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Implementing Forest Rights

This article is based on “How FRA helped India’s forest communities during COVID-19” which was published in Down to Earth on...

30 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Menace of Manual Scavenging

This article is based on “Machine hole” which was published in The Indian Express on 21/11/2020. It talks about the issue of death due...

25 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Forest Rights Act, 2006

Why in News Recently, review petitions of approximately 1200 tribals for recognition of their claims over forest land under the Scheduled Tribes and...

16 Nov 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Crime in India 2019 Report: NCRB

Why in News The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the annual Crime in India 2019 report. It reports an increase in crimes against...

01 Oct 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission

Why in News The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has launched the ‘Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission...

01 Oct 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Covid Infection in PVTGs

Why in News Six members of two Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (Bondas and Didiayis) in Odisha contracted Covid-19, the National...

22 Sep 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Cooperative Labour in Odisha Tribes

Why in News The concept of labour cooperatives is popular in almost all tribal communities in Odisha including the Dongria Kondh, Juanga, Lanjia...

11 Sep 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Indian Forest Act, 1927

The Indian Forest Act,1927 aimed to regulate the movement of forest produce, and duty leviable forest produce. It also explains the procedure to be...

03 Sep 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Scholarship Schemes in India

Why in News Recently, a multi-crore scam has been reported in the post-matric scholarship scheme for Scheduled Castes (SC) in Punjab. The Central...

31 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Mahatma Ayyankali

Why in News The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to social reformer Mahatma Ayyankali on his 157th birth anniversary. Key Points Ayyankali...

29 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Sub-Classification of Reserved Classes

Why in News A five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court held that States can sub-classify the list of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs),...

28 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Indigenous People of Andaman and Nicobar

Why in News The report of Covid-19 cases among the members of the Great Andamanese tribe is a matter of concern as the total population of the tribe...

28 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
World Tribal Day

Why in News World Tribal Day or International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples is observed on 9th August every year. Key Points Aim:...

10 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
TRIFED’s Digitisation Drive

Why in News The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) celebrated its 33rd Foundation Day on 6th August 2020 and...

08 Aug 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Reimagining the National Commission for Scheduled Castes

This article is based on the Towards a more equal future which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2020. It discusses how the National...

22 Jul 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat government has decided to form a five-member commission to identify members of Rabari, Bharvad and Charan...

10 Jul 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
World Sickle Cell Day 2020

Why in News Recently, World Sickle Cell Day 2020 was observed in India to increase awareness about the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) at the national...

20 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Axone: Ethnic Cuisine of Northeast India

Why in News Recently, Axone or fermented soya bean has become popular, which is eaten by many tribal communities in different parts of Northeast...

18 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Inclusion of Reservation Laws in Ninth Schedule

Why in News Recently, a Union Minister emphasised the need to include all reservation-related laws in the Ninth Schedule of Constitution so that...

13 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Educational Complexes for Tribal Students: Odisha

Why in News Recently, the Government of Odisha has announced the establishment of three mega educational complexes exclusively for tribal students,...

