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Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh

Why in News Thousands of tribals living in villages located in the core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve are protesting and demanding the...

26 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
National Commission for Scheduled Castes

Why in News Recently, Vijay Sampla has been appointed as the chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Key...

25 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Falling Numbers of SC & ST Students in IITs

Why in News Recently, data collected from a series of Right to Information (RTI) applications pertaining to five older Indian Institutes of...

15 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Kuruba Community: Karnataka

Why in News A massive rally was organised by the Kuruba community to urge the state government of Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the...

09 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
ShramShakti Portal

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched “ShramShakti”- a National Migration Support Portal, to smooth the...

25 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court asked the Attorney General to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the...

20 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Demand For Autonomy in Assam

Why In News There has been a demand for implementation of Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State within Assam. Key...

09 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Protecting the Sentinelese

Why in News Recently, the Anthropological Survey of India (ANSI) policy document warned of threat to the Sentinelese from commercial...

01 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous People

This article is based upon “The Tragedy of Conservation'' which was published in The Hindu on 30 December 2020. It focuses upon the plight of...

30 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Data on Police Organisations: BPRD

Why in News Recently, the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) has released data on police organisations. It shows different aspects...

30 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Changes in PMS-SC

Why in News Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved changes in the Post Matric Scholarship to students belonging to...

24 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Recommendations on Reservation

Why in News Recently, an eight-member committee, appointed by the government for suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in...

18 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Tharu Tribals

Why in News The Uttar Pradesh (UP) government is working to connect Tharu villages in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit...

08 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Initiatives to Eliminate Manual Scavenging

Why in News Recently, the government has announced two major initiatives for ending the hazardous practice of manual cleaning of septic tanks and...

03 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Virtual Aadi Mahotsav

Why in News The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the virtual edition of Aadi Mahotsav - Madhya Pradesh. The next focus state would be...

02 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Implementing Forest Rights

This article is based on “How FRA helped India’s forest communities during COVID-19” which was published in Down to Earth on...

30 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Menace of Manual Scavenging

This article is based on “Machine hole” which was published in The Indian Express on 21/11/2020. It talks about the issue of death due...

25 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Forest Rights Act, 2006

Why in News Recently, review petitions of approximately 1200 tribals for recognition of their claims over forest land under the Scheduled Tribes and...

16 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Crime in India 2019 Report: NCRB

Why in News The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the annual Crime in India 2019 report. It reports an increase in crimes against...

01 Oct 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission

Why in News The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has launched the ‘Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission...

