rsquo;s ranking in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-national-logistics-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Logistics Performance Index</a> (LPI)</strong>, reduction in logistics cost and establishment of indigenous India-specific metrics for continual improvement in logistics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India ranked <strong>44<sup>th</sup> on the LPI in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dedicated-freight-corridor-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> high speed and high capacity railway corridor</strong> that is exclusively meant for the transportation of freight, or in other words, goods and commodities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-national-logistics-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Logistics Law 2020</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims <strong>to streamline the logistics ecosystem in the country,</strong> with a view to promote growth of the sector and also to add impetus to enhance export competitiveness and ranking in LPI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Logix India 2019</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was organized by the Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-launches-niryat-mitra%20-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO)</strong> </a>as an <strong>initiative to improve logistics cost effectiveness</strong> and operational efficiencies for India&rsquo;s global trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multimodal-logistics-park-in-assam" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Multimodal Logistics Park</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The park will<strong> reduce trade cost by 10%</strong> and have cargo capacity of 13 million metric tons (MMT) per year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fast-tracking-freight-in-india-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fast Tracking Freight in India</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently it was launched to make goods transport cost-effective and <strong>to reduce India&rsquo;s logistics cost.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/port-community-system-pcs-1x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Port Community System &lsquo;PCS1x&rsquo;</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The platform has the <strong>potential to revolutionize maritime trade in India</strong> and bring it at par with global best practices and pave the way to improve the Ease of Doing Business world ranking and <strong>LPI ranks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1740023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9016,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Juvenile Justice Amendment Bill, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021,</strong> was passed in the Rajya Sabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill seeks to amend the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/children-abandoning-education-in-mica-mining-districts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong> </a>audit of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/survey-of-child-care-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Care Institutions (CCIs)</strong></a> in 2020, 90% of which are run by NGOs, found that 39% CCIs were not registered, even after the 2015 amendment was brought in.</li>
<li>It also found that <strong>less than 20% CCIs, especially for girls, had not been set up in some states,</strong> 26% child welfare officers were not there.</li>
<li>Moreover, <strong>three-fifths have no toilets, one-tenth have no drinking water and 15% of homes don&rsquo;t have provisions for separate beds</strong> or diet plans.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation of children is not a priority</strong> for childcare homes and children are reportedly kept in such institutions to get funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Amendments Proposed by the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Serious Offences:</strong> Serious offences will also include offences for which <strong>maximum punishment is imprisonment of more than seven years,</strong> and minimum punishment is not prescribed or is of less than seven years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Serious offences are those for which the punishment under the Indian Penal Code or any other law for the time being is imprisonment between three and seven years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-cognizable Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The present Act provides that an offence which is punishable with imprisonment between three to seven years to be cognizable (where arrest is allowed without warrant) and non-bailable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bill <strong>amends this to provide that such offences will be non-cognizable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adoption:</strong> Presently, the adoption order issued by the court establishes that the child belongs to the adoptive parents. The Bill provides that instead of the court, the<strong> District Magistrate (including Additional District Magistrate) will issue such adoption orders.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appeals:</strong> The Bill provides that any person aggrieved by an adoption order passed by the District Magistrate <strong>may file an appeal before the Divisional Commissioner, within 30 days</strong> from the date of passage of such order.</li>
<li><strong>Additional Functions of the District Magistrate:</strong> These include: supervising the District Child Protection Unit, and conducting a quarterly review of the functioning of the Child Welfare Committee.</li>
<li><strong>Designated Court:</strong> The Bill proposes that all offences under the earlier Act be tried in children&rsquo;s court.</li>
<li><strong>Child Welfare Committees (CWCs):</strong> It provides that a person will not eligible to be a member of the CWC if he/she<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>has any record of violation of human rights or child rights,</li>
<li>has been convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude,</li>
<li>has been removed or dismissed from service of the central government, or any state government, or a government undertaking,</li>
<li>is part of the management of a child care institution in a district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Members:</strong> The appointment of any member of the committee<strong> shall be terminated by the state government after an inquiry</strong> if they fail to attend the proceedings of the CWCs consecutively for three months without any valid reason or if they fail to attend less than three-fourths of the sittings in a year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children), Act, 2015:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Parliament introduced and passed the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act in 2015 to replace the Juvenile Delinquency Law and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children Act) 2000.</li>