08 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs

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		'title' => 'Implementing Forest Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/forests/how-fra-helped-india-s-forest-communities-during-covid-19-74440" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How FRA helped India&rsquo;s forest communities during COVID-19&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down to Earth on 27/11/2020. It talks about the implementation issues regarding the Forest Rights Act, 2006.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, like any other dimension, has had a drastic impact on forest communities. It caused losses of livelihoods and shelter, food insecurity, physical hardships, health-concerns and economic suffering.</p>
<p>In order to cope with the crisis, effective implementation of <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, also known as Forest Rights Act (FRA)</a> </strong>assumes much importance.</p>
<p>FRA has the potential to secure the forest rights and address other issues of at least 200 million tribals (covering 50% of India&rsquo;s forest land). However, it is laxity in the implementation of the act that undermines fructification of the law, even after a decade and a half of its enactment.</p>
<h3>FRA &amp; Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Forest Rights Act empowers the forest communities to use, manage and govern forests for their livelihood as well as for the conservation and protection of forests. But its poor implementation remains an issue.</li>
<li>The key reasons for poor implementation of FRA include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of political commitment;</li>
<li>Lack of adequate human and financial resources with the Department of Tribal Affairs, which is the nodal agency for implementation of FRA;</li>
<li>The tussle with forest bureaucracy which influences decision at various levels;</li>
<li>Poor or non-functioning of district and sub-division level committees, which consider the claims filed by gram sabhas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been a decade and a half since the law was passed. However, only 13% of the 40 million ha has been demarcated under the FRA by the environment ministry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This laxity in duly recording existing forest rights and the resultant tenurial insecurity is likely to increase vulnerability and more adversely impact livelihoods and food security of forest dwellers during the pandemic and after.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues Faced by the Forest Communities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absence of Social Infrastructure:</strong> The absence of healthcare facilities in tribal areas, with a prevalence of diseases and health concerns such as malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, etc, severely limited the capacities to deal with any major outbreak like Covid-19.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poor access of tribal and forest dwellers to the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> public distribution system</strong></a> was reported from all states.</li>
<li>There were also various reports of starvation from the tribal areas since they remain excluded from most of the benefits of the socio-economic scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Related to Minor Forest Produce:</strong> Mere granting of ownership over minor forest produce (MFPs) will not improve tribal livelihoods, as overall production of MFPs (except of tendu leaves) has fallen rapidly due to monoculture plantation by the forest department.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Silvicultural practices of plant species, such as teak (in place of sal), yields no recurrent product for gathering.</li>
<li>Moreover, the important MFPs continue to be &lsquo;nationalised&rsquo;, that is, these can be sold only to government agencies.</li>
<li>Further, the collection, use and sale of minor forest produce (MFP) by forest dwellers also got severely affected due to the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PVTG Issue:</strong> The survival of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>particularly vulnerable tribal groups</strong></a> (PVTG) living in remote and scattered geographical locations in India was another issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PVTG have been the prime conservationists of deep forests and have managed the biodiversity of forests since ages.</li>
<li>Deep forests are a complex ecosystem encapsulating the grand narratives of resources, nature, biodiversity and lives.</li>
<li>Breaking this ecosystem would only intensify the dispossession, alienation of the communities, thereby adversely impacting the forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of EIA:</strong> Amid such hardships faced by tribal communities, the dilution of laws and policies under the theme of &lsquo;Self-Reliant India&rsquo; to boost the economy has increased resentment among them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent announcements regarding the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/draft-eia-notification-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dilution of Environment Impact Assessment</strong></a> and liberalisation of entry norms for private entities in the coal sector have increased tribal anger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Implementing FRA in Letter &amp; Spirit:</strong> Implementing FRA will not only lead to the development of forest dwellers but also build a relationship of trust and bond between them and the government, thereby reducing land conflict, Naxalism and underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>Cooperative Federalism:</strong> Keeping in view the enormous economic, social and ecological benefits of individual and community forest management, the Centre in cooperation with State governments should implement the Forest Rights Act, 2006 in its right spirit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is important that the Ministry of Tribal Affairs at the Central and State levels are strengthened with human and financial resources to help implement FRA on a mission mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reforming Forest Bureaucracy:</strong> Besides leveraging modern technology to map and monitor the implementation of FRA, the forest bureaucracy must also be reformed to serve as service providers to gram sabhas.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Market For MFP:</strong> There is a need to provide marketing and MSP support to non-timber forest products and create institutional mechanisms to support community forest enterprises for value addition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the government should continue to provide technical support to the gram sabhas, so as to ensure not only higher production of MFPs but price support as provided to farmers so as to rejuvenate the tribal economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Rights recognised under FRA have helped to facilitate support for forest communities at various levels by overcoming constraints and crisis situations during times of wide-scale distress. However, a wider implementation of the law is what is the need of the hour.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcf5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Forest Rights Act-2006 remains crucial to secure rights of the forest dwellers and rejuvenation of the tribal economy. Discuss</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7071,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Menace of Manual Scavenging',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/machine-hole-7059558/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Machine hole&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/11/2020. It talks about the issue of death due to Manual Scavenging and the way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government has proposed to bring amendments in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a>. These amendments are being brought in the light of recently released data by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment which show that manual scavenging has led to 376 deaths over the past five years, including 110 in 2019 alone.</p>
<p>The proposed changes envisaged to make mechanised cleaning of sewers and septic tanks will be mandatory, the word &ldquo;manhole&rdquo; will be replaced with &ldquo;machine-hole&rdquo; in official usage, and a 24&times;7 national helpline will be set up to report violations.</p>
<p>However, correcting a problem that is closely intertwined with social hierarchies requires more than technological or legal solutions.</p>
<h3>Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;manual scavenging&rsquo;</strong></a> refers to the practice of manually carrying human excreta.</li>
<li>In the past, this referred to the practice of removing excreta from dry latrines.</li>
<li>However, new modern sanitation technologies brought new forms of manual scavenging work, which include manual and unsafe cleaning of drains, sewer lines, septic tanks and latrine pits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legal Framework Against Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Manual scavengers and their rehabilitation Act, 2013 prohibits manual scavenging.</li>
<li>Further, the employment or engagement of people to manually clean drains, sewer tanks, septic tanks is an offence punishable by imprisonment and fine.</li>
<li>Also, it asks state governments and municipal bodies to identify manual scavengers and rehabilitate them.</li>
<li>Apart from it, a principle for compensation was also established by the Supreme Court for providing Rs 10 lakhs to every case of sewer death.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Prevalence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice of manual scavenging is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes were expected to perform this job.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the law has ended, manual scavenging as a form of employment, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on.</li>
<li>This makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods. Apart from this, people could once again return to manual scavenging in the absence of other opportunities to support their families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Protective Gear:</strong> Frequent deaths occur as manual scavengers don't even have adequate tools and protective gear to clean the manhole.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It often involves using the most basic of tools such as buckets, brooms and baskets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unwilling to invest in technology and the rehabilitation of workers, municipalities live in denial instead of acting to end the practice.</li>
<li>Also, despite frequent news of death due to manual scavenging, there have been no reports from states of people being convicted for employing manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Further, there is no provision of hand holding people who are targeted for such rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue Due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> The Social Justice Ministry has decided to directly provide funds to workers to purchase cleaning machines, instead of giving money to contractors or municipalities. This is a step in the right direction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For it to succeed, states need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With Swachh Bharat Mission identified as a top priority area by the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission, and funds available for smart cities and urban development provides for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this to happen, it is essential to empower local administration, so that money needed to shift to mechanised cleaning would not be a constraint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After this, there is a need to sensitise people about the gross violation of this human right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Manual scavengers are amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged communities in India.</p>
<p>It is due to this reason it is difficult to eliminate manual scavenging in a system that operates at the intersection of caste, economic inequality.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fbff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Manual Scavenging is a problem that is closely intertwined with social hierarchies and requires more than just technological or legal solutions. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PUuwl1q-1Zg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/planning-for-a-post-covid-world/story-XxsHbpEabWHpRqfnRNWmsN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Planning for a post-Covid world&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on November 23<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Forest Rights Act, 2006',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, review <strong>petitions</strong> of approximately <strong>1200 tribals</strong> for recognition of their claims over forest land under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</strong></a> was <strong>rejected</strong> by the local authorities in <strong>Mysuru (Karnataka)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of people, especially the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scheduled tribes</strong></a> have lived in and around forests for a long period in <strong>symbiotic relationships</strong>.</li>
<li>During the <strong>colonial time</strong>, the focus shifted from the forests being used as a <strong>resource base for sustenance</strong> of local communities to a State resource for <strong>commercial interests</strong> and development of land for agriculture.</li>
<li>Several Acts and policies such as the <strong>three Indian Forest Acts of 1865, 1894 and 1927 of the Central Govt</strong> and some state forest Acts curtailed centuries‐old, customary‐use rights of local communities.</li>
<li>This continued even after independence till much later until enactment of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in 2019 ordered the <strong>eviction of nearly a million people across India whose claims under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 had been rejected</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes</strong> (FDST) and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers</strong> (OTFD) who have been residing in such forests for generations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Forest rights can also be claimed by any member or community who has <strong>for at least three generations (75 years) prior to the 13th day of December, 2005 primarily resided in forest</strong> land for bona fide livelihood needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It strengthens the <strong>conservation regime</strong> of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha</strong> is the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of <strong>Individual Forest Rights</strong> (IFR) or <strong>Community Forest Rights</strong> (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The Act identifies <strong>four types of rights</strong>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Title rights:&nbsp;</strong>It gives FDST and OTFD the <strong>right to ownership</strong> to land farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of <strong>4 hectares</strong>. Ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family and no new lands will be granted.</li>
