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Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Rural Development inaugurated Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021 at Noida Haat. More than 300 rural self-help...

27 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
New IT Rules 2021

Why in News Recently, the government has notified Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules...

26 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared Production-Linked incentive (PLI) schemes for pharmaceuticals and IT hardware, including...

26 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the need to address health issues in a holistic manner and to adopt a four-pronged strategy...

25 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
National Hydrogen Energy Mission

Why in News The Union Budget for 2021-22 has announced a National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM) that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as...

25 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
National Urban Digital Mission

Why in News The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) along with the Ministry...

25 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
6 Years of UJALA and SLNP

Why in News The UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) and SLNP (Street Lighting National Programme) completed six years of successful...

24 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed...

24 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China

Why in News Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to review the need for continuing imposition of...

24 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Draft National Migrant Labour Policy

Why in News Recently, NITI Aayog, along with a working subgroup of officials and members of civil society, has prepared a draft National Migrant...

24 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
IIT Council’s Recommendations

Why in News Recently, the Institute of Technology (IIT) Council has constituted four working groups to look at greater autonomy for the IITs. The...

23 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
The Big Picture: Roadmap to Implement Infra Projects

Why in News? The Union Budget 2021-2022 has given the much-needed fillip to the infrastructure sector. The Finance Minister has also...

23 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries

Why in News The Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) inaugurated 50 artisan-based SFURTI clusters, spread over 18 States, to...

23 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has launched the operational guidelines for integration of NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic...

23 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Go Electric Campaign

Why in News The central government has launched the “Go Electric" Campaign to spread awareness on the benefits of e-mobility and EV Charging...

23 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Conclusive Land Titling

Why in News Recently, as many States have failed to send in their feedback on a Model Bill on Conclusive Land Titling , the Centre has warned that...

22 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Status of WASH in Healthcare Facilities in India: CDDEP

Why in News A recent research from Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), USA, has estimated the cost of ensuring WASH and...

22 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
International Mother Language Day

Why in News Every year, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) celebrates 21st February as International...

22 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Media Platform Bill: Australia

Why in News Australia has reached out to India among several countries, including Canada, France and the UK, in a move to stitch a global coalition...

22 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions
Epilepsy

Why in News Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a...

