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Reimagining the National Commission for Scheduled Castes

This article is based on the Towards a more equal future which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2020. It discusses how the National...

22 Jul 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat government has decided to form a five-member commission to identify members of Rabari, Bharvad and Charan...

10 Jul 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
World Sickle Cell Day 2020

Why in News Recently, World Sickle Cell Day 2020 was observed in India to increase awareness about the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) at the national...

20 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Axone: Ethnic Cuisine of Northeast India

Why in News Recently, Axone or fermented soya bean has become popular, which is eaten by many tribal communities in different parts of Northeast...

18 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Inclusion of Reservation Laws in Ninth Schedule

Why in News Recently, a Union Minister emphasised the need to include all reservation-related laws in the Ninth Schedule of Constitution so that...

13 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Educational Complexes for Tribal Students: Odisha

Why in News Recently, the Government of Odisha has announced the establishment of three mega educational complexes exclusively for tribal students,...

08 Jun 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
GOAL Programme

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Tribal Affairs launched “GOAL (Going Online As Leaders)” programme at a webinar in New...

16 May 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Reservation Review: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India has ruled the January 2000 order of the Governor of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh which...

23 Apr 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Webinar on Covid-19 Response by TRIFED

Why in News Recently, the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) organized a Webinar in collaboration with the United...

10 Apr 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Important Schemes and Policies Pradhan Manti Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY) It is a market-linked tribal entrepreneurship development program for...

06 Apr 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Government to Launch Mahua-based Alcoholic Drink

Why in News The central government is set to launch a mahua-based alcoholic beverage ‘Mahua Nutribeverage’ in the market for the first...

11 Mar 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Initiatives for Tribal Communities

Why in News The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the “Programme for Capacity Building of Scheduled Tribe Representatives in Local Self...

28 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

Why in News The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) organised its 16th foundation day. On this occasion, the NCST has also decided to...

20 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Reservation Issue in AP

Why in News The Supreme Court has questioned the Andhra Pradesh government’s decision in 1988 to provide a 100% reservation to Scheduled...

13 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka

Why in News Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019. It seeks to include the...

12 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
SC Upholds Changes to SC/ST Atrocities Law

Why in News The Supreme Court has upheld the constitutional validity of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)...

11 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Reservations in Promotion is Not a Fundamental Right: SC

Why in News The Supreme Court has recently ruled that the states are not bound to provide reservation in appointments and promotions and that there...

10 Feb 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Bodo Accord

Why in News Recently, the central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups, including all factions of the militant National Democratic...

29 Jan 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Incidence of NCDs in MP

Why in News Recently, a screening drive was carried out by the National Health Mission (NHM) under the Centre’s Non-Communicable Disease...

27 Jan 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs
Aboriginals and Climate Change

This article is based on “Adi Darshan’: The only way to save the planet” which was published in The Indian Express on 21/01/2020....