<li><strong>Use rights:&nbsp;</strong>The rights of the dwellers extend to <strong>extracting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce</a>, grazing areas</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Relief and development rights:&nbsp;</strong>To <strong>rehabilitate</strong> in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.</li>
<li><strong>Forest management rights:&nbsp;</strong>It includes the right to <strong>protect, regenerate or conserve</strong> or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision Expansion:&nbsp;</strong>It <strong>expands the mandate of the Fifth and the Sixth Schedules</strong> of the Constitution that protect the claims of indigenous communities over tracts of land or forests they inhabit.</li>
<li><strong>Security Concerns:&nbsp;</strong>The alienation of tribes was one of the <strong>factors behind the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/naxalism-left-wing-extremism-internal-security-threat-vulnerabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Naxal movement</a></strong>, which affects states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.The Act through identifying IFR and CFR tries to provide <strong>inclusion</strong> to tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Forest Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has the potential to <strong>democratise forest governance</strong> by recognising community forest resource rights.</li>
<li>The act will ensure that people get to manage their forest on their own which will <strong>regulate exploitation of forest resources by officials, improve forest governance and better management of tribal rights</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administrative Apathy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As tribals are <strong>not a big vote bank</strong> in most states, governments find it convenient to subvert FRA or not bother about it at all in favour of monetary gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Awareness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unawareness at the Lower level</strong> of forest officials who are supposed to help process forest rights claims is high and majority of the aggrieved population too remains in the dark regarding their rights.</li>
<li>The forest bureaucracy has <strong>misinterpreted the FRA</strong> as an instrument to <strong>regularise encroachment</strong> instead of a <strong>welfare measure</strong> for tribals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Certain sections of environmentalists raise the concern that FRA bends <strong>more in the favour of individual rights,</strong> giving lesser scope for community rights.</li>
<li>Community Rights <strong>effectively gives the local people the control over forest resources</strong> which remains a significant portion of forest revenue making states wary of vesting forest rights to Gram Sabha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reluctance of the forest bureaucracy to give up control:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>forest bureaucracy</strong> fears that it will lose the <strong>enormous power over land</strong> and people that it currently enjoys, while the <strong>corporates</strong> fear they may <strong>lose the cheap access</strong> to valuable natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Roadblock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rough maps</strong> of community and individual claims are <strong>prepared by Gram Sabha</strong> which at times often <strong>lack technical knowhow</strong> and suffers from educational incapacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Large-scale <strong>awareness</strong> and <strong>information dissemination campaigns</strong> are required at local level informing both tribal and lower level officials.</li>
<li>It is important to develop a <strong>detailed strategy of training and capacity building of people responsible for implementing the FRA,</strong> such as Panchayats, Gram Sabha, village level Forest Rights committee etc.</li>
<li>The relevant maps and documents should be made available to the Forest rights committee and claimants to <strong>simplify the task of the Gram Sabha in identifying and filing claims for individual and community rights</strong>.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>clarity on the time limit for settling claims</strong>. The Act does not specify any time limit for resolving claims.</li>
<li>The Centre should take a more <strong>proactive role</strong> in pushing states to honour a law that could change the lives of millions.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/forest-rights-claims-of-nearly-1200-tribals-in-hunsur-rejected/article33103593.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6636,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Crime in India 2019 Report: NCRB',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong> has released the<strong> annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crime in India</a> 2019 report.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It reports an <strong>increase in crimes against Scheduled Castes (SCs)</strong> and <strong>Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong> in the year 2019 as compared to the year 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Crimes against SCs and STs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crime against <strong>SCs have increased by over 7%</strong> and crimes against <strong>STs have increased by 26%</strong> in year 2019 compared to 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> recorded the <strong>highest number of crimes against SCs</strong> in 2019, followed by Rajasthan and Bihar.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> recorded the <strong>highest number of cases against STs,</strong> followed by Rajasthan, and Odisha.</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> Crimes against SCs and STs include the following categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Atrocities committed by non-SC/ST members under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act)</strong></a>, 1989 (POA Act)</li>
<li>Indian Penal Code</li>
<li>Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 : It prescribes punishment for the preaching and practice of Untouchability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chri-report-on-slavery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</strong></a> (CHRI), very few cases were being registered for specific discriminatory action against SCs and STs under the POA Act.</li>
<li>Such actions are registered mainly when <strong>accompanied by any of the IPC</strong> offences liek rape, murders etc.</li>
<li>Also, there<strong> is no data on total complaints</strong> received on crimes against the Scheduled Castes, the only data available is the number of cases registered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601544204_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601544204_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data on Other Crimes</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cognizable Crimes:</strong> An increase of 1.6% in registration of cognizable crimes in 2019 as compared to 2018 was recorded. Cognizable crimes comprise <strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong> ones and <strong>Special and Local Laws</strong> (SLL) crimes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cognisable offence means an offence in which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant.</li>
<li>SLL are Acts that are framed by the state government for specific issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Crimes Against Women:</strong> Crime against women showed an increase of 7.3% in 2019 from 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>88 cases of crimes against women were recorded per day.</li>
<li>Majority of cases under crime against women under IPC were registered under cruelty by husband or his relatives (30.9%), followed by assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty, kidnapping &amp; abduction of women and rape .</li>
<li>In the number of cases of <strong>rape of women belonging to SCs, Rajasthan</strong> topped the list, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cybercrimes:</strong> Increased by 63.5% in 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>60.4% of cybercrime cases registered were for the motive of fraud followed by sexual exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News:</strong> The Supreme Court recently <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>upheld the constitutional validity of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment act was challenged on the grounds of violation of the <strong>fundamental right to equality (Article 14) </strong>and <strong>personal liberty (Article 21).</strong></li>
<li>The amendment act adds article 18A which states that the preliminary enquiry shall not be required for registration of a First Information Report against any person.</li>
<li>It also delineates <strong>specific crimes</strong> against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as atrocities and <strong>describes strategies and prescribes punishments</strong> to counter these acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCRB, <strong>headquartered in New Delhi, was set-up in 1986</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</li>
<li>It was set up based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA&rsquo;s Task Force (1985).</li>
<li>NCRB brings out the annual comprehensive statistics of crime across the country <strong>(&lsquo;Crime in India&rsquo; report).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Being <strong>published since 1953,</strong> the report serves as a crucial tool in understanding the law and order situation across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/crime-against-scheduled-castes-scheduled-tribes-saw-a-rise-of-7-and-26-in-2019-ncrb/article32730990.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment</strong> has launched the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Ambedkar</strong></a> <strong>Social Innovation and Incubation Mission (ASIIM)&rsquo;</strong> under <strong>Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Castes (SCs)</strong> with a view to promoting innovation and enterprise among SC students studying in higher educational institutions.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Objectives of the Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>promote entrepreneurship among the SC Youth </strong>with<strong> special preference to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Divyangs.</a></strong></li>
<li>To <strong>support (1,000) innovative ideas till 2024</strong> through a synergetic work with the <strong>Technology Business Incubators (TBIs)</strong> set up by the Department of Science and Technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented By: Venture Capital Fund for SCs (VCF-SCs)</strong> which was <strong>set up in 2015-16</strong> with the <strong>Fund size of Rs. 500 Crore.</strong> Under this fund, <strong>117 companies promoted by SC entrepreneurs</strong> have been sanctioned <strong>financial assistance</strong> to set up business ventures.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1,000 SC youth</strong> would be identified in the <strong>next 4 years</strong> with start-up ideas through the <strong>Technology Business Incubators (TBIs)</strong> in various higher educational institutions.</li>
<li>They <strong>will be funded @ Rs. 30 lakhs in 3 years as equity (investment) funding</strong> so that they can translate their start-up ideas into commercial ventures.</li>
<li>Successful ventures would <strong>further qualify for venture capital funding of up to Rs. 5 Crore</strong> from the VCF-SCs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Venture capital</strong> is a form of private equity and a type of financing that investors provide to startup companies and small businesses that are believed to have long-term growth potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Youth who have been identified by the TBIs.</li>
<li>Students who have been awarded under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart India Hackathon</strong> </a>or <strong>Smart India Hardware Hackathon</strong> being conducted by the Ministry of Education.</li>
<li>Innovative<strong> ideas focusing on the socio-economic development</strong> of the society identified in the TBIs.</li>
<li>Start-ups nominated and <strong>supported by corporates</strong> through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social responsibility (CSR)</strong> </a>funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ASIIM under VCF-SC will promote innovation in the SC youth and would help them to<strong> become job-givers from job-seekers.</strong></li>
<li>It would further<strong> give fillip to the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&amp;v=3f13cO1L2yQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Stand Up India&rsquo;</a></strong> initiative of the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660364" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6550,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Covid Infection in PVTGs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Six members of <strong>two Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (Bondas and Didiayis)</strong>&nbsp;in <strong>Odisha</strong> contracted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> has sought a report from the state government and has termed it a &ldquo;matter of grave concern&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-people-of-andaman-and-nicobar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) from Andaman</a>&nbsp;</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-people-of-andaman-and-nicobar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>contracted Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The classification among tribes was adopted by the Government of India (GoI) after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups#:~:text=of%20the%20scheme.-,Particularly%20Vulnerable%20Tribal%20Groups%20(PVTGs),8.6%25%20of%20the%20total%20population.&amp;text=In%201973%2C%20the%20Dhebar%20Commission,renamed%20the%20PTGs%20as%20PVTGs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dhebar Commission</strong> </a><strong>(1960-1961)</strong> stated that within the Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.</li>
<li>During the 4<sup>th</sup> Five Year Plan (1969-74), a <strong>sub-category</strong> was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups at a lower level of development. This sub-category was called <strong>&ldquo;Primitive tribal group&rdquo;,</strong> which is <strong>now PVTG.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong> A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PVTG</strong></a> is a GoI classification for tribes based on their:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Relative physical isolation,</li>
<li>Stagnant or declining population,</li>
<li>Low levels of literacy,</li>
<li>Absence of written language,</li>
<li>Pre-agricultural stage of economy, such as hunting, food gathering, shifting cultivation and terrace cultivation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>75 tribal groups</strong> have been <strong>categorized by the Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> as<strong> PVTGs.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> implements the <strong>Scheme of 'Development of PVTGs'</strong> exclusively for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PVTGs in Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the <strong>62 tribal groups</strong> in Odisha,<strong> 13 are recognised as PVTGs -</strong> the highest in the country.</li>