01 Oct 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs

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		'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7779,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7689,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Falling Numbers of SC & ST Students in IITs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, data collected from a series of <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI)</strong> </a>applications pertaining to five older<strong> Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),</strong> has indicated that the <strong>acceptance rate is skewed against students from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Caste (SC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribe (ST)</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-to-obc-sub-categorisation-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other Backward Classes (OBC) communities</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC and ST applicants are half as likely to get selected for a Ph.D. programme</strong> at IITs <strong>as aspirants from the General Category (GC)</strong> are.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data from the RTI Applications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Acceptance Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers to the <strong>number of students selected for every 100 students who applied.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It stood at <strong>4%</strong> for students from<strong> General Category (GC).</strong></li>
<li>It falls to<strong> 2.7% for OBC</strong> students and further down to just <strong>2.16% for SCs and 2.2% for STs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This finding <strong>comes against the backdrop of the Education Ministry&rsquo;s data</strong> submitted to Parliament in 2020 showing the failure of the IITs to fill Ph.D. seats as per reservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s <strong>reservation</strong> policy <strong>mandates</strong> allocation of <strong>15% seats for students from the SCs, 7.5% from STs </strong>and<strong> 27% from OBCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>IITs have often cited the lack of applicants from the marginalised communities</strong> for the situation. However, <strong>the RTI data reveals quite the opposite.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>percentage of GC students</strong> among those admitted was <strong>always higher</strong> than their percentage among those applied. However, the <strong>converse was true for SC, ST and OBC candidates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education Ministry's Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the total admissions made by all <strong>IITs</strong> from<strong> 2015 to 2019,</strong> only <strong>9.1%</strong> went to <strong>SC</strong> and <strong>2.1%</strong> to<strong> ST.</strong></li>
<li>Only<strong> 23.2%</strong> seats went to applicants from the <strong>OBCs.</strong> Remaining <strong>65.6%,</strong> or roughly two-thirds of all the seats, went to General Category applicants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613376254_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613376254_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="630" height="471" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Falling Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Given by IITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eligibility Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some institutions <strong>could not even fill all the seats in the general category</strong> since they<strong> did not get enough eligible candidates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Students of the required calibre <strong>tend to take up industry jobs rather than join for a PhD</strong> which has extra uncertainties and lower income levels during PhD and in some areas even post PhD.</li>
<li>It is possible that the <strong>family background and economic level</strong> may have an impact on such candidates applying for a PhD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Argument of 'Merit':</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been long-standing <strong>opposition among IIT administrators and faculty to reservations,</strong> which they see as a form of<strong> unjust government intervention</strong> in their meritocratic institutions.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recommendations-on-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recent report</strong> </a>of an Education Ministry-constituted committee<strong> recommended the abolition of reservation in faculty recruitment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee based its recommendations primarily on arguments <strong>claiming the need for IITs to maintain their academic excellence and the lack of candidates from the reserved categories</strong> who fulfil the qualification criteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A More Systematic Problem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The problem is also of practice and <strong>access to quality school education,</strong> leading to <strong>poor base.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of following the Reservation Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>An Example to Other Institutions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IITs are and should continue to be institutions of national importance. But they <strong>also have social functions.</strong></li>
<li>They should set an example to other institutions by <strong>creating opportunities for and encourage the underprivileged communities to excel</strong> in research and innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Affirmative action and caste-based reservation can <strong>help bridge inequalities in society,</strong> enable the underprivileged to have access to quality education, promote diversity, and, more importantly, remove obstacles to equality and correct the past wrongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policy intervention has to begin sooner, in the early school years, to attempt to equalise opportunities in education.</li>
<li>In addition, negative attitudes, perceptions and stereotypes about the ability of students belonging to the SC/ST groups are a major hurdle. Policy should recognise how such perceptions hold back individuals and groups, and seriously attempt to think of ways to alter these.</li>
<li>Diversity issues can also be addressed through outreach campaigns.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/phd-entry-in-iits-tougher-for-students-from-marginalised-communities/article33824475.ece?homepage=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7646,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kuruba Community: Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A massive rally was organised by the<strong> Kuruba community</strong> to urge the state government of<strong> Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the community in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) list.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From Independence, the <strong>community enjoyed the ST status. </strong>In<strong> 1977,</strong> Justice <strong>LG Havanur,</strong> who headed the backward class commission, <strong>moved the Kurubas to the &lsquo;most backward classes&rsquo; category</strong> from ST list.</li>
<li>However, the Commission brought in an <strong>area restriction</strong> stating that those living in <strong>Bidar, Yadgir, Kalaburagi and Madikeri</strong> with Kuruba synonyms can continue to avail the ST benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Kurubas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kurubas of Karnataka are <strong>a traditional sheep rearing community.</strong></li>
<li>Presently, the Kurubas constitute<strong> 9.3% of the state&rsquo;s population</strong> and come under the <strong>backward classes category.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas are the <strong>fourth largest caste</strong> in Karnataka after the <strong>Lingayats, Vokkaligas and Muslims.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas in other states are known by different names &ndash; as <strong>Dhangars in Maharashtra, Rabaris or Raikas in Gujarat, Dewasis in Rajasthan and Gadarias in Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Developments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Demands by Lingayat Community:</strong> Three years earlier, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/center-refuses-to-recognize-lingayat-as-separate-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lingayat community</a> demanded a separate minority religion tag</strong> in Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Lingayat sub-sect Panchamasali</strong> has also <strong>demanded its inclusion in the 2A category of backward classes -</strong> which currently provides 15% reservations to backward castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>J<strong>ustice HN Nagamohan Das Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Justice <strong>HN Nagamohan Das Commission</strong> was constituted to look into <strong>increasing the existing reservation for SCs from 15% to 17% and for the STs from 3% to 7%</strong> by not exceeding the overall <strong>50% reservation quota</strong> as mandated by the <strong>Supreme Court's order of 1992.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>If Kurubas</strong> are to be<strong> declared ST</strong> as per their demand, the <strong>quota for STs will have to be proportionally increased.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The larger issue is that<strong> the State has already hit the apex court set 50% cap on reservation</strong> and any hike poses a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Present Reservation Quota in Karnataka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adhering to the Supreme Court&rsquo;s 1992 order, Karnataka has capped the reservation to 50%<strong> where 32% has been earmarked for backward classes,</strong> including Muslims, Christians and Jains, <strong>15% for SCs and 3% for STs.</strong></li>
<li>This reservation quota has been<strong> further pared into categories:</strong> Category 1 (4%), Category 2A (15%), Category 2B (4%), Category 3A (4%), Category 3B (5%), SC (15%) and ST (3%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="635" height="318" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are <strong>scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342</strong> says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Essential Characteristics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe.</strong> However, following are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Primitiveness,</li>
<li>Geographical isolation,</li>
<li>Shyness, and</li>
<li>Social, educational and economic backwardness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pre-agriculture level of technology,</li>
<li>Stagnant or declining population,</li>
<li>Extremely low literacy, and</li>
<li>Subsistence level of economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/at-massive-rally-kurubas-seek-scheduled-tribe-tag/article33776444.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7551,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ShramShakti Portal ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched<strong> &ldquo;ShramShakti&rdquo;- a National Migration Support Portal,</strong> to smooth the formulation of state and national level programs for migrant workers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A training manual <strong>&ldquo;ShramSaathi&rdquo;</strong> was also launched for migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been launched to <strong>collect data related to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tribal</a> migrant workers</strong> and link them with the existing welfare schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of ShramShakti Portal: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To address the data gap:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Various data will be recorded via Shram Shakti include demographic profile, livelihood options, skill mapping and migration pattern.</li>
<li>It will help in empowering the workers who generally migrate in search of employment and income generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To help in formulation of strategies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would help the national and state governments in <strong>formulation of effective strategies</strong> and policy decisions for welfare of migrant workers at both source and destination states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To address the issues various related migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trafficking,</li>
<li>Wages harassment issues,</li>
<li>Occupational hazards at the workplace, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linking with other schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This portal will link the migrant population with the existing Welfare Schemes under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atamnirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Help Migrant Workers:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ASEEM Portal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) launched <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;AtmaNirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping</a> (ASEEM)&rsquo;</strong> portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