<li>The Act <strong>offered provisions to allow trials of juveniles in the age group of 16-18 years</strong> as an adult who were found to be in conflict with the law, especially heinous crimes.</li>
<li>The Act also <strong>offered provisions regarding adoption.</strong> The Act replaced the Hindu <strong>Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)</strong> and Guardians of the ward Act <strong>(1890)</strong> with more universally accessible adoption law.</li>
<li>The Act enabled smooth functioning of<strong> adoption procedures for orphans, surrendered,</strong> and abandoned children while making the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-day-of-cara" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)</strong> </a>the statutory body for adoption-related matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1740011" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9015,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Reforming Indian Agriculture',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/farm-laws-india-protest-7427334/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farm reforms must be oriented towards minimising risk and increasing returns for farmers</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 29/07/2021. It talks about issues emerging from the present Indian agriculture setup and recommendation to eliminate such issues.</p>
</div>
<p>Agricultural policies in India are designed and implemented by a complex system of institutions. States have constitutional responsibility for many aspects of agriculture, but the central government plays an important role by developing national approaches to policy and providing the necessary funds for implementation at the state level.</p>
<p>The government agencies have a say on all aspects of the farmer&rsquo;s livelihood &mdash; the latest findings includes various central and state ministries and agencies that oversee rural property rights, land use and land ceilings; commodity prices, input subsidies and taxes, infrastructure, production, credit, marketing and procurement, public distribution, research, education and extension services; trade policy; agri-business and research &mdash; the list goes on.</p>
<p>At the height of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-demands-of-farmers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm protests</strong></a>, the rhetoric was common that the new farm laws would result in a corporate takeover of Indian farms. However, the agriculture sector today is largely government owned.</p>
<h3>Issues Emerged With Current Setup</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Varying Yields Across States:</strong> There is a large gap in rice and wheat yields between Green revolution states and the farm districts in the rest of the country even after five decades of the<strong> Green Revolution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, rice and wheat grown outside of Punjab and Haryana continue to display far higher levels of yield variation or risk across districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Infrastructural Development:</strong> There is severe unevenness in the provision of common goods across districts &mdash;<strong> irrigation, roads, power,</strong> etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Combined with the absence of well-functioning markets for agricultural land, crops, and inputs, the slow labour reform, and the poor quality of education have reduced overall resource mobility within and across farming districts.</li>
<li>Most importantly, they have limited the mobility of ideas and technology needed to increase productivity and reduce the variation of yield across districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Effective Decentralised:</strong> The real promise of a decentralised system &mdash; of experimentation, of learning from each other, and the adoption of best-practices and policies &mdash; has largely failed to materialise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead, Indian agriculture since Independence has remained highly fragmented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Degradation of Natural Resource:</strong> The various <strong>input subsidies and minimum price guarantee</strong> procurement schemes provided by the state have worked to worsen the overall levels of productivity and the risk in agriculture, generating adverse effects, through the degradation of water resources, soil, health, and climate.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security at Cost of Agricultural Sector:</strong> The result has been a suffocating mix of arbitrary and conflicting policy interventions by both the central and state government agencies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ironically, &ldquo;food security&rdquo; has been brought at the cost of an agricultural sector that captures all the stakeholders - farmers, households, consumers, traders, firms, and the state &mdash; with lower levels of individual welfare and higher levels of overall risk.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maximising Income, Minimising Risk:</strong> The<strong> three farm laws</strong> are only a part of the far wider set of economic reforms that will be needed to stabilise Indian agriculture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The guiding principle for these reforms must be to create conditions that allow farm households to maximise their income while minimising the overall level of risk in Indian agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liberalised Farming:</strong> Farmers must be made<strong> free to determine the best mix</strong> of resources, land, inputs, technology, and organisational forms for their farms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state has too long subjected the farm households to top-down production, marketing, and distribution schemes.</li>
