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Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC

Why in News The Government launched the “Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)” on the...

15 Apr 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya' through a video conference. In...

08 Apr 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Sankalp Se Siddhi: TRIFED

Why in News The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED), under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, has launched...

06 Apr 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Article 244(A) of the Constitution

Why in News The demand for an autonomous state within Assam has been raised by some of the sections of the society in Assam under the provisions of...

02 Apr 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Reservation Quota Limit of States

Why in News Tamil Nadu told a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court that the percentage of reservation should be left to the “subjective...

24 Mar 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
The Big Picture: Reviewing 50% Cap of Reservation

Why in News Recently, a five-judge bench at the Supreme Court has decided to examine whether the 1992 verdict by a nine-judge bench capping quota...

18 Mar 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Challenges Faced by Nomadic Tribes

Why in News In a written reply in Rajya Sabha, the Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment stated that a Development and Welfare Board...

12 Mar 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh

Why in News Thousands of tribals living in villages located in the core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve are protesting and demanding the...

26 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
National Commission for Scheduled Castes

Why in News Recently, Vijay Sampla has been appointed as the chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Key...

25 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Falling Numbers of SC & ST Students in IITs

Why in News Recently, data collected from a series of Right to Information (RTI) applications pertaining to five older Indian Institutes of...

15 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Kuruba Community: Karnataka

Why in News A massive rally was organised by the Kuruba community to urge the state government of Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the...

09 Feb 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
ShramShakti Portal

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched “ShramShakti”- a National Migration Support Portal, to smooth the...

25 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court asked the Attorney General to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the...

20 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Demand For Autonomy in Assam

Why In News There has been a demand for implementation of Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State within Assam. Key...

09 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Protecting the Sentinelese

Why in News Recently, the Anthropological Survey of India (ANSI) policy document warned of threat to the Sentinelese from commercial...

01 Jan 2021 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous People

This article is based upon “The Tragedy of Conservation'' which was published in The Hindu on 30 December 2020. It focuses upon the plight of...

30 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Data on Police Organisations: BPRD

Why in News Recently, the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) has released data on police organisations. It shows different aspects...

30 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Changes in PMS-SC

Why in News Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved changes in the Post Matric Scholarship to students belonging to...

24 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Recommendations on Reservation

Why in News Recently, an eight-member committee, appointed by the government for suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in...

18 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Tharu Tribals

Why in News The Uttar Pradesh (UP) government is working to connect Tharu villages in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit...