22 Jan 2020 Issues Related to SCs & STs

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		'article_id' => (int) 5981,
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		'title' => 'Reimagining the National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/towards-a-dalit-future-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes6516851/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Towards a more equal future</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2020. It discusses how the National Commission for Scheduled Castes can help in socio-economic empowerment of Dalits in contemporary India.</p>
</div>
<p>Though the Indian constitution envisages the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abolition of &lsquo;untouchability&rsquo;</strong></a> and an end to discrimination, prejudice is rampant in society and entrenched social discrimination and existing socio-economic realities add to the disadvantages faced by Scheduled Castes in India.</p>
<p>For the past many years the two main concerns of the group- <strong>protection from atrocities, and adequate representation,</strong> have not been addressed effectively by most of the stakeholders in Indian society- citizens, civil society, and governments.</p>
<p>One can still find incidents where a Dalit has been murdered for breaking bigoted social barriers or for marrying outside his or her caste or a Dalit who died while being forced to clean sewers.</p>
<p>It is in this backdrop that the role of <a href="/printpdf/constitutional-status-for-national-commission-for-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</strong></a> (NCSC) can be diversified to add to the sensitive and inclusive reforms in the society.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to provide the Scheduled Castes of Indian society safeguards against exploitation and to promote their social, economic, educational and cultural development, the Commission was set up by the Government of India.</li>
<li>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established by amending Article 338 and inserting a new <strong>Article 338A</strong> in the Constitution through the Constitution (89<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2003.</li>
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely- the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) from February, 2004.</li>
<li>It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
<li>Lack of infrastructure, lack of powers to take affirmative action (Commissions recommendations are not binding) have been some of the issues faced by the NCSC. It has been criticised for inefficient functioning, vague selection and appointment process, exorbitant budget etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps That Can Be Taken Up By the NCSC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening the legal and judicial protection of Dalits under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission can facilitate <strong>online reporting and tracking</strong> of crime.</li>
<li>It can make people aware of the process of filing the cases by framing and making available simplified Standard Operating Procedures in local languages at all the police stations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building and sensitisation of the institutions:</strong> The Commission can help in capacity building of lawyers, judges and policemen. This can ensure their empathetic engagement with members from Scheduled Castes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission can help sensitize at least the government institutions and organisations by regularly monitoring their grievance redressal mechanisms like internal complaints committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring effective implementation of existing government policies:</strong> The Commission can discuss with legislators and prioritise outcome-oriented fund expenditure across the Ministries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each ministry is supposed to set aside 15% of its spending in a Scheduled Caste Sub Plan. The Commission can restructure these funds for employment generation and self-employment, capacity building, including soft skills of Dalits.</li>
<li>Effectiveness and impacts of existing schemes can be monitored by the Commission regularly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Caste Sub Plan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, the Union Budget makes allocations exclusively for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe.</li>
<li>This fund is spent through the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP).</li>
<li>All Central Ministries and departments are obligated to set aside funds under the SCSP and the TSP.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incentivise Good Social Work:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Innovation, effectiveness, and positive impact of the work done by a department or a body can be rewarded by the Commission.</li>
<li>The Commission has a constitutional mandate to participate in the social and economic planning for SC welfare &mdash; it should use this mandate to guide the civil services that engage with the ground level realities in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Better engagement with civil society:</strong> The Commission can create a platform for structured engagement with civil society groups working on Dalit issues.</li>
<li><strong>Behavioural nudge:</strong> The Commission can identify social practices that promote discrimination and can help civil society and the government organise debates, deliberations, awareness campaigns around them.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate economic empowerment and entrepreneurship:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can discuss and encourage Universities to frame short term courses on entrepreneurship. It can also ensure that measures taken by the government in this direction reach their beneficiaries- for example <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f13cO1L2yQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stand Up India Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can encourage a participative approach to promote economic empowerment by engaging with the ideas proposed by the members of the community.</li>
<li>It can promote skills and small business development in the service economy.</li>
<li>Members of Scheduled Castes are not usually landowners or agriculturists. So they need help in integrating and competing with local and other markets which can be done through mentoring and other non-financial support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preparing for future challenges by facilitating inter-disciplinary research:</strong> The Commision can invite Central universities and civil society to first identify the five biggest challenges that Dalits are likely to face in the next five years and to suggest ways to mitigate them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Social identities are so entrenched in our society that they often decide the fate of individuals. Jobs, schemes and policing are not the only things that can ensure equality of social representation and access to dignity in India. Restructuring the tasks of NCSC can only be one among the many steps in this direction.</p>
<p>Empowerment in its real sense can only be brought by creating sensitive and empathetic societies that acknowledge their responsibility to work for the removal of suffering and stigma of exploited and deprived sections.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Autonomous bodies like the National Commission for Scheduled Castes are not able to bring justice in true sense and are a drain on the state exchequer. Critically analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat government</strong> has decided to form a <strong>five-member commission</strong> to identify members of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, who are eligible for benefits of <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Schedule Tribe</a> (ST) status.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>October 1956,</strong> the <strong>central government conferred ST status</strong> on people of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, living in <em><strong>nesses</strong></em> (tiny, oval-shaped hutments made of mud) of <strong>Gir, Barda and Alech areas</strong> of Gujarat.</li>
<li>However, it has been alleged that a number of<strong> people not living in <em>nesses</em></strong> have managed to<strong> get ST certificates</strong> and are <strong>enjoying undue reservation benefits,</strong> mainly in government jobs.</li>
<li>Leaders of these three communities and other communities as well, have been <strong>protesting</strong> for quite some time against this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective of the Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>resolve this issue and identify the legitimate beneficiaries</strong> of ST status among the members of the three communities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure</strong> that the eligible members of the tribes are<strong> not devoid of their right</strong> and the <strong>others do not get an undue benefit</strong> in their names.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The five-member commission will comprise a retired judge of the high court as the head, two district judges, one retired forest officer and one retired revenue officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rabari</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They <strong>migrated from Rajasthan</strong> via Kutch and now most of them live in the Okhamandal region of Jamnagar district.</li>