20 Feb 2021 Government Policies & Interventions

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		'article_id' => (int) 7799,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Rural Development inaugurated<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-through-cultural-gatherings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Saras Aajeevika Mela</a> 2021</strong> at Noida Haat.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>More than <strong>300 rural self-help groups</strong> and craftsmen from <strong>27 states</strong> are participating in the Mela.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a programme to<strong> transform rural India in general</strong> and the<strong> lives of rural women in particular.</strong></li>
<li>During the Mela, <strong>workshops on product packaging and design, communication skills, social media publicity</strong> and <strong>Business to Business marketing</strong> will be organised to educate the rural self-help groups and craftsmen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organiser:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)</strong> </a>under the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) organised by the <strong>Council for Advancement of People&rsquo;s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CAPART</strong> is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> set up by the Ministry of Rural Development to interface between the government and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a> that seek to improve the quality of life in India's rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To bring the rural women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></a> under one platform so that they can showcase their skills, sell their products, and help them build linkages with bulk buyers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through participation in SARAS Aajeevika Mela, these rural SHG women will get vital <strong>national level exposure</strong> to understand the demand and taste of urban customers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mela acts as an integrated approach towards women empowerment.</li>
<li>The Initiative is well aligned with the government's vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1701205#:~:text=Union%20Minister%20for%20Agriculture%20and,also%20present%20on%20the%20occasion." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7788,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New IT Rules 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has notified <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These new rules broadly deal with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/society-and-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social media</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/over-the-top-platform-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>over-the-top (OTT) platforms.</strong></a></li>
<li>These rules have been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000</strong></a> and in supersession of the earlier <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> had observed that the Government of India may <strong>frame necessary guidelines</strong> to eliminate child pornography, rape and gangrape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Ad-hoc committee of the Rajya Sabha laid its report after studying <strong>the alarming issue of pornography on social media</strong> and its effect on children and society as a whole and recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such contents.</li>
<li>The government brought <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ott-platforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>video streaming over-the-top (OTT) platforms</strong></a> under the ambit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Guidelines for Social Media/Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Categories of Social Media Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on the number of users, on the social media platform intermediaries have been divided in two groups:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significant social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Due Diligence to be Followed by Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case, due diligence is not followed by the intermediary, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-02-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>safe harbour provisions</strong></a> will not apply to them.</li>
<li>The safe harbour provisions have been defined under <strong>Section 79 of the IT Act</strong>, and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>appoint a Grievance Officer</strong> to deal with complaints and share the name and contact details of such officers.</li>
<li>Grievance Officer shall acknowledge the complaint within<strong> twenty four hours and resolve it within fifteen days from its receipt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints</strong> of contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images etc.</li>
<li>Such a complaint can be <strong>filed</strong> either <strong>by the individual</strong> or by <strong>any other person on his/her behalf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Due Diligence for the Significant Social Media Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appointments:</strong> Need to appoint <strong>Chief Compliance Officer</strong>, a <strong>Nodal Contact Person</strong> and a <strong>Resident Grievance Officer</strong>, all of whom should be <strong>resident in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compliance Report:</strong> Need to publish a <strong>monthly compliance report mentioning the details of complaints received and action taken</strong> on the complaints as well as details of contents removed proactively.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Identity of the Originator:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall <strong>enable identification of the first originator of the information.</strong></li>
<li>Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to <strong>sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order,</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or of incitement to an offence relating to the above or in relation with rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material punishable with <strong>imprisonment for a term of not less than five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Unlawful Information:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An intermediary upon receiving actual knowledge in the form of an <strong>order by a court or being notified by the Appropriate Govt. or its agencies</strong> through authorized officer <strong>should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law</strong> in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for News Publishers and OTT Platforms and Digital Media:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For OTT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Self-Classification of Content:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The OTT platforms, called as the publishers of online curated content in the rules, would self-classify the content into five age based <strong>categories- U (Universal), U/A 7+, U/A 13+, U/A 16+, and A (Adult).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parental Lock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content classified as U/A 13+ or higher, and reliable age verification mechanisms for content classified as &ldquo;A&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display Rating:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Shall prominently display the classification rating specific to each content or programme together with a content descriptor informing the user about the nature of the content, and advising on viewer description (if applicable) at the beginning of every programme enabling the user to make an informed decision, prior to watching the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Publishers of News on Digital Media :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They would be required to observe Norms of <strong>Journalistic Conduct of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/press-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Council of India</a></strong> and the Programme Code under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulations-on-ott-and-digital-content#:~:text=The%20Cable%20Television%20Network%20(Regulation,the%20Electronic%20Media%20Monitoring%20Centre." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cable Television Networks Regulation Act 1995</strong></a> thereby providing a level playing field between the offline (Print, TV) and digital media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A three-level grievance redressal mechanism has been established under the rules with different levels of self-regulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Level-I:</strong> Self-regulation by the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-II:</strong> Self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-III:</strong> Oversight mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-regulation by the Publisher:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Publisher shall appoint a Grievance Redressal Officer based in India who shall be responsible for the redressal of grievances received by it.</li>
<li>The officer shall take decision on every grievance received by <strong>it within 15 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulatory Body:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There may be one or more self-regulatory bodies of publishers.</li>
<li>Such a body shall be headed by a retired judge of the SC, a High Court or independent eminent person and have not more than six members.</li>
<li>Such a body will have to register with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
<li>This body will <strong>oversee the adherence by the publisher to the Code of Ethics and address grievances</strong> that have not been resolved by the publisher within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oversight Mechanism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</strong> shall formulate an oversight mechanism.</li>
<li>It shall publish a charter for self-regulating bodies, including Codes of Practices. It shall establish an Inter-Departmental Committee for hearing grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7786,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked incentive (PLI)</strong></a> schemes for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-pharma-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pharmaceuticals</strong></a> and<strong> IT hardware,</strong> including laptops, which would cost the government as much as Rs. 22,350 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the government had announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme for medical devices, mobile phones</strong></a> and specified active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a proposed outlay of Rs. 51,311 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to give companies<strong> incentives on incremental sales</strong> from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also <strong>aims to encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IT Hardware Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme, worth Rs. 7350 crore, will <strong>offer 1-4% cash incentives</strong> on net incremental sales (over<strong> base year</strong> 2019-20) for IT products manufactured in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Target Segments</strong> include Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs and Servers.</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 4 years</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India will be well positioned as a global hub for <strong>Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM)</strong> on account of integration with global value chains, thereby becoming a destination for IT Hardware exports.</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation</strong> potential of over 1,80,000 (direct and indirect) over 4 years.</li>
<li>Provide impetus to <strong>Domestic Value Addition</strong> for IT Hardware which is expected to <strong>rise to 20-25% by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020</strong> focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas <strong>this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.</strong></li>
<li>It intends to give <strong>incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drug manufacturers</strong> applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and<strong> will be placed into one of three categories</strong> based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-the-orphan-drug-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>orphan drugs</strong></a>, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></a>, Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Category:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20World%20Health,2018%20against%209.5%20million%20globally." target="_blank" rel="noopener">cancer</a></strong>, anti-diabetic, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-retroviral</strong></a>, anti-infective and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular</strong></a> drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For First and Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by <strong>8%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 6%</strong> for the sixth year of production under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Third Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>5%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four years, <strong>4%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 3%</strong> for the sixth year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduced Dependency on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to<strong> cheaper alternatives from China.</strong></li>