<li>Database of labour migrants in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Vande Bharat Mission</strong> </a>and filled<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NMIS Dashboard:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Migrant Information System</a> (NMIS)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>maintain a central repository of migrant workers</strong> and help in<strong> speedy inter-state communication</strong> to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amalgamation of Labour Laws into Codes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, numerous labour laws have been amalgamated into four labour codes namely <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act 2019</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code 2020, Code on Social Security 2020, and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are also aimed at facilitating industrialisation throughout the nation and thus checking distress labour migration ultimately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives for Tribal Welfare: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Manti Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> market-linked</strong> tribal entrepreneurship development program for <strong>forming clusters of tribal <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHGs</a></strong> and strengthening them into <strong>Tribal Producer Companies.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>set-up tribal community owned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce</a></strong> (MFP)-centric multi-purpose <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras</strong> (the Kendra) in predominantly tribal districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EMRS</strong></a> started in the year 1997-98 to impart <strong>quality middle and high-level education</strong> to ST children in remote areas and enable them to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided under <strong>Article 275(1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trifed-s-digitisation-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFED</strong></a> <strong>came into existence in 1987.</strong> It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
<li>TRIFED has its key objectives of promoting tribal art &amp; craft, hand looms and set-up tribal community owned Minor Forest Produce (MFP)-centric multi-purpose Van Dhan Vikas Kendras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691237" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7510,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>asked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/attorney-general-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Attorney General</strong> </a>to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the application of a<strong> Constitution Bench judgment of 2006 in M. Nagaraj case.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The directive is <strong>based on a plea by the Centre to refer to a seven-judge Bench the question</strong> whether creamy layer should apply or not to the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community while providing them reservation in government promotions.</li>
<li>The court in M. Nagaraj case had <strong>upheld the application of creamy layer</strong> principle <strong>to members of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities in promotions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &lsquo;Creamy layer&rsquo;</strong> was first mentioned in the Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark judgment in the<strong> Indra Sawhney case (1992).</strong></li>
<li>This term is used to describe some members of a backward class who are<strong> socially, economically as well as educationally advanced</strong> as compared to the rest of the members of that community.</li>
<li>They<strong> lap up all the benefits of reservations</strong> meant for that class, without allowing benefits to reach the truly backward members of that class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Directing Compilation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> issues raised by the states</strong> regarding application of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> creamy layer principle to members of the SC/ST communities</strong></a> in promotions are not common, hence such issues should be compiled before considering referral to a seven-judge bench.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>M. Nagaraj Case (2006):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reversed the stance in the Indra Sawhney case:</strong> In this case applying the creamy layer concept in SC/ST reservation in promotions, the Supreme court reversed its earlier stance in the <strong>Indra Sawhney case (1992),</strong> in which it had excluded the creamy layer concept on SCs/STs (that was applicable on OBCs).</li>
<li><strong>Directives to the states:</strong> The five-judges Bench in Nagaraj case upheld the constitutional validity of all <strong>77<sup>th</sup>, 81<sup>st</sup>, 82<sup>nd</sup>, and 85<sup>th</sup> constitutional amendments</strong> enabling reservation of SC/ST communities in promotions, but made certain directives for the states:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State is <strong>not bound to make reservations</strong> for SC/ST in the matter of promotions.</li>
<li>If a State wants to provide reservation to the SC/ST communities in promotions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has to collect <strong>quantifiable data</strong> showing backwardness of the class.</li>
<li><strong>Show inadequacy of representation of that class</strong> in public employment <strong>in addition to compliance of Article 335.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>State needs to ensure that its reservation provision <strong>does not lead to excessiveness- breaching the ceiling-limit of 50%,</strong> or destroying the creamy layer principle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> Jarnail Singh v L.N. Gupta (2018) case,</strong> SC refused to refer the Nagaraj judgment to a higher bench but later altered the decision by saying that <strong>states will not be required to present quantifiable data of backwardness</strong> of SC/ST communities.</li>
<li><strong>Reservation in Promotions is not a Fundamental Right:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reaffirming its stand in Nagraj case, the Supreme Court in 2020 ruled that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts is not a fundamental right</strong></a>, and a state cannot be compelled to offer the quota if it chooses not to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Demand by the Centre:</strong> The Centre asked the Court to review its stance of introducing the concept of creamy layer in SC/ST promotions on various issues:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Could deprive backward classes from reservation:</strong> The government believes that the &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; will become a trick to deprive the backward classes of the benefit of reservation.</li>
<li><strong>Redundancy of proving backwardness again:</strong> It is presumed that once they are added in the Presidential List under Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, there is no question of proving backwardness of the SCs and STs all over again.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The said List cannot be altered by anybody except Parliament under <strong>Articles 341 and 342</strong>- defining who will be considered as SCs or STs in any state or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Promotion in Reservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class</strong> of citizens who, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4A):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for reservation in matters of promotion</strong> in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes if they are not adequately represented in the services under the State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was inserted by the<strong> 77<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4B):</strong> Added by the <strong>81<sup>st</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> which enabled the<strong> unfilled SC/ST quota of a particular year to be carried forward to the next year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 335:</strong> It recognises that special measures need to be adopted for considering the claims of SCs and STs to services and posts, in order to bring them at par.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>82<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> inserted a condition at the end of Article 335 that enables the state to make any provision in favour of the members of the SC/STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Demand For Autonomy in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>There has been a demand for implementation of <strong>Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State</strong> within Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appeal to the Centre has been for the creation of an autonomous State for the <strong>Karbi Anglong region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been a demand since 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The districts are currently governed by<strong> two autonomous councils Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The areas inhabited by the socially and educationally backward<strong> &lsquo;Aboriginals&rsquo;</strong> are called Scheduled Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>two schedules (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup>) of the Indian Constitution</strong> which entail the details about the control and management of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions regarding the administration and control of <strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas</strong> of any state <strong>except the four states (Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram)</strong> are mentioned under this schedule.</li>
<li>At present, 10 States namely <strong>Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana</strong> have Fifth Schedule Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>This schedule deals with the administration</strong></a> and control of the scheduled and tribal areas of <strong>the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas are dealt with two articles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 244:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This article deals with the administration of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li>It defines <strong>Scheduled Areas as the areas defined so by the President of India</strong> and are mentioned<strong> in the fifth schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formation of an <strong>autonomous state comprising</strong> certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-bjp-lawmakers-seek-autonomous-state/article33512508.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7381,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Protecting the Sentinelese',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anthropological Survey of India</a> (ANSI)</strong> policy document warned of threat to the Sentinelese from commercial activity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy document comes almost two years after American national John Allen Chau was allegedly <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-citizen-killed-by-tribals-in-andaman" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>killed by the Sentinelese on the North Sentinel Island.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609916905_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609916905_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ANSI Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>exploitation</strong> of the<strong> North Sentinel Island of the Andamans</strong> for commercial and strategic gain would be <strong>dangerous for its occupants, the Sentinelese. </strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Right of the people</strong> to the island is <strong>non-negotiable, unassailable and uninfringeable.</strong> The prime duty of the state is to protect these rights as eternal and sacrosanct.</li>
<li>Their <strong>island should not be eyed</strong> for any commercial or strategic gain.</li>
<li>The document also calls for <strong>building a knowledge bank on the Sentinelese.</strong></li>
<li>Since &lsquo;on-the-spot study&rsquo; is not possible for the tribal community, anthropologists suggest the<strong> &lsquo;study of a culture from distance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Sentinelese:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sentinelese are a <strong>pre-neolithic, negrito tribe</strong> who live in North Sentinel Island of the Andamans.</li>
<li>They are<strong> completely isolated with no contact to the outside world.</strong> The first time they were contacted by a team of Indian anthropologists in 1991.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to no contact, the census of Sentinelese is taken through photographing the island individuals from distance.</li>
<li>It has a population of about <strong>50 to 100 on the North Sentinel Island.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Surveys of North Sentinel Island have <strong>not found any evidence of agriculture.</strong> Instead, the community seems to be <strong>hunter-gatherers, getting food through fishing, hunting, and collecting wild plants living on the island.</strong></li>
<li>Sentinelese are also listed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups#:~:text=Particularly%20Vulnerable%20Tribal%20Groups%20(PVTGs),-In%20India%2C%20tribal&amp;text=In%201973%2C%20the%20Dhebar%20Commission,renamed%20the%20PTGs%20as%20PVTGs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong> </a>by the government of India. The <strong>other four PVTGs</strong> of the islands are <a href="/pdf/1606019199-leave-them-alone-on-the-sentinelese.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, and Shompens.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are protected under the <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It declares traditional areas occupied by the tribes as reserves, and prohibits entry of all except those with authorization.</li>