<li>They speak <strong><em>&lsquo;Bhopa&rsquo;</em></strong> which is a <strong>mixture of Gujarati, Kachchi, Marwari words and Pharasi</strong> (Persian) and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Women stand in almost equal status</strong> to that of men.</li>
<li>The main economic activity is<strong> sheep breeding and selling of milk.</strong> Only a few of them own cultivable<strong> agricultural land.</strong> Recently, they have started engaging as <strong>wage labourers in industrial establishments</strong> both as skilled and unskilled labourers.</li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and are followers of <strong>Shiva and Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>Their folk songs are called <em><strong>&lsquo;Siya&rsquo;.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharvad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term Bharwad is a modified form of the word <em><strong>'Badawad&rsquo;.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Bada' means sheep and 'Wada' refers to compound or enclosure. The person who possesses compounds or pens is known as Badawad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>communicate in Gujarati</strong> and use<strong> Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>Bharwad <strong>women have a lower status.</strong></li>
<li>The Bharwads are<strong> pastorals</strong> who are permitted to graze their sheep and cattle in certain demarcated areas of the reserved forest. Some of them <strong>possess dry agricultural land</strong> and earn their livelihood as<strong> agricultural labourers.</strong></li>
<li>They profess<strong> Hinduism</strong> and <strong>Krishna</strong> is considered the supreme God.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Charan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charan, also called <strong>Gadhvi,</strong> is a small tribe in Gujarat and the name Charan is derived from the word <em><strong>&lsquo;Char&rsquo;</strong></em> which means <strong>grazing.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>speak Gujarati</strong> and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>marry within their community</strong> and<strong> practice monogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Charans are traditionally <strong>cattle breeders.</strong> They have also<strong> adopted agriculture as their secondary occupation.</strong></li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and the main deity is <strong>Pithorai Mata.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Census 1931,</strong> Schedule tribes are termed as<strong> &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo;</strong> living in the <strong>&lsquo;Excluded&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Partially Excluded&rsquo;</strong> areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution <strong>does not define the criteria for recognition</strong> of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Government of India Act, 1935</strong> called for the first time for representatives of &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo; in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li><strong>Article 366 (25)</strong> of the Constitution<strong> only provides a process to define</strong> Scheduled Tribes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheduled Tribes means such tribes, tribal communities, parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under <strong>Article 342</strong> to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 342 (1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The category of<strong> 'tribe'</strong> entails a <strong>social and cultural dimension</strong> but the<strong> &lsquo;schedule tribe&rsquo;</strong> category has <strong>political-administrative implications.</strong></li>
<li>A majority of the ST population is<strong> concentrated in the eastern, central and western belt</strong> covering the nine states of <strong>Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>12%</strong> inhabit the <strong>North-eastern region,</strong> about <strong>5%</strong> in the <strong>Southern region</strong> and about <strong>3%</strong> in the <strong>Northern states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> will amend <strong>Part VI of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes)</strong> Order, 1950 that specifies the tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 15 (4):&nbsp;</strong>Special provisions for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the&nbsp;Scheduled Castes (SCs) or the STs.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4): </strong>Enables the state to make any provision for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330 and 332:</strong> Provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 A:</strong> Gives powers to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a> to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-panel-to-be-formed-to-decide-on-tribal-status-of-3-communities-6497045/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5676,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Sickle Cell Day 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>World Sickle Cell Day 2020</strong> was observed in India to increase awareness about the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) at the national level.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day is recognised by the United Nations and celebrated every year on <strong>19<sup>th</sup> June.</strong></li>
<li>The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recognising sickle cell disease as a public health problem on 22<sup>th</sup> December, 2008.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sickle Cell Disease</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592649307_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592649307_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> inherited blood disease</strong> which is most common among people of African, Arabian and Indian origin.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>group of disorders that affects hemoglobin,</strong> the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body.&nbsp;</li>
<li>People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent shape. This blocks blood flow and oxygen from reaching all parts of the body.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It can cause severe pain, referred to as sickle cell crises. Infections and fatigue are other symptoms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People with sickle cell disorders are also at a risk of complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, blindness, bone damage, etc.</li>
<li>Over time, people with sickle cell disorders can experience damage to organs including the liver, kidney, lungs, heart and spleen. Death can also result from complications of the disorder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> Medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to<strong> Global Burden of Disease (GBD)&mdash;</strong>a global research programme that estimates mortality and burden from major diseases across the globe&mdash; the prevalence and incidence of sickle cell disease in India in 2017 and 2018 was <strong>1,104,634 and 195,166,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>The disease in India occurs predominantly in eastern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, western Odisha and in pockets of the Nilgiri Hills in north Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The disease is prevalent among tribal communities (including children).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Social Stigma:</strong> It reduces the effectiveness of screening programmes as people don&rsquo;t want to go to health authorities.</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence among Tribal Population:</strong> Access to care for SCD in the tribal regions of India is limited.</li>
<li><strong>School Drop Out:</strong> Children with sickle cell disease often have to drop out from school.</li>
<li><strong>Policy Issue:</strong> The delayed implementation of the <strong>2018 draft policy on haemoglobinopathies.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The policy aims to provide evidence-based treatment for patients and reduce the number of new-born children with sickle cell disease through initiatives such as the <strong>Sickle Cell Anaemia Control Program,</strong> screening and prenatal diagnosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Initiative by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs:</strong> In order to collect real time data and provide relevant information related to Sickle Cell, the government has <strong>launched a new portal</strong> which will act as a catalyst in creating awareness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The portal will have real time data through a dashboard along with registration facility, information about the disease and various government initiatives undertaken.</li>
<li>The Ministry has also initiated an<strong> &lsquo;Action Research&rsquo; project</strong> under which Yoga dependent lifestyle is promoted to reduce the complications in the patient suffering from this disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanded Screening:</strong> Certain states, such as Chhattisgarh and Gujarat, have expanded their screening programmes from hospital to school-based screenings. Extrapolating such screening efforts and implementation strategies to other states will help map the prevalence of the disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCD is a health burden which not only impacts the individual&rsquo;s life cycle but also impacts the economy as well.</li>
<li>There is a need to take efforts so that the next generation is free from the disease.</li>