<li>Farmers, just as entrepreneurs in the non-farm sector, must be allowed to enter and exit agriculture, on their own terms and contract with whomever they wish.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improve Agricultural Institutions And Governance Systems:</strong> Need to clarify roles and responsibilities at central level by bringing key policy areas under a single umbrella.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthen coordination among central ministries and agencies and between the centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kind of Decentralised System:</strong> Need fundamental reforms that allow for greater mobility of farmers and agricultural resources across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Within a true decentralised polity, a farmer in Assam ought to benefit as much from the &ldquo;Punjab model&rdquo; as do farmers in Punjab, and vice-versa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s agro-food sector is at a critical juncture, facing multiple challenges and multiple opportunities. The required reforms if implemented, would help India improve food security for its vast population, advance the quality of life of its millions of smallholders, overcome severe resource and climate pressures, while generating sustainable productivity growth and creating a modern, efficient and resilient agro-food system that can contribute to inclusive growth and jobs throughout the economy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Farm reforms must be oriented towards minimising risk and increasing returns for farmers. Discuss the statement with reference to the current state of agriculture.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9012,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'DICGC Bill, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) Bill, 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The failure of banks such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deposit-insurance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative (PMC) Bank</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-yes-bank-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Yes Bank</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-vilas-bank-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lakshmi Vilas Bank</strong></a> reignited the debate on the low level of insurance against the deposits held by customers in Indian banks.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deposit Insurance:</strong> It is a protection cover against losses accruing to bank deposits if a bank fails financially and has no money to pay its depositors and has to go in for liquidation.</li>
<li><strong>Credit Guarantee:</strong> It is the guarantee that often provides for a specific remedy to the creditor if his debtor does not return his debt.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill will cover <strong>98.3% of depositors and 50.9% of deposit value</strong> in the banking system,<strong> way above the global level of 80% and 20-30%,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>It will <strong>cover all types of banks,</strong> which also include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recapitalisation-of-rrbs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regional rural banks</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banks-under-rbi-supervision" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>co-operative banks.</strong></a></li>
<li>It will cover<strong> banks already under moratorium </strong>and those that<strong> could come under moratorium. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Moratorium</strong> is a legally authorized period of delay in the performance of a legal obligation or the payment of a debt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Insurance Cover:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>provide funds up to Rs 5 lakh to an account holder within 90 days</strong> in the event of a bank coming under the moratorium imposed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, account holders had to wait for years till the liquidation or restructuring of a distressed lender to get their deposits that are insured against default.</li>
<li>The Rs 5-lakh deposit insurance cover was<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/04-05-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> raised from Rs 1 lakh in 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Damodaran Committee</strong> on &lsquo;Customer Services in Banks&rsquo; (2011) had <strong>recommended a five-time increase in the cap to Rs. 5 lakh</strong> due to rising income levels and increasing size of individual bank deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Within the <strong>first 45 days of the bank being put under moratorium,</strong> the<strong> DICGC would collect all information</strong> relating to deposit accounts. In the <strong>next 45 days, it will review the information and repay depositors</strong> within a maximum of 90 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Insurance Premium:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>permits raising the deposit insurance premium by 20% immediately,</strong> and <strong>maximum by 50%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The premium is <strong>paid by banks to the DICGC.</strong> The Insured banks pay advance insurance premiums to the corporation <strong>semi-annually within two months from the beginning of each financial half year,</strong> based on their deposits as at the end of previous half year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been <strong>raised from 10 paise for every Rs 100 deposit, to 12 paise and a limit of 15 paise</strong> has been imposed.</li>
<li>This is <strong>only an enabling provision</strong> and the <strong>determination of an increase in the premium payable would involve consultations with the RBI</strong> and require government approval.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>came into existence in 1978</strong> after the merger of<strong> Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. (CGCI)</strong> after passing of the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961</strong> by the Parliament.</li>
<li>It <strong>serves as a deposit insurance and credit guarantee for banks</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>fully owned subsidiary of and is governed by the RBI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks, including regional rural banks, local area banks, foreign banks with branches in India, and cooperative banks, are mandated to take deposit insurance cover with the DICGC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Deposits Covered:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DICGC insures all bank deposits, such as saving, fixed, current, recurring, etc. <strong>except the following</strong> types of deposits:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Deposits of <strong>foreign Governments.</strong></li>
<li>Deposits of<strong> Central/State Governments.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inter-bank</strong> deposits.</li>
<li>Deposits of the <strong>State Land Development Banks</strong> with the State co-operative banks.</li>
<li>Any amount due on account of any <strong>deposit received outside India.</strong></li>
<li>Any amount which has been<strong> specifically exempted by the corporation</strong> with the previous approval of the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funds:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Corporation maintains the<strong> following funds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Deposit Insurance Fund</li>