<li>Photographing or filming tribe members is also an offense..</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anthropological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>premier research institute for anthropological research in bio-cultural studies.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1945.</strong> It is one of the many organizations under <strong>the Ministry of Culture.</strong> It has <strong>headquarters at Kolkata</strong> and<strong> branches</strong> in <strong>Port Blair, Shillong, DehraDun, Udaipur, Nagpur, and Mysore</strong> in addition to two <strong>field stations at Jagdalpur and Ranchi.</strong></li>
<li>The Survey through its anthropological research <strong>contributes in respect of the biological, social and cultural heritage of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is also recognised as one of the most advanced centres <strong>for research and training in anthropology and allied disciplines.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> study the tribes and other communities</strong> that form the population of India both from the biological and cultural point of view</li>
<li>To<strong> study and preserve the human skeletal remains,</strong> both from modern and Archaeological.</li>
<li>To <strong>collect samples of arts and crafts</strong> of the tribes of India.</li>
<li>To function as a<strong> training center for advanced students in anthropology</strong> and for administration.</li>
<li>To<strong> publish</strong> the results of the research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The academics have suggested that the <strong>best path forward is a policy of "controlled contact"</strong> with these communities instead of a policy of no contact.</li>
<li>Carefully managed contact to avoid the spread of disease, but <strong>also enable the building of trust and providing aid and medical help if needed is the best way.</strong></li>
<li>Establishing contact with the outside world can also <strong>help governments to document their way of life, preserve their culture and their holistic development.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/any-exploitation-of-sentinel-island-will-wipe-out-tribals/article33374892.ece#:~:text=Any%20exploitation%20of%20the%20North,of%20India%20(AnSI)%20has%20said" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7348,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous People',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-tragedy-of-conservation/article33447813.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The Tragedy of Conservation''</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 30 December 2020. It focuses upon the plight of the indigenous people of the Western Ghats and the poor implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006.</p>
</div>
<p>India has managed to conserve such a diversity of wildlife despite its large population and development challenges. The reverence that local communities have for Nature has been vital for the government&rsquo;s sustained success and other agencies&rsquo; conservation efforts.</p>
<p>However, the government&rsquo;s conservation activities have created fear amongst the indigenous people for losing their existence in lands that they had inhabited for decades.</p>
<p>In this context, proper implementation of the Forests Rights Act, 2006 is required, as the Act envisages protecting the indigenous people&rsquo;s interests and balancing the right to the environment with their right to life and livelihood.</p>
<h3>Role of the Indigenous People In Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conserving Natural Flora:</strong> The magico-religious belief of plants&rsquo; tribal communities as a god and goddess habitat leads to their conservation in their natural habitat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, a wide variety of plants such as crop plants, wild fruits, seeds, bulb, roots and tubers are conserved by the ethnic and indigenous people as they have to depend on these sources for edible purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Application of Traditional Knowledge:</strong> Indigenous people and biodiversity complement each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over time, the rural communities have gathered a pool of indigenous knowledge for the cultivation of the medicinal plants and their propagation.</li>
<li>These plants conserved are antidotes to snake bites and scorpion bites or even for broken bones or orthopaedic treatments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conserving the Sacred Groves:</strong> India&rsquo;s ethnic people have played a vital role in preserving the biodiversity of several virgin forests and have conserved flora and fauna in sacred groves of tribals. Otherwise, these flora and fauna might have disappeared from the natural ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Plight of the Indigenous People</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disruption After Designation of the Status of World Heritage Site:</strong> The approach adopted to isolate the indigenous people from their natural habitats to protect biodiversity is the root cause of conflict between them and conservationists. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the announcement of natural habitat as a <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Heritage Site</a></strong>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> takes charge of the region&rsquo;s conservation.</li>
<li>This leads to an infusion of many outside people and technological equipment, which in turn disrupt the lives of the Indigenous people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lax implementation of the Forest Rights Act:</strong> Many states in India have a dismal record in implementing the Forest Rights Act (FRA). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be reflected with the fact that states like Karnataka had recognised only 5.7% of the total claims made.</li>
<li>Further, the FRA&rsquo;s constitutionality has been challenged in the Supreme Court several times by various conservation organisations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the petitioners&rsquo; key arguments has been that it is beyond the legislative competence of Parliament to enact the FRA as &lsquo;land&rsquo; is a state subject.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development vs Conservation:</strong> Often, the combined stretch of land claimed by Indigenous people has been taken away for building dams, mining, laying railway lines and roads, power plants, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, forcibly removing tribal peoples from their land will only result in environmental damage and violate human rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Illegal Encroachment of Land:</strong> The government records also reveal that 43 lakh hectares of forest land encroached legally and illegally until 1980 when the Forest Conservation Act came into force.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Forest Rights Act (FRA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A dramatic shift in the Indian conservation paradigm came in 2006 through the Forest Rights Act that went beyond sanctioning local usage, to conferring local communities&rsquo; rights over forest land and produce. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was mandated to operationalise the Act, while conservation remained under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) is legislation which aims to address the historical injustice that our forest-dwelling communities have had to face for nearly 150 years by providing them with the security of tenure over land for cultivation and habitation through individual rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also provides access to various resources through more than a dozen types of community forest rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The FRA also empowers forest-dwelling communities to protect, regenerate, conserve and manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and preserving for sustainable use.</li>
<li>It has the provision for creating critical wildlife habitats within protected areas which currently is the most robust conservation provision among existing laws of the country.</li>
<li>The FRA does not sanction any fresh clearance of forest, as individual rights over land will only be granted if the forest dweller owned that parcel of land on December 13, 2005.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recognition of the Rights of the Indigenous People:</strong> For preserving the rich biodiversity of the region, the recognition of the rights of the forest dwellers who depend on the forests is as important as the declaration of natural habitat as a World Heritage Site.</li>
<li><strong>Effective Implementation of the FRA:</strong> The government must make an effort to build trust between its agencies in the area and the people who depend on these forests by treating them as equal citizens like everyone else in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FRA&rsquo;s loopholes have already been identified; all it needs is to work on amending it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traditional Knowledge of the Tribal People for Conservation:</strong> The Biodiversity Act, 2002 mentions about the equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use and knowledge of biological resources with the local communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, all the stakeholders should realise that indigenous people&rsquo;s traditional knowledge is a way forward for more effective conservation of biodiversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribals, The Forest Scientists:</strong> Tribal peoples are generally regarded as the best conservationists, as they connect with nature more spiritually. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cheapest and quickest way to conserve areas of high biodiversity is to respect tribal peoples&rsquo; rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As the indigenous people are integral to conservation as they relate with it in a more integrated and spiritual way, a sense of respect needs to be developed for the indigenous people; their presence helps in the conservation of biodiversity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the role and challenges of the Indigenous People in the conservation of environment and biodiversity.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7338,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Data on Police Organisations: BPRD',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-women-in-police-and-capfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></a> (BPRD) has released <strong>data on police organisations.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It shows <strong>different aspects of policing</strong> in the country like woman police, police expenditure, constabulary ratio, transport facilities, communication facilities, representation of various castes and police training centres.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>General Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has spent<strong> Rs. 1,566.85 crore</strong> in <strong>2019-20</strong> for expenditure and police training.</li>
<li>It highlights that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitutional-status-for-national-commission-for-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Backward Classes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dalits</strong></a> <strong>and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tribals</a> constitute almost 67%</strong> of India&rsquo;s population, but their<strong> representation in police forces</strong> in the country is <strong>only at 51%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The goal of <strong>proportionate representation has remained unfulfilled despite</strong> all state governments providing <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> to these categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vacant Posts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 5.31 lakh posts in police forces of different states and 1.27 lakh posts in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-armed-police-force-capf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Armed Police Forces</strong></a> (CAPF) are lying vacant. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The figures include civil police, district armed police, special armed police and India Reserve Battalions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They form 8.6% of the population and have 12% representation in the police forces, placing them at a comparatively better position.</li>
<li>Only <strong>STs have better representation</strong> in police forces in comparison to their share in population while all other backward classes fare poorly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dalits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14% of all positions in police forces across the country were represented by Dalits at the end of 2019.</li>
<li>According to<strong> Census 2011,</strong> Dalits make up 16.6% of India&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Backward Classes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OBCs fare the <strong>worst on the representation front</strong> as, despite their 41% share in the population, they constitute only 25% of the police forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women are <strong>highly under-represented</strong> with 10% share in the actual strength of the police in the country, even though their share in population is 48%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, their situation has improved considerably over the past years as the actual strength of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-model-policy-for-women-in-the-police" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women in police forces</strong></a> has almost doubled since 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women population per woman police ratio</strong> stands at 3,026 nationally which is very low.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Poor representation of women in the police is posing <strong>serious challenges in dealing with crimes against women and women criminals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Ratios:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Population Per Police Person</strong> (PPP) is 511.81.</li>