<li>The industry like FICCI and other stakeholders have to come forward to improve the overall system of managing the Sickle Cell program of the government.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/world-sickle-cell-day-2020-aims-to-increase-awareness-over-sickle-cell-disorders-71852" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5654,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Axone: Ethnic Cuisine of Northeast India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Axone or fermented soya bean</strong> has become popular, which is eaten by many<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tribal communities</strong></a> in different parts of Northeast India especially in <strong>Nagaland.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Axone &mdash;<strong> also called as akhuni &mdash;</strong> is a fermented soya bean of Nagaland, known for its distinctive flavour and smell. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>condiment</strong> (a spice, sauce, or preparation that is added to food) used to make pickles, chutney or curries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is prepared and eaten across <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naga-and-kuki-tribes-signs-for-truce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagaland mainly by the Sumi (also Sema) tribe</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It belongs to the broader <strong>phenomena of fermentation</strong> necessary for food preservation in certain ecological contexts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fermentation gives it a distinct smell and taste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fermented soya bean is known by different names</strong> in different parts of Northeast India, including Meghalaya and Mizoram, Sikkim, Manipur as well in other South, Southeast and East Asian countries of Nepal, Bhutan, Japan, Korea, China, Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the one food that <strong>connects the Eastern Himalayas</strong> as a <strong>culturally cross-cutting cuisine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Food Fermentation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Food fermentation is a food processing technology that utilizes the growth and metabolic activity of microorganisms for the stabilization and transformation of food materials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fermentation was primarily developed for the stabilization of perishable agricultural produce.</li>
<li>It is a process through which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria convert carbs- such as starch and sugar- into alcohol or acids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The production of carbon dioxide is used to make bread.</li>
<li>The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products.</li>
<li>The production of alcohol is utilised to convert fruit juices to wine, grains into beer, and foods rich in starch, such as potatoes, are fermented and then distilled to make spirits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Soya Bean</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> soya bean <em>(Glycine max)</em></strong> is a <strong>species of legume</strong> native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses e.g. soya milk, soya food etc.</li>
<li>It is a significant and cheap<strong> source of protein</strong> apart from dietary minerals and B vitamins.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sumi Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 'Sumi Naga' is one of the major<strong> ethnic groups in Nagaland.</strong></li>
<li>Sumi Nagas mostly inhabit the <strong>central and southern regions</strong> of Nagaland.</li>
<li>There are also seven Sumi villages in <strong>Tinsukia District of Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tuluni and Ahuna</strong> are the major festivals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been seen often that people from Northeast are being refrained from cooking axone and other fermented foods. This has often led to relegating the food of <strong>particular social groups to a remote and primitive</strong> position and giving birth to <strong>racial politics</strong> and<strong> experiences of exclusion.</strong></li>
<li>Here, <strong>the fermented food</strong> is connected to a<strong> specific community and its dignity.</strong> Such food habits lead to strengthening of sentiments towards one&rsquo;s own community and express a <strong>sense of identity, comfort and familiarity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-axone-fermented-soya-bean-nagaland-6463008/#:~:text=Axone%20%E2%80%94%20also%20spelled%20akhuni%20%E2%80%94%20is%20a%20fermented%20soya%20bean%20of,fish%2C%20chicken%2C%20beef%20etc." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5619,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Inclusion of Reservation Laws in Ninth Schedule',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a Union Minister emphasised the need to <strong>include all <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a>-related laws in the Ninth Schedule of Constitution</strong> so that they are shielded from<strong> judicial review.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The minister argued that<strong> reservation is not confined</strong> just to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and is available to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and poor sections of the upper castes as well and have been <strong>attached to Fundamental Rights.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SC/ST Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both the Centre and the states are permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of SCs and STs.</li>
<li>The<strong> quota in government jobs and educational institutions for SCs and STs is 15% and 7.5% respectively</strong> (total 22.5%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Backward Class (OBC) Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both the Centre and the states are empowered to make provision for the advancement of OBCs regarding their admission to educational institutions and government jobs.</li>
<li>The<strong> quota limit for OBCs is 27%.</strong></li>
<li>However, various state governments have different quota limits for OBCs in their state like Tamil Nadu has 50% reservation for OBCs.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Indra Sawhney &amp; Others vs Union of India, 1992</strong></em></a> judgement, the Supreme Court fixed the upper limit for the combined reservation quota i.e. should not exceed 50% of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitution Amendment Act, 2019</strong> </a>empowers both Centre and the states to provide <strong>10% reservation to the EWS category</strong> of society in government jobs and educational institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This demand comes after the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s</strong></a> recent observation that the <strong>Right to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reservation is not a Fundamental Right.</a></strong></li>
<li>Earlier, SC ruled that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservations-in-promotion-is-not-a-fundamental-right-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts was not a fundamental right</strong></a> and that a <strong>state cannot be compelled to offer quota</strong> if it chooses not to.</li>
<li>Apart from that, there have been repeated challenges to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20the%20Amendment%20Act%2C%202018&amp;text=It%20delineates%20specific%20crimes%20against,in%20the%20Act%20are%20cognizable." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>its amendments.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ninth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Schedule contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts and was added by the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first Amendment added 13 laws to the Schedule. Subsequent amendments in various years have taken the number of protected laws to 284 currently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was created by the new<strong> Article 31B,</strong> which along with <strong>Article 31A</strong> was brought in by the government to protect<strong> laws related to agrarian reform</strong> and for <strong>abolishing the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-634" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zamindari system</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While <strong>Article 31A extends protection to &lsquo;classes&rsquo; of laws, Article 31B shields specific laws or enactments.</strong></li>
<li>While most of the laws protected under the Schedule concern agriculture/land issues, the list includes other subjects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Article 31B also has a <strong>retrospective operation</strong> which means that if laws are inserted in the Ninth Schedule after they are declared unconstitutional, they are considered to have been in the Schedule since their commencement, and thus valid.</li>
<li><strong>Although Article 31B excludes judicial review,</strong> the apex court has said in the past that even laws under the Ninth Schedule would be<strong> open to scrutiny if they violated </strong><strong>Fundamental Rights or the basic structure of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although reservation is necessary, it should also be open to judicial scrutiny in order to ensure any abrupt or irrational policy initiative by the Executive or the Legislature.</li>