<li>Odisha has a population of <strong>2.5 lakh</strong> belonging to the PVTGs.</li>
<li>The PVTGs of the state have been identified as: <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-bonda-tribe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bonda</a>, Birhor, Chuktia, Didayi, Dongaria Kandha, Juang, Kharia, Kutia Kondh, Lanjia Saora, Lodha, Mankirida, Paudi Bhuyan </strong>and <strong>Saora.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bondas and Didiayis Tribes:</strong> The<strong> Bondas</strong> and <strong>Didiayis</strong> are found in the <strong>Malkangiri district</strong> of the state, which shares its border with Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Bondas,</strong> scattered across <strong>32 remote hilltop villages</strong> in the <strong>Eastern Ghats,</strong> are believed to have come to India as part of the<strong> first wave of migration out of Africa</strong> about 60,000 years ago.</li>
<li>The <strong>Didayis</strong> - an <strong>Austro-Asiatic tribe -</strong> live in the immediate neighbourhood of the Bondas. The population of Didayis is 7,250 according to the 2011 Census. They live in the<strong> Konda Kamberu hills</strong> of Malkangiri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contracting Covid is a matter of grave concern:</strong> According to the <strong>2018</strong> newsletter of the <strong>Poverty and Human Development Monitoring Agency</strong> (PHDMA):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Low Health Status:</strong> Diseases like upper respiratory problem and malaria, gastrointestinal disorders like acute diarrhoea and intestinal protozoa, micro nutrient deficiency, and skin infection are common among PVTGs.</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> Multiple factors like poverty, illiteracy, lack of safe drinking water, poor sanitary conditions, difficult terrain, malnutrition, poor access to maternal and child health care services, superstition, nonavailability of adequate health care services and deforestation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Poverty and Human Development Monitoring Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PHDMA has been created as an agency registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It is under the administrative control of the Planning <strong>&amp; Convergence Department, Odisha Government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In these testing times of Covid-19, the tribal population of both mainland India and Islands territory need proper attention. This must happen by respecting their way of living and providing ample opportunity while not interfering with their environment.</li>
<li>However, the role of the government lies in monitoring and providing basic facilities of food, health and water. Here, civil societies have a key role to play.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-remote-tribes-of-odisha-covid-19-has-reached-6605476/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6447,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Cooperative Labour in Odisha Tribes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The concept of labour cooperatives is popular in almost all tribal communities in Odisha including the <strong>Dongria Kondh, Juanga, Lanjia Saura, Saura, Didayi, Paudi Bhuyan and Kandh.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Farming on the steep hill slopes <strong>requires more labour which a single family cannot provide.</strong> Therefore, they have evolved an indigenous system to engage the labour available in the community to accomplish the <strong>farming tasks of all the families of the village.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong> These cooperatives ensure all families of the community are ensured food and <strong>no fields remain barren.</strong> They also strengthen the <strong>feeling of collective belongingness</strong> among the members.</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives in Different Tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lanjia Saura:</strong> All members are bound to participate in constructing terraces for farming on the slopes and designing and creating traditional irrigation systems, harnessing hill streams.</li>
<li><strong>Juanga community:</strong> All villagers trek hills, clear trees and create crop fields. The village council ensures that all members contribute their labour. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Juanga and Saura are <strong>Munda ethnic groups</strong> from Southern Odisha.</li>
<li>They are <strong>Austroasiatic tribes</strong> i.e. they are believed to be <strong>part of the first wave of migration out of Africa</strong> about 60,000 years ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dongria Kondh:</strong> This tribe practices <strong>at least 10 types of cooperative labour sharing within the community.</strong></li>
<li>Types of Cooperatives in Dongria Kondh Tribe:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><em><strong>Sahabati:</strong> </em>All Dongria households of the village work in turns for a day on the land of one villager.</li>
<li><em><strong>Daasibati:</strong></em> Cooperative of younger, unmarried girls from the village for less strenuous but tedious work such as weeding, fencing of fields, cleaning or harvesting of crops.</li>
<li><em><strong>Dhangdabati:</strong></em> Young bachelors are required to take up work such as felling trees, hoeing, carrying logs and digging pits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dongria Kondh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> They derive their name from dongar, meaning &lsquo;hill&rsquo; and are the member of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/khond-tribe" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khond Tribe</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Status:</strong> They are a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitation:</strong> They reside in the Niyamgiri hill range of Odisha, around 4,500 ft above sea level.</li>
<li><strong>Language:</strong> <strong>Kui language</strong> (Oral only, not written)</li>
<li><strong>Beliefs:</strong> They worship <strong>Niyam Raja,</strong> the god of the Niyamgiri Forests.</li>
<li><strong>Occupation:</strong> They sustain themselves from the resources of the Niyamgiri forests, practising horticulture and shifting cultivation</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> They are currently facing displacement due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2nd-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bauxite mining in the Niyamgiri</strong></a> hills.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are also facing <strong>severe health problems</strong> because of<strong> dust coming from</strong> the red mud pond (waste generated by the refinery) <strong>site. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tribes in Odisha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha is home to 62 tribal communities &mdash; the<strong> largest diverse groups of tribal population in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>13 of them are PVTGs&mdash; <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-bonda-tribe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bonda</a>, Birhor, Chuktia Bhunjia, Didayi, Dungaria Kandha, Hill Kharia, Juang, Kutia Kondh, Lanjia Saora, Lodha, Mankirdia, Paudi Bhuyan and Saora.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tribal populations are found in the<strong> entire seven districts of Kandhamal, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Nabarangpur, Koraput, Malkangiri and Rayagada,</strong> and in parts of 6 other districts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-hands-ensure-green-fields-among-odishas-tribal-villages/article32532422.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6369,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Indian Forest Act, 1927',
		'description' => '<p>The Indian Forest Act,1927 aimed to regulate the movement of forest produce, and duty leviable forest produce. It also explains the procedure to be followed for declaring an area as Reserved Forest, Protected Forest or a Village Forest. </p>
<p>This act has details of what a forest offence is, what are the acts prohibited inside a Reserved Forest, and penalties leviable on violation of the provisions of the Act. After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice (1878 and 1927).</p>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Forest Act of 1865:</strong> The Imperial Forest Department, set up in 1864, attempted to establish British control over forests, by various legislations<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It empowered the British government to declare any land covered with trees as a government forest and make rules to manage it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Forest Act of 1878:</strong> By the Forest Act of 1878, the British Administration acquired the sovereignty of all wastelands which by definition included forests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Act also enabled the administration to demarcate reserved and protected forests. The local rights were refused in the case of protected forests while some privileges which were given to the local people by the government which can be taken away are anytime. </li>
<li>This Act classified the forests into three &ndash; <strong>reserved forests, protected forests and village forests.</strong> It attempted to regulate the collection of forest produce by forest dwellers and some activities declared as offences and imprisonment and fines were imposed in this policy to establish the state control over forests. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Forest Act of 1927:&nbsp;</strong>This Act impacted the life of forest-dependent communities. The penalties and procedures given in this Act aimed to extend the state&rsquo;s control over forests as well as diminishing the status of people&rsquo;s rights to forest use. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The village communities were alienated from their age-old symbiotic association with forests. Further amendments were also made to restrain the local use of forests mainly by forest-dependent communities. </li>
<li>It was enacted to make forest laws more effective and to improve the previous forest laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To consolidate all the previous laws regarding forests.</li>
<li>To give the Government the power to create different classes of forests for their effective usage for the colonial purpose.</li>
<li>To regulate movement and transit of forest produce, and duty leviable on timber and other forest produce.</li>
<li>To define the procedure to be followed for declaring an area as Reserved Forest, Protected Forest or Village Forest.</li>
<li>To define forest offences acts prohibited inside the Reserved Forest, and penalties leviable on the violation.</li>
<li>To make conservation of forests and wildlife more accountable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Types of Forests</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reserved Forests:</strong> Reserve forests are the most restricted forests and are constituted by the State Government on any forest land or wasteland which is the property of the Government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In reserved forests, local people are prohibited, unless specifically allowed by a Forest Officer in the course of the settlement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Forests:</strong> The State Government is empowered to constitute any land other than reserved forests as protected forests over which the Government has proprietary rights and the power to issue rules regarding the use of such forests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This power has been used to establish State control over trees, whose timber, fruit or other non-wood products have revenue-raising potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Village forest:</strong> Village forests are the one in which the State Government may assign to &lsquo;any village community the rights of Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Degree of protection</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reserved forests &gt; Protected forests &gt; Village forests</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest Settlement Officer</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Forest Settlement Office is appointed, by the State government, to inquire into and determine the existence, nature and extent of any rights alleged to exist in favour of any person in or over any land comprising a Reserved forest.</li>
<li>He/she is empowered even to acquire land over which right is claimed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Drawbacks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government claimed that the act was aimed to protect the vegetation cover of India. However, a deep investigation of the act reveals that the real motive behind the act was to earn revenue from the cutting of the trees and from the forest produce.</li>
<li>The act gave immense discretion and power to the forest bureaucracy which often led to the harassment of the forest dwellers.</li>
<li>Moreover, it led to depriving the nomads and tribal people their age-old rights and privileges to use the forests and forest produce.</li>
<li>The revenue earning potential from timber overshadowed the other values like biodiversity, prevention of soil erosion, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Later Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Forest Policy, 1952:</strong> The Indian Forest Policy, 1952 was a simple extension of colonial forest policy. However, it became conscious about the need to increase the forest cover to one-third of the total land area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At that time maximum annual revenue from forests is the vital national need. The two World Wars, need for defence, developmental projects such as river valley projects, industries like pulp, paper and plywood, and communication heavily depended on forest produce on national interest, as a result, huge areas of forests were cleared to raise revenue for the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest Conservation Act, 1980:</strong> The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 stipulated that the central permission is necessary to practice sustainable agro-forestry in forest areas. Violation or lack of permit was treated as a criminal offence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It targeted to limit deforestation, conserve biodiversity and save wildlife. Though this Act provides greater hope towards forest conservation it was not successful in its target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Forest Policy, 1988:</strong> The ultimate objective of the National Forest policy was to maintain environmental stability and ecological balance through conservation of forests as a natural heritage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Forest Policy in 1988 made a very significant and categorical shift from commercial concerns to focus on the ecological role of the forests and participatory management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of the other Acts related to forest conservation are :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972</strong></a>, The Environment Protection Act of 1986, and The Biodiversity Protection Act of 2003.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-dwellers-face-eviction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</strong></a>: It has been enacted to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation of forest land in forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers, who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Read more<a href="/summary-of-important-reports/india-state-of-forest-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/india-state-of-forest-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2019</a></strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6341,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scholarship Schemes in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a multi-crore scam has been reported in the <strong>post-matric scholarship scheme for Scheduled Castes (SC)</strong> in Punjab.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central government is planning to bring a <strong>single national scholarship scheme</strong> by merging all the current scholarship schemes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Post Matric Scholarship for SCs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> launched in 2006. It is <strong>implemented</strong> through State government and Union Territory administration.</li>