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Police Population Ratio</strong> (PPR) is 195.39.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the number of police personnel per one lakh of the population which has declined from 198 in 2018.</li>
<li>The<strong> UN-mandated police-population ratio</strong> is over 220.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanctioned<strong> Police Area Ratio</strong> (PAR) per 100 sq km is 79.80.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established it <strong>under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1970.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the<strong> Police Research and Advisory Council</strong> (1966), with the primary <strong>objective of modernization of the police force.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1995,</strong> the Government<strong> decided to entrust issues relating to Correctional Administration Work</strong> to the BPR&amp;D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thereby BPRD has to <strong>ensure the implementation of prison reforms</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India decided to create a <strong>National Police Mission</strong> under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country.</li>
<li>In<strong> August 2020,</strong> it observed its <strong>50<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</strong></li>
<li>It has been<strong> publishing the data on police organisations since 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/obcs-constitute-25-of-police-sts-get-better-representation-data-7125536/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7299,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Changes in PMS-SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong></a> has approved changes in the <strong>Post Matric Scholarship to students belonging to Scheduled Castes</strong> (PMS-SC).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government is committed to give a big push and further impetus to this effort so that the <strong>Gross Enrolment Ratio</strong> (GER) <strong>in higher education of SCs would reach up</strong> to the national standards <strong>within the 5 year period</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GER is the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.</li>
<li>The current GER in higher education is <strong>26.3%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Assistance which was around <strong>Rs. 1100 crore annually during 2017-18 to 2019-20 would be increased more than 5 times</strong> to be around <strong>Rs. 6000 crore annually during 2020-21 to 2025-26</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Post Matric Scholarship for Scheduled Castes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> and <strong>implemented through State Government and UT administration</strong>.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>financial assistance to the SC students studying at post matriculation or post-secondary stage</strong> to enable them to complete their education.</li>
<li>These scholarships are <strong>available for studies in India only</strong> and are awarded by the government of the State/Union Territory to which the applicant actually belongs i.e. <strong>permanently settled</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus</strong> of the scheme is on enrolling the poorest students, timely payments, comprehensive accountability, continuous monitoring and total transparency.</li>
<li><strong>Income Ceiling:</strong> Scholarships are paid to the students whose parents/guardians&rsquo; income from all sources <strong>does not exceed Rs. 2,50,000 per annum</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enrolment Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launching a campaign to <strong>enrol the students from the poorest households passing the 10<sup>th</sup> standard</strong>, in the higher education courses of their choice.</li>
<li>It is estimated that <strong>1.36 crore poorest students are currently not continuing their education beyond 10<sup>th</sup> standard</strong>, who would be brought into the higher education system in the next 5 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Secure Online Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An online platform with robust <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cybersecurity</strong></a> measures that would assure transparency, accountability, efficiency, and timely delivery of the assistance without any delays.</li>
<li>States will <strong>undertake fool-proof verification</strong> of the eligibility, caste status, Aadhar identification and bank account details on the online portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike earlier, when funding was passed through state governments, financial assistance will be transferred by the <strong>Direct Benefit Transfer</strong> (DBT) mode and preferably using the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-digital-transactions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar Enabled Payment System</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Students will receive the Centre&rsquo;s share as soon as the state transfers its share as per fixed time schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has approved a <strong>total investment of Rs. 59,048 crore</strong> with a new funding pattern of <strong>60-40 for the Centre and States</strong>.</li>
<li>Starting from 2021-22, the Central share would be released after ensuring that the concerned State Government has released their share.</li>
<li>This <strong>replaces the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-fund-shortfall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">committed liability</a> system</strong> and brings greater involvement of the Central government in this crucial scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Committed liabilities</strong> are payments anticipated during a financial year for contracts concluded in previous years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strong Monitoring Mechanisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme will be further strengthened through the conduct of social audits, annual third party evaluation, and half-yearly self-audited reports from each institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682967" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7241,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recommendations on Reservation ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an <strong>eight-member committee,</strong> appointed by the government for<strong> suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in students admissions and faculty recruitment</strong> in the<strong> Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),</strong> has come out with its recommendations.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> chaired by IIT Delhi&rsquo;s Director</strong> and had representatives of secretaries of the departments of <strong>Social Justice and Empowerment, Tribal Affairs, Department of Personnel and Training, Persons with Disabilities,</strong> among others.</li>
<li>Its report was <strong>submitted to the Ministry of Education in June 2020</strong> and has been made available under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Being established and recognised as institutions of national importance, <strong>IITs should be added to the list of &ldquo;Institutions of Excellence&rdquo;</strong> mentioned in the <strong>Schedule</strong> to the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong> (CEI Act).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 4 of the Act exempts</strong> &ldquo;institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance&rdquo; mentioned in the Schedule and &ldquo;minority institutions&rdquo; from providing reservation.</li>
<li>Currently, many research institutes like the<strong> Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, National Brain Research Centre, Space Physics Laboratory,</strong> etc. are included under Section 4 of the act, but not the IITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If granting full exemption from reservations was not possible, the committee recommended that the implementation of reservation policies for all categories <strong>including Economically Weaker Sections</strong> (EWS) be <strong>restricted just to Assistant Professor Grade I and Grade II and not for levels above.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vacancies not filled in a particular year</strong> due to non-availability, be <strong>de-reserved in the subsequent year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conduct of special recruitment drives</strong> to attract candidates from reserved categories.</li>
<li>To<strong> address diversity issues,</strong> the report argued that a<strong> &ldquo;system emphasising targeted goals over a period of time&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>not &ldquo;specific quotas&rdquo;</strong> be followed so that IITs can &ldquo;compete with other top institutions in the world in terms of excellence, output, research and teaching.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The panel proposes a <strong>two-year Research Assistantship for students from reserved categories aspiring to join PhD programmes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It highlighted that the <strong>enrollment of reserved category students in the PhD programme is low and needs to be addressed,</strong> which is severely limiting the number of reserved category candidates available to be hired as faculty in the IIT system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides for the <strong>reservation of posts in appointments by direct recruitment</strong> of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) and the Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), to <strong>teachers&rsquo; cadre in certain Central Educational Institutions</strong> established, maintained or aided by the Central Government, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act not to apply in certain cases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance specified in the Schedule to this Act.</li>
<li>A Minority Educational Institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However. the <strong>Central Government may,</strong> by notification in the Official Gazette, <strong>amend the Schedule from time to time.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exempt-iit-recruitments-from-reservation-suggests-panel-7107855/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7160,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tharu Tribals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Uttar Pradesh (UP) government</strong> is working to<strong> connect Tharu villages</strong> in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit bordering Nepal, <strong>with the home stay scheme</strong> of the UP Forest Department.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea is to<strong> offer tourists an experience of living in the natural Tharu habitat,</strong> in traditional huts made of grass collected mainly from the forests.</li>
<li>This is expected to <strong>create jobs and bring economic independence</strong> for the tribal population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning of &lsquo;Tharu&rsquo;:</strong> The word tharu is believed to be <strong>derived from sthavir,</strong> meaning followers of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Theravada Buddhism.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Tharu community <strong>belongs to the Terai lowlands,</strong> amid the Shivaliks or lower Himalayas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Terai is a <strong>region of northern India and southern Nepal</strong> running <strong>parallel to</strong> the <strong>lower ranges of the Himalayas.</strong></li>
<li>The Tharus<strong> live in both India and Nepal.</strong> In the Indian terai, they<strong> live mostly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribe:</strong> Tharu is a scheduled tribe in the states of <strong>Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh </strong>and <strong>Bihar.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Occupation:</strong> Most of them are<strong> forest dwellers,</strong> and some practice<strong> agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They<strong> speak various dialects of Tharu, a language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup,</strong> and variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.</li>
<li>Tharus<strong> worship Lord Shiva</strong> as Mahadev, and call their supreme being <strong>&ldquo;Narayan&rdquo;,</strong> who they believe is the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.</li>
<li><strong>Tharu women have stronger property rights</strong> than is allowed to women in mainstream North Indian Hindu custom.</li>
<li>Standard items on the Tharu plate are <strong>bagiya or dhikri &ndash;</strong> which is a steamed dish of rice flour that is eaten with chutney or curry &ndash;<strong> and ghonghi,</strong> an edible snail that is cooked in a curry made of coriander, chili, garlic, and onion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Theravada Buddhism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>strongest</strong> in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. It is sometimes called <strong>'Southern Buddhism'.</strong></li>
<li>The name means <strong>'the doctrine of the elders' -</strong> the elders being the senior Buddhist monks.</li>
<li>This school of Buddhism <strong>believes that</strong> it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. However, it<strong> does not over-emphasise</strong> the status of these teachings in a fundamentalist way - they are <strong>seen as tools to help people</strong> understand the truth, <strong>and not as having merit of their own.</strong></li>