08 Dec 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs

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		'article_id' => (int) 8156,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government launched the <strong>&ldquo;Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NCSC</a>)&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dr-b-r-ambedkar-s-129th-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. B R Ambedkar.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal would make it easier for the SC population to register their complaints.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Online Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>designed in collaboration with the Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N)</strong>, a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</li>
<li>It will <strong>facilitate an end-to-end e-filing of complaints</strong> and grievances and <strong>their tracking.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is for <strong>submission of complaints about atrocities</strong> against citizens who belong to the Scheduled Castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is &ldquo;intended to make the hearing processor" similar to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s e-Courts project</strong></a> and allow grievance redressal for the country&rsquo;s scheduled caste population in a &ldquo;time bound manner".</li>
<li>It will <strong>supplement the physical submission of complaints</strong> and grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NCSC is a constitutional body</strong> that works to <strong>safeguard the interests of the Scheduled Castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 of the Constitution</strong> of India deals with this commission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provided for a National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with duties to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them, to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
<li>By the <strong>amendment in 2003</strong>, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by two separate Commissions <strong>from the year 2004</strong> which are: National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>-under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the NCSC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating</strong> all issues concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to <strong>the deprivation of the rights</strong> and <strong>safeguards of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking part in and advising</strong> the central or state governments with respect to the planning of <strong>socio-economic development of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regular reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of <strong>these safeguards.</strong></li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and <strong>advancement of the SC community.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does <strong>with respect to the SCs.</strong></li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs).</strong> It was relieved from this responsibility by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional and Legal Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 15</a>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs</strong>, which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711868&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618486972066000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1XyieJyQj3nMy-4cSogBay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8103,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched <strong>Tribal Health Collaborative (THC) 'Anamaya'</strong> through a video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018, an expert committee released a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-by-expert-committee-on-tribal-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>comprehensive report on tribal health</strong></a> in India which highlighted the issues and concerns of tribal health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative <strong>bringing together</strong> governments, philanthropists, national and international foundations, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a>/Community Based Organizations (CBOs) <strong>to end all preventable deaths among the tribal communities of India.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>converge efforts of various Government agencies and organisations</strong> to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>build a sustainable, high-performing health ecosystem</strong> to address the key health challenges faced by the tribal population of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a multi-stakeholder initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> supported by <strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-vaccine-pneumosil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Piramal Foundation</strong> is the philanthropic arm of Piramal Group. The foundation undertakes projects under the four broad areas &ndash; <strong>healthcare, education, livelihood creation and youth empowerment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>begin its operations with 50 tribal</strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong></a> (with more than 20% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> population) across 6 high tribal population states.</li>
<li>Over a <strong>10-year period</strong>, the work of the THC will be <strong>extended to 177 tribal Districts</strong> as recognised by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to the Tribal Communities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Programme for Capacity Building of Scheduled Tribe (ST) Representatives in Local Self Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at empowering tribal <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)</strong></a> representatives by enhancing their decision making capabilities at local government level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1000 Springs Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1000 Springs Initiative</strong></a> aims at improving access to safe and adequate water for the tribal communities living in difficult and inaccessible parts of rural areas in the country.</li>
<li>The initiative will help in harnessing the potential of perennial springs&rsquo; water to address natural scarcity of water in tribal areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Health Cell:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A &lsquo;Tribal Health Cell&rsquo; is being set up in the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It will help central ministries and state governments to <strong>facilitate and strengthen primary health care</strong> systems and <strong>invest in tribal health research.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1710256#:~:text=The%20Collaborative%20is%20a%20multi,the%20tribal%20communities%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8085,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sankalp Se Siddhi: TRIFED',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED)</strong></a>, under the<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs,</strong> has launched <strong>&ldquo;Sankalp se Siddhi&rdquo; - Village and Digital Connect Drive.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>main aim</strong> of this drive is to<strong> activate the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) in the villages.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Sankalp se Siddhi Drive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The drive will entail 150 teams (10 in each region from TRIFED and State Implementation Agencies/Mentoring Agencies/Partners) visiting ten villages each. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, 100 villages in each region and 1500 villages in the country will be covered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The visiting teams will also<strong> identify locations and shortlist potential Van Dhan Vikas Kendras </strong>for clustering as <strong>TRIFOOD,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20MSME%20is,competitive%20and%20increase%20their%20income." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI</strong></a> units as larger enterprises. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20MSME%20is,competitive%20and%20increase%20their%20income." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></a> is a scheme of the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rs. 200 crore Sales during the next 12 months is targeted</strong> as a result of this initiative once the VDVKs are activated in these 1500 villages.</li>
<li>The teams will <strong>also identify tribal artisans and other groups</strong> and empanel them as suppliers so that they can have access to larger markets through the <strong>Tribes India network &ndash;</strong> both<strong> physical outlets and TribesIndia.com.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Involvements of the TRIFED:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Village and Digital Connect Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>ensure that existing schemes and initiatives reach the tribals,</strong> TRIFED&rsquo;s regional officials across the country have been visiting identified villages with a significant tribal population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes for Ensuring Fair Prices to Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Schemes such as <strong>Mechanism for Marketing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce (MFP)</a> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minimum Support Price (MSP)</a></strong> and <strong>Development of Value Chain for MFP </strong>provide<strong> MSP to gatherers of forest produces.</strong></li>
<li>The schemes <strong>ensure sustainability of the resource base</strong> by addressing the problems that tribals face such as perishable nature of the produce, lack of holding capacity, lack of marketing infrastructure, exploitation by middlemen, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tech For Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tech For Tribals program aims to<strong> transform 5 crore Tribal Entrepreneurs</strong> by capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest produce gatherers enrolled under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Yojana is an initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED.</strong> It was launched to improve tribal incomes through value addition of tribal products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The program will ensure higher success rate of the Tribal Entrepreneurs by enabling and empowering them to run their business with marketable products with quality certifications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras have been provided by <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Yojana.</strong></li>
<li>Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (VDVKs) are for providing <strong>skill upgradation and capacity building training</strong> to tribals and setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.</li>
<li>Tribals are trained here and then provided with working capital to add value to the products, which they collect from the jungle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>joint initiative of the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED</strong> and it promotes value addition to MFP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1709433" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8057,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Article 244(A) of the Constitution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>demand for an autonomous state within Assam</strong> has been raised by some of the sections of the society in Assam under the provisions of<strong> Article 244A of the Constitution.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>1950s, a demand for a separate hill state</strong> arose around certain sections of the <strong>tribal population of undivided Assam.</strong></li>
<li>After prolonged agitations, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura#:~:text=On%20the%20Statehood%20Day%20of,(Reorganisation)%20Act%2C%201971." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Meghalaya gained statehood in 1972.</strong></a></li>
<li>The leaders of the <strong>Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills</strong> were also part of this movement. They were given the <strong>option to stay in Assam or join Meghalaya.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>stayed back</strong> as the centre promised them more powers, including<strong> Article 244 (A).</strong></li>
<li>In the 1980s, the demand for more power/autonomy took the form of a movement with a number of Karbi groups resorting to violence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It soon became<strong> an armed separatist insurgency</strong> demanding full statehood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 244(A) allows for creation of an &lsquo;autonomous state&rsquo;</strong> within Assam in certain tribal areas.</li>
<li>It also envisages<strong> creation of a local legislature or Council of Ministers or both</strong> to carry out local administration.</li>