<li>Any loophole or shortcomings in reservation policy must be addressed by involving various stakeholders. The need of the hour is not to go to extremes of either scrapping or shielding reservation policy, rather a rational framework on this contentious policy must be developed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/include-quota-related-laws-in-9th-schedule-to-bar-them-from-judicial-review-paswan-6456215/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5568,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Educational Complexes for Tribal Students: Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of Odisha has announced the establishment of <strong>three mega educational complexes exclusively for tribal students,</strong> where both academic and sporting skills will be harnessed.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The complexes will be established in <strong>tribal-dominated districts</strong> such as <strong>Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Santal and Bhuyan</strong> are two dominant tribal groups living in these districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each complex will house <strong>3,000 tribal students,</strong> which is a unique initiative in the field of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribal-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tribal education</strong></a>.</li>
<li>These complexes will have state of the art facilities to improve educational and sporting skills of tribal students from <strong>Standard I to XII.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>State-of-the-art (cutting edge or leading edge)</strong> refers to the <strong>highest level of general development,</strong> as of a device, technique, or scientific field achieved at a particular time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Funds required for mega complexes will be sourced from <strong>Odisha Mineral Bearing Areas Development Corporation (OMBADC),</strong> which was formed for focused development of <strong>mineral-rich districts.</strong> Incidentally, most mineral-rich districts are tribal-dominated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Population in Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the 2011 Census, tribal people constitute <strong>8.6%</strong> of the nation's total population i.e. over 104 million people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> tribe </strong>has been defined as a <strong>group of indigenous people</strong> having a common name, language and territory tied by strong kinship bonds, having distinct customs, rituals and beliefs etc.</li>
<li><strong>The President</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 342</strong></a> is empowered to declare communities as scheduled tribes, while <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament</strong> </a>by law can amend the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Odisha&rsquo;s tribal population</strong> constitutes<strong> 9.17%</strong> of the country's tribal population.</li>
<li>In Odisha, the tribal population is<strong> 22.85%</strong> of the state&rsquo;s total population. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In terms of <strong>percentage tribal population</strong>, it occupies the<strong> third position</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The First and Second are <strong>Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similarly, of India&rsquo;s total 75 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>particularly vulnerable tribal groups</strong></a>, 13 reside in Odisha.</li>
<li>With 62 tribal communities, Odisha has the most diverse tribes in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Keonjhar, where tribes such as Sounti, Ho, Juang, Kharwar, Mahali, Oraon Kolha and Kora reside is the most mined district of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Keonjhar</strong> district contains <strong>more than 70%</strong> of the iron ore reserves of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Educational Schemes for Tribals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eklavya Model School: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Residential School</a></strong> based on Navodaya Model to be opened in each tribal block by 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme (RGNF):</strong> RGNF was introduced in the year 2005-2006 with the objective to encourage the students belonging to the ST community to pursue higher education.</li>
<li><strong>Vocational Training Center in Tribal Areas:</strong> The aim of this scheme is to develop the skill of ST students depending on their qualification and present market trends.</li>
<li><strong>National Overseas Scholarship Scheme:</strong> The National Overseas Scholarship Scheme provides financial assistance to 20 students selected for pursuing higher studies abroad for PhD and postdoctoral studies.</li>
<li>Pre and Post Matric Scholarship Schemes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to give special focus to the education of tribal populations by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></a></li>
<li>Awareness Campaigns like street drama, camps counselling session to bring attitudinal change in parents.</li>
<li>Emphasis should be given to <strong>career or job</strong> oriented courses.</li>
<li>Teachers should be locally recruited who understand and respect tribal culture and practices and most importantly are acquainted with the local language.</li>
<li><strong>The Kothari Commission</strong> stressed to pay special attention to the education of ST.</li>
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The XaXa Committee recommended</strong></a> a greater focus on removing gender disparity in education.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-plans-mega-educational-complexes-for-tribal-students/article31774853.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5353,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'GOAL Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Tribal Affairs launched <strong>&ldquo;GOAL (Going Online As Leaders)&rdquo;</strong> programme at a webinar in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GOAL is a <strong>joint initiative of Facebook and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The GOAL programme is designed to provide <strong>mentorship to tribal youth through digital mode.</strong></li>
<li>The program will focus on <strong>three core areas -</strong> Digital Literacy, Life Skills and Leadership and Entrepreneurship.</li>
<li>The program intends to upskill and<strong> empower 5,000 tribal youths in the current phase</strong> to harness the full potential of digital platforms and tools to learn new ways of doing business, explore and connect with domestic and international markets.</li>
<li>The programme has been designed with a <strong>long term vision</strong> to develop the potential of tribal youth and women to help them acquire skills and knowledge through mentorship in various sectors including horticulture, food processing, bee keeping, tribal art and culture, medicinal herbs, entrepreneurship among others.</li>
<li>The program aims to enable<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Scheduled Tribe (ST)</a> youth</strong> in remote areas to use digital platforms for sharing their aspirations, dreams and talent with their mentors.</li>
<li>All the mentees <strong>will be provided with smartphones and Internet access (for one year) by Facebook</strong> along with exposure to various external forums that will give opportunity to the participants to showcase their entrepreneurial skills and leadership abilities.</li>
<li>The program will <strong>also create awareness amongst tribal beneficiaries about various schemes</strong> initiated by Central and State Governments for welfare of STs as well as their fundamental duties.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1624021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5112,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservation Review: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> has ruled the<strong> January 2000 order</strong> of the Governor of the erstwhile state of <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> which provided <strong>100% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> to Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates</strong> in posts of school <strong>teachers</strong> in<strong> Scheduled Areas, unconstitutional.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also highlighted that within the <strong>Other Backward Castes</strong> (OBCs) and the <strong>Scheduled Castes</strong> (SCs) and <strong>STs,</strong> reservation benefits are <strong>not reaching the truly deserving.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The apex court said that 100% reservation is <strong>not permissible</strong> under the Constitution as the <strong>outer limit is 50%</strong> as specified in<strong> Indra Sawhney case, 1992.</strong></li>
<li>A 100% reservation would become <strong>discriminatory and impermissible.</strong> The citizens have <strong>equal rights</strong> and the total exclusion of others by creating an opportunity for one class is not contemplated by the Constitution.</li>
<li>It also<strong> deprives SCs and OBCs</strong> of their due representation.</li>
<li>The <strong>opportunity of public employment</strong> cannot be denied unjustly to the incumbents and it is not the prerogative of few.</li>
<li><strong>Equality of opportunity</strong> and <strong>pursuit of choice</strong> under <strong>Article 51&shy;A</strong> cannot be deprived of unjustly and arbitrarily.</li>