<li>It emphasises <strong>attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts.</strong> The <strong>follower is expected to</strong> "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good and to purify their mind".<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>ideal of Theravada Buddhism is the arhat,</strong> or perfected saint, who attains enlightenment as a result of his own efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meditation</strong> is one of the <strong>main tools</strong> by which a Theravada Buddhist transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are<strong> scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342 s</strong>ays that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria</strong> for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe. <strong>Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational &amp; economic backwardness</strong> are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.</li>
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes,<strong> 75 in number known as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</a> (PVTGs),</strong> who are<strong> characterised by</strong>:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy.</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</strong></a>, 2006 (FRA); The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathalgarhi-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act</strong></a>, 1996; Minor Forest Produce Act 2005;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20the%20Amendment%20Act%2C%202018&amp;text=It%20delineates%20specific%20crimes%20against,in%20the%20Act%20are%20cognizable." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SC And ST (Prevention Of Atrocities) Act</strong></a>; and the Tribal Sub-Plan Strategy are focused on the socio-economic empowerment of STs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-the-tharu-tribals-of-the-up-terai-7095740/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7120,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiatives to Eliminate Manual Scavenging',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has announced<strong> two major initiatives</strong> for<strong> ending</strong> the <strong>hazardous</strong> practice of <strong>manual cleaning of septic tanks</strong> and <strong>sewer lines</strong> and making the <strong>mechanised cleaning</strong> must.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> will <strong>amend the law</strong> for making machine cleaning mandatory, whereas the<strong> Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong> has launched the <strong>Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Amending the Law:</strong> Introduction of <strong>&lsquo;The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020&rsquo;</strong> as a part of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry&rsquo;s <strong>National Action Plan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Plan aims to <strong>modernise existing sewage system</strong> and coverage of non-sewered areas; setting up of faecal sludge and septage management system for<strong> mechanised cleaning of septic tanks,</strong> transportation and treatment of faecal sludge; equipping the municipalities, and setting up of Sanitation Response Units with help lines.</li>
<li>The <strong>Bill makes following important changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mechanised Cleaning:</strong> The Bill proposes to completely mechanise sewer cleaning and provide better protection at work and compensation in case of accidents.</li>
<li><strong>Penalty:</strong> The Bill proposes to make the law banning manual scavenging more stringent by increasing the imprisonment term and the fine amount.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, engaging any person for hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks by any person or agency is punishable with <strong>imprisonment of up to five years or a fine of up to Rs. 5 lakh or both.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funds:</strong> The funds will be provided <strong>directly to the sanitation workers</strong> and not to the municipalities or contractors <strong>to purchase the machinery.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The challenge has been launched among<strong> 243 major cities</strong> on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-toilet-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Toilet Day</strong></a> (19<sup>th</sup> November).</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To prevent hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks and promote their mechanized cleaning. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government launched this &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; for all states to <strong>make sewer-cleaning mechanised by April 2021</strong> &mdash; if any human needs to enter a sewer line in case of unavoidable emergency, proper gear and oxygen tanks, etc., are to be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> The state capitals, urban local bodies and smart cities will be eligible to participate.</li>
<li><strong>Prize:</strong> Cities will be awarded in three sub-categories &ndash; with a population of more than 10 lakhs, 3-10 lakhs and upto 3 lakhs, with a total prize money of <strong>Rs. 52 crores</strong> to be given to winning cities across all categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Manual scavenging is defined as &ldquo;the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK)</strong></a>, a total of <strong>631 people have died</strong> in the country <strong>while cleaning sewers and septic tanks in the last 10 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>2019 saw the highest</strong> number of manual scavenging deaths in the past five years. <strong>110 workers</strong> were killed while cleaning sewers and septic tanks.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>61% increase</strong> as compared to 2018, which saw 68 cases of such similar deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the <strong>introduction of several mechanised systems</strong> for sewage cleaning, <strong>human intervention</strong> in the process <strong>still continues.</strong></li>
<li>As per data collected in <strong>2018, 29,923</strong> people are engaged in manual scavenging in <strong>Uttar Pradesh,</strong> making it the <strong>highest in any State</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Prevalence of Manual Scavenging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the <strong>continued reluctance on the part of state governments</strong> to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.</li>
<li><strong>Issue due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do <strong>not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice is <strong>driven by caste, class and income divides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job.</li>
<li>The law has ended manual scavenging as a form of employment, however, the <strong>stigma and discrimination</strong> associated with it still linger on.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The stigma and discrimination associated with manual scavenging <strong>makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong> prohibits construction or maintenance of insanitary latrines, and employment of any person for manual scavenging or hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also <strong>provides measures for rehabilitation</strong> of persons identified as manual scavengers by a Municipality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In<strong> 2014</strong>, a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>order made it mandatory for the government to identify all those who died in sewage work since 1993 and provide<strong> Rs. 10 lakh</strong> each as <strong>compensation</strong> to their families.</li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> the Government of India enacted the <strong>Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act</strong> which prohibited the employment of manual scavengers for manually cleaning dry latrines and also the construction of dry toilets (that do not operate with a flush).</li>
<li>In <strong>1989,</strong> the<strong> Prevention of Atrocities Act</strong> became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than 90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste. This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations.</li>
<li><strong>Article 21 of the Constitution</strong> guarantees &lsquo;Right to Life&rsquo; and that also with dignity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> States need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a> identified as a top priority area by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong></a>, and funds available for smart cities and urban development providing for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/to-stop-manual-scavenging-govt-to-amend-law-make-mechanised-cleaning-must-7057913/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7114,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Virtual Aadi Mahotsav',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched the <strong>virtual edition of Aadi Mahotsav -</strong> Madhya Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>next focus state</strong> would be Gujarat, followed by West Bengal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aadi Mahotsav:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>national tribal festival</strong> and a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> and the <strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED).</strong> It <strong>commenced in 2017</strong> and is <strong>held annually.</strong></li>
<li>It is an attempt <strong>to familiarise the people</strong> with the rich and diverse craft, <strong>culture of the tribal communities</strong> across the country, in <strong>one place.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2019,</strong> the festival was held in <strong>New Delhi</strong> and featured an exhibition-cum-sale of tribal handicrafts, art, paintings, fabric, jewellery, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Virtual Edition of Aadi Mahotsav:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This year, TRIFED has <strong>moved the event online</strong> and will be <strong>hosted on the Tribes India E-Marketplace.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>bring the spotlight on all the major tribes one-by one.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> It was established in 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984 by the Government of India as a National level Cooperative body.</li>
<li><strong>Organisation:</strong> It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has its <strong>head office in New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> Socio-economic development of tribal people, empowerment of tribal people with knowledge, tools and information and their capacity building.</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives and Involvement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TRIFED, under the <strong>brand name Tribes India,</strong> markets the handcrafted products directly procured from the tribals in India through its 73 brick and mortar outlets all over India. Tribes India has its<strong> own e-commerce platform.</strong></li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme</strong> is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED and it promotes value addition to Minor Forest Produce (MFP).</li>
<li>It has organised the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Internship Programme</strong></a>, to enhance the output of the Van Dhan Yojana.</li>
<li>TRIFED helps in <strong>implementation of the scheme</strong> &lsquo;Mechanism for Marketing of MFP through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price</strong></a> (MSP) and Development of Value Chain for MFP&rsquo; to ensure fair returns to forest dwelling <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=However%2C%20Article%20366(25),the%20purposes%20of%20this%20Constitution.%E2%80%9D" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong> </a>(STs) and other traditional forest dwellers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MSP for MFP and Van Dhan program is in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=The%20Act%20identifies%20four%20types,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Use%20rights%3A%20The%20rights%20of,Forest%20Produce%2C%20grazing%20areas%20etc." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>"The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Forest Rights Act, 2006)"</strong></a>, a key forest legislation passed for securing protection &amp; livelihood of poor tribals and concerns with the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also launched a transformational <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tech-for-tribals-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tech For Tribals program</strong> </a>in partnership with Institutes of National Importance (INIs) to develop tribal entrepreneurship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1677381" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7102,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Implementing Forest Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/forests/how-fra-helped-india-s-forest-communities-during-covid-19-74440" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How FRA helped India&rsquo;s forest communities during COVID-19&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down to Earth on 27/11/2020. It talks about the implementation issues regarding the Forest Rights Act, 2006.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, like any other dimension, has had a drastic impact on forest communities. It caused losses of livelihoods and shelter, food insecurity, physical hardships, health-concerns and economic suffering.</p>