<li>The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly <strong>70% of the bulk drugs it imports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhance Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth <strong>USD 40 billion in value.</strong></li>
<li>The country contributes <strong>3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-clears-pli-scheme-to-boost-manufacturing-of-laptops-tablets-pcs-7202926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7775,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7773,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Hydrogen  Energy Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a<strong> National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.The initiative has the potential of transforming transportation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NHM</strong> initiative will capitalise on one of the most abundant elements on earth (Hydrogen) for a cleaner alternative fuel option.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Hydrogen Energy Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Focus on <strong>generation of hydrogen from green power resources.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>link India&rsquo;s growing renewable capacity with the hydrogen economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India's ambitious goal of 175 GW by 2022 got an impetus in the 2021-22 budget which allocated Rs. 1500 crore for renewable energy development and NHM.</li>
<li>The usage of hydrogen will not only help India in achieving its emission goals under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, but will also <strong>reduce import dependency on fossil fuels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>first element</strong> on the <strong>periodic table.</strong> Since the <strong>weight of hydrogen is less than air</strong>, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore <strong>rarely found in its pure form, H<sub>2</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and <strong>highly combustible diatomic gas.</strong></li>
<li>Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen. It can be <strong>used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines.</strong> It is also used as a <strong>fuel for spacecraft propulsion.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Type of Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Constitutes India&rsquo;s bulk Production.</li>
<li>Extracted from hydrocarbons (fossil fuels, natural gas).</li>
<li>By product: CO<sub>2</sub></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sourced from fossil fuels.</li>
<li>By product: CO, CO<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><strong>By products are Captured and Stored</strong>, so better than gey hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generated from renewable energy (like Solar, Wind).</li>
<li>Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.</li>
<li>By Products : Water, Water Vapor</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia-Pacific Stance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Asia-Pacific sub-continent, <strong>Japan</strong> and <strong>South Korea</strong> are on the <strong>front foot</strong> in terms of <strong>hydrogen policy making.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, <strong>Japan</strong> formulated the <strong>Basic Hydrogen Strategy</strong> which sets out the country&rsquo;s action plan till 2030, including the establishment of an international supply chain.</li>
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> is operating hydrogen projects and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Fuel Cell</strong></a> production units under the auspices of its <strong>Hydrogen Economy Development and Safe Management of Hydrogen Act, 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> has also passed the Economic Promotion and Safety Control of Hydrogen Act, which deals with three key areas - <strong>hydrogen vehicles, charging stations</strong> and <strong>fuel cells.</strong> This law is <strong>intended to bring transparency to the nation&rsquo;s hydrogen pricing system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Context:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>a huge edge in green hydrogen production</strong> owing to its <strong>favorable geographic conditions</strong> and presence of <strong>abundant natural elements.</strong></li>
<li>The government has given impetus in <strong>scaling up the gas pipeline infrastructure</strong> across the length and breadth of the country, and has introduced reforms for the power grid, including the <strong>introduction of smart grids.</strong> Such steps are being taken t<strong>o effectively integrate renewable energy in the present energy mix.</strong></li>
<li>Capacity addition to renewable power generation, storage and transmission, <strong>producing green hydrogen in India can become cost effective</strong> which will not only guarantee energy security, but also ensure self-sufficiency gradually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Challenges :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the biggest challenges faced by the industry for using hydrogen commercially is the <strong>economic sustainability of extracting green or blue hydrogen.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The technology used in production and use of hydrogen like <strong>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)</strong> and <strong>hydrogen fuel cell technology are at nascent stage</strong> and are expensive which in turn increases the cost of production of hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance costs</strong> for fuel cells post-completion of a plant can be costly.</li>
<li>The commercial usage of hydrogen as a fuel and in industries <strong>requires mammoth investment in R&amp;D of such technology and infrastructure</strong> for production, storage, transportation and demand creation for hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At this juncture, with a calibrated approach, India can uniquely position itself to take advantage <strong>with increasing investment in R&amp;D, capacity building, compatible legislation</strong>, and the <strong>opportunity for creation of demand</strong> among its vast population. Such initiatives can propel India to become the most favored nation by exporting hydrogen to its neighbors and beyond.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electric-vehicle-technology-hydrogen-car-national-hydrogen-mission-7193217/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7772,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Urban Digital Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> along with the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several other digital initiatives of MoHUA viz. <strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX), SmartCode, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> 2.0 website</strong>, and <strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS)</strong> have also been launched.</li>
<li>These initiatives will further the ongoing efforts of both Ministries to realise the vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India, working across the three pillars of <strong>people, process, and platform</strong> to provide holistic support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cities</strong></a> and towns.</li>
<li>It will institutionalise a <strong>citizen-centric and ecosystem-driven approach</strong> to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-lacuna-in-urban-planning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urban governance</a>&nbsp;</strong>and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the NUDM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The shared digital infrastructure will <strong>consolidate and cross-leverage the various digital initiatives</strong> of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, enabling cities and towns across India to benefit from holistic and diverse forms of support, in keeping with their needs and local challenges.</li>
<li>NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the <strong>National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principles in turn give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.</li>
<li><strong>NUIS</strong> will strengthen the capacity of the urban ecosystem to solve complex programs at speed and scale by unlocking the power of urban data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been developed in partnership between the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li>It serves as <strong>a seamless interface for data providers and data users</strong>, including <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</strong></a>, to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.</li>
<li>It is <strong>an open-source software platform</strong> which facilitates the secure, authenticated, and managed exchange of data amongst various data platforms, 3<sup>rd</sup> party authenticated and authorised applications, and other sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SmartCode Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SmartCode is a platform that enables all ecosystem stakeholders to <strong>contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions</strong> and applications for urban governance.</li>
<li>It is designed to address the challenges that ULBs face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges, by enabling cities to take advantage of existing codes and customising them to suit local needs, rather than having to develop new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GMIS is a web-based, spatially-enabled management tool, providing one-stop access to information.</li>
<li>GMIS integrates information from multiple sources and features search options by topic and geographic area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Schemes/Programmes of MoHUA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Learning and Internship Program (TULIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cycles4change-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cycles4Change Challenge </strong></a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nurturing-neighbourhoods-challenge-smart-cities-mission#:~:text=It%20is%20a%203%2Dyear,data%20management%20across%20city%20agencies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Living Index </strong></a>and Municipal Performance Index</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AMRUT </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Urban </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Transport</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700246#:~:text=National%20Urban%20Digital%20Mission%20(NUDM),-The%20National%20Urban&amp;text=It%20will%20institutionalise%20a%20citizen,towns%20in%20India%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7770,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '6 Years of UJALA  and SLNP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)</strong> and <strong>SLNP (Street Lighting National Programme)</strong> completed six years of successful implementation. The two programmes revamped household and public lighting systems across the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both schemes have been implemented by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meter-national-programme"><strong>Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)</strong></a>, a <strong>joint venture of PSUs under the Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>These programmes <strong>have bagged global awards like the South Asia Procurement Innovation Award</strong> (SAPIA) 2017, <strong>Global Solid State Lighting (SSL) award</strong> of excellence for the transformational contribution to the LED sector, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UJALA is <strong>a zero-subsidy scheme</strong> launched by the Government <strong>in 2015.</strong></li>
<li>It is touted as the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest domestic lighting project.</strong></li>
<li>Also known as the <strong>LED-based Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP)</strong>, it aims to promote the efficient usage of energy for all i.e., its consumption, savings and lighting.</li>
<li>Every domestic household having a metered connection from their respective Electricity Distribution Company is eligible to get the LED bulbs under the Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under UJALA, EESL has distributed over <strong>36.69 crore</strong> LED bulbs across India. This has resulted in estimated <strong>energy savings</strong> of <strong>47.65 billion kWh per year</strong> with <strong>avoided peak demand of 9,540 MW</strong> and estimated <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas (GHG)</a> emission reduction of 38.59 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub> per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has helped in the <strong>growth of domestic LED (Light-Emitting Diode) markets.</strong></li>
<li>It has helped to <strong>bring down the average household electricity bills by 15%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SLNP, <strong>launched in 2015</strong>, is a government scheme to promote energy-efficiency in India.</li>
<li>Under the programme, EESL <strong>replaces the conventional street lights with LEDs at its own costs</strong>, with no upfront investment by the municipalities, thereby making their adoption even more attractive.</li>
<li>This scheme is expected to enable peak demand reduction of 500 MW, annual energy savings of 190 crore kWh, and reduction in 15 lakh tons of CO<sub>2</sub>.</li>