<li>The Scheme provides<strong> financial assistance to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-classification-of-reserved-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Caste</a> (SC) students</strong> studying at post matriculation or post-secondary stage to enable them to complete their education.</li>
<li>The scholarship is <strong>available for studies in India only</strong> and is paid to the students whose guardians&rsquo; income is below Rs. 2,50,000 per annum .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Single National Scholarship Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central government is <strong>contemplating</strong> setting up a <strong>single national scholarship scheme</strong> called <strong>PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI)</strong> for meritorious students which will absorb all the existing scholarship schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary:</strong> Students in the Other Backward Class (OBC), SC, Denotified, Nomadic and semi-Nomadic Tribe (DNT) and Economically Backward Caste (EBC) categories will be able to avail the national scholarship.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Agency:</strong> The <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> has been tasked to implement the Scheme<strong> by conducting a merit test.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Single National Scholarship Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>increase the reach of information</strong> about the govt scholarships.</li>
<li><strong>Boost</strong> the importance of maintaining a <strong>basic curriculum and teaching standards</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>Help improve the <strong>quality and implementation of scholarships.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case a student misses the deadline of scholarship, he will<strong> not get a second chance</strong> to apply for other scholarships.</li>
<li>The national-level scholarship exam would become an <strong>added burden on students.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Having a separate exam for identifying merit is redundant as already students are appearing for board examinations and entrance examinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the existing pre-matric and post-matric scholarship schemes are done away with, it could end up <strong>hampering the education of students.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The single national scholarship scheme under PM-YASASVI can be beneficial only if it is implemented properly. Without correct implementation, it can become a hindrance rather than a help for students in India.</li>
<li>The government should leverage the experience of scholarship provider platforms while developing this new scholarship scheme as they have a first-hand experience of supporting students.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-bajwa-demands-time-bound-probe-by-high-court-judge-6574223/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6332,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mahatma Ayyankali',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to<strong> social reformer Mahatma Ayyankali</strong> on his 157<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598689834_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598689834_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="287" height="175" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ayyankali (1863-1914),</strong> born in <strong>Kerala,</strong> was a<strong> leader of the lower castes and Dalits.</strong> With his efforts, Dalits got the freedom to walk on public roads, and Dalit children were allowed to join schools.</li>
<li>He formed <strong>Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham (SJPS)</strong> to work for low castes.</li>
<li><strong>Efforts to organise the &ldquo;depressed classes&rdquo;</strong> and particularly the untouchable castes predated the nationalist movement, having begun in the<strong> second half of the nineteenth century.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was an initiative taken from both ends of the caste spectrum &ndash; by upper caste progressive reformers as well as by members of the lower castes such as <strong>Mahatma Jotiba Phule </strong>and<strong> Babasaheb <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ambedkar</a></strong> in<strong> western India, Ayyankali, Sri Narayana Guru, Iyothee Das </strong>and<strong> Periyar (E.V. Ramaswamy Naickar) </strong>in the<strong> South.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Against Discrimination of Dalits</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Safeguards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> of the constitution abolishes the practice of<strong> &ldquo;untouchability&rdquo;</strong> and punishes the enforcement of any disability arising out of the practice.</li>
<li><strong>Article 21</strong> guarantees the <strong>right to life and liberty.</strong> The Supreme Court has interpreted this right to include the right to be free from degrading and inhuman treatment, the right to integrity and dignity of the person, and the right to speedy justice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When read with <strong>Article 39A</strong> on equal justice and free legal aid, Article 21 also encompasses the right to legal aid for those faced with imprisonment and those too poor to afford counsel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 23</strong> prohibits <strong>traffic in human beings</strong> and other similar forms of forced labor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 24</strong> provides that <strong>no child under the age of fourteen</strong> shall work in any factory or mine or engage in any<strong> hazardous employment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Safeguards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 15(4)</strong> empowers the state to make any special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens, or for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Through Article 16(4),</strong> the state is empowered to make &ldquo;any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Safeguards: Article 330</strong> provides reservations for seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the Lok Sabha (the House of the People), while <strong>Article 332</strong> provides for reservations in the state legislative assemblies.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> establishes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Related Directive Principles of State Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43</strong> calls on the state to secure to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, a living wage and conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life.</li>
<li><strong>Article 45</strong> charges that the state shall endeavor to provide free and compulsory education for all children until they reach the age of six.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> states that the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and forms of exploitation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1649195" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6322,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sub-Classification of Reserved Classes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A five-judge Bench of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>held that States can sub-classify the list of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) to provide preferential treatment to the<strong> &ldquo;weakest out of the weak&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision <strong>overruled</strong> a previous 2005 decision in<strong> E V Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh and Others,</strong> also by a five-judge Bench, that <strong>state governments had no power to create sub-categories of SCs</strong> for the purpose of reservation.</li>
<li>Since a Bench of equal strength cannot overrule a previous decision, the court also <strong>referred it to a 7-judge Bench.</strong></li>
<li>The judgment was on the constitutional validity of Section 4(5) of the <strong>Punjab Scheduled Caste and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The act allows 50% of the reserved Scheduled Castes seats in the State to be allotted to Balmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judgment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reservation system</strong></a> has created <strong>inequalities within the reserved castes</strong> itself. There is a <strong>&ldquo;caste struggle&rdquo;</strong> within the reserved class as benefits of reservation are being usurped by a few.</li>
<li>Reservation <strong>was not contemplated for all the time</strong> by the framers of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 334</strong> of the Constitution had originally required the reservation of<strong> elected seats</strong> to cease in <strong>1960,</strong> but it was extended by various amendments. The latest one being the 104<sup>th</sup> Amendment extending it to 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If sub-classification is denied, it would <strong>defeat the right to equality</strong> by treating unequal as equal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 14</strong> guarantees everyone <strong>&ldquo;equality before law&rdquo;</strong> and<strong> &ldquo;equal protection of law&rdquo;.</strong> Equal protection of the laws means that amongst equals the law should be equal and treating unequals as equals will be violation of law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among the SCs, there are some that remain grossly under-represented despite reservation in comparison to other SCs. This<strong> inequality within the Scheduled Castes</strong> is underlined in several reports, and special quotas have been framed to address it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Justice Ramachandra Raju Commission, 1997</strong> recommended sub-dividing the SCs into four groups and apportioning reservations separately for each. It also recommended that <strong>Creamy layer of Scheduled Castes be excluded</strong> from receiving any reservation benefits in public appointments and admission to educational institutions.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Bihar, <strong>special quotas</strong> were introduced for the <strong>most vulnerable Dalits.</strong> In 2007, Bihar set up the <strong>Mahadalit Commission</strong> to identify the castes within SCs that were left behind. In Tamil Nadu, a 3% quota within the SC quota is accorded to the<strong> Arundhatiyar caste.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States have the competence</strong> to grant reservation benefits to SCs and STs in terms of Articles 15(4) and 16(4), and Articles 341(1) and 342(1).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4)</strong> provides that the State can make any provision for the reservation of <strong>appointments or posts and in matters of promotion</strong> in favour of any backward class of citizens who, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15(4)</strong> empowers the state to<strong> create special arrangements</strong> for promoting the interests and welfare of socially and educationally backward classes of the society such as SC and STs.</li>
<li>As per the Articles <strong>341(1) and 342(1),</strong> the President of India, after consultation with the Governor, may specify, the castes, races, tribes or parts of groups within castes or races, which shall be deemed to be Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the <strong>Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992</strong> case, the Supreme Court held that it would be <strong>perfectly legal for the state to categorise backward classes as backward and more backward.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also upheld the concept of &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; within OBC to those who have overcome their backwardness. However, the concept of creamy layer in SCs and STs has been in debate since then.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>E V Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh and Others 2005</strong> case, the Supreme Court ruled that only the <strong>President has the power to notify the inclusion or exclusion of a caste</strong> as a Scheduled Caste, and states cannot tinker with the list.</li>
<li>In the <strong>M.Nagaraj &amp; Others vs Union Of India, 2006</strong> case, the Supreme Court said that the government<strong> had to collect quantifiable data</strong> showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class in public employment.</li>