<p>In order to cope with the crisis, effective implementation of <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, also known as Forest Rights Act (FRA)</a> </strong>assumes much importance.</p>
<p>FRA has the potential to secure the forest rights and address other issues of at least 200 million tribals (covering 50% of India&rsquo;s forest land). However, it is laxity in the implementation of the act that undermines fructification of the law, even after a decade and a half of its enactment.</p>
<h3>FRA &amp; Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Forest Rights Act empowers the forest communities to use, manage and govern forests for their livelihood as well as for the conservation and protection of forests. But its poor implementation remains an issue.</li>
<li>The key reasons for poor implementation of FRA include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of political commitment;</li>
<li>Lack of adequate human and financial resources with the Department of Tribal Affairs, which is the nodal agency for implementation of FRA;</li>
<li>The tussle with forest bureaucracy which influences decision at various levels;</li>
<li>Poor or non-functioning of district and sub-division level committees, which consider the claims filed by gram sabhas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been a decade and a half since the law was passed. However, only 13% of the 40 million ha has been demarcated under the FRA by the environment ministry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This laxity in duly recording existing forest rights and the resultant tenurial insecurity is likely to increase vulnerability and more adversely impact livelihoods and food security of forest dwellers during the pandemic and after.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues Faced by the Forest Communities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absence of Social Infrastructure:</strong> The absence of healthcare facilities in tribal areas, with a prevalence of diseases and health concerns such as malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, etc, severely limited the capacities to deal with any major outbreak like Covid-19.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poor access of tribal and forest dwellers to the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> public distribution system</strong></a> was reported from all states.</li>
<li>There were also various reports of starvation from the tribal areas since they remain excluded from most of the benefits of the socio-economic scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Related to Minor Forest Produce:</strong> Mere granting of ownership over minor forest produce (MFPs) will not improve tribal livelihoods, as overall production of MFPs (except of tendu leaves) has fallen rapidly due to monoculture plantation by the forest department.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Silvicultural practices of plant species, such as teak (in place of sal), yields no recurrent product for gathering.</li>
<li>Moreover, the important MFPs continue to be &lsquo;nationalised&rsquo;, that is, these can be sold only to government agencies.</li>
<li>Further, the collection, use and sale of minor forest produce (MFP) by forest dwellers also got severely affected due to the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PVTG Issue:</strong> The survival of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>particularly vulnerable tribal groups</strong></a> (PVTG) living in remote and scattered geographical locations in India was another issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PVTG have been the prime conservationists of deep forests and have managed the biodiversity of forests since ages.</li>
<li>Deep forests are a complex ecosystem encapsulating the grand narratives of resources, nature, biodiversity and lives.</li>
<li>Breaking this ecosystem would only intensify the dispossession, alienation of the communities, thereby adversely impacting the forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of EIA:</strong> Amid such hardships faced by tribal communities, the dilution of laws and policies under the theme of &lsquo;Self-Reliant India&rsquo; to boost the economy has increased resentment among them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent announcements regarding the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/draft-eia-notification-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dilution of Environment Impact Assessment</strong></a> and liberalisation of entry norms for private entities in the coal sector have increased tribal anger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Implementing FRA in Letter &amp; Spirit:</strong> Implementing FRA will not only lead to the development of forest dwellers but also build a relationship of trust and bond between them and the government, thereby reducing land conflict, Naxalism and underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>Cooperative Federalism:</strong> Keeping in view the enormous economic, social and ecological benefits of individual and community forest management, the Centre in cooperation with State governments should implement the Forest Rights Act, 2006 in its right spirit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is important that the Ministry of Tribal Affairs at the Central and State levels are strengthened with human and financial resources to help implement FRA on a mission mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reforming Forest Bureaucracy:</strong> Besides leveraging modern technology to map and monitor the implementation of FRA, the forest bureaucracy must also be reformed to serve as service providers to gram sabhas.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Market For MFP:</strong> There is a need to provide marketing and MSP support to non-timber forest products and create institutional mechanisms to support community forest enterprises for value addition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the government should continue to provide technical support to the gram sabhas, so as to ensure not only higher production of MFPs but price support as provided to farmers so as to rejuvenate the tribal economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Rights recognised under FRA have helped to facilitate support for forest communities at various levels by overcoming constraints and crisis situations during times of wide-scale distress. However, a wider implementation of the law is what is the need of the hour.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcf5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Forest Rights Act-2006 remains crucial to secure rights of the forest dwellers and rejuvenation of the tribal economy. Discuss</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7071,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Menace of Manual Scavenging',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/machine-hole-7059558/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Machine hole&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/11/2020. It talks about the issue of death due to Manual Scavenging and the way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government has proposed to bring amendments in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a>. These amendments are being brought in the light of recently released data by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment which show that manual scavenging has led to 376 deaths over the past five years, including 110 in 2019 alone.</p>
<p>The proposed changes envisaged to make mechanised cleaning of sewers and septic tanks will be mandatory, the word &ldquo;manhole&rdquo; will be replaced with &ldquo;machine-hole&rdquo; in official usage, and a 24&times;7 national helpline will be set up to report violations.</p>
<p>However, correcting a problem that is closely intertwined with social hierarchies requires more than technological or legal solutions.</p>
<h3>Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;manual scavenging&rsquo;</strong></a> refers to the practice of manually carrying human excreta.</li>
<li>In the past, this referred to the practice of removing excreta from dry latrines.</li>
<li>However, new modern sanitation technologies brought new forms of manual scavenging work, which include manual and unsafe cleaning of drains, sewer lines, septic tanks and latrine pits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legal Framework Against Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Manual scavengers and their rehabilitation Act, 2013 prohibits manual scavenging.</li>
<li>Further, the employment or engagement of people to manually clean drains, sewer tanks, septic tanks is an offence punishable by imprisonment and fine.</li>
<li>Also, it asks state governments and municipal bodies to identify manual scavengers and rehabilitate them.</li>
<li>Apart from it, a principle for compensation was also established by the Supreme Court for providing Rs 10 lakhs to every case of sewer death.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Prevalence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice of manual scavenging is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes were expected to perform this job.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the law has ended, manual scavenging as a form of employment, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on.</li>
<li>This makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods. Apart from this, people could once again return to manual scavenging in the absence of other opportunities to support their families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Protective Gear:</strong> Frequent deaths occur as manual scavengers don't even have adequate tools and protective gear to clean the manhole.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It often involves using the most basic of tools such as buckets, brooms and baskets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unwilling to invest in technology and the rehabilitation of workers, municipalities live in denial instead of acting to end the practice.</li>
<li>Also, despite frequent news of death due to manual scavenging, there have been no reports from states of people being convicted for employing manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Further, there is no provision of hand holding people who are targeted for such rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue Due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> The Social Justice Ministry has decided to directly provide funds to workers to purchase cleaning machines, instead of giving money to contractors or municipalities. This is a step in the right direction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For it to succeed, states need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With Swachh Bharat Mission identified as a top priority area by the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission, and funds available for smart cities and urban development provides for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this to happen, it is essential to empower local administration, so that money needed to shift to mechanised cleaning would not be a constraint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After this, there is a need to sensitise people about the gross violation of this human right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Manual scavengers are amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in India.</p>
<p>It is due to this reason it is difficult to eliminate manual scavenging in a system that operates at the intersection of caste, economic inequality.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fbff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Manual Scavenging is a problem that is closely intertwined with social hierarchies and requires more than just technological or legal solutions. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PUuwl1q-1Zg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/planning-for-a-post-covid-world/story-XxsHbpEabWHpRqfnRNWmsN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Planning for a post-Covid world&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on November 23<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7000,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Forest Rights Act, 2006',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, review <strong>petitions</strong> of approximately <strong>1200 tribals</strong> for recognition of their claims over forest land under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</strong></a> was <strong>rejected</strong> by the local authorities in <strong>Mysuru (Karnataka)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of people, especially the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scheduled tribes</strong></a> have lived in and around forests for a long period in <strong>symbiotic relationships</strong>.</li>
<li>During the <strong>colonial time</strong>, the focus shifted from the forests being used as a <strong>resource base for sustenance</strong> of local communities to a State resource for <strong>commercial interests</strong> and development of land for agriculture.</li>
<li>Several Acts and policies such as the <strong>three Indian Forest Acts of 1865, 1894 and 1927 of the Central Govt</strong> and some state forest Acts curtailed centuries‐old, customary‐use rights of local communities.</li>