<li>It is <strong>arbitrary and violative</strong> of provisions of <strong>Articles 14 (equality before law), 15(1) (discrimination against citizens) and 16 (equal opportunity) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>It also impinges upon the <strong>right of open category</strong> because only STs will fill all the vacant posts leaving SCs and OBCs far behind.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Open Category:</strong> It means for<strong> all castes.</strong> The<strong> 50% unreserved seats are not entitled to the General category.</strong> They can be<strong> filled by reserved categories</strong> as well <strong>in case all seats are not occupied by the general</strong> category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The SC has<strong> allowed the request not to quash the appointments already made</strong> under the 2000 order. However, it has <strong>warned Andhra Pradesh and Telangana</strong> against making such provisions in the future.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case they do so, exceeding the limit of reservation, the appointments which have not been quashed now, will also be considered null and void.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Andhra Pradesh government</strong> came out with a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-issue-in-ap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>similar order in 1986</strong></a> which was quashed by the State Administrative Tribunal and an appeal before the Supreme Court was dismissed in 1998.</li>
<li>However, in <strong>2000,</strong> the State <strong>issued an order providing for 100% reservation to STs candidates</strong> on teacher posts in Schedules areas.</li>
<li>The <strong>State's High Court upheld</strong> the order but its decision was later on <strong>challenged in the Supreme court</strong> leading to this order.</li>
</ul>
<h3>On Reservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Failure of trickle down approach:</strong> The SC highlighted the <strong>struggles of people from the OBCs, SCs and STs</strong> who<strong> could not benefit</strong> from the trickle down approach of the reservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By now, there are <strong>affluent and socially and economically advanced classes within the reserved communities</strong> who do not permit benefits to trickle down to the ones who actually need them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revision of reservation:</strong> The apex court <strong>suggested the government to revise the lists of those entitled to reservation,</strong> from time to time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Suggestion:</strong> It can be <strong>done without disturbing the percentage of reservation</strong> so that the benefits trickle down to the needy and are not hindered by those who have been obtaining benefits for the last 70 years or after their inclusion in the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indra Sawhney &amp; Others vs Union of India, 1992</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court while <strong>upholding the 27% quota</strong> for backward classes, struck down the government notification reserving 10% government jobs for economically backward classes among the higher castes.</li>
<li>SC in the same case also upheld the principle that the combined reservation beneficiaries <strong>should not exceed 50%</strong> of India&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The concept of<strong> &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo;</strong> also gained currency through this judgment and provision that <strong>reservation for backward classes</strong> should be <strong>confined to initial appointments only</strong> and<strong> not extend to promotions.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Constitutional (103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment) Act of 2019</strong> provided for <strong>10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions</strong> for the <strong>&ldquo;economically backward&rdquo;</strong> in the unreserved category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act <strong>amended the Articles 15 and 16</strong> of the Constitution by adding clauses empowering the government to provide reservation on the basis of economic backwardness.</li>
<li>This <strong>10% economic reservation is over and above the 50% reservation cap.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, it should be noted that a constitution bench of the SC has reserved orders whether a bunch of <strong>writ petitions challenging the economic reservation law should be referred to a Constitution Bench or not.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That is why the court had <strong>refused to pass any interim order to stay or hamper</strong> the implementation of the Constitution (103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment) Act, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/affluent-in-obc-sc-st-not-letting-quota-benefits-trickle-down-review-lists-bench-6374908/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4979,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Webinar on Covid-19 Response by TRIFED',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></a> (TRIFED) organized a <strong>Webinar</strong> in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund</strong></a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The webinar was organised for <strong>Virtual training of TRIFED Trainers and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Self Help Groups</a> (SHGs)</strong> on basic <strong>orientation on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> response and key preventive measures</strong> to ensure that tribal gatherers carry on their work safely.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>create awareness</strong> among the community about social distancing and steps to be followed.</li>
<li><strong>Do&rsquo;s and Don&rsquo;ts Advisories </strong>during collection of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harvesting-season-covid-19-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non Timber Forest Produce</strong> </a>(NTFP).</li>
<li>To<strong> provide suggestive practices</strong> for maintaining personal hygiene, adopting cashless practices, etc.</li>
<li>To reach more than 18,000 participants and cover tribal regions across all the 27 States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The collaboration helped in developing a digital communication strategy for promoting a digital campaign and highlighting the importance of Social Distancing.</li>
<li>Certain <strong>proactive measures need to be initiated</strong> to ensure the wellbeing of the tribals and their economy by providing them safety and ensuring their livelihoods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It becomes important because it is the <strong>peak season for collection and harvest</strong> of<strong> Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and NTFP</strong> in many regions.</li>
<li>MFP <strong>includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin</strong> and includes <strong>bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It provides both <strong>subsistence and cash income</strong> for people who live in or near forests. They form a major portion of their food, fruits, medicines and other consumption items and also provide cash income through sales.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Measures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UNICEF</strong> is providing the <strong>necessary support to the SHG Centers</strong> in the form of Digital Multimedia content, Webinars for Virtual training, Social Media campaigns and Vanya Radio.</li>
<li>TRIFED has also reached out to the <strong>Art of Living Foundation&rsquo;s #iStandWithHumanity Initiative</strong> to include a <strong>Stand With Tribal Families</strong> component which will provide food and ration for survival of the tribal community.</li>
<li>Promotion of 15,000 SHGs as <strong>Van Dhan Social Distancing Awareness cum Livelihood Centers&rsquo;</strong> through a digital training program. Over 3.6 lakh tribal gatherers will be involved in the scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A total of 1205 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras</strong> </a>(VDVKs) have been sanctioned in 27 States and 1 Union territory involving around 18,075 Van Dhan Self Help Groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=201136" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4927,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Tribal Affairs',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>Pradhan Manti Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a market-linked tribal entrepreneurship development program for forming clusters of tribal SHGs and strengthening them into Tribal Producer Companies.</li>
<li>Launched in 2018, the scheme is being implemented by<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> TRIFED.</strong></a></li>
<li>PMVDY is an initiative targeting livelihood generation for tribals by harnessing the wealth of forest i.e. Van Dhan.</li>
<li>The programme aims to tap into traditional knowledge &amp; skill sets of tribals by adding technology &amp; IT to upgrade it at each stage and to convert the tribal wisdom into a viable economic activity.</li>
<li>The Van Dhan initiative shall promote and leverage the collective strength of tribals to achieve a viable scale to take on the predatory market forces in the areas where these are still prevalent.</li>
<li>Proposition is to set-up tribal community owned Minor Forest Produce (MFP)-centric multi-purpose Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (the Kendra) in predominantly tribal districts.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>55 EMRSs have been made functional in 2019 with an enrolment of 4833 new students.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)</strong> </a>started in the year 1997-98 to impart quality education to ST children in remote areas.</li>