<li>However, in <strong>Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta, 2018</strong> Supreme Court held that the government <strong>need not collect quantifiable data</strong> to demonstrate backwardness of public employees belonging to the SC/STs to provide reservations for them in <strong>promotions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also observed that certain caste groups or subgroups have<strong> &ldquo;come out of untouchability or backwardness</strong> by virtue of belonging to the creamy layer&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Supreme Court has ruled that reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts is<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> not a fundamental right</strong></a>, and a state cannot be compelled to offer the quota if it chooses not to.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dr B.R. Ambedkar described the Indian society as a gradation of castes forming an <strong>ascending scale of reverence and a descending scale of contempt.</strong> As is the nature of any hierarchical structure, no two castes are equal. The ones at the bottom of the ladder, those who have been most severely ostracised and subjugated, have not yet received the benefits of reservations as a tool to ensure their representation in society and government. This judgement will help <strong>trickle down the benefits of reservation to the most needy</strong> and establishment of an equal society.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/supreme-court-sc-st-reservation-quota-6572693/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6318,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indigenous People of Andaman and Nicobar',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The report of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> cases among the members of the <strong>Great Andamanese</strong> tribe is a matter of concern as the total population of the tribe is already low.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG): Great Andamanese are one of five</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PVTGs</strong></a> that reside in <strong>Andamans archipelago.</strong> The other four are: <strong>Jarwas, Onges, Shompens </strong>and<strong> North Sentinelese.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shompen</strong> is the only PVTG in the region with <strong>Mongoloid</strong> features. The <strong>other PVTGs</strong> have <strong>negroid</strong> features. Some of them interact with <strong>&lsquo;Great Nicobarese&rsquo; - a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=However%2C%20Article%20366(25),the%20purposes%20of%20this%20Constitution.%E2%80%9D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribe.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <strong>population of Andaman and Nicobar Islands&rsquo; primitive tribes has rapidly declined</strong> over the years. The <strong>epidemics</strong> and <strong>crippling health crises</strong> of the past have been seen to disproportionately impact these indigenous tribal groups.</li>
<li><strong>75 tribal groups</strong> have been <strong>categorised by the Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> as PVTGs. The<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> implements the <strong>Scheme of &lsquo;Development of PVTGs&rsquo;</strong> exclusively for them.</li>
<li><strong>Article 366 (25)</strong> of the Constitution provides a process to define <strong>Scheduled Tribes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Great Andamanese Tribe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tribe is based in <strong>&lsquo;Strait Island&rsquo;</strong> of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</li>
<li>The members speak<strong> Jeru dialect</strong> among themselves and their <strong>number stands at 51</strong> as per the last study carried out by Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti in 2012.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 5,000 Great Andamanese lived in the Islands before British settlers arrived in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>However, hundreds were killed in conflict as they defended their territories from British invasion, and thousands more were wiped out in epidemics of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> measles</strong></a>, influenza and syphilis (a bacterial infection).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598601394_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598601394_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/covid-19-reaches-remote-great-andamanese-tribe-five-members-test-positive/article32453913.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6148,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Tribal Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>World Tribal Day or <strong>International Day of the World&rsquo;s Indigenous Peoples</strong> is observed on <strong>9<sup>th</sup> August</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> The day is aimed at <strong>promoting and protecting the rights of the world&rsquo;s indigenous population</strong> and to acknowledge the contributions that indigenous people make towards world issues such as environmental protection.</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The day recognizes the<strong> first meeting</strong> of the <strong>United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations in Geneva in 1982.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been celebrated every year since 1994, in accordance with the declaration by the United Nations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme 2020: &ldquo;Covid-19 and the indigenous peoples&rsquo; resilience&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tribes in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the 2011 census, tribals make up 8.6% of India's population.</li>
<li>There are over 700 tribal groups in India, out of which around 75 are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gond-tribals-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gond</strong></a> comprise the largest tribal group of India</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> largest number</strong> of tribal communities <strong>(62) are found in Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Tribe</strong> identified in <strong>Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Puducherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 342(1)-</strong> The<strong> President</strong> may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination </strong>on grounds of<strong> religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth only.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 16-</strong> Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment</li>
<li><strong>Article 46-</strong> Promotion of educational and economic interests of scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other weaker sections,</li>
<li><strong>Article 335-</strong> Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.</li>
<li>As per<strong> Article 338-A</strong> of the Constitution of India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=However%2C%20Article%20366(25),the%20purposes%20of%20this%20Constitution.%E2%80%9D" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> has been set-up.</li>
<li><strong>5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule-</strong> Administration and control of Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955</strong> against Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989</strong> to prevent the commission of offences of atrocities against the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996</strong> to provide for the extension of the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats to the Scheduled Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</strong> to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Committees Related to</strong> <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Communities</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Xaxa Committee</strong> (2013)</li>
<li><strong>Bhuria Commission</strong> (2002-2004)</li>
<li><strong>Lokur Committee</strong> (1965)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=World-Tribal-Day-being-observed-today&amp;id=396845" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6138,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'TRIFED’s Digitisation Drive',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed#:~:text=The%20Tribal%20Cooperative%20Marketing%20Development,of%20Ministry%20of%20Tribal%20Affairs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></a> (TRIFED) celebrated its<strong> 33<sup>rd</sup> Foundation Day on 6<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> and launched its own virtual office on the same day.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Virtual Office:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>81 online workstations and 100 additional converging State and agency workstations</strong> that will help the team members of TRIFED in working with their partners across the country on mission-mode towards bringing the tribal people closer to mainstream development.</li>
<li>To gauge the level of employee engagement and streamline their efforts, an <strong>Employee Engagement and Work Distribution Matrix</strong> with Dashboard Links has also been launched.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, <strong>every aspect</strong> like shopping, banking, working, etc. has gone <strong>online</strong> and it has been observed that the trend has increased even after relaxations of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>.</li>
<li>All these organisational initiatives are a part of TRIFED&rsquo;s ambitious <strong>all-encompassing digitisation drive </strong>to<strong> promote tribal commerce </strong>and<strong> map and link its village-based tribal producers and artisans to national and international markets</strong> by setting up<strong> state of art e-platforms</strong> benchmarked to international standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TRIFED came into existence in <strong>1987</strong> as the<strong> national nodal agency</strong> under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It was registered under the then <strong>Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>started its operations in 1988</strong> with its <strong>head office in New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> Socio-economic development of tribal people, promotion of economic welfare, empowerment of tribal people with knowledge, tools and information and their capacity building.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It mainly undertakes two functions which are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce</strong> </a>(MFP) Development and Retail Marketing and Development.</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives and Involvement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It started the<strong> procurement and marketing of tribal art and craft items</strong> through its<strong> first retail outlet</strong> called <strong>TRIBES INDIA</strong> in New Delhi in <strong>1999.</strong></li>
<li>It has organised the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Van Dhan Internship Programme</strong></a>, to enhance the output of the <strong>Van Dhan Yojana.</strong></li>
<li>It has also launched a transformational <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tech-for-tribals-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tech For Tribals program</strong></a> in partnership with <strong>Institutes of National Importance</strong> (INIs) to develop Tribal entrepreneurship.</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme</strong> is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED and it <strong>promotes value addition to</strong> MFP.</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for Marketing of MFP through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minimum Support Price</a> (MSP) and Development of Value Chain for MFP</strong> was<strong> implemented in 2013</strong> to<strong> ensure fair returns to forest dwelling <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=However%2C%20Article%20366(25),the%20purposes%20of%20this%20Constitution.%E2%80%9D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes</a></strong> (STs) and other traditional forest dwellers.</li>
<li>It has organized a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/webinar-on-covid-19-response-by-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Webinar on Covid-19 Response</strong></a> in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund</strong></a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The webinar was organised for virtual training of TRIFED Trainers and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs#:~:text=Self%2DHelp%20Groups%20(SHGs),to%20collectively%20perform%20common%20purpose." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups</strong> </a>(SHGs) on basic orientation on Covid-19 response and key preventive measures to ensure that tribal gatherers carry on their work safely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644087" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5981,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Reimagining the National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/towards-a-dalit-future-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes6516851/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Towards a more equal future</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2020. It discusses how the National Commission for Scheduled Castes can help in socio-economic empowerment of Dalits in contemporary India.</p>
</div>
<p>Though the Indian constitution envisages the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abolition of &lsquo;untouchability&rsquo;</strong></a> and an end to discrimination, prejudice is rampant in society and entrenched social discrimination and existing socio-economic realities add to the disadvantages faced by Scheduled Castes in India.</p>
<p>For the past many years the two main concerns of the group- <strong>protection from atrocities, and adequate representation,</strong> have not been addressed effectively by most of the stakeholders in Indian society- citizens, civil society, and governments.</p>
<p>One can still find incidents where a Dalit has been murdered for breaking bigoted social barriers or for marrying outside his or her caste or a Dalit who died while being forced to clean sewers.</p>
<p>It is in this backdrop that the role of <a href="/printpdf/constitutional-status-for-national-commission-for-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</strong></a> (NCSC) can be diversified to add to the sensitive and inclusive reforms in the society.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to provide the Scheduled Castes of Indian society safeguards against exploitation and to promote their social, economic, educational and cultural development, the Commission was set up by the Government of India.</li>
<li>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established by amending Article 338 and inserting a new <strong>Article 338A</strong> in the Constitution through the Constitution (89<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2003.</li>
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely- the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) from February, 2004.</li>
<li>It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
<li>Lack of infrastructure, lack of powers to take affirmative action (Commissions recommendations are not binding) have been some of the issues faced by the NCSC. It has been criticised for inefficient functioning, vague selection and appointment process, exorbitant budget etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps That Can Be Taken Up By the NCSC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening the legal and judicial protection of Dalits under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission can facilitate <strong>online reporting and tracking</strong> of crime.</li>
<li>It can make people aware of the process of filing the cases by framing and making available simplified Standard Operating Procedures in local languages at all the police stations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building and sensitisation of the institutions:</strong> The Commission can help in capacity building of lawyers, judges and policemen. This can ensure their empathetic engagement with members from Scheduled Castes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission can help sensitize at least the government institutions and organisations by regularly monitoring their grievance redressal mechanisms like internal complaints committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring effective implementation of existing government policies:</strong> The Commission can discuss with legislators and prioritise outcome-oriented fund expenditure across the Ministries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each ministry is supposed to set aside 15% of its spending in a Scheduled Caste Sub Plan. The Commission can restructure these funds for employment generation and self-employment, capacity building, including soft skills of Dalits.</li>