<li>This continued even after independence till much later until enactment of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in 2019 ordered the <strong>eviction of nearly a million people across India whose claims under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 had been rejected</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes</strong> (FDST) and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers</strong> (OTFD) who have been residing in such forests for generations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Forest rights can also be claimed by any member or community who has <strong>for at least three generations (75 years) prior to the 13th day of December, 2005 primarily resided in forest</strong> land for bona fide livelihood needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It strengthens the <strong>conservation regime</strong> of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha</strong> is the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of <strong>Individual Forest Rights</strong> (IFR) or <strong>Community Forest Rights</strong> (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The Act identifies <strong>four types of rights</strong>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Title rights:&nbsp;</strong>It gives FDST and OTFD the <strong>right to ownership</strong> to land farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of <strong>4 hectares</strong>. Ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family and no new lands will be granted.</li>
<li><strong>Use rights:&nbsp;</strong>The rights of the dwellers extend to <strong>extracting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce</a>, grazing areas</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Relief and development rights:&nbsp;</strong>To <strong>rehabilitate</strong> in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.</li>
<li><strong>Forest management rights:&nbsp;</strong>It includes the right to <strong>protect, regenerate or conserve</strong> or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision Expansion:&nbsp;</strong>It <strong>expands the mandate of the Fifth and the Sixth Schedules</strong> of the Constitution that protect the claims of indigenous communities over tracts of land or forests they inhabit.</li>
<li><strong>Security Concerns:&nbsp;</strong>The alienation of tribes was one of the <strong>factors behind the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/naxalism-left-wing-extremism-internal-security-threat-vulnerabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Naxal movement</a></strong>, which affects states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.The Act through identifying IFR and CFR tries to provide <strong>inclusion</strong> to tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Forest Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has the potential to <strong>democratise forest governance</strong> by recognising community forest resource rights.</li>
<li>The act will ensure that people get to manage their forest on their own which will <strong>regulate exploitation of forest resources by officials, improve forest governance and better management of tribal rights</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administrative Apathy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As tribals are <strong>not a big vote bank</strong> in most states, governments find it convenient to subvert FRA or not bother about it at all in favour of monetary gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Awareness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unawareness at the Lower level</strong> of forest officials who are supposed to help process forest rights claims is high and majority of the aggrieved population too remains in the dark regarding their rights.</li>
<li>The forest bureaucracy has <strong>misinterpreted the FRA</strong> as an instrument to <strong>regularise encroachment</strong> instead of a <strong>welfare measure</strong> for tribals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Certain sections of environmentalists raise the concern that FRA bends <strong>more in the favour of individual rights,</strong> giving lesser scope for community rights.</li>
<li>Community Rights <strong>effectively gives the local people the control over forest resources</strong> which remains a significant portion of forest revenue making states wary of vesting forest rights to Gram Sabha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reluctance of the forest bureaucracy to give up control:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>forest bureaucracy</strong> fears that it will lose the <strong>enormous power over land</strong> and people that it currently enjoys, while the <strong>corporates</strong> fear they may <strong>lose the cheap access</strong> to valuable natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Roadblock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rough maps</strong> of community and individual claims are <strong>prepared by Gram Sabha</strong> which at times often <strong>lack technical knowhow</strong> and suffers from educational incapacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Large-scale <strong>awareness</strong> and <strong>information dissemination campaigns</strong> are required at local level informing both tribal and lower level officials.</li>
<li>It is important to develop a <strong>detailed strategy of training and capacity building of people responsible for implementing the FRA,</strong> such as Panchayats, Gram Sabha, village level Forest Rights committee etc.</li>
<li>The relevant maps and documents should be made available to the Forest rights committee and claimants to <strong>simplify the task of the Gram Sabha in identifying and filing claims for individual and community rights</strong>.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>clarity on the time limit for settling claims</strong>. The Act does not specify any time limit for resolving claims.</li>
<li>The Centre should take a more <strong>proactive role</strong> in pushing states to honour a law that could change the lives of millions.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/forest-rights-claims-of-nearly-1200-tribals-in-hunsur-rejected/article33103593.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6636,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Crime in India 2019 Report: NCRB',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong> has released the<strong> annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crime in India</a> 2019 report.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It reports an <strong>increase in crimes against Scheduled Castes (SCs)</strong> and <strong>Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong> in the year 2019 as compared to the year 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Crimes against SCs and STs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crime against <strong>SCs have increased by over 7%</strong> and crimes against <strong>STs have increased by 26%</strong> in year 2019 compared to 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> recorded the <strong>highest number of crimes against SCs</strong> in 2019, followed by Rajasthan and Bihar.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> recorded the <strong>highest number of cases against STs,</strong> followed by Rajasthan, and Odisha.</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> Crimes against SCs and STs include the following categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Atrocities committed by non-SC/ST members under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act)</strong></a>, 1989 (POA Act)</li>
<li>Indian Penal Code</li>
<li>Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 : It prescribes punishment for the preaching and practice of Untouchability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chri-report-on-slavery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</strong></a> (CHRI), very few cases were being registered for specific discriminatory action against SCs and STs under the POA Act.</li>
<li>Such actions are registered mainly when <strong>accompanied by any of the IPC</strong> offences liek rape, murders etc.</li>
<li>Also, there<strong> is no data on total complaints</strong> received on crimes against the Scheduled Castes, the only data available is the number of cases registered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601544204_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601544204_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data on Other Crimes</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cognizable Crimes:</strong> An increase of 1.6% in registration of cognizable crimes in 2019 as compared to 2018 was recorded. Cognizable crimes comprise <strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong> ones and <strong>Special and Local Laws</strong> (SLL) crimes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cognisable offence means an offence in which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant.</li>
<li>SLL are Acts that are framed by the state government for specific issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Crimes Against Women:</strong> Crime against women showed an increase of 7.3% in 2019 from 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>88 cases of crimes against women were recorded per day.</li>
<li>Majority of cases under crime against women under IPC were registered under cruelty by husband or his relatives (30.9%), followed by assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty, kidnapping &amp; abduction of women and rape .</li>
<li>In the number of cases of <strong>rape of women belonging to SCs, Rajasthan</strong> topped the list, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cybercrimes:</strong> Increased by 63.5% in 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>60.4% of cybercrime cases registered were for the motive of fraud followed by sexual exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News:</strong> The Supreme Court recently <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>upheld the constitutional validity of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment act was challenged on the grounds of violation of the <strong>fundamental right to equality (Article 14) </strong>and <strong>personal liberty (Article 21).</strong></li>
<li>The amendment act adds article 18A which states that the preliminary enquiry shall not be required for registration of a First Information Report against any person.</li>
<li>It also delineates <strong>specific crimes</strong> against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as atrocities and <strong>describes strategies and prescribes punishments</strong> to counter these acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCRB, <strong>headquartered in New Delhi, was set-up in 1986</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</li>
<li>It was set up based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA&rsquo;s Task Force (1985).</li>
<li>NCRB brings out the annual comprehensive statistics of crime across the country <strong>(&lsquo;Crime in India&rsquo; report).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Being <strong>published since 1953,</strong> the report serves as a crucial tool in understanding the law and order situation across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/crime-against-scheduled-castes-scheduled-tribes-saw-a-rise-of-7-and-26-in-2019-ncrb/article32730990.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment</strong> has launched the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Ambedkar</strong></a> <strong>Social Innovation and Incubation Mission (ASIIM)&rsquo;</strong> under <strong>Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Castes (SCs)</strong> with a view to promoting innovation and enterprise among SC students studying in higher educational institutions.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Objectives of the Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>promote entrepreneurship among the SC Youth </strong>with<strong> special preference to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Divyangs.</a></strong></li>
<li>To <strong>support (1,000) innovative ideas till 2024</strong> through a synergetic work with the <strong>Technology Business Incubators (TBIs)</strong> set up by the Department of Science and Technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented By: Venture Capital Fund for SCs (VCF-SCs)</strong> which was <strong>set up in 2015-16</strong> with the <strong>Fund size of Rs. 500 Crore.</strong> Under this fund, <strong>117 companies promoted by SC entrepreneurs</strong> have been sanctioned <strong>financial assistance</strong> to set up business ventures.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1,000 SC youth</strong> would be identified in the <strong>next 4 years</strong> with start-up ideas through the <strong>Technology Business Incubators (TBIs)</strong> in various higher educational institutions.</li>
<li>They <strong>will be funded @ Rs. 30 lakhs in 3 years as equity (investment) funding</strong> so that they can translate their start-up ideas into commercial ventures.</li>
<li>Successful ventures would <strong>further qualify for venture capital funding of up to Rs. 5 Crore</strong> from the VCF-SCs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Venture capital</strong> is a form of private equity and a type of financing that investors provide to startup companies and small businesses that are believed to have long-term growth potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Youth who have been identified by the TBIs.</li>
<li>Students who have been awarded under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart India Hackathon</strong> </a>or <strong>Smart India Hardware Hackathon</strong> being conducted by the Ministry of Education.</li>
<li>Innovative<strong> ideas focusing on the socio-economic development</strong> of the society identified in the TBIs.</li>
<li>Start-ups nominated and <strong>supported by corporates</strong> through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social responsibility (CSR)</strong> </a>funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ASIIM under VCF-SC will promote innovation in the SC youth and would help them to<strong> become job-givers from job-seekers.</strong></li>
<li>It would further<strong> give fillip to the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&amp;v=3f13cO1L2yQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Stand Up India&rsquo;</a></strong> initiative of the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660364" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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