<li>It was Inserted into the Constitution by the <strong>Twenty-second Constitution Amendment Act, 1969. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 244(A)</strong> accounts for <strong>more autonomous powers to tribal areas than the Sixth Schedule.</strong> Among these the most important power is the control over law and order.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Autonomous Councils under the Sixth Schedule, they do not have jurisdiction of law and order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the<strong> administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram</strong> to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This special provision is provided under<strong> Article 244 (2) and Article 275 (1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In<strong> Assam,</strong> the hill districts of <strong>Dima Hasao, Karbi Anglong and West Karbi and the Bodo Territorial Region are under this provision.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Governor is empowered to increase or decrease the areas</strong> or change the names<strong> of the autonomous districts.</strong> While <strong>executive powers of the Union extend in Scheduled areas</strong> with respect to their administration in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-issue-in-ap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fifth schedule</strong></a>, the <strong>sixth schedule areas remain within executive authority of the state.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Fifth Schedule</strong> of the Constitution deals with the<strong> administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes</strong> in any state <strong>except the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The whole of the normal administrative machinery operating in a state do not extend to the scheduled areas.</li>
<li>At present,<strong> 10 States</strong> namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Area.</li>
<li>Tribal habitations in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu &amp; Kashmir have not been brought under the Fifth or Sixth Schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>acts of Parliament or the state legislature do not apply</strong> to autonomous districts and autonomous regions or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>The Councils have also been endowed with wide <strong>civil and criminal judicial powers,</strong> for example establishing village courts etc. However, the jurisdiction of these councils is subject to the jurisdiction of the concerned High Court.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/article-244-a-its-relevance-for-assam-hill-tribes-and-the-politics-7252324/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8004,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservation Quota Limit of States',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Tamil Nadu told a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court that the percentage of reservation should be left to the <strong>&ldquo;subjective satisfaction&rdquo; of individual States.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subjective satisfaction</strong> refers to the State&rsquo;s discretion to identify its socially and educationally backward classes and fix the percentage of reservation for them in State government jobs and educational admissions.</li>
<li>A nine-judge bench in the <strong>Indra Sawhney case (famously known as the Mandal Commission case)</strong> imposed the <strong>ceiling of 50% on total reservation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indra Sawhney &amp; Others vs Union of India, 1992:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court while upholding the 27% quota for backward classes, struck down the government notification reserving 10% government jobs for economically backward classes among the higher castes.</li>
<li>SC in the same case also upheld the principle that the combined<strong> reservation beneficiaries should not exceed 50%</strong> of India&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The concept of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo;</strong> </a>also gained currency through this judgment and provision that reservation for backward classes should be confined to initial appointments only and not extend to promotions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Breach of the Limit by the States:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Notwithstanding the judgement passed by the Supreme Court, since<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-reviewing-50-cap-of-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indira Sawhney judgment 1992</strong></a>, many states have passed laws<strong> breaching the limit of 50%</strong> such as Maharashtra, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu Reservation Act, 1993 provides 69% reservation in<strong> State government</strong> jobs and educational institutions.</li>
<li>In January 2000, the Governor of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh declared <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>100% reservation to Scheduled Tribes (ST)</strong></a> candidates in posts of school teachers in Scheduled Areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it was ruled as unconstitutional by the apex court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maratha-quota" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharashtra State Reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act of 2018</strong></a>, which provides 12% to 13% quota benefits for the Maratha community, takes the reservation percentage in the State across the 50% mark, was enacted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States&rsquo; Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tamil Nadu and Karnataka agreed with Maharashtra that the 50% ceiling limit on reservation introduced in the <strong>Indira Sawhney judgment</strong> was <strong>not &ldquo;cast in stone</strong> (Permanently fixed or firmly established)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Indira Sawhney judgment <strong>required a re-look.</strong> The ground situation had changed a lot since that judgment in 1992.</li>
<li>Also, there is contention regarding the <strong>Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act of 2018,</strong> which introduces the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Backward Classes</strong></a>, that it interferes with the authority of State Legislatures to provide benefit to the social and educationally backward communities (SEBCs) in their own jurisdiction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, in an affidavit, the Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment has said <strong>the power to identify SEBCs lies with Parliament only with reference to the central list and states can have a separate list of SEBCs for reservation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitution and Reservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>77<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995:</strong> The Indra Sawhney verdict had held there would be reservation only in initial appointments and not promotions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, addition of the<strong> article 16(4A)</strong> to the Constitution, empowered the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to SC/ST employees, if the state feels they are not adequately represented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>81<sup>st</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000:</strong> It introduced Article 16(4B), which says unfilled SC/ST quota of a particular year, when carried forward to the next year, will be treated separately and not clubbed with the regular vacancies of that year.</li>
<li><strong>85<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001:</strong> It provided for the reservation in promotion can be applied with &lsquo;consequential seniority&rsquo; for the government servants belonging to the SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.</li>
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> amendment to the Constitution (2019): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota#:~:text=Key%20Points,and%20Article%2016%20(6)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">10% reservation for EWS (Economically Weaker Section)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 335:</strong> It says that the claims of SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration constituently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reviewing the 1992 Judgement:</strong> The Supreme Court should definitely review the 50% reservation quota limit need and issues arising out of that.</li>
<li><strong>Maintaining the Federal Structure:</strong> While deciding the reservation issue, it is also important to take into account whether the states providing reservations to different communities are maintaining the federal structure of the government or destroying it.</li>
<li><strong>Balancing the Reservation and Merit:</strong> While giving reservation to the communities, the efficiency of the administration has to be looked upon too.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reservation beyond the limit will lead to the ignorance of the merit, which will disturb the entire administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/quota-percentage-should-be-left-to-states-tn-tells-sc/article34143947.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7958,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Reviewing 50% Cap of Reservation',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4jAznfPUufo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a five-judge bench at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>has decided to examine whether the 1992 verdict by a nine-judge bench capping quota at 50% (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc#:~:text=Indra%20Sawhney%20%26%20Others%20vs%20Union,classes%20among%20the%20higher%20castes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indra Sawhney case</strong></a>) needed to be revisited in view of subsequent constitutional amendments and changed social dynamics.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reservation for Marathas:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The court&rsquo;s observation came in a case where a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> for Marathas in Maharashtra caused a breach in the 50% ceiling.</li>
<li>The Maharashtra government decided to grant 16% reservation of total seats to the Marathas.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it was reduced by the Bombay High Court to 12% in govt jobs and 13% in educational institutions.</li>
<li>When the decision was challenged before the Supreme Court, it stayed the former&rsquo;s order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Review of 1992 Judgement:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the Supreme Court's five-judge bench accepts that the judgment in the Indra Sawhney case should be modified, the case will have to be<strong> referred to an 11 or 13-judge bench.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Only a bench of larger composition can modify a previous judgment of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>Besides, the extension of the creamy layer concept not just to OBC but also <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Schedule Caste (SC)</strong> </a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Schedule Tribe (ST)</strong></a> is to be reviewed too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Questions Raised by Supreme Court:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the purview of increasing reservations by the states, the bench has framed six questions and has issued notices about the same to all the states and UTs. It includes:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whether the 1992 verdict needs to be referred to a larger bench in the light of subsequent constitutional amendments, judgements and changed social dynamics of the society.</li>
<li>Other five questions relate to the constitutional validity of the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">102<sup>nd</sup> amendment</a> of the constitution.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whether Article 342A of the Constitution abrogates states&rsquo; power to legislate or classify in respect of &ldquo;any backward class of citizens&rdquo; and thereby affects the federal policy/structure of the Constitution of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitution and Reservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>77<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995:</strong> The Indra Sawhney verdict had held there would be reservation only in initial appointments and not promotions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, addition of the<strong> article 16(4A)</strong> to the Constitution, empowered the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to SC/ST employees, if the state feels they are not adequately represented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>81<sup>st</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000:</strong> It introduced Article 16(4B), which says unfilled SC/ST quota of a particular year, when carried forward to the next year, will be treated separately and not clubbed with the regular vacancies of that year.</li>
<li><strong>85<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001:</strong> It provided for the reservation in promotion can be applied with &lsquo;consequential seniority&rsquo; for the government servants belonging to the SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.</li>