<li>Effectiveness and impacts of existing schemes can be monitored by the Commission regularly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Caste Sub Plan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, the Union Budget makes allocations exclusively for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe.</li>
<li>This fund is spent through the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP).</li>
<li>All Central Ministries and departments are obligated to set aside funds under the SCSP and the TSP.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incentivise Good Social Work:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Innovation, effectiveness, and positive impact of the work done by a department or a body can be rewarded by the Commission.</li>
<li>The Commission has a constitutional mandate to participate in the social and economic planning for SC welfare &mdash; it should use this mandate to guide the civil services that engage with the ground level realities in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Better engagement with civil society:</strong> The Commission can create a platform for structured engagement with civil society groups working on Dalit issues.</li>
<li><strong>Behavioural nudge:</strong> The Commission can identify social practices that promote discrimination and can help civil society and the government organise debates, deliberations, awareness campaigns around them.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate economic empowerment and entrepreneurship:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can discuss and encourage Universities to frame short term courses on entrepreneurship. It can also ensure that measures taken by the government in this direction reach their beneficiaries- for example <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f13cO1L2yQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stand Up India Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can encourage a participative approach to promote economic empowerment by engaging with the ideas proposed by the members of the community.</li>
<li>It can promote skills and small business development in the service economy.</li>
<li>Members of Scheduled Castes are not usually landowners or agriculturists. So they need help in integrating and competing with local and other markets which can be done through mentoring and other non-financial support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preparing for future challenges by facilitating inter-disciplinary research:</strong> The Commision can invite Central universities and civil society to first identify the five biggest challenges that Dalits are likely to face in the next five years and to suggest ways to mitigate them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Social identities are so entrenched in our society that they often decide the fate of individuals. Jobs, schemes and policing are not the only things that can ensure equality of social representation and access to dignity in India. Restructuring the tasks of NCSC can only be one among the many steps in this direction.</p>
<p>Empowerment in its real sense can only be brought by creating sensitive and empathetic societies that acknowledge their responsibility to work for the removal of suffering and stigma of exploited and deprived sections.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Autonomous bodies like the National Commission for Scheduled Castes are not able to bring justice in true sense and are a drain on the state exchequer. Critically analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 5856,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat government</strong> has decided to form a <strong>five-member commission</strong> to identify members of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, who are eligible for benefits of <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Schedule Tribe</a> (ST) status.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>October 1956,</strong> the <strong>central government conferred ST status</strong> on people of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, living in <em><strong>nesses</strong></em> (tiny, oval-shaped hutments made of mud) of <strong>Gir, Barda and Alech areas</strong> of Gujarat.</li>
<li>However, it has been alleged that a number of<strong> people not living in <em>nesses</em></strong> have managed to<strong> get ST certificates</strong> and are <strong>enjoying undue reservation benefits,</strong> mainly in government jobs.</li>
<li>Leaders of these three communities and other communities as well, have been <strong>protesting</strong> for quite some time against this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective of the Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>resolve this issue and identify the legitimate beneficiaries</strong> of ST status among the members of the three communities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure</strong> that the eligible members of the tribes are<strong> not devoid of their right</strong> and the <strong>others do not get an undue benefit</strong> in their names.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The five-member commission will comprise a retired judge of the high court as the head, two district judges, one retired forest officer and one retired revenue officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rabari</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They <strong>migrated from Rajasthan</strong> via Kutch and now most of them live in the Okhamandal region of Jamnagar district.</li>
<li>They speak <strong><em>&lsquo;Bhopa&rsquo;</em></strong> which is a <strong>mixture of Gujarati, Kachchi, Marwari words and Pharasi</strong> (Persian) and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Women stand in almost equal status</strong> to that of men.</li>
<li>The main economic activity is<strong> sheep breeding and selling of milk.</strong> Only a few of them own cultivable<strong> agricultural land.</strong> Recently, they have started engaging as <strong>wage labourers in industrial establishments</strong> both as skilled and unskilled labourers.</li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and are followers of <strong>Shiva and Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>Their folk songs are called <em><strong>&lsquo;Siya&rsquo;.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharvad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term Bharwad is a modified form of the word <em><strong>'Badawad&rsquo;.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Bada' means sheep and 'Wada' refers to compound or enclosure. The person who possesses compounds or pens is known as Badawad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>communicate in Gujarati</strong> and use<strong> Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>Bharwad <strong>women have a lower status.</strong></li>
<li>The Bharwads are<strong> pastorals</strong> who are permitted to graze their sheep and cattle in certain demarcated areas of the reserved forest. Some of them <strong>possess dry agricultural land</strong> and earn their livelihood as<strong> agricultural labourers.</strong></li>
<li>They profess<strong> Hinduism</strong> and <strong>Krishna</strong> is considered the supreme God.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Charan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charan, also called <strong>Gadhvi,</strong> is a small tribe in Gujarat and the name Charan is derived from the word <em><strong>&lsquo;Char&rsquo;</strong></em> which means <strong>grazing.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>speak Gujarati</strong> and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>marry within their community</strong> and<strong> practice monogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Charans are traditionally <strong>cattle breeders.</strong> They have also<strong> adopted agriculture as their secondary occupation.</strong></li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and the main deity is <strong>Pithorai Mata.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Census 1931,</strong> Schedule tribes are termed as<strong> &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo;</strong> living in the <strong>&lsquo;Excluded&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Partially Excluded&rsquo;</strong> areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution <strong>does not define the criteria for recognition</strong> of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Government of India Act, 1935</strong> called for the first time for representatives of &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo; in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li><strong>Article 366 (25)</strong> of the Constitution<strong> only provides a process to define</strong> Scheduled Tribes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheduled Tribes means such tribes, tribal communities, parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under <strong>Article 342</strong> to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 342 (1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The category of<strong> 'tribe'</strong> entails a <strong>social and cultural dimension</strong> but the<strong> &lsquo;schedule tribe&rsquo;</strong> category has <strong>political-administrative implications.</strong></li>
<li>A majority of the ST population is<strong> concentrated in the eastern, central and western belt</strong> covering the nine states of <strong>Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>12%</strong> inhabit the <strong>North-eastern region,</strong> about <strong>5%</strong> in the <strong>Southern region</strong> and about <strong>3%</strong> in the <strong>Northern states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> will amend <strong>Part VI of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes)</strong> Order, 1950 that specifies the tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 15 (4):&nbsp;</strong>Special provisions for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the&nbsp;Scheduled Castes (SCs) or the STs.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4): </strong>Enables the state to make any provision for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330 and 332:</strong> Provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 A:</strong> Gives powers to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a> to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-panel-to-be-formed-to-decide-on-tribal-status-of-3-communities-6497045/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5676,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Sickle Cell Day 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>World Sickle Cell Day 2020</strong> was observed in India to increase awareness about the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) at the national level.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day is recognised by the United Nations and celebrated every year on <strong>19<sup>th</sup> June.</strong></li>
<li>The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recognising sickle cell disease as a public health problem on 22<sup>th</sup> December, 2008.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sickle Cell Disease</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592649307_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592649307_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> inherited blood disease</strong> which is most common among people of African, Arabian and Indian origin.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>group of disorders that affects hemoglobin,</strong> the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body.&nbsp;</li>
<li>People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent shape. This blocks blood flow and oxygen from reaching all parts of the body.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It can cause severe pain, referred to as sickle cell crises. Infections and fatigue are other symptoms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People with sickle cell disorders are also at a risk of complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, blindness, bone damage, etc.</li>
<li>Over time, people with sickle cell disorders can experience damage to organs including the liver, kidney, lungs, heart and spleen. Death can also result from complications of the disorder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> Medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to<strong> Global Burden of Disease (GBD)&mdash;</strong>a global research programme that estimates mortality and burden from major diseases across the globe&mdash; the prevalence and incidence of sickle cell disease in India in 2017 and 2018 was <strong>1,104,634 and 195,166,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>The disease in India occurs predominantly in eastern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, western Odisha and in pockets of the Nilgiri Hills in north Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The disease is prevalent among tribal communities (including children).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Social Stigma:</strong> It reduces the effectiveness of screening programmes as people don&rsquo;t want to go to health authorities.</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence among Tribal Population:</strong> Access to care for SCD in the tribal regions of India is limited.</li>
<li><strong>School Drop Out:</strong> Children with sickle cell disease often have to drop out from school.</li>
<li><strong>Policy Issue:</strong> The delayed implementation of the <strong>2018 draft policy on haemoglobinopathies.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The policy aims to provide evidence-based treatment for patients and reduce the number of new-born children with sickle cell disease through initiatives such as the <strong>Sickle Cell Anaemia Control Program,</strong> screening and prenatal diagnosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Initiative by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs:</strong> In order to collect real time data and provide relevant information related to Sickle Cell, the government has <strong>launched a new portal</strong> which will act as a catalyst in creating awareness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The portal will have real time data through a dashboard along with registration facility, information about the disease and various government initiatives undertaken.</li>
<li>The Ministry has also initiated an<strong> &lsquo;Action Research&rsquo; project</strong> under which Yoga dependent lifestyle is promoted to reduce the complications in the patient suffering from this disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanded Screening:</strong> Certain states, such as Chhattisgarh and Gujarat, have expanded their screening programmes from hospital to school-based screenings. Extrapolating such screening efforts and implementation strategies to other states will help map the prevalence of the disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCD is a health burden which not only impacts the individual&rsquo;s life cycle but also impacts the economy as well.</li>