<li>The SLNP has plans to bring <strong>investment</strong> of Rs. <strong>8,000 crores</strong> by <strong>2024</strong> to cover the entire rural India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 1.14 crore smart LED streetlights have been installed till date, enabling an estimated <strong>energy savings of 7.67</strong> billion kWh per year with an <strong>avoided Peak demand of 1,161</strong> MW and an estimated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>greenhouse gas (GHG)</strong></a> emission <strong>reduction of 5.29</strong> million tons CO2 annually.</li>
<li>With the help of the scheme, the <strong>municipalities</strong> were able to <strong>save 5,210 crores</strong> of Rupees in their electricity bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1686309" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7766,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0</strong> scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunisation during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reach the unreached population with all the available vaccines under Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) and thereby accelerate the full immunization and complete immunization coverage of children and pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have <strong>two rounds this year</strong> which will be <strong>conducted in 250 pre-identified districts/urban areas</strong> across 29 States/UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk, 152 medium risk and 250 high risk districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries from migration areas and remote areas</strong> would be targeted as they may have missed their vaccine doses during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It will foster India&rsquo;s march towards the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Immunization Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978</strong> as &lsquo;Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>In<strong> 1985,</strong> the Programme was <strong>modified as &lsquo;Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rapidly increasing immunization coverage,</li>
<li>Improving the quality of services,</li>
<li>Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level,</li>
<li>Introducing a district-wise system for monitoring of performance, and</li>
<li>Achieving self-sufficiency in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UIP prevents mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women <strong>against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong> But in the past, it was seen that the increase in immunization coverage had slowed down and it increased at the rate of 1% per year between 2009 and 2013.</li>
<li>To accelerate the coverage, <strong>Mission Indradhanush was envisaged</strong> and <strong>implemented since 2015</strong> to rapidly increase the full immunization coverage to 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Indradhanush:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To fully immunize more than 89 lakh children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated under UIP.</li>
<li>Targets children under 2 years of age and pregnant women for immunization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diseases Covered:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides vaccination against <strong>12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD)</strong> i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).</li>
<li>However, Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under IMI, greater focus was <strong>given on urban areas</strong> which were one of the gaps of Mission Indradhanush.</li>
<li>It focused to<strong> improve immunisation coverage in select districts and cities</strong> to ensure full immunisation to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a nationwide immunisation drive to mark the <strong>25 years of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse polio programme</a></strong> (2019-20).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>had targets of full immunization coverage in 272 districts</strong> spread over 27 States.</li>
<li>It aimed to <strong>achieve at least 90% pan-India immunisation coverage by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indradhanush-30-to-fill-gap-in-immunisation-due-to-covid/article33918209.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7765,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to <strong>review the need for continuing imposition of anti-dumping duty on certain types of steel products imported from China</strong>, following complaints from domestic industry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The duty on the certain <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>steel products</strong></a> was first imposed in February 2017 and is set to expire on 16th May 2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides trade defence support</strong> to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the major private domestic producers of steel have filed an application before the DGTR for a <strong>sunset review of anti-dumping duty</strong> imposed on imports of seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron, alloy or non-alloy steel from China.</li>
<li>The applicants <strong>have alleged that dumping of these products from China has continued even after imposition of anti-dumping duty</strong>, and there has been a significant increase in the volume of imports.</li>
<li><strong>DGTR would review the need for continued imposition of the duties</strong> in force and examine whether the expiry of existing duties is likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping and impact the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anti Dumping Duty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About Dumping:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur<strong> when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price</strong> it normally charges in its own home market.</li>
<li>This is <strong>an unfair trade practice</strong> which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Imposition of Anti-dumping duty is a measure</strong> to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the long-term, anti-dumping duties <strong>can reduce the international competition of domestic companies</strong> producing similar goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>protectionist tariff</strong> that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below fair market value.</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measures as an instrument of fair competition is<strong> permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different From Countervailing Duties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD) is a customs duty on imports providing a protection against the dumping of goods at prices substantially lower than the normal value whereas Countervailing duty is a customs <strong>duty on goods that have received government subsidies</strong> in the originating or exporting country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WTO's Provisions Related to Anti-Dumping Duty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Validity:</strong> An anti-dumping duty is <strong>valid for a period of five years</strong> from the date of imposition unless revoked earlier.</li>
<li><strong>Sunset Review:</strong> It can be extended for a further period of five years through a sunset or expiry review investigation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Sunset review/ expiry review</strong> is an <strong>evaluation of the need for the continued existence of a program</strong> or an agency. It allows for an assessment of the effectiveness and performance of the program or agency.</li>
<li>Such a review <strong>can be initiated suo moto or on the basis of a duly substantiated request</strong> received from or on behalf of the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/china-steel-govt-starts-probe-to-review-anti-dumping-duty/article33916382.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7764,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft National Migrant Labour Policy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>, along with a working subgroup of officials and members of civil society, has prepared a <strong>draft National Migrant Labour policy.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in December 2020, the Indian government decided to create a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants#:~:text=The%20Government%20has%20decided%20to,workers%20in%20the%20informal%20economy.&amp;text=As%20per%20the%20Census%2C%20India,31%25%20of%20the%20population)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>database of migrant</strong></a> workers, including workers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-6-billion-risk-losing-jobs-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>informal economy</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migration:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migration</strong></a> is the <strong>movement of people away from their usual place of residence,</strong> across either internal (within country) or international (across countries) borders.</li>
<li>The latest government data on migration comes from the 2011 <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a>.</strong> As per the Census, India had <strong>45.6 crore migrants in 2011</strong> (38% of the population) compared to <strong>31.5 crore migrants in 2001</strong> (31% of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Issues with Migrants:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Independent Migrants:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Inter State Migrant Workers Act, 1979</strong> covers only labourers migrating through a contractor, and<strong> leaves out independent migrants.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Building Organisations (CBO):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absence of CBO and administrative staff in the source states has hindered access to development programmes, <strong>pushing tribals towards migration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Engagement by State Governments:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State labour departments have little engagement with migration issues, and are in <strong>halting human trafficking mode.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middlemen:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The local administration, given the usual constraints of manpower, is not in a position to monitor, making the way <strong>for middlemen</strong> to thrive on the situation and entrap migrants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Draft Approach:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The draft describes two approaches to policy design:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Focus on <strong>cash transfers, special quotas,</strong> and <strong>reservations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enhance the agency and capability</strong> of the community and thereby remove aspects that come in the way of an individual&rsquo;s own natural ability to thrive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Facilitate Migration:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Migration should be acknowledged as an <strong>integral part of development,</strong> and government policies should not hinder but seek to<strong> facilitate internal migration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase Wages:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the draft asks source states to<strong> raise minimum wages</strong> to bring major shifts in local livelihood of tribals which may result in stemming migration to some extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Database:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be a <strong>central database to help employers &ldquo;fill the gap between demand and supply&rdquo;</strong> and ensure <strong>&ldquo;maximum benefit of social welfare schemes&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It asks the Ministries and the Census office to be<strong> consistent with the definitions of migrants and subpopulations,</strong> capture seasonal and circular migrants, and <strong>incorporate migrant-specific variables in existing surveys.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migration Resource Centres:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministries of Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, and Housing and Urban Affairs should use Tribal Affairs migration data to<strong> help create migration resource centres in high migration zones.</strong></li>
<li>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship should focus on <strong>skill-building</strong> at these centres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Education should take measures under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education Act 2009</strong></a> to <strong>mainstream migrant children&rsquo;s education,</strong> to map migrant children, and to provide local-language teachers in migrant destinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shelter and Accomodation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should address issues of <strong>night shelters, short-stay homes, and seasonal accommodation</strong> for migrants in cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Handling Cells:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Legal Services authority (NALSA)</strong></a> and Ministry of Labour should set up <strong>grievance handling cells and fast track legal responses</strong> for trafficking, minimum wage violations, and workplace abuses and accidents for migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Report of the Working Group on Migration,</strong> released in January 2017 by the then Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation<strong> recommended a comprehensive law for these workers,</strong> which would form the legal basis for an architecture of social protection.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This was in line with the recommendations of a <strong>2007 report by the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector</strong> under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A rights-based approach to welfare and social security would <strong>work only if the workers have agency, politicisation, unionisation and mobilisation</strong> as workers in the past have forced parties and governments to see welfare as an essential aspect of industrial development.</li>