<li><strong>102<sup>nd</sup>, 103<sup>rd</sup> and 104<sup>th</sup> Amendments:</strong> In the last couple of decades, there have been several amendments to the constitution like the <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> </strong>amendment, <strong>104<sup>th</sup></strong> amendment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota#:~:text=Key%20Points,and%20Article%2016%20(6)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>10% reservation for EWS.</strong></a> was made by the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup></strong> amendment to the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 335:</strong> It says that the claims of SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration constituently with the maintenance of efficacy of the administration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The 1992 Judgement and States&rsquo; Adherence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indra Sawhney &amp; Others vs Union of India, 1992:</strong> The judgement on Indra Sawhney case was passed on 16 November, 1992.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was a<strong> nine-judge verdict</strong> which decisively laid down several landmark propositions such as 50% threshold in reservations.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It said, &rdquo;Reservation being an extreme form of protective measure should be confined to a minority of seats even though the constitution does not lay down any specific bar, the principle of balancing equality; reservation of any manner shall not exceed 50%&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The concept of<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo;</a> </strong>also gained importance through this judgment and provision that reservation for backward classes should be confined to initial appointments only and not extend to promotions.</li>
<li>Earlier, the reservation was meant to be only for SCs and STs. It was the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/30-years-of-mandal-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mandal Commission case</strong></a> that brought <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs)</strong> under reserved category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adherence of the Limit by the States:</strong> Notwithstanding the judgement passed by the Supreme Court, since 1992, many states have passed laws breaching this limit of 50% such as Maharashtra, Telangana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and Chhattisgarh, have also passed similar laws, causing them to exceed the 50% reservation mark.</li>
<li>The apex court has decided to look into Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s 69% quota law after deciding the Maratha quota case.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 69% quota in the state pre-dates the Indra Sawhney judgement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In January 2000, the Governor of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh declared 100% reservation to Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates in posts of school teachers in Scheduled Areas. However, it was ruled as unconstitutional by the apex court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>50% Reservation Not a Law:</strong> Although the limit of 50% is not set by any statute but it is laid down by the apex court and hence was binding to all the authorities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the judgement itself said that in <strong>exceptional circumstances,</strong> the percentage can be increased.</li>
<li>The issue that arises with the <strong>&lsquo;exceptional circumstance&rsquo;</strong> is that if it actually exists in a given case or not and if yes then by how much can the limit exceed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reviewing the 1992 Judgement:</strong> The Supreme Court shall go a step further and look into the Indra Sawhney case to clear the issues that have arised due to various judgements given by the high courts.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reservation facility should be aimed at improving the socio-economic conditions of the marginalised in keeping with their standing in the caste-based census.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintaining the Federal Structure:</strong> While deciding the reservation issue, it is also important to take into account whether the states providing reservations to different communities are maintaining the federal structure of the government or destroying it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 341 and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=342(1)%3A%20The%20President,to%20that%20State%20or%20Union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 342</strong></a>, declaring a particular community as Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) it is the power that vests in parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Balancing the Reservation and Merit:</strong> While giving reservation to the communities, the efficiency of the administration has to be looked upon too.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reservation beyond the limit will lead to the ignorance of the merit, which will disturb the entire administration.</li>
<li>The sole purpose of reservation is to address the issue of historical wrong done to the less-advantaged communities but the merit beyond a certain point must not be neglected too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7912,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Challenges Faced by Nomadic Tribes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a written reply in Rajya Sabha, the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-social-justice-and-empowerment#:~:text=The%20mandate%20of%20the%20Ministry,Nomadic%20Tribes%20(DNTs)%2C%20Economically" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment</strong></a> stated that a <strong>Development and Welfare Board for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DWBDNCs)</strong> was constituted for development and welfare of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-denotified-semi-nomadic-nomadic-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities</a> in 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The welfare board was constituted for a period of<strong> three years extendable upto 5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Challenges Faced by Nomadic Tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are nearly 1,500 nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes and 198 denotified tribes, comprising 15 crore Indians, according to the <strong>Renke Commission, 2008.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These tribes remain<strong> socially and economically marginalised</strong> even now, <strong>depriving</strong> many of them of<strong> basic human rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most pressing issue is of their<strong> identity. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Basic Infrastructure Facilities:</strong> Like drinking water, shelter, and sanitation facilities are not available to the communities. Healthcare and education facilities are also not available.</li>
<li><strong>Bad Treatment by Local Administration:</strong> Due to the stigma of Criminals bestowed upon them in the past, they are still treated criminals and tortured by the local administration and police.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Social Security Cover:</strong> Since they are on move frequently, they do not have a permanent settlement. As a result, they lack social security cover and are<strong> not issued <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/24-states-under-one-nation-one-ration-card" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ration Card</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aadhar Card</a></strong>, etc. and hence they are not getting benefits under the government welfare schemes.</li>
<li>The <strong>caste categorization is not very clear</strong> for these communities, in some states some of the communities are included under the SC category, in some other states they are included under OBCs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, most of the groups from these communities do not have caste certificates and hence are not able to avail the benefits of government welfare programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DWBDNCs Responsibilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>formulate and implement Welfare and Development programmes,</strong> as required, for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DNCs).</li>
<li>To <strong>identify the locations/areas</strong> where these communities are densely populated.</li>
<li>To<strong> assess and identify gaps</strong> in accessing existing programmes and entitlements and to collaborate with Ministries/implementing agencies to ensure that ongoing programmes meet the special requirements of DNCs.</li>
<li>To <strong>monitor and evaluate the progress of the schemes</strong> of the Government of India and the States/UTs with reference to DNCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dr. Ambedkar Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship for DNTs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> was launched in 2014-15 for the<strong> welfare of those DNT</strong> (Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes)<strong> students</strong> who are not covered under SC, ST or OBC.</li>
<li>The income ceiling for eligibility is Rs. 2.00 lakh per annum.</li>
<li>The scheme is implemented through State Governments/UT Administrations. The <strong>expenditure is shared</strong> between the <strong>Centre and the States</strong> in the ratio of <strong>75:25.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme of Pre-matric Scholarship for DNT students is helpful in spreading education amongst DNT children especially the girl child.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nanaji Deshmukh Scheme of Construction of Hostels for DNT Boys and Girls:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This Centrally Sponsored Scheme, launched in 2014-15, is implemented through State Governments/UT Administrations/Central Universities.</li>
<li>The aim of the scheme is to provide <strong>hostel facilities to those DNT students;</strong> who are not covered under SC, ST or OBC; to enable them to pursue higher education.</li>
<li>The income ceiling for eligibility is Rs. 2.00 lakh per annum.</li>
<li>The Central Government provides a maximum of 500 seats per annum throughout the country.</li>
<li>The expenditure is shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Denotified tribes are those that were notified under the <strong>Criminal Tribes Acts</strong> enforced during British Rule, whereby entire <strong>populations were branded criminals by birth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1952, the Act was repealed and the communities were de-notified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Nomadic tribes maintain constant geographical mobility</strong> while <strong>semi-nomads are those who are on the move but return to fixed habitations once a year,</strong> mainly for occupational reasons.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The distinction between nomadic and semi-nomadic do not involve distinguishable ethnic categories or social groups, it rather describes the degree of mobility practiced by them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1703752" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7783,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7779,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7689,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Falling Numbers of SC & ST Students in IITs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, data collected from a series of <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI)</strong> </a>applications pertaining to five older<strong> Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),</strong> has indicated that the <strong>acceptance rate is skewed against students from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Caste (SC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribe (ST)</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-to-obc-sub-categorisation-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other Backward Classes (OBC) communities</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC and ST applicants are half as likely to get selected for a Ph.D. programme</strong> at IITs <strong>as aspirants from the General Category (GC)</strong> are.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data from the RTI Applications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Acceptance Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers to the <strong>number of students selected for every 100 students who applied.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It stood at <strong>4%</strong> for students from<strong> General Category (GC).</strong></li>
<li>It falls to<strong> 2.7% for OBC</strong> students and further down to just <strong>2.16% for SCs and 2.2% for STs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This finding <strong>comes against the backdrop of the Education Ministry&rsquo;s data</strong> submitted to Parliament in 2020 showing the failure of the IITs to fill Ph.D. seats as per reservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s <strong>reservation</strong> policy <strong>mandates</strong> allocation of <strong>15% seats for students from the SCs, 7.5% from STs </strong>and<strong> 27% from OBCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>IITs have often cited the lack of applicants from the marginalised communities</strong> for the situation. However, <strong>the RTI data reveals quite the opposite.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>percentage of GC students</strong> among those admitted was <strong>always higher</strong> than their percentage among those applied. However, the <strong>converse was true for SC, ST and OBC candidates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education Ministry's Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the total admissions made by all <strong>IITs</strong> from<strong> 2015 to 2019,</strong> only <strong>9.1%</strong> went to <strong>SC</strong> and <strong>2.1%</strong> to<strong> ST.</strong></li>