<li>There is a need to take efforts so that the next generation is free from the disease.</li>
<li>The industry like FICCI and other stakeholders have to come forward to improve the overall system of managing the Sickle Cell program of the government.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/world-sickle-cell-day-2020-aims-to-increase-awareness-over-sickle-cell-disorders-71852" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5654,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Axone: Ethnic Cuisine of Northeast India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Axone or fermented soya bean</strong> has become popular, which is eaten by many<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tribal communities</strong></a> in different parts of Northeast India especially in <strong>Nagaland.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Axone &mdash;<strong> also called as akhuni &mdash;</strong> is a fermented soya bean of Nagaland, known for its distinctive flavour and smell. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>condiment</strong> (a spice, sauce, or preparation that is added to food) used to make pickles, chutney or curries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is prepared and eaten across <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naga-and-kuki-tribes-signs-for-truce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagaland mainly by the Sumi (also Sema) tribe</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It belongs to the broader <strong>phenomena of fermentation</strong> necessary for food preservation in certain ecological contexts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fermentation gives it a distinct smell and taste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fermented soya bean is known by different names</strong> in different parts of Northeast India, including Meghalaya and Mizoram, Sikkim, Manipur as well in other South, Southeast and East Asian countries of Nepal, Bhutan, Japan, Korea, China, Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the one food that <strong>connects the Eastern Himalayas</strong> as a <strong>culturally cross-cutting cuisine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Food Fermentation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Food fermentation is a food processing technology that utilizes the growth and metabolic activity of microorganisms for the stabilization and transformation of food materials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fermentation was primarily developed for the stabilization of perishable agricultural produce.</li>
<li>It is a process through which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria convert carbs- such as starch and sugar- into alcohol or acids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The production of carbon dioxide is used to make bread.</li>
<li>The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products.</li>
<li>The production of alcohol is utilised to convert fruit juices to wine, grains into beer, and foods rich in starch, such as potatoes, are fermented and then distilled to make spirits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Soya Bean</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> soya bean <em>(Glycine max)</em></strong> is a <strong>species of legume</strong> native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses e.g. soya milk, soya food etc.</li>
<li>It is a significant and cheap<strong> source of protein</strong> apart from dietary minerals and B vitamins.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sumi Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 'Sumi Naga' is one of the major<strong> ethnic groups in Nagaland.</strong></li>
<li>Sumi Nagas mostly inhabit the <strong>central and southern regions</strong> of Nagaland.</li>
<li>There are also seven Sumi villages in <strong>Tinsukia District of Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tuluni and Ahuna</strong> are the major festivals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been seen often that people from Northeast are being refrained from cooking axone and other fermented foods. This has often led to relegating the food of <strong>particular social groups to a remote and primitive</strong> position and giving birth to <strong>racial politics</strong> and<strong> experiences of exclusion.</strong></li>
<li>Here, <strong>the fermented food</strong> is connected to a<strong> specific community and its dignity.</strong> Such food habits lead to strengthening of sentiments towards one&rsquo;s own community and express a <strong>sense of identity, comfort and familiarity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-axone-fermented-soya-bean-nagaland-6463008/#:~:text=Axone%20%E2%80%94%20also%20spelled%20akhuni%20%E2%80%94%20is%20a%20fermented%20soya%20bean%20of,fish%2C%20chicken%2C%20beef%20etc." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5619,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Inclusion of Reservation Laws in Ninth Schedule',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a Union Minister emphasised the need to <strong>include all <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a>-related laws in the Ninth Schedule of Constitution</strong> so that they are shielded from<strong> judicial review.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The minister argued that<strong> reservation is not confined</strong> just to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and is available to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and poor sections of the upper castes as well and have been <strong>attached to Fundamental Rights.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SC/ST Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both the Centre and the states are permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of SCs and STs.</li>
<li>The<strong> quota in government jobs and educational institutions for SCs and STs is 15% and 7.5% respectively</strong> (total 22.5%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Backward Class (OBC) Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both the Centre and the states are empowered to make provision for the advancement of OBCs regarding their admission to educational institutions and government jobs.</li>
<li>The<strong> quota limit for OBCs is 27%.</strong></li>
<li>However, various state governments have different quota limits for OBCs in their state like Tamil Nadu has 50% reservation for OBCs.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Indra Sawhney &amp; Others vs Union of India, 1992</strong></em></a> judgement, the Supreme Court fixed the upper limit for the combined reservation quota i.e. should not exceed 50% of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitution Amendment Act, 2019</strong> </a>empowers both Centre and the states to provide <strong>10% reservation to the EWS category</strong> of society in government jobs and educational institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This demand comes after the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s</strong></a> recent observation that the <strong>Right to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reservation is not a Fundamental Right.</a></strong></li>
<li>Earlier, SC ruled that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservations-in-promotion-is-not-a-fundamental-right-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts was not a fundamental right</strong></a> and that a <strong>state cannot be compelled to offer quota</strong> if it chooses not to.</li>
<li>Apart from that, there have been repeated challenges to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20the%20Amendment%20Act%2C%202018&amp;text=It%20delineates%20specific%20crimes%20against,in%20the%20Act%20are%20cognizable." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>its amendments.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ninth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Schedule contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts and was added by the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first Amendment added 13 laws to the Schedule. Subsequent amendments in various years have taken the number of protected laws to 284 currently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was created by the new<strong> Article 31B,</strong> which along with <strong>Article 31A</strong> was brought in by the government to protect<strong> laws related to agrarian reform</strong> and for <strong>abolishing the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-634" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zamindari system</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While <strong>Article 31A extends protection to &lsquo;classes&rsquo; of laws, Article 31B shields specific laws or enactments.</strong></li>
<li>While most of the laws protected under the Schedule concern agriculture/land issues, the list includes other subjects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Article 31B also has a <strong>retrospective operation</strong> which means that if laws are inserted in the Ninth Schedule after they are declared unconstitutional, they are considered to have been in the Schedule since their commencement, and thus valid.</li>
<li><strong>Although Article 31B excludes judicial review,</strong> the apex court has said in the past that even laws under the Ninth Schedule would be<strong> open to scrutiny if they violated </strong><strong>Fundamental Rights or the basic structure of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although reservation is necessary, it should also be open to judicial scrutiny in order to ensure any abrupt or irrational policy initiative by the Executive or the Legislature.</li>
<li>Any loophole or shortcomings in reservation policy must be addressed by involving various stakeholders. The need of the hour is not to go to extremes of either scrapping or shielding reservation policy, rather a rational framework on this contentious policy must be developed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/include-quota-related-laws-in-9th-schedule-to-bar-them-from-judicial-review-paswan-6456215/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Educational Complexes for Tribal Students: Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of Odisha has announced the establishment of <strong>three mega educational complexes exclusively for tribal students,</strong> where both academic and sporting skills will be harnessed.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The complexes will be established in <strong>tribal-dominated districts</strong> such as <strong>Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Santal and Bhuyan</strong> are two dominant tribal groups living in these districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each complex will house <strong>3,000 tribal students,</strong> which is a unique initiative in the field of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribal-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tribal education</strong></a>.</li>
<li>These complexes will have state of the art facilities to improve educational and sporting skills of tribal students from <strong>Standard I to XII.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>State-of-the-art (cutting edge or leading edge)</strong> refers to the <strong>highest level of general development,</strong> as of a device, technique, or scientific field achieved at a particular time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Funds required for mega complexes will be sourced from <strong>Odisha Mineral Bearing Areas Development Corporation (OMBADC),</strong> which was formed for focused development of <strong>mineral-rich districts.</strong> Incidentally, most mineral-rich districts are tribal-dominated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Population in Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the 2011 Census, tribal people constitute <strong>8.6%</strong> of the nation's total population i.e. over 104 million people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> tribe </strong>has been defined as a <strong>group of indigenous people</strong> having a common name, language and territory tied by strong kinship bonds, having distinct customs, rituals and beliefs etc.</li>
<li><strong>The President</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 342</strong></a> is empowered to declare communities as scheduled tribes, while <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament</strong> </a>by law can amend the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Odisha&rsquo;s tribal population</strong> constitutes<strong> 9.17%</strong> of the country's tribal population.</li>
<li>In Odisha, the tribal population is<strong> 22.85%</strong> of the state&rsquo;s total population. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In terms of <strong>percentage tribal population</strong>, it occupies the<strong> third position</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The First and Second are <strong>Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similarly, of India&rsquo;s total 75 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>particularly vulnerable tribal groups</strong></a>, 13 reside in Odisha.</li>
<li>With 62 tribal communities, Odisha has the most diverse tribes in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Keonjhar, where tribes such as Sounti, Ho, Juang, Kharwar, Mahali, Oraon Kolha and Kora reside is the most mined district of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Keonjhar</strong> district contains <strong>more than 70%</strong> of the iron ore reserves of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Educational Schemes for Tribals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eklavya Model School: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Residential School</a></strong> based on Navodaya Model to be opened in each tribal block by 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme (RGNF):</strong> RGNF was introduced in the year 2005-2006 with the objective to encourage the students belonging to the ST community to pursue higher education.</li>
<li><strong>Vocational Training Center in Tribal Areas:</strong> The aim of this scheme is to develop the skill of ST students depending on their qualification and present market trends.</li>
<li><strong>National Overseas Scholarship Scheme:</strong> The National Overseas Scholarship Scheme provides financial assistance to 20 students selected for pursuing higher studies abroad for PhD and postdoctoral studies.</li>
<li>Pre and Post Matric Scholarship Schemes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to give special focus to the education of tribal populations by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></a></li>
<li>Awareness Campaigns like street drama, camps counselling session to bring attitudinal change in parents.</li>
<li>Emphasis should be given to <strong>career or job</strong> oriented courses.</li>
<li>Teachers should be locally recruited who understand and respect tribal culture and practices and most importantly are acquainted with the local language.</li>
<li><strong>The Kothari Commission</strong> stressed to pay special attention to the education of ST.</li>
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The XaXa Committee recommended</strong></a> a greater focus on removing gender disparity in education.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-plans-mega-educational-complexes-for-tribal-students/article31774853.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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