<li>The government has taken steps to ensure portability of welfare schemes, especially access to the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> public distribution system</strong></a>, beyond state borders. <strong>More needs to be done on that front.</strong></li>
<li>The NITI Aayog draft is a <strong>prompt to reimagine labour-capital relations</strong> while integrating the migrant workers within the formal workforce. This is <strong>necessary to build a compassionate society and a competitive economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/niti-aayog-migrant-workers-policy-covid-lockdown-7201753/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7760,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'IIT Council’s Recommendations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Institute of Technology (IIT)</strong> Council has constituted four working groups to look at greater <strong>autonomy for the IITs.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision is in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> recommendation.</li>
<li>The IITs are seeking autonomy <strong>on the lines of what was granted to the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Members and Head:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IIT Council is <strong>headed by the Education Minister.</strong></li>
<li>It includes the <strong>directors of all IITs</strong>, and the chairs of each <strong>IIT&rsquo;s Board of Governors (BoG).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is meant to <strong>advise</strong> on admission standards, duration of courses, degrees and other academic distinctions.</li>
<li>It <strong>lays down policy</strong> regarding cadre, methods of recruitment and conditions of service of employees of all IITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Groups of the Council:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Group-1:&nbsp;</strong>Graded Autonomy, Empowered &amp; accountable BoG and Director.</li>
<li><strong>Group-2:</strong> Grooming distinguished academics for directorship of IITs.</li>
<li><strong>Group-3:</strong> Reform and restructuring of Academic Senate.</li>
<li><strong>Group-4:</strong> Innovative funding mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To constitute a<strong> task force to review use of technology</strong> at all IITs and also to accelerate deployment of digital tools,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such as <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Blockchain, AI (Artificial intelligence)</strong></a>, <strong>ML (machine learning),</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cloud Computing.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Staff:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cutting IIT staff strength</strong> to lower levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IITs currently function so that for every ten students, there is one faculty member. And for <strong>every ten faculty, they have pre-approval for 11 staff.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research and Development Fair:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To organise an <strong>IIT research and development fair</strong> to showcase the quality research work being done by IITs to the industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development Plans:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Asked the IITs to <strong>develop Institute Development Plans to improve the mobility of faculty between institution</strong> and industry to promote research collaborations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of Autonomy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Better Decision Making:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Administrative and financial autonomy helps institutes to take a <strong>valuable decision for the benefit of students and the organisation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the absence of autonomy, most decisions are taken by bureaucrats, who lack the technical knowledge needed to decide for technical institutes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Constructive decisions can be taken only by academicians and experts, while <strong>IITs do not enjoy complete autonomy, they have partial freedom.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, <strong>an expert panel,</strong> appointed to recommend measures to better implement reservations at IITs, has proposed that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recommendations-on-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IITs should be exempted from caste reservations for faculty appointments as they are institutes of national importance.</a><br /></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improved Responsibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lack of autonomy</strong> not only permits interference, but also creates <strong>divided responsibility</strong>, which inevitably leads to maintenance of the status quo, which in today&rsquo;s India is not desirable.</li>
<li>With autonomy these institutes would <strong>have full control on their policies and operations</strong>, as well as <strong>have full responsibility</strong> for what value they provide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iit-council-sets-up-panels-for-more-autonomy/article33906723.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7757,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Roadmap to Implement Infra Projects',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YTxy8DZWyjA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-2022</strong></a> has given the much-needed fillip to the infrastructure sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Finance Minister has also announced the setting up of a <strong>Development Finance Institution</strong>, allowing large-scale asset monetisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The infrastructure push is expected to not just boost India&rsquo;s post-pandemic economic recovery, but also create jobs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hike in Allocation:</strong> There is a <strong>34.5% increment</strong> in the budget allocation for infrastructure as compared to FY 2020-21.</li>
<li><strong>Equal Focus:</strong> Equal emphasis has been given to all the physical infrastructures including roads and highways, railways, urban infrastructure, power, port, shipping and airways, and petroleum and natural gas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The highest-ever capital expenditure of Rs 1.08 lakh crore has been allocated for building highways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Set-up:</strong> The government has allocated 20,000 crore rupees to set up and capitalize a <strong>developmental financial institution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Monitoring &amp; Transparency:</strong> A <strong>national monetisation pipeline</strong> will be launched, with a dashboard to track the progress and provide visibility to investors.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Monetisation Pipeline</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The budget for 2021-22 proposes a national monetization pipeline of potential <strong>brownfield</strong> projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asset monetisation is the process of unlocking the value of investment made in public assets which have not yielded appropriate or potential returns so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Brownfield Projects</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A brownfield investment is when a company or government <strong>entity purchases or leases existing production facilities</strong> to launch a new production activity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is one strategy used in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The alternative to this is a greenfield investment, in which a new plant is constructed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Focus Areas for Infrastructure Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decongesting the Choke Points:</strong> In addition to the roads and highways that are being built, there should be a focus on decongesting the choke points that connect the highways with the city.</li>
<li><strong>Low-cost Housing:</strong> The infra projects which are going to be confined to mostly tier 1 tier 2 cities, post pandemic the migrant labourers will return to the cities, so the government has to work on low-cost housing so that there&rsquo;s no further plight of temporary accommodation for the labourers .
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Deslumification</strong> of the cities and low-cost housing are some of the priority areas that India shall take into account and act upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>River Rejuvenation:</strong> It is a major infrastructural push India has to give as every city has a river that is spooning black water.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although major action plans for major rivers like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong></a> are there, it's not enough, there are many drains and tributaries that are actually contributing to the pollution of the main river.</li>
<li>Also, it is the people living along these river banks that need to be invested in the idea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):</strong> The government cannot entirely invest from its own resources in these infra projects, unless they involve the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>private sector</strong></a> which can monetise these assets.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For a reduced delay in completion of infra projects, preferably governments can initially build the projects and then hand over the projects to the private players for operations and maintenance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Sustainable Finances:</strong> Although the budget allocation for infrastructure is a considerable amount but it is not enough unless augmented with supplementary resources from the market such as the FDI.</li>
<li><strong>Land Issues:</strong> Land is the basic requirement for any infrastructure project. Land acquisition in India is contentious and hence not a very speedy process.</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective Dispute Resolution Mechanism:</strong> A lot of infra projects are mired in the litigation between the executing agencies and the authorities which own the projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dispute resolution mechanisms are not very quick and effective, therefore the existing investors find it difficult to thrive and the new investors do not feel much comfortable in participating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Resources:</strong> Quality manpower shall be invested to plan, implement, execute and monitor the infrastructure projects well.</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Direct Investments:</strong> Enhancing and permitting FDI, in the sectors where India&rsquo;s R&amp;D is still not at the global level.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To bring more FDI in India, the legal framework has to be smoothened and a better contract management system and a better dispute resolution mechanism is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging the Private Sector Involvement:</strong> Government by itself putting all the efforts will not bring out the entrepreneurship capabilities within the private sector, which is very much required if India wants to catch up at the global level in terms of providing infrastructure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has to look at the private sector as a partner and not as a vendor as it is about equal participation towards transformation of the country from an infrastructure perspective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A roadmap to implement infrastructure projects with the PPP model will be sustainable and it will reduce the burden on the government's financial capacity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the private sector is a profit based sector, if regulated in a suitable way, it would be beneficial for the government, the private sector as well as the nation.</li>
<li>Moreover, the announcement of the National Monetisation Pipeline is a welcome move which will not only enhance returns from public investments but also promote balanced regional development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If India is aiming at world class infrastructure, there are several things that need increased attention and encouragement such as the industry-academia partnership to fillip the R&amp;D sector.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7756,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME)</strong> inaugurated 50 artisan-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI</strong></a> clusters, spread over 18 States, to provide a boost to the MSME sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of MSME is implementing a Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI) with a view to organize traditional industries and artisans into clusters to make them competitive and increase their income.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of MSME launched this scheme in the year 2005 with the view to promote Cluster development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> is the nodal Agency for promotion of Cluster development for Khadi as well as for Village Industries products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SFURTI clusters are of two types i.e., <strong>Regular Cluster</strong> (500 artisans) with Government assistance of up to Rs. 2.5 crore and <strong>Major Cluster</strong> (more than 500 artisans) with Government assistance up to Rs. 5 crore.</li>