<li>Only<strong> 23.2%</strong> seats went to applicants from the <strong>OBCs.</strong> Remaining <strong>65.6%,</strong> or roughly two-thirds of all the seats, went to General Category applicants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613376254_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613376254_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="630" height="471" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Falling Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Given by IITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eligibility Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some institutions <strong>could not even fill all the seats in the general category</strong> since they<strong> did not get enough eligible candidates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Students of the required calibre <strong>tend to take up industry jobs rather than join for a PhD</strong> which has extra uncertainties and lower income levels during PhD and in some areas even post PhD.</li>
<li>It is possible that the <strong>family background and economic level</strong> may have an impact on such candidates applying for a PhD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Argument of 'Merit':</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been long-standing <strong>opposition among IIT administrators and faculty to reservations,</strong> which they see as a form of<strong> unjust government intervention</strong> in their meritocratic institutions.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recommendations-on-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recent report</strong> </a>of an Education Ministry-constituted committee<strong> recommended the abolition of reservation in faculty recruitment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee based its recommendations primarily on arguments <strong>claiming the need for IITs to maintain their academic excellence and the lack of candidates from the reserved categories</strong> who fulfil the qualification criteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A More Systematic Problem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The problem is also of practice and <strong>access to quality school education,</strong> leading to <strong>poor base.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of following the Reservation Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>An Example to Other Institutions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IITs are and should continue to be institutions of national importance. But they <strong>also have social functions.</strong></li>
<li>They should set an example to other institutions by <strong>creating opportunities for and encourage the underprivileged communities to excel</strong> in research and innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Affirmative action and caste-based reservation can <strong>help bridge inequalities in society,</strong> enable the underprivileged to have access to quality education, promote diversity, and, more importantly, remove obstacles to equality and correct the past wrongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policy intervention has to begin sooner, in the early school years, to attempt to equalise opportunities in education.</li>
<li>In addition, negative attitudes, perceptions and stereotypes about the ability of students belonging to the SC/ST groups are a major hurdle. Policy should recognise how such perceptions hold back individuals and groups, and seriously attempt to think of ways to alter these.</li>
<li>Diversity issues can also be addressed through outreach campaigns.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/phd-entry-in-iits-tougher-for-students-from-marginalised-communities/article33824475.ece?homepage=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7646,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kuruba Community: Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A massive rally was organised by the<strong> Kuruba community</strong> to urge the state government of<strong> Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the community in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) list.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From Independence, the <strong>community enjoyed the ST status. </strong>In<strong> 1977,</strong> Justice <strong>LG Havanur,</strong> who headed the backward class commission, <strong>moved the Kurubas to the &lsquo;most backward classes&rsquo; category</strong> from ST list.</li>
<li>However, the Commission brought in an <strong>area restriction</strong> stating that those living in <strong>Bidar, Yadgir, Kalaburagi and Madikeri</strong> with Kuruba synonyms can continue to avail the ST benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Kurubas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kurubas of Karnataka are <strong>a traditional sheep rearing community.</strong></li>
<li>Presently, the Kurubas constitute<strong> 9.3% of the state&rsquo;s population</strong> and come under the <strong>backward classes category.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas are the <strong>fourth largest caste</strong> in Karnataka after the <strong>Lingayats, Vokkaligas and Muslims.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas in other states are known by different names &ndash; as <strong>Dhangars in Maharashtra, Rabaris or Raikas in Gujarat, Dewasis in Rajasthan and Gadarias in Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Developments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Demands by Lingayat Community:</strong> Three years earlier, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/center-refuses-to-recognize-lingayat-as-separate-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lingayat community</a> demanded a separate minority religion tag</strong> in Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Lingayat sub-sect Panchamasali</strong> has also <strong>demanded its inclusion in the 2A category of backward classes -</strong> which currently provides 15% reservations to backward castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>J<strong>ustice HN Nagamohan Das Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Justice <strong>HN Nagamohan Das Commission</strong> was constituted to look into <strong>increasing the existing reservation for SCs from 15% to 17% and for the STs from 3% to 7%</strong> by not exceeding the overall <strong>50% reservation quota</strong> as mandated by the <strong>Supreme Court's order of 1992.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>If Kurubas</strong> are to be<strong> declared ST</strong> as per their demand, the <strong>quota for STs will have to be proportionally increased.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The larger issue is that<strong> the State has already hit the apex court set 50% cap on reservation</strong> and any hike poses a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Present Reservation Quota in Karnataka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adhering to the Supreme Court&rsquo;s 1992 order, Karnataka has capped the reservation to 50%<strong> where 32% has been earmarked for backward classes,</strong> including Muslims, Christians and Jains, <strong>15% for SCs and 3% for STs.</strong></li>
<li>This reservation quota has been<strong> further pared into categories:</strong> Category 1 (4%), Category 2A (15%), Category 2B (4%), Category 3A (4%), Category 3B (5%), SC (15%) and ST (3%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="635" height="318" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are <strong>scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342</strong> says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Essential Characteristics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe.</strong> However, following are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Primitiveness,</li>
<li>Geographical isolation,</li>
<li>Shyness, and</li>
<li>Social, educational and economic backwardness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pre-agriculture level of technology,</li>
<li>Stagnant or declining population,</li>
<li>Extremely low literacy, and</li>
<li>Subsistence level of economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/at-massive-rally-kurubas-seek-scheduled-tribe-tag/article33776444.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7551,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ShramShakti Portal ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched<strong> &ldquo;ShramShakti&rdquo;- a National Migration Support Portal,</strong> to smooth the formulation of state and national level programs for migrant workers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A training manual <strong>&ldquo;ShramSaathi&rdquo;</strong> was also launched for migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been launched to <strong>collect data related to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tribal</a> migrant workers</strong> and link them with the existing welfare schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of ShramShakti Portal: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To address the data gap:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Various data will be recorded via Shram Shakti include demographic profile, livelihood options, skill mapping and migration pattern.</li>
<li>It will help in empowering the workers who generally migrate in search of employment and income generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To help in formulation of strategies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would help the national and state governments in <strong>formulation of effective strategies</strong> and policy decisions for welfare of migrant workers at both source and destination states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To address the issues various related migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trafficking,</li>
<li>Wages harassment issues,</li>
<li>Occupational hazards at the workplace, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linking with other schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This portal will link the migrant population with the existing Welfare Schemes under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atamnirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Help Migrant Workers:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ASEEM Portal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) launched <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;AtmaNirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping</a> (ASEEM)&rsquo;</strong> portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
<li>Database of labour migrants in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Vande Bharat Mission</strong> </a>and filled<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NMIS Dashboard:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Migrant Information System</a> (NMIS)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>maintain a central repository of migrant workers</strong> and help in<strong> speedy inter-state communication</strong> to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amalgamation of Labour Laws into Codes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, numerous labour laws have been amalgamated into four labour codes namely <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act 2019</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code 2020, Code on Social Security 2020, and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are also aimed at facilitating industrialisation throughout the nation and thus checking distress labour migration ultimately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives for Tribal Welfare: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Manti Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> market-linked</strong> tribal entrepreneurship development program for <strong>forming clusters of tribal <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHGs</a></strong> and strengthening them into <strong>Tribal Producer Companies.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>set-up tribal community owned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce</a></strong> (MFP)-centric multi-purpose <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras</strong> (the Kendra) in predominantly tribal districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EMRS</strong></a> started in the year 1997-98 to impart <strong>quality middle and high-level education</strong> to ST children in remote areas and enable them to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided under <strong>Article 275(1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trifed-s-digitisation-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFED</strong></a> <strong>came into existence in 1987.</strong> It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
<li>TRIFED has its key objectives of promoting tribal art &amp; craft, hand looms and set-up tribal community owned Minor Forest Produce (MFP)-centric multi-purpose Van Dhan Vikas Kendras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691237" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7510,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>asked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/attorney-general-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Attorney General</strong> </a>to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the application of a<strong> Constitution Bench judgment of 2006 in M. Nagaraj case.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The directive is <strong>based on a plea by the Centre to refer to a seven-judge Bench the question</strong> whether creamy layer should apply or not to the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community while providing them reservation in government promotions.</li>