<li>As per the budget 2018-19, every block with more than 50% Schedule Tribe (ST) population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an Eklavya Model Residential School by the year 2022.</li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided under Article 275(1) of the Constitution.</li>
<li>There will be an autonomous society under the ministry of tribal affairs &mdash; similar to Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti &mdash; to run the EMRSs.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To provide quality middle and high-level education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) students in remote areas, not only to enable them to avail of reservation in high and professional educational courses and as jobs in government and public and private sectors but also to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Minor Forest Produce</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The number of Minor Forest Produce (MFPs) notified has been revised from 23 to 49 under &lsquo;Mechanism for Marketing of MFP through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Development of Value Chain for MFP&rsquo; scheme. MFPs contribute up to 80% of tribal communities&rsquo; cash income.</li>
<li>Launched in 2013, the central sector scheme aims to ensure fair monetary returns to MFP gatherers for their efforts in the collection, primary processing, storage, packaging, transportation etc.</li>
<li>The scheme envisages fixation and declaration of Minimum Support Price for the selected MFP based on the suggestions /inputs received from TRIFED.</li>
<li>MFPs include all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and will include bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, Honey, Lac, Tusser etc.</li>
<li>The Minor Forest Produces provide both subsistence and cash income for people who live in or near forests. They form a major portion of their food, fruits, medicines and other consumption items and also provide cash income through sale.</li>
<li>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, defined MFPs for the first time in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>e-Governance Initiatives for ST Welfare Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry is funding about 250 NGOs for 350 projects mainly on Health and Education in the deficient service area, LWS areas, Border areas.</li>
<li>In order to bring transparency and efficiency in the release of funds to NGOs, the process of inviting applications, verification and release of funds is through a dedicated NGO portal.</li>
<li>Each NGO can now track the status of its application. In order to ensure NGOs utilize funds for the given purpose only, funds are monitored through EAT Module.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<p><strong>EAT (Expenditure Advance Transfer) Module-</strong> Expenditure is done for running office requirement. Advance is given to Vendors, Staff and Beneficiaries for supply or service. Transfer is always done to the lower level agency. EAT Module is also called Expenditure Filing Module.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Focus on Health, Water and Livelihood</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ice stupas are being established in 50 villages in Ladakh which will solve the problem of drinking water and water required for agriculture.</li>
<li>Projects have been given to some of the private companies on sheep rearing, packaging of apricot and peas.</li>
<li>Ministry has prepared a Health Action Plan to mitigate the gaps in health infrastructure and other health services in the tribal dominated areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tribal Healers and Knowledge</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribals have vast traditional knowledge of treating diseases with locally available medicinal plants.</li>
<li>Tribal Research Institute (TRI) Uttarakhand has been made nodal TRI for coordination of research works being conducted for tribal medicine by various Centres of Excellence and TRIS so as to create a centralized knowledge hub on the subject.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tribal Forest Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has completely withdrawn the draft amendment to Indian Forest Act (IFA), 1927.</li>
<li>The amendments had drawn a lot of criticism from tribal organisations as it gave forest officers the power to shoot people and notify any area as &lsquo;production forests&rsquo; among other issues.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 4669,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Government to Launch Mahua-based Alcoholic Drink',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government is set to launch a <strong>mahua-based alcoholic beverage &lsquo;Mahua Nutribeverage&rsquo;</strong> in the market for the first time.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Beverage will come in <strong>six fruit-based flavours</strong> and will be available at the price of ₹700 for a 750ml bottle.</li>
<li>This is the <strong>first time</strong> that the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> is getting into bottling and sale of alcoholic beverages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The beverage has a <strong>high nutritional value</strong> and <strong>relatively low alcohol</strong> content (5%).</li>
<li>It has been developed by the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi</strong> in collaboration with the T<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></a> <strong>(TRIFED).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TRIFED is a <strong>national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>TRIFED has signed a memorandum with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Research Development Corporation</a> (NRDC)</strong> to undertake the assignment of technology transfer to the suitable entrepreneurs for production and marketing of the beverage.</li>
<li>The marketing is being undertaken under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Karyakram.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>Tribal Affairs Ministry&rsquo;s value-addition scheme</strong> which was launched in <strong>Chhattisgarh&rsquo;s Bijapur in 2018.</strong></li>
<li>The nation-wide programme earmarked ₹500-600 crore for training tribal clusters to add value to their produce and sell it in a packaged format, aiming to increase their income manifold.</li>
<li>The products marketed under the scheme include only those that need <strong>primary-level processing,</strong> including handicrafts, textiles, food items, jams and pulps and jewellery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides mahua, other tribal staples such as <strong>tamarind and amla</strong> will be de-seeded and brought to the market in the form of candies and jams.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mahua<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583915376_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583915376_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="280" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its scientific name is <strong>Madhuca indica.</strong></li>
<li>It is a prominent forest tree in tribal areas of <strong>Bastar (Chhattisgarh)</strong> and plays an important role in the rural economy.</li>
<li>The mahua flowers are a<strong> rich source of sugars</strong> and are said to contain <strong>vitamins, minerals and calcium.</strong></li>
<li>The flowers are fermented and distilled yielding spirituous liquor also known as <strong>&lsquo;country beer&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>estimated 90% of the annual production</strong> of Mahua flower is used in the process of brewing beverages.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-to-launch-mahua-based-alcoholic-drink-6307451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4565,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiatives for Tribal Communities',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched the &ldquo;Programme for Capacity Building of Scheduled Tribe Representatives in Local Self Governments&rdquo; along with &ldquo;1000 Springs Initiatives&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An online portal on GIS-based Spring Atlas has also been launched.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Capacity Building Initiative</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is aimed at<strong> empowering tribal <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)</a> representatives</strong> by enhancing their decision making capabilities at local government level.</li>
<li>Apart from tribal development, it also focuses on <strong>constitutional and legal provisions</strong> that protect and promote the rights and welfare of the tribal population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>1000 Springs Initiative</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative aims at improving <strong>access to safe and adequate water for the tribal communities</strong> living in difficult and inaccessible parts of rural areas in the country.</li>