<li>The Ministry<strong> supports various interventions</strong> including setting up of infrastructure through Common Facility Centers (CFCs), procurement of new machineries, creating raw material banks, design intervention, improved packaging, improved skills and capacity development, etc.</li>
<li>Besides, the scheme focuses on <strong>strengthening the cluster governance systems</strong> with the active participation of the stakeholders, so that they are able to gauge the emerging challenges and opportunities and respond to them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is done through building innovative and traditional skills, improved technologies, advanced processes, market intelligence and new models of public-private partnerships, so as to gradually replicate similar models of cluster- based traditional Industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Recent Initiatives to Promote MSME Sector</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum (UAM):</strong> It is a simple one-page registration form to promote ease of doing business for MSMEs in India.</li>
<li><strong>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE):</strong> The scheme promotes innovation &amp; rural entrepreneurship through rural Livelihood Business Incubator (LBI), Technology Business Incubator (TBI) and Fund of Funds for start up creation in the agro-based industry.</li>
<li><strong>Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme:</strong> To facilitate easy flow of credit, guarantee cover is provided for collateral free credit extended to MSMEs.</li>
<li><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP):</strong> It is a credit linked subsidy scheme, for setting up of new micro-enterprises and to generate employment opportunities in rural as well as urban areas of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS) for Technology Upgradation:</strong> CLCSS aims at facilitating technology upgradation of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) by providing 15% capital subsidy for purchase of plant &amp; machinery.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700034" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7755,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare</strong> has launched the operational guidelines for integration of<strong> NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)</strong> with <strong>NPCDCS (National Programme for Prevention &amp; Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> NPCDCS</strong> is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a>. It was launched in 2010 to prevent and control <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NAFLD:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver</strong> in the absence of secondary causes of fatty liver, such as harmful alcohol use, viral hepatitis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fatty liver occurs when too much fat builds up in liver cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>serious health concern as it encompasses a spectrum of liver abnormalities,</strong> from a simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, simple fatty liver disease) to more advanced ones like <strong>non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis</strong> and even liver cancer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Steatohepatitis</strong> is characterized by<strong> inflammation of the liver</strong> with concurrent fat accumulation in the liver. Mere deposition of fat in the liver is termed steatosis.</li>
<li><strong>Cirrhosis</strong> is a complication of liver disease that involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NAFLD acts as an <strong>independent predictor of future risk of cardiovascular diseases, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">type 2 diabetes</a></strong> and other metabolic syndromes like hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk From NAFLD: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Fatality Rate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the last two decades, the global burden of NASH has more than doubled. NASH caused 40 lakh prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis in 1990, which increased to 94 lakh cases in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risks Obese and Diabetic Individuals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Epidemiological studies suggest that prevalence of NAFLD is around 9% to 32% of the general population in India with a higher prevalence in those with overweight or obesity and those with diabetes or prediabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incurable:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once the disease develops, there is <strong>no specific cure available,</strong> and <strong>health promotion and prevention aspects</strong> targeting weight reduction, healthy lifestyle, etc. can prevent the mortality and morbidity due to NAFLD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by the Government: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aligning NPCDCS programme strategies</strong> to prevent and control NAFLD by encouraging behavior changes, early diagnosis and capacity building at various levels of healthcare.</li>
<li>Promoting screening of cancer, diabetes and hypertension under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Along with the focus of<strong> &lsquo;Eat Right India&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Fit India Movement&rsquo;,</strong> the entire vision of the government is to move from Diagnostic Cure to Preventive Health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699904" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7752,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Go Electric Campaign',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has launched the <strong>&ldquo;Go Electric" Campaign</strong> to spread awareness on the benefits of <strong>e-mobility</strong> and<strong> EV Charging Infrastructure</strong> as well as<strong> electric cooking</strong> in India.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To push the country towards <strong>100% e-mobility and clean and safe e-cooking.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>create awareness at PAN-India level and reduce the import dependence</strong> of the country.</li>
<li>To move ahead on the<strong> path of a low carbon economy,</strong> thereby saving the country and the planet from the adverse impact of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-star-rating-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></a>, under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> has been mandated to undertake an awareness drive for promoting public charging, e-mobility &amp; its ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E-mobility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>E-mobility<strong> moves away from existing carbon-emitting fossil fuels to using energy from electrical power sources</strong> (e.g. the National Grid) through external charging capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, <strong>India is using 94 million tonnes of oil and petroleum</strong> products for transportation only which is expected to double by 2030.</li>
<li>For fossil fuels, India currently has an<strong> import bill of Rs. 8 lakh Crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It encompasses the <strong>use of fully electric, conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid as well as hydrogen-fuelled vehicles.</strong></li>
<li>The government of India has undertaken multiple initiatives to promote manufacturing and adoption of<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> electric vehicles</a> (EV)</strong> in India. One such initiative is <strong>&lsquo;Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-India)&rsquo; Scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Fuel as an Alternative Fuel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electric fuel is a major alternative for fossil fuels.</li>
<li>When compared to conventional fuels, the electric fuel<strong> has low cost, reduced emissions and it is also indigenous.</strong></li>
<li>Electrification of public transport is not only economical but also eco friendly.</li>
<li>The usage of even 10,000 electric vehicles in Delhi can alone save Rs. 30 crore per month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green hydrogen</strong></a> in the commercial vehicle could be a game-changer move which would help in eliminating the crude requirement and imports in all possible ways. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Green hydrogen is <strong>produced using renewable energy and electrolysis </strong>to split water. It is <strong>distinct from:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey hydrogen,</strong> which is produced from methane and releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Blue hydrogen,</strong> which captures those emissions and stores them underground to prevent them causing climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, for heavy vehicles like buses, the ideal solution is <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Hydrogen.</strong></a></li>
<li>The use of green energy generated from agriculture waste and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biomass</strong></a> will benefit the farmers across the country.</li>
<li>The Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy can produce the green hydrogen at cheap costs possible in India because of low solar prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Cooking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> shift to induction cooking</strong> will bring the government closer to delivering on its promise to improve energy access.</li>
<li>Theoretically, if electric cooktops are adopted, universal electrification could translate into<strong> universal clean cooking</strong> as well.</li>
<li>An advantage of the electricity-based solution is that it <strong>can make use of solar power in both urban and rural areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India set up the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in March 2002 under the provisions of the<strong> Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
<li>It assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy.</li>
<li><strong>Major Programmes:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> State Energy Efficiency Index</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme</a></strong>, The Standards &amp; Labeling Programme, Energy Conservation Building Code.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699386" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7749,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Conclusive Land Titling',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, as many States have failed to send in their feedback on a <strong>Model Bill on Conclusive Land Titling</strong> , the Centre has warned that their agreement would be presumed. The Bill was <strong>prepared by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog.</a></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613993020_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613993020_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="340" height="446" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Titling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the generic term used to describe the <strong>programs implemented by the government</strong> to enable individuals and government <strong>to efficiently trade in rights in land and property.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>citizen&rsquo;s right to own private property is a human right.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current System in India/Presumptive Land Titling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India currently follows a system of presumptive land titling. It means that <strong>land records are maintained, with information on possession, which is determined through details of past transactions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ownership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is established on the <strong>basis of current possession.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Registration of land is actually a registration of transactions, such as sale <strong>deeds, records of inheritance, mortgage and lease.</strong></li>
<li>Holding registration papers <strong>does not actually involve the government or the legal framework</strong> guaranteeing the ownership title of the land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conclusive Land Titling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under a conclusive land titling system, <strong>land records designate actual ownership.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ownership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The title is <strong>granted by the government</strong>, which takes the responsibility for accuracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dispute Settlement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once a title is granted, any other <strong>claimant will have to settle disputes with the government</strong>, not the title holder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>government may provide compensation to claimants in case of disputes</strong>, but the title holder is not in any danger of losing ownership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need and Benefits of Conclusive Land Titling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduce Litigations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The conclusive system will <strong>drastically lower litigation related to land.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to a 2007 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> study on &lsquo;Land Policies for growth and poverty reduction&rsquo;, <strong>land-related disputes</strong> accounted for <strong>two-thirds of all pending court</strong> cases in India.</li>