<li>The court in M. Nagaraj case had <strong>upheld the application of creamy layer</strong> principle <strong>to members of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities in promotions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &lsquo;Creamy layer&rsquo;</strong> was first mentioned in the Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark judgment in the<strong> Indra Sawhney case (1992).</strong></li>
<li>This term is used to describe some members of a backward class who are<strong> socially, economically as well as educationally advanced</strong> as compared to the rest of the members of that community.</li>
<li>They<strong> lap up all the benefits of reservations</strong> meant for that class, without allowing benefits to reach the truly backward members of that class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Directing Compilation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> issues raised by the states</strong> regarding application of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> creamy layer principle to members of the SC/ST communities</strong></a> in promotions are not common, hence such issues should be compiled before considering referral to a seven-judge bench.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>M. Nagaraj Case (2006):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reversed the stance in the Indra Sawhney case:</strong> In this case applying the creamy layer concept in SC/ST reservation in promotions, the Supreme court reversed its earlier stance in the <strong>Indra Sawhney case (1992),</strong> in which it had excluded the creamy layer concept on SCs/STs (that was applicable on OBCs).</li>
<li><strong>Directives to the states:</strong> The five-judges Bench in Nagaraj case upheld the constitutional validity of all <strong>77<sup>th</sup>, 81<sup>st</sup>, 82<sup>nd</sup>, and 85<sup>th</sup> constitutional amendments</strong> enabling reservation of SC/ST communities in promotions, but made certain directives for the states:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State is <strong>not bound to make reservations</strong> for SC/ST in the matter of promotions.</li>
<li>If a State wants to provide reservation to the SC/ST communities in promotions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has to collect <strong>quantifiable data</strong> showing backwardness of the class.</li>
<li><strong>Show inadequacy of representation of that class</strong> in public employment <strong>in addition to compliance of Article 335.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>State needs to ensure that its reservation provision <strong>does not lead to excessiveness- breaching the ceiling-limit of 50%,</strong> or destroying the creamy layer principle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> Jarnail Singh v L.N. Gupta (2018) case,</strong> SC refused to refer the Nagaraj judgment to a higher bench but later altered the decision by saying that <strong>states will not be required to present quantifiable data of backwardness</strong> of SC/ST communities.</li>
<li><strong>Reservation in Promotions is not a Fundamental Right:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reaffirming its stand in Nagraj case, the Supreme Court in 2020 ruled that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts is not a fundamental right</strong></a>, and a state cannot be compelled to offer the quota if it chooses not to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Demand by the Centre:</strong> The Centre asked the Court to review its stance of introducing the concept of creamy layer in SC/ST promotions on various issues:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Could deprive backward classes from reservation:</strong> The government believes that the &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; will become a trick to deprive the backward classes of the benefit of reservation.</li>
<li><strong>Redundancy of proving backwardness again:</strong> It is presumed that once they are added in the Presidential List under Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, there is no question of proving backwardness of the SCs and STs all over again.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The said List cannot be altered by anybody except Parliament under <strong>Articles 341 and 342</strong>- defining who will be considered as SCs or STs in any state or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Promotion in Reservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class</strong> of citizens who, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4A):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for reservation in matters of promotion</strong> in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes if they are not adequately represented in the services under the State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was inserted by the<strong> 77<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4B):</strong> Added by the <strong>81<sup>st</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> which enabled the<strong> unfilled SC/ST quota of a particular year to be carried forward to the next year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 335:</strong> It recognises that special measures need to be adopted for considering the claims of SCs and STs to services and posts, in order to bring them at par.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>82<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> inserted a condition at the end of Article 335 that enables the state to make any provision in favour of the members of the SC/STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Demand For Autonomy in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>There has been a demand for implementation of <strong>Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State</strong> within Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appeal to the Centre has been for the creation of an autonomous State for the <strong>Karbi Anglong region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been a demand since 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The districts are currently governed by<strong> two autonomous councils Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The areas inhabited by the socially and educationally backward<strong> &lsquo;Aboriginals&rsquo;</strong> are called Scheduled Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>two schedules (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup>) of the Indian Constitution</strong> which entail the details about the control and management of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions regarding the administration and control of <strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas</strong> of any state <strong>except the four states (Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram)</strong> are mentioned under this schedule.</li>
<li>At present, 10 States namely <strong>Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana</strong> have Fifth Schedule Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>This schedule deals with the administration</strong></a> and control of the scheduled and tribal areas of <strong>the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas are dealt with two articles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 244:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This article deals with the administration of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li>It defines <strong>Scheduled Areas as the areas defined so by the President of India</strong> and are mentioned<strong> in the fifth schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formation of an <strong>autonomous state comprising</strong> certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-bjp-lawmakers-seek-autonomous-state/article33512508.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7381,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Protecting the Sentinelese',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anthropological Survey of India</a> (ANSI)</strong> policy document warned of threat to the Sentinelese from commercial activity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy document comes almost two years after American national John Allen Chau was allegedly <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-citizen-killed-by-tribals-in-andaman" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>killed by the Sentinelese on the North Sentinel Island.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609916905_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609916905_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ANSI Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>exploitation</strong> of the<strong> North Sentinel Island of the Andamans</strong> for commercial and strategic gain would be <strong>dangerous for its occupants, the Sentinelese. </strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Right of the people</strong> to the island is <strong>non-negotiable, unassailable and uninfringeable.</strong> The prime duty of the state is to protect these rights as eternal and sacrosanct.</li>
<li>Their <strong>island should not be eyed</strong> for any commercial or strategic gain.</li>
<li>The document also calls for <strong>building a knowledge bank on the Sentinelese.</strong></li>
<li>Since &lsquo;on-the-spot study&rsquo; is not possible for the tribal community, anthropologists suggest the<strong> &lsquo;study of a culture from distance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Sentinelese:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sentinelese are a <strong>pre-neolithic, negrito tribe</strong> who live in North Sentinel Island of the Andamans.</li>
<li>They are<strong> completely isolated with no contact to the outside world.</strong> The first time they were contacted by a team of Indian anthropologists in 1991.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to no contact, the census of Sentinelese is taken through photographing the island individuals from distance.</li>
<li>It has a population of about <strong>50 to 100 on the North Sentinel Island.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Surveys of North Sentinel Island have <strong>not found any evidence of agriculture.</strong> Instead, the community seems to be <strong>hunter-gatherers, getting food through fishing, hunting, and collecting wild plants living on the island.</strong></li>
<li>Sentinelese are also listed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups#:~:text=Particularly%20Vulnerable%20Tribal%20Groups%20(PVTGs),-In%20India%2C%20tribal&amp;text=In%201973%2C%20the%20Dhebar%20Commission,renamed%20the%20PTGs%20as%20PVTGs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong> </a>by the government of India. The <strong>other four PVTGs</strong> of the islands are <a href="/pdf/1606019199-leave-them-alone-on-the-sentinelese.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, and Shompens.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are protected under the <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It declares traditional areas occupied by the tribes as reserves, and prohibits entry of all except those with authorization.</li>
<li>Photographing or filming tribe members is also an offense..</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anthropological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>premier research institute for anthropological research in bio-cultural studies.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1945.</strong> It is one of the many organizations under <strong>the Ministry of Culture.</strong> It has <strong>headquarters at Kolkata</strong> and<strong> branches</strong> in <strong>Port Blair, Shillong, DehraDun, Udaipur, Nagpur, and Mysore</strong> in addition to two <strong>field stations at Jagdalpur and Ranchi.</strong></li>
<li>The Survey through its anthropological research <strong>contributes in respect of the biological, social and cultural heritage of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is also recognised as one of the most advanced centres <strong>for research and training in anthropology and allied disciplines.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> study the tribes and other communities</strong> that form the population of India both from the biological and cultural point of view</li>
<li>To<strong> study and preserve the human skeletal remains,</strong> both from modern and Archaeological.</li>
<li>To <strong>collect samples of arts and crafts</strong> of the tribes of India.</li>
<li>To function as a<strong> training center for advanced students in anthropology</strong> and for administration.</li>
<li>To<strong> publish</strong> the results of the research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The academics have suggested that the <strong>best path forward is a policy of "controlled contact"</strong> with these communities instead of a policy of no contact.</li>
<li>Carefully managed contact to avoid the spread of disease, but <strong>also enable the building of trust and providing aid and medical help if needed is the best way.</strong></li>
<li>Establishing contact with the outside world can also <strong>help governments to document their way of life, preserve their culture and their holistic development.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/any-exploitation-of-sentinel-island-will-wipe-out-tribals/article33374892.ece#:~:text=Any%20exploitation%20of%20the%20North,of%20India%20(AnSI)%20has%20said" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7348,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous People',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-tragedy-of-conservation/article33447813.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The Tragedy of Conservation''</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 30 December 2020. It focuses upon the plight of the indigenous people of the Western Ghats and the poor implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006.</p>