<li>The initiative will help in <strong>harnessing the potential of perennial springs&rsquo; water</strong> to address natural scarcity of water in tribal areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Springs are <strong>natural sources of groundwater discharge</strong> and have been used extensively in the mountainous regions across the world, including India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>60% of the Indian Himalayan region residents depend on springs, though, 50% of the springs in the Indian Himalayan region have already dried up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, in the central and eastern Indian belt with more than 75% tribal population, springs remain largely unrecognized and under-utilized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It includes provision of infrastructure for piped water supply for drinking; provision of water for irrigation; community-led total sanitation initiatives; and provision for water for backyard nutrition gardens, generating sustainable livelihood opportunities for the tribal people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Online portal on GIS-based Spring Atlas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been developed to make the <strong>data about hydrological and chemical properties of the Springs</strong> easily accessible from an online platform.</li>
<li>As of now, data of more than 170 springs have been uploaded on the Spring Atlas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604574" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4483,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Tribes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) organised its 16<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On this occasion, the NCST has also decided to institute a national award named as <strong>&ldquo;NCST Leadership Award&rdquo;</strong> which will be conferred for significant and exemplary services towards Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schedule Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per Census-1931, Schedule tribes are termed as "backward tribes&rdquo; living in the "Excluded" and "Partially Excluded" areas. The Government of India Act of 1935 called for the first time for representatives of "backward tribes" in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li>The Constitution does <strong>not define</strong> the criteria for recognition of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Article 366(25)</strong> of the Constitution only provides process to define Scheduled Tribes: &ldquo;Scheduled Tribes means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>342(1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are over <strong>700 tribes</strong> which have been notified.</li>
<li>The<strong> largest number</strong> of tribal communities (62) are found in <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Tribe</strong> was identified in <strong>Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Pondicherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Few Related Committees</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokur Committee (1965)</strong> was set up to look into criteria for defining Schedule Tribes. The Committee recommended 5 criteria for identification, namely, <strong>primitive traits, distinct culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, </strong>and<strong> backwardness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bhuria Commission (2002-2004)</strong> focused on a wide range of issues from the <strong>5<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> to tribal land and forests, health and education, the working of Panchayats and the status of tribal women.</li>
<li>A High-Level Committee (HLC) in 2013, under chairmanship of Prof. Virginius Xaxa was constituted to study the 5 critical issues related to tribal communities : (1) livelihood and employment, (2) education, (3) health, (4) involuntary displacement and migration, (5) and legal and constitutional matters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCST was set up with effect from 19<sup>th</sup> February, 2004 by amending Article 338 and by inserting a new article <strong>338A</strong> in the Constitution through the 89th Constitution Amendment Act, 2003. Hence, it is a <strong>constitutional body.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Article 338A inter-alia gives powers to the to NCST <strong>oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs under the Constitution or under any other law for time being in force or under any other order to the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Composition :</strong> It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and 3 other Members who are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least one member should be a woman.</li>
<li>The Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson and the other Members hold office for a term of<strong> 3 years.</strong></li>
<li>The members are <strong>not eligible for appointment for more than two terms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chairperson has been given the rank of Union Cabinet Ministers, the Vice Chairperson has the rank of a Minister of State and other Members have the rank of a Secretary to the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Duties and Functions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the STs</strong> under the Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government.</li>
<li>To <strong>inquire into specific complaints</strong> with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs.</li>
<li>To <strong>participate and advise</strong> in the planning process of socio-economic development of the STs and to evaluate the progress of their development.</li>
<li>To present to the <strong>President,</strong> annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, <strong>reports upon the working of those safeguards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make in such reports, recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament by rule specify.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603616" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4426,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservation Issue in AP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has questioned the <strong>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s decision in 1988 to provide a 100% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> to Scheduled Tribes for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has mentioned that the 100% reservation would deprive other backward communities (including SCs, OBCs) of availing reservation benefits.</li>
<li>The notification to provide a 100% reservation to Scheduled Tribes (STs) for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas was <strong>issued by</strong> then <strong>governor of the Andhra Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong> dealing with the administration of Scheduled Areas vests the Governor with legislative and administrative powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court also <strong>questioned</strong> the <strong>availability of data</strong> based on which the Governor of the Andhra Pradesh decided that ST is the only deprived group in the area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4)</strong> of the Constitution empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court ruled that the Governor's <strong>decision can&rsquo;t be above the law</strong> while referring to its <strong>judgment</strong> in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indira Sawhney case of 1992</strong></a> which mentioned that <strong>the reservation limit should not exceed 50 % except in exceptional circumstances.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the <strong>administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state except</strong> the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</li>
<li>The scheduled areas are treated differently from the other areas in the country because they are inhabited by<strong> &lsquo;aboriginals&rsquo; who are socially and economically rather backwards,</strong> and special efforts need to be made to improve their condition. Therefore, the whole of the<strong> normal administrative machinery operating in a state is not extended</strong> to the scheduled areas.</li>
<li><strong>Declaration of Scheduled Areas:</strong> The <strong>President is empowered</strong> to declare an area to be a scheduled area. He can also increase or decrease its area, alter its boundary lines, rescind such designation or make fresh orders for such re-designation on an area in consultation with the governor of the state concerned.</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Executive Power of State and Centre</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The executive power of a state extends to the scheduled areas therein. But the <strong>governor has a special responsibility regarding such areas.</strong> He has to submit a report to the President regarding the administration of such areas, annually or whenever so required by the President.</li>
<li>The executive power of the Centre extends to giving directions to the states regarding the administration of such areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribes Advisory Council:</strong> Each state having scheduled areas has to establish a tribes advisory council to advise on welfare and advancement of the scheduled tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Law applicable to Scheduled Areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of Parliament or the state legislature does not apply to a scheduled area or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>He can also make regulations for the peace and good government of a scheduled area after consulting the tribes advisory council.</li>
<li>Also, a regulation may repeal or amend any act of Parliament or the state legislature, which is applicable to a scheduled area. But, all such regulations require the assent of the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/100-st-quota-in-teacher-posts-in-scheduled-areas-what-will-scs-obcs-do-sc-pulls-up-