<li>A <strong>NITI Aayog</strong> study on strengthening arbitration estimated that <strong>disputes on land or real estate take an average time of 20 years</strong> in the courts to be resolved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Risk:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once conclusive titling is in place, investors who want to purchase land for business activities will be able to do so <strong>without facing the constant risk that their ownership may be questioned</strong> and their entire investment may go to waste.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Right now, because land titles are based on transactions, people have to keep the entire chain of transaction records, and a dispute on any link in that chain <strong>causes ambiguity in ownership.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in Black Marketing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ambiguity in ownership also results in a <strong>black market for land transactions</strong>, which deprives the government of <strong>taxes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Speeding up Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Land disputes and unclear titling also create <strong>hurdles for infrastructure development and housing construction</strong>, leading to costly delays and inefficiency. In cities, urban local bodies depend on property taxes that can be levied properly only if there is clear ownership data available.</li>
<li>Long-running court cases currently create hurdles for investment in many sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilitation of Easy Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In rural areas, the need is even more acute. Access to <strong>agricultural credit</strong> is <strong>dependent on the ability to use land as collateral.</strong></li>
<li>Without being able to prove their ownership of land and access formal credit from banks, <strong>small and marginal farmers are often left at the mercy of unscrupulous moneylenders</strong>, entrenching themselves in a mountain of debt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Model Bill on Conclusive Land Titling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Power to State Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will provide state governments <strong>power to order for establishment, administration and management</strong> of a system of title registration of immovable properties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land Authorities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Land Authorities to be set up by each State government, which will appoint a <strong>Title Registration Officer (TRO)</strong> to prepare and publish a draft list of land titles based on existing records and documents.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will be considered a valid notice to all potential claimants interested in the property, who will have to file their claims or objections within a set period of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If disputing claims are received, the TRO will verify all the relevant documents and refer the case to a <strong>Land Dispute Resolution Officer (LDRO)</strong> for resolution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>disputes</strong> which are already <strong>pending in courts cannot be resolved in this way.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Having considered and resolved all the disputed claims, <strong>the Land Authority will publish a Record of Titles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land Titling Appellate Tribunals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over a three-year period, these titles and the <strong>decisions of the TRO and the LDRO can be challenged before Land Titling Appellate Tribunals</strong>, which will be set up under the law.</li>
<li>After a <strong>three-year period</strong>, entries in the Record of Titles will be considered conclusive proof of ownership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Bench of High Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A special bench of High court shall be designated <strong>to deal with appeals against the orders passed by the Land Titling Appellate Tribunal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The biggest challenge is that land <strong>records have not been updated</strong> for decades, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.</li>
<li>Land records are often in the name of the grandparents of the current owner, with <strong>no proof of inheritance.</strong></li>
<li>Unless they are based on updated records, <strong>conclusive land titles could create even more problems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Comprehensive <strong>village-level surveys with community involvement</strong> are a necessary precursor to the land titling process. Relying on current records or even satellite imagery will not provide the same accuracy as actual, <strong>on-the-ground, local surveys.</strong></li>
<li>It is imperative that the country has <strong>an integrated system or repository of land record for urban and rural areas</strong> which comprehensively covers agricultural, infrastructure, residential and industrial land.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-does-india-need-conclusive-land-titling/article33891718.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7748,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Status of WASH in Healthcare Facilities in India: CDDEP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent research from <strong>Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP),</strong> USA, has estimated the cost of ensuring WASH and taking related steps for infection prevention and control for one year in healthcare facilities across India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CDDEP aims to use research to support better decision-making in health policy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>WASH</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WASH is an acronym that <strong>stands for the interrelated areas of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO) WASH Strategy</strong></a> has been developed in response to Member State Resolution (WHA 64.4) and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG 3: Good Health and Well Being, SDG 6: Clean Water And Sanitation).</li>
<li>It is a<strong> component of WHO&rsquo;s 13<sup>th</sup> General Programme of Work 2019&ndash;2023</strong> which aims to contribute to the health of three billion through multisectoral actions like better emergency preparedness and response; and one billion with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</strong></a></li>
<li>It also takes on board the need for progressive realization of the human rights to safe drinking-water and sanitation, adopted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> in July 2010.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for Study: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Inadequate Healthcare And Sanitation Facilities:</strong> A 2019 joint global baseline report by WHO and UNICEF had pointed out that globally, one in four healthcare facilities lacked basic water servicing and one in five had no sanitation service and 42% had no hygiene facilities at point of care.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Importance of Sanitation:</strong> A 2012 WHO report had calculated that for every dollar invested in sanitation, there was USD 5.50 to be gained in lower health costs, more productivity and fewer premature deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Fatalities due to Improper Implementation of the WAH Strategy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A WHO document on WASH in healthcare facilities points out that 8,27,000 people in low- and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene each year.</li>
<li>Also, death of 2,97,000 children under five years can be prevented each year if better WASH could be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Study:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To determine the cost-effectiveness of WASH interventions to reduce healthcare-associated infections among mother and neonates across the Indian healthcare system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cost Estimates:</strong> Improving WASH across the public healthcare facilities in India and maintaining this for a year would cost Rs. 2567 crores approximately in capital costs and Rs. 2095 crores in recurrent expenses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Costly Interventions:</strong> Providing clean water, linen reprocessing and sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>Least Expensive Interventions:</strong> Hand hygiene, medical device reprocessing and environmental surface cleaning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare Associated Infections:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inadequacies in proving WASH and also lack of infection prevention and control can lead to healthcare associated infections.</li>
<li><strong>Causative Agents:</strong> The pathogens like <em><strong>Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae</strong></em> have been found to be causative agents of healthcare associated infections because of their <strong>ability to develop resistance to antibiotics.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Common Healthcare Associated Infections:</strong> Central-line-associated bloodstream infections, Catheter-associated urinary tract infections, Surgical site infections and Ventilator-associated pneumonia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Study: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Suggests Suitable Strategies:</strong> Findings show that addressing gaps in WASH across the Indian healthcare system is not only within the realm of possibility in terms of affordability &ndash; when compared to other national health campaigns &ndash; but can also be combined with other national efforts to address health priorities such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also highlights the need for a concerted effort from local bodies, State and Central governments to sustainably <strong>address quality and inequality issues in WASH provision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improve Healthcare Policy Framing:</strong> The intersection between WASH, infection prevention and control and antimicrobial resistance is unique in that it offers policy makers an opportunity to address multiple overlapping problems through interventions on WASH in healthcare facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/an-estimate-of-wash-across-healthcare-facilities-in-india/article33889963.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7746,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Mother Language Day  ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5#:~:text=UNESCO,-30%20Apr%202020&amp;text=United%20Nations%20Educational%2C%20Scientific%20and,Education%2C%20the%20Sciences%20and%20Culture.&amp;text=Three%20UNESCO%20member%20states%20are,Islands%2C%20Niue%2C%20and%20Palestine." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</strong></a> celebrates <strong>21<sup>st</sup> February as International Mother Language Day</strong> to promote mother tongue-based multilingual education.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the 2021 celebrations, &ldquo;Fostering multilingualism for inclusion in education and society,&rdquo; recognizes that languages and multilingualism can advance inclusion, and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> focus on leaving no one behind.</li>
<li>The world has over 7,000 languages whereas India alone has about 22 officially recognized languages, 1635 mother tongues, and 234 identifiable mother tongues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the International Mother Language Day:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNESCO declared 21<sup>st</sup> February as International Mother Language Day <strong>in 1999</strong> and World has been celebrating the same since 2000. The day <strong>also commemorates a long struggle by Bangladesh to protect its mother language Bangla.</strong></li>
<li>The resolution to mark 21st February as the International Mother Language Day was <strong>suggested by Rafiqul Islam</strong>, a Bangladeshi living in Canada. He proposed the said date to commemorate the <strong>1952 killings in Dhaka during the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-international-mother-language-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangla Language Movement.</a></strong></li>
<li>The initiative is aimed at preserving and promoting mother languages. The aim is to protect the diverse culture and intellectual heritage of different regions of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the United Nations (UN), <strong>every two weeks, a language disappears</strong> and the world loses an entire cultural and intellectual heritage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to globalization, the rush for learning foreign languages for better job opportunities is a major reason behind the disappearance of mother languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At least <strong>43% of the estimated 6000 languages spoken in the world are endangered.</strong></li>
<li>Only a few hundred languages have been genuinely given a place in education systems and public domain. Also, 40% of the global population does not have access to education in a language they speak or understand.</li>