</div>
<p>India has managed to conserve such a diversity of wildlife despite its large population and development challenges. The reverence that local communities have for Nature has been vital for the government&rsquo;s sustained success and other agencies&rsquo; conservation efforts.</p>
<p>However, the government&rsquo;s conservation activities have created fear amongst the indigenous people for losing their existence in lands that they had inhabited for decades.</p>
<p>In this context, proper implementation of the Forests Rights Act, 2006 is required, as the Act envisages protecting the indigenous people&rsquo;s interests and balancing the right to the environment with their right to life and livelihood.</p>
<h3>Role of the Indigenous People In Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conserving Natural Flora:</strong> The magico-religious belief of plants&rsquo; tribal communities as a god and goddess habitat leads to their conservation in their natural habitat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, a wide variety of plants such as crop plants, wild fruits, seeds, bulb, roots and tubers are conserved by the ethnic and indigenous people as they have to depend on these sources for edible purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Application of Traditional Knowledge:</strong> Indigenous people and biodiversity complement each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over time, the rural communities have gathered a pool of indigenous knowledge for the cultivation of the medicinal plants and their propagation.</li>
<li>These plants conserved are antidotes to snake bites and scorpion bites or even for broken bones or orthopaedic treatments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conserving the Sacred Groves:</strong> India&rsquo;s ethnic people have played a vital role in preserving the biodiversity of several virgin forests and have conserved flora and fauna in sacred groves of tribals. Otherwise, these flora and fauna might have disappeared from the natural ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Plight of the Indigenous People</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disruption After Designation of the Status of World Heritage Site:</strong> The approach adopted to isolate the indigenous people from their natural habitats to protect biodiversity is the root cause of conflict between them and conservationists. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the announcement of natural habitat as a <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Heritage Site</a></strong>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> takes charge of the region&rsquo;s conservation.</li>
<li>This leads to an infusion of many outside people and technological equipment, which in turn disrupt the lives of the Indigenous people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lax implementation of the Forest Rights Act:</strong> Many states in India have a dismal record in implementing the Forest Rights Act (FRA). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be reflected with the fact that states like Karnataka had recognised only 5.7% of the total claims made.</li>
<li>Further, the FRA&rsquo;s constitutionality has been challenged in the Supreme Court several times by various conservation organisations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the petitioners&rsquo; key arguments has been that it is beyond the legislative competence of Parliament to enact the FRA as &lsquo;land&rsquo; is a state subject.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development vs Conservation:</strong> Often, the combined stretch of land claimed by Indigenous people has been taken away for building dams, mining, laying railway lines and roads, power plants, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, forcibly removing tribal peoples from their land will only result in environmental damage and violate human rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Illegal Encroachment of Land:</strong> The government records also reveal that 43 lakh hectares of forest land encroached legally and illegally until 1980 when the Forest Conservation Act came into force.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Forest Rights Act (FRA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A dramatic shift in the Indian conservation paradigm came in 2006 through the Forest Rights Act that went beyond sanctioning local usage, to conferring local communities&rsquo; rights over forest land and produce. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was mandated to operationalise the Act, while conservation remained under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) is legislation which aims to address the historical injustice that our forest-dwelling communities have had to face for nearly 150 years by providing them with the security of tenure over land for cultivation and habitation through individual rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also provides access to various resources through more than a dozen types of community forest rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The FRA also empowers forest-dwelling communities to protect, regenerate, conserve and manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and preserving for sustainable use.</li>
<li>It has the provision for creating critical wildlife habitats within protected areas which currently is the most robust conservation provision among existing laws of the country.</li>
<li>The FRA does not sanction any fresh clearance of forest, as individual rights over land will only be granted if the forest dweller owned that parcel of land on December 13, 2005.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recognition of the Rights of the Indigenous People:</strong> For preserving the rich biodiversity of the region, the recognition of the rights of the forest dwellers who depend on the forests is as important as the declaration of natural habitat as a World Heritage Site.</li>
<li><strong>Effective Implementation of the FRA:</strong> The government must make an effort to build trust between its agencies in the area and the people who depend on these forests by treating them as equal citizens like everyone else in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FRA&rsquo;s loopholes have already been identified; all it needs is to work on amending it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traditional Knowledge of the Tribal People for Conservation:</strong> The Biodiversity Act, 2002 mentions about the equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use and knowledge of biological resources with the local communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, all the stakeholders should realise that indigenous people&rsquo;s traditional knowledge is a way forward for more effective conservation of biodiversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribals, The Forest Scientists:</strong> Tribal peoples are generally regarded as the best conservationists, as they connect with nature more spiritually. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cheapest and quickest way to conserve areas of high biodiversity is to respect tribal peoples&rsquo; rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As the indigenous people are integral to conservation as they relate with it in a more integrated and spiritual way, a sense of respect needs to be developed for the indigenous people; their presence helps in the conservation of biodiversity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the role and challenges of the Indigenous People in the conservation of environment and biodiversity.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7338,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Data on Police Organisations: BPRD',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-women-in-police-and-capfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></a> (BPRD) has released <strong>data on police organisations.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It shows <strong>different aspects of policing</strong> in the country like woman police, police expenditure, constabulary ratio, transport facilities, communication facilities, representation of various castes and police training centres.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>General Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has spent<strong> Rs. 1,566.85 crore</strong> in <strong>2019-20</strong> for expenditure and police training.</li>
<li>It highlights that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitutional-status-for-national-commission-for-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Backward Classes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dalits</strong></a> <strong>and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tribals</a> constitute almost 67%</strong> of India&rsquo;s population, but their<strong> representation in police forces</strong> in the country is <strong>only at 51%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The goal of <strong>proportionate representation has remained unfulfilled despite</strong> all state governments providing <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> to these categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vacant Posts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 5.31 lakh posts in police forces of different states and 1.27 lakh posts in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-armed-police-force-capf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Armed Police Forces</strong></a> (CAPF) are lying vacant. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The figures include civil police, district armed police, special armed police and India Reserve Battalions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They form 8.6% of the population and have 12% representation in the police forces, placing them at a comparatively better position.</li>
<li>Only <strong>STs have better representation</strong> in police forces in comparison to their share in population while all other backward classes fare poorly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dalits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14% of all positions in police forces across the country were represented by Dalits at the end of 2019.</li>
<li>According to<strong> Census 2011,</strong> Dalits make up 16.6% of India&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Backward Classes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OBCs fare the <strong>worst on the representation front</strong> as, despite their 41% share in the population, they constitute only 25% of the police forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women are <strong>highly under-represented</strong> with 10% share in the actual strength of the police in the country, even though their share in population is 48%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, their situation has improved considerably over the past years as the actual strength of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-model-policy-for-women-in-the-police" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women in police forces</strong></a> has almost doubled since 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women population per woman police ratio</strong> stands at 3,026 nationally which is very low.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Poor representation of women in the police is posing <strong>serious challenges in dealing with crimes against women and women criminals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Ratios:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Population Per Police Person</strong> (PPP) is 511.81.</li>
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Police Population Ratio</strong> (PPR) is 195.39.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the number of police personnel per one lakh of the population which has declined from 198 in 2018.</li>
<li>The<strong> UN-mandated police-population ratio</strong> is over 220.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanctioned<strong> Police Area Ratio</strong> (PAR) per 100 sq km is 79.80.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established it <strong>under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1970.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the<strong> Police Research and Advisory Council</strong> (1966), with the primary <strong>objective of modernization of the police force.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1995,</strong> the Government<strong> decided to entrust issues relating to Correctional Administration Work</strong> to the BPR&amp;D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thereby BPRD has to <strong>ensure the implementation of prison reforms</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India decided to create a <strong>National Police Mission</strong> under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country.</li>
<li>In<strong> August 2020,</strong> it observed its <strong>50<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</strong></li>
<li>It has been<strong> publishing the data on police organisations since 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/obcs-constitute-25-of-police-sts-get-better-representation-data-7125536/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7299,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Changes in PMS-SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong></a> has approved changes in the <strong>Post Matric Scholarship to students belonging to Scheduled Castes</strong> (PMS-SC).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government is committed to give a big push and further impetus to this effort so that the <strong>Gross Enrolment Ratio</strong> (GER) <strong>in higher education of SCs would reach up</strong> to the national standards <strong>within the 5 year period</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GER is the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.</li>