<li>Credit Guarantee Fund</li>
<li>General Fund</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> first two</strong> are funded respectively by the insurance premia and <strong>guarantee fees received and are utilised for settlement</strong> of the respective claims.</li>
<li>The <strong>General Fund is utilised for meeting the establishment and administrative expenses</strong> of the Corporation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/deposits-up-to-5-lakh-in-ailing-banks-to-be-repaid-in-90-days/article35594294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9003,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Marine Aids to Navigation Bill 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Parliament has passed the <strong>Marine Aids to Navigation Bill 2021</strong>. The bill will <strong>repeal the Lighthouse Act, 1927</strong>, an over nine-decade-old law governing the traditional navigation aid, i.e. lighthouses.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uptil now, the <strong>administration and management of Lighthouse and Lightships</strong> in India is governed by <strong>Lighthouse Act 1927</strong> for safe navigation.</li>
<li>Lighthouses serve <strong>two main purposes </strong>viz. as a<strong> navigational aid </strong>and to<strong> warn boats of dangerous areas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is like a <strong>traffic sign on the sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, as the <strong>technology evolved</strong>, systems were put in place where with the help of Radar and other sensors, vessels were advised from shore about the position.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, <strong>Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)</strong> came into existence and found wide acceptability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These modern, technologically improved aids to marine navigation systems have changed their profile from a <strong>&lsquo;passive&rsquo; service to that of &lsquo;passive as well as interactive&rsquo; service.</strong></li>
<li>The need for enactment of a new Act is necessitated to <strong>provide an appropriate statutory framework which reflects the modern role of marine aids to navigation</strong> and to be in <strong>compliance with India&rsquo;s obligations under International Conventions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Main Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Incorporating the <strong>global best practices and technological developments,</strong></li>
<li>Complying with <strong>India's International obligations</strong> in the field of Marine Aids to Navigation,</li>
<li>Making the <strong>legislative framework user-friendly,</strong></li>
<li>Promoting <strong>ease of doing business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope of the Law:</strong> The Bill applies to the whole of India including various maritime zones including <strong>territorial waters, continental shelf, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exclusive economic zone</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Defined Mechanism:</strong> It <strong>defines aid to navigation</strong> as a device, system or service, external to vessels, designed and operated to enhance safe and efficient navigation of individual vessels and vessel traffic.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vessel traffic service</strong> means a service implemented under the Act to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Mechanism:</strong> The Bill provides that the Central government shall appoint a <strong>Director General</strong>, who will inter alia advise the central government on matters related to aids to navigation.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also provides for appointments of <strong>Deputy Director Generals and Directors for districts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Heritage Lighthouse:</strong> The Bill empowers the Central Government to designate any aid to navigation under its control as a "<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/potential-of-lighthouses-for-tourism-sagarmala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heritage lighthouse</strong></a>".
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition to their function as aids to navigation, such lighthouses will be developed for <strong>educational, cultural, and tourism purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offences and Penalties:</strong> It comprises a <strong>new schedule of offences</strong>, along with commensurate penalties for obstructing and damaging the aids to navigation, and non-compliance with directives issued by the Central Government and other bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intended Benefits:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improved Legal Framework</strong> for Matters related to Aids to Navigation &amp; Vessel Traffic Services and covers the future developments in the field of Marine Navigation.</li>
<li><strong>Management of &lsquo;Vessel Traffic Services&rsquo; for enhancing the safety and efficiency</strong> of shipping and to protect the environment.</li>
<li><strong>Skill development</strong> through Training and Certification for the operators of &lsquo;Aids to Navigation&rsquo; and &lsquo;Vessel Traffic Services&rsquo; at par with International standards.</li>
<li><strong>Auditing and Accreditation of Institutes</strong> to cater to the need of Training and Certification at par with global standards.</li>
<li><strong>Marking of &ldquo;Wreck&rdquo; in general waters</strong> to identify sunken / stranded vessels for safe and efficient navigation.</li>
<li><strong>Development of Lighthouses for the purpose of education, culture and tourism</strong>, which would tap the tourism potential of coastal regions and contribute to their economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1739608" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8999,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiative on Making Water Sensitive Cities in Ganga Basin',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a new capacity building initiative on <strong>&lsquo;Making water sensitive cities in Ganga basin&rsquo;</strong> was launched by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></a> in association with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-environment-report-2021-cse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of the program is <strong>capacity building and action research for promoting sustainable urban water management for improved river health</strong> in Ganga basin cities.</li>
<li><strong>Key Focus Areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Water Sensitive Urban Design and Planning.</li>
<li>Urban Water Efficiency and Conservation.</li>
<li>Decentralized Wastewater Treatment and Local Reuse.</li>