<li><strong>Less than a hundred languages are used in the digital world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Efforts for Protection of Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UN has designated the period between <strong>2022 and 2032 as the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a> had proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of Indigenous Languages (IYIL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Yuelu Proclamation, made by UNESCO at Changsha (China)</strong> in 2018, plays a central role in guiding the efforts of countries and regions around the world to protect linguistic resources and diversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recently announced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy 2020</strong></a> has given maximum attention to the development of mother tongues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The policy recommends that as far as possible, the medium of instruction shall be, at least till class 5, (preferably up to grade 8 and beyond) mother tongue / vernacular / regional language.</li>
<li>Instructions in mother tongue empowers students with the subject and language of their choice. It will help in building a truly multilingual society in India, improve attendance and learning outcomes, and the ability to learn new languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT)</strong> is providing publication grants towards the publications of University Level Books in regional languages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was established in 1961 to evolve technical terminology in all Indian Languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>National Translation Mission (NTM)</strong> is being implemented through the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore under which the text books of various subjects prescribed in Universities and Colleges are being translated in all languages of the Eighth Schedule.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-and-preservation-of-endangered-language"><strong>&ldquo;Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages&rdquo;</strong></a> scheme for conservation of threatened languages.</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-decision-on-ugc-guidelines-on-conduct-of-examinations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> University Grants Commission (UGC)</strong></a> also promotes regional languages in higher education courses in the country and supports nine Central Universities under the scheme &ldquo;Establishment of Centre for Endangered Languages in Central Universities&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Other Initiatives by the Government of India include the <strong>Bharatavani project</strong> and the proposed setting up of a <strong>Bharatiya Bhasha Vishwavidyalaya (BBV).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, the Vice President has highlighted other areas for the use of local languages, i.e. in administration, court proceedings, higher and technical education, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, an initiative <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/namath-basai-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Namath Basai</strong></a> by Kerala State Government has proved to be very beneficial in educating children from tribal areas by adopting vernacular languages as medium of instruction.</li>
<li>Google&rsquo;s Project <strong>Navlekha</strong> uses technology to protect mother language. The project is aimed at increasing the online content in Indian local languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Constitutional and Legal Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 29 of the Constitution (Protection of interests of minorities)</strong> gives all citizens right to conserve their language and prohibits discrimination on the basis of language.</li>
<li><strong>Article 120 (Language to be used in Parliament)</strong> provides for use of Hindi or English for transactions of Parliament but gives the right to members of Parliament to express themselves in their mother tongue.</li>
<li><strong>Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener">official languages</a> in Articles 343 to 351.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 350A (Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage)</strong> provides that it shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups.</li>
<li><strong>Article 350B (Special Officer for linguistic minorities):</strong> The President should appoint a special officer for linguistic minorities to investigate all matters relating to the constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities and to report to him. The President should place all such reports before the Parliament and send to the state government concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Eighth Schedule</strong></a> recognises following 22 languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009</strong> says that the medium of instruction shall, as far as practicable, be in a child&rsquo;s mother tongue.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699792" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7744,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Media Platform Bill: Australia ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Australia</strong> has <strong>reached out to India</strong> among several countries, including Canada, France and the UK, in a move to <strong>stitch a global coalition against tech giants Google and Facebook</strong> amid a faceoff over compensation for sharing news content from media companies on their platforms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Australia&rsquo;s proposed law, <strong>News Media</strong> <strong>and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code Bill 2020</strong>, mandates a bargaining code that aims to force Google and Facebook to compensate media companies for using their content.</li>
<li>The Bill is expected to <strong>set a precedent in regulating social media</strong> across geographies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)</strong>, in its <strong>2019 report</strong>, Digital Platforms Inquiry, noted that there was <strong>a fundamental imbalance in the power between news media and internet platforms.</strong></li>
<li>Specifically <strong>mentioning Google and Facebook</strong>, the report said these platforms had <strong>&ldquo;substantial bargaining power</strong> in relation to many news media businesses.&rdquo;</li>
<li>It highlighted that <strong>media regulation hardly applied to platforms</strong>, though they have been increasingly playing much the same role as the media. The last two decades have also seen the <strong>tremendous rise of the platforms and sharp decline of the traditional news media.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Australian government</strong>, reportedly sensing <strong>how important it was to have a strong and independent media environment in a democracy</strong>, asked the ACCC to come up with a draft code, which it did in July 2020.</li>
<li>After some changes, the <strong>Treasury Laws Amendment (News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code) Bill</strong> was introduced in December 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Australia&rsquo;s Media Platform Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Payment to News Outlets:</strong> Big tech and social media giants like Facebook and Google will have to pay local news outlets for using their content.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Big Tech firms will have to negotiate</strong> how much they pay local publishers and broadcasters for content that appears on their platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision of Arbitration and Fine:</strong> An arbiter is mandated to adjudicate if no agreement is reached and there are also <strong>provisions of heavy fines</strong> if agreements are not done.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Issue Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>media industry is already benefiting from traffic routed to them by the digital platforms</strong>, and that the proposed rules would <strong>expose the Internet companies to &ldquo;unmanageable levels of financial and operational risk&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Journalism is a public good and a pillar of democracy. <strong>Digital platforms piggyback on its content without sharing the associated costs.</strong> The <strong>subsequent diversion of advertising revenue</strong> has undermined traditional media, particularly regional newspapers.</li>
<li><strong>Paying for news feed in itself appears to be less of an issue</strong> for the tech giants, given that <strong>Google agreed to pay news publications in France.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Google <strong>signed a deal with a group of French publishers</strong> to make <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-copyright-payments" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital copyright payments</strong></a> for online news content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The fight in Australia</strong> is in fact, <strong>centred on how much control these companies would be able to retain on their payout process</strong> - operational aspects such as deciding the quantum of payments for news feed sources, and having to reveal changes in their algorithms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>France has specifically linked payments to copyright</strong>, without putting a forcing device into the agreements.</li>
<li><strong>Australia&rsquo;s code</strong>, on the other hand, is almost entirely <strong>focused on the bargaining power of news outlets vis-&agrave;-vis the tech majors</strong>, and has some coercive features as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Case of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Policymakers have <strong>so far focused on the dominance of intermediaries such as Google and Facebook</strong>, which are positioned in a way that service providers cannot reach customers except through these platforms.</li>
<li>A substantial <strong>discussion on the impact of intermediary platforms on the health of news media outlets is yet to begin</strong> in any meaningful way.</li>
<li>According to a FICCI-EY report for 2020, there are <strong>300 million users of online news sites</strong>, portals and aggregators in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It makes up approximately 46% of Internet users and 77% of smartphone users in India at the end of 2019.</li>
<li>With 282 million unique visitors, <strong>India is the second largest online news consuming nation after China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, <strong>digital advertising spends in 2019 grew 24%</strong> year-on-year to Rs. 27,900 crore, according to EY estimates, and are expected to grow to Rs. 51,340 crore by 2022.</li>
<li>In India, the <strong>news aggregators are not mandated to make payments to publishers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>News aggregator is an online platform or a software device that collects news stories and other information as that information is published and organizes the information in a specific manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India presents a unique media market</strong> which reflects the country&rsquo;s diversity. For example, media platforms span multiple languages. Therefore, while the Australian development is of special importance to India, it need not provide an ideal template for the way forward.</li>
<li><strong>Digital platforms</strong> have brought about <strong>huge social gains</strong> by democratising access. However, their <strong>growing size and revenue models have also had adverse effects</strong>, such as spread of fake news. It is this fallout that <strong>governments should try to mitigate, to safeguard democracy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/facebook-australia-law-media-7196280/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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<p>Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the <strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)</strong> and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a drug for epilepsy.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Epilepsy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.</li>
<li>Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects people of all ages.</li>
<li>Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it&rsquo;s more common in young children and older adults. It occurs slightly more in males than in females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alterations to sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, or touch, dizziness, tingling and twitching of limbs, Staring blankly, unresponsiveness, performing repetitive movements.</li>
<li>It may or may not involve loss of awareness or consciousness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There&rsquo;s <strong>no cure for epilepsy,</strong> but the disorder can be managed with medications and other strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative to Raise Awareness:</strong> In 2019, a report <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Epilepsy, a public health imperative</strong></a> was released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first global report on epilepsy summarizing the available evidence on the burden of epilepsy and the public health response required at global, regional and national levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APIs, also called bulk drugs, are significant<strong> ingredients in the manufacture</strong> of drugs. The Hubei province of China is the hub of the API manufacturing industry.</li>
<li>India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China. India&rsquo;s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per year, and around 70%, or $2.5 billion, come from China.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/msn-group-to-unveil-drug-to-treat-epilepsy/article33883235.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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