<li>The current GER in higher education is <strong>26.3%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Assistance which was around <strong>Rs. 1100 crore annually during 2017-18 to 2019-20 would be increased more than 5 times</strong> to be around <strong>Rs. 6000 crore annually during 2020-21 to 2025-26</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Post Matric Scholarship for Scheduled Castes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> and <strong>implemented through State Government and UT administration</strong>.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>financial assistance to the SC students studying at post matriculation or post-secondary stage</strong> to enable them to complete their education.</li>
<li>These scholarships are <strong>available for studies in India only</strong> and are awarded by the government of the State/Union Territory to which the applicant actually belongs i.e. <strong>permanently settled</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus</strong> of the scheme is on enrolling the poorest students, timely payments, comprehensive accountability, continuous monitoring and total transparency.</li>
<li><strong>Income Ceiling:</strong> Scholarships are paid to the students whose parents/guardians&rsquo; income from all sources <strong>does not exceed Rs. 2,50,000 per annum</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enrolment Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launching a campaign to <strong>enrol the students from the poorest households passing the 10<sup>th</sup> standard</strong>, in the higher education courses of their choice.</li>
<li>It is estimated that <strong>1.36 crore poorest students are currently not continuing their education beyond 10<sup>th</sup> standard</strong>, who would be brought into the higher education system in the next 5 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Secure Online Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An online platform with robust <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cybersecurity</strong></a> measures that would assure transparency, accountability, efficiency, and timely delivery of the assistance without any delays.</li>
<li>States will <strong>undertake fool-proof verification</strong> of the eligibility, caste status, Aadhar identification and bank account details on the online portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike earlier, when funding was passed through state governments, financial assistance will be transferred by the <strong>Direct Benefit Transfer</strong> (DBT) mode and preferably using the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-digital-transactions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar Enabled Payment System</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Students will receive the Centre&rsquo;s share as soon as the state transfers its share as per fixed time schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has approved a <strong>total investment of Rs. 59,048 crore</strong> with a new funding pattern of <strong>60-40 for the Centre and States</strong>.</li>
<li>Starting from 2021-22, the Central share would be released after ensuring that the concerned State Government has released their share.</li>
<li>This <strong>replaces the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-fund-shortfall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">committed liability</a> system</strong> and brings greater involvement of the Central government in this crucial scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Committed liabilities</strong> are payments anticipated during a financial year for contracts concluded in previous years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strong Monitoring Mechanisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme will be further strengthened through the conduct of social audits, annual third party evaluation, and half-yearly self-audited reports from each institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682967" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7241,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recommendations on Reservation ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an <strong>eight-member committee,</strong> appointed by the government for<strong> suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in students admissions and faculty recruitment</strong> in the<strong> Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),</strong> has come out with its recommendations.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> chaired by IIT Delhi&rsquo;s Director</strong> and had representatives of secretaries of the departments of <strong>Social Justice and Empowerment, Tribal Affairs, Department of Personnel and Training, Persons with Disabilities,</strong> among others.</li>
<li>Its report was <strong>submitted to the Ministry of Education in June 2020</strong> and has been made available under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Being established and recognised as institutions of national importance, <strong>IITs should be added to the list of &ldquo;Institutions of Excellence&rdquo;</strong> mentioned in the <strong>Schedule</strong> to the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong> (CEI Act).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 4 of the Act exempts</strong> &ldquo;institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance&rdquo; mentioned in the Schedule and &ldquo;minority institutions&rdquo; from providing reservation.</li>
<li>Currently, many research institutes like the<strong> Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, National Brain Research Centre, Space Physics Laboratory,</strong> etc. are included under Section 4 of the act, but not the IITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If granting full exemption from reservations was not possible, the committee recommended that the implementation of reservation policies for all categories <strong>including Economically Weaker Sections</strong> (EWS) be <strong>restricted just to Assistant Professor Grade I and Grade II and not for levels above.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vacancies not filled in a particular year</strong> due to non-availability, be <strong>de-reserved in the subsequent year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conduct of special recruitment drives</strong> to attract candidates from reserved categories.</li>
<li>To<strong> address diversity issues,</strong> the report argued that a<strong> &ldquo;system emphasising targeted goals over a period of time&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>not &ldquo;specific quotas&rdquo;</strong> be followed so that IITs can &ldquo;compete with other top institutions in the world in terms of excellence, output, research and teaching.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The panel proposes a <strong>two-year Research Assistantship for students from reserved categories aspiring to join PhD programmes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It highlighted that the <strong>enrollment of reserved category students in the PhD programme is low and needs to be addressed,</strong> which is severely limiting the number of reserved category candidates available to be hired as faculty in the IIT system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides for the <strong>reservation of posts in appointments by direct recruitment</strong> of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) and the Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), to <strong>teachers&rsquo; cadre in certain Central Educational Institutions</strong> established, maintained or aided by the Central Government, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act not to apply in certain cases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance specified in the Schedule to this Act.</li>
<li>A Minority Educational Institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However. the <strong>Central Government may,</strong> by notification in the Official Gazette, <strong>amend the Schedule from time to time.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exempt-iit-recruitments-from-reservation-suggests-panel-7107855/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7160,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tharu Tribals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Uttar Pradesh (UP) government</strong> is working to<strong> connect Tharu villages</strong> in the districts of Balrampur, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit bordering Nepal, <strong>with the home stay scheme</strong> of the UP Forest Department.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea is to<strong> offer tourists an experience of living in the natural Tharu habitat,</strong> in traditional huts made of grass collected mainly from the forests.</li>
<li>This is expected to <strong>create jobs and bring economic independence</strong> for the tribal population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning of &lsquo;Tharu&rsquo;:</strong> The word tharu is believed to be <strong>derived from sthavir,</strong> meaning followers of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Theravada Buddhism.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Tharu community <strong>belongs to the Terai lowlands,</strong> amid the Shivaliks or lower Himalayas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Terai is a <strong>region of northern India and southern Nepal</strong> running <strong>parallel to</strong> the <strong>lower ranges of the Himalayas.</strong></li>
<li>The Tharus<strong> live in both India and Nepal.</strong> In the Indian terai, they<strong> live mostly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribe:</strong> Tharu is a scheduled tribe in the states of <strong>Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh </strong>and <strong>Bihar.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Occupation:</strong> Most of them are<strong> forest dwellers,</strong> and some practice<strong> agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They<strong> speak various dialects of Tharu, a language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup,</strong> and variants of Hindi, Urdu, and Awadhi.</li>
<li>Tharus<strong> worship Lord Shiva</strong> as Mahadev, and call their supreme being <strong>&ldquo;Narayan&rdquo;,</strong> who they believe is the provider of sunshine, rain, and harvests.</li>
<li><strong>Tharu women have stronger property rights</strong> than is allowed to women in mainstream North Indian Hindu custom.</li>
<li>Standard items on the Tharu plate are <strong>bagiya or dhikri &ndash;</strong> which is a steamed dish of rice flour that is eaten with chutney or curry &ndash;<strong> and ghonghi,</strong> an edible snail that is cooked in a curry made of coriander, chili, garlic, and onion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Theravada Buddhism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>strongest</strong> in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. It is sometimes called <strong>'Southern Buddhism'.</strong></li>
<li>The name means <strong>'the doctrine of the elders' -</strong> the elders being the senior Buddhist monks.</li>
<li>This school of Buddhism <strong>believes that</strong> it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. However, it<strong> does not over-emphasise</strong> the status of these teachings in a fundamentalist way - they are <strong>seen as tools to help people</strong> understand the truth, <strong>and not as having merit of their own.</strong></li>
<li>It emphasises <strong>attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts.</strong> The <strong>follower is expected to</strong> "abstain from all kinds of evil, to accumulate all that is good and to purify their mind".<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>ideal of Theravada Buddhism is the arhat,</strong> or perfected saint, who attains enlightenment as a result of his own efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meditation</strong> is one of the <strong>main tools</strong> by which a Theravada Buddhist transforms themselves, and so a monk spends a great deal of time in meditation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are<strong> scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342 s</strong>ays that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria</strong> for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe. <strong>Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational &amp; economic backwardness</strong> are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.</li>
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes,<strong> 75 in number known as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</a> (PVTGs),</strong> who are<strong> characterised by</strong>:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy.</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</strong></a>, 2006 (FRA); The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathalgarhi-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act</strong></a>, 1996; Minor Forest Produce Act 2005;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20the%20Amendment%20Act%2C%202018&amp;text=It%20delineates%20specific%20crimes%20against,in%20the%20Act%20are%20cognizable." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SC And ST (Prevention Of Atrocities) Act</strong></a>; and the Tribal Sub-Plan Strategy are focused on the socio-economic empowerment of STs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-the-tharu-tribals-of-the-up-terai-7095740/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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