<li>Urban Groundwater Management.</li>
<li>Urban Water Bodies/Lake Management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Convergence Efforts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This initiative is aimed to ensure convergence of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/namami-gange-programme#:~:text=Namami%20Gange%20Programme%20is%20an,rejuvenation%20of%20National%20River%20Ganga." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Namami Gange Mission</strong></a> with <strong>national flagship urban missions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-december-2018#:~:text=Atal%20Mission%20for%20Rejuvenation%20and%20Urban%20Transformation%20(AMRUT)&amp;text=AMRUT%20provides%20for%20basic%20civic,the%20poor%20and%20the%20disadvantaged." target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMRUT</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HRIDAY</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NULM</strong></a>.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bhujal-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bhujal Yojana</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-abhiyan-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Jal Shakti Abhiyan</strong></a> at state/city level across <strong>Ganga basin states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders:</strong> The program will engage all the stakeholders which includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SPMGs (State Program Management Group, Namami Gange), Municipal corporations, Technical &amp; research constants, international organizations and local grassroot communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Sensitive Urban Design and Planning:</strong> It is an emerging urban development paradigm aimed to minimise hydrological impacts of urban development on the environment. This includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The method of planning and designing urban areas for optimum utilisation of water.</li>
<li>Reducing the harm caused to our rivers and creeks.</li>
<li>Focuses on the management of entire water systems (drinking water, storm water run-off, waterway health, sewerage treatment and recycling).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a paradigm shift in planning for River Cities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;River Cities Alliance&rdquo;</strong> will provide a unique platform for river cities to collaborate for collectively achieving river rejuvenation through sustainable development and capacity building.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jal Shakti Ministry&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/catch-the-rain-national-water-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Catch the Rain'</a> initiative</strong> launched for rainwater harvesting has nudged all stake-holders to <strong>create Rain Water Harvesting Structures (RWHS)</strong> suitable for the climatic conditions and subsoil strata to store rainwater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627461560_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627461560_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The intensity of rain has increased over the years but the number of rainy days has reduced, making water management a crucial subject.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to use the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-conservation-traditional-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>traditional knowledge of rain water harvesting.</strong></a></li>
<li>For examples of <strong>Alhar - Pyne system</strong> of Bihar, <strong>wells in forts</strong> of Rajasthan and<strong> Cascade tanks</strong> of South India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for a framework for integration between <strong>Urban Built Form</strong> including <strong>landscape</strong> and<strong> urban water cycle.</strong></li>
<li>Cities have largely been held responsible for the deteriorated state of rivers, and therefore, will need to play a<strong> vital role in the rejuvenation efforts</strong> as well.</li>
<li>There is a need to mainstream<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conservation-plans-for-cities-along-rivers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> river sensitive approaches</strong> </a>while planning for the cities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1739673" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8995,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kargil Vijay Diwas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 22<sup>nd</sup> anniversary of <strong>Kargil Vijay Diwas</strong> was observed on the 26<sup>th</sup> of July 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day is dedicated to the martyred soldiers of the Kargil war.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the Indo-Pak war of 1971, there had been many military conflicts. Both the countries conducted nuclear tests in 1998 which further escalated tensions and finally the Kargil War in 1999.</li>
<li>Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought between <strong>May-July of 1999 in the Kargil</strong> (now a district in the UT of Ladakh) <strong>district of Jammu and Kashmir</strong> along the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Line of Control (LoC)</strong></a> in which India got the victory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation Vijay:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the<strong> year 1999,</strong> India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Agreement <strong>to mutually resolve the Kashmir issue in a peaceful manner.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>Pakistani troops began infiltrating toward Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC) under Operation Badr,</strong> hoping to cut off Indian Troops in Siachen. Indian Army responded by launching Operation Vijay.</li>
<li>On 3<sup>rd</sup> May 1999, <strong>Pakistan started this war</strong> when it had infiltrated into the high altitudes in the rocky mountainous region of Kargil with around 5000 soldiers and captured it.</li>
<li>When the Indian Government got the information about it, <strong>&lsquo;Operation Vijay&rsquo;</strong> was launched by the Indian army to throw back the intruders who had treacherously occupied Indian Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-pays-tribute-to-kargil-heroes-in-baramulla-7423906/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'posturl' => 'government-policies-&-interventions',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'metakeyword' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'metadescription' => 'Government Policies & Interventions',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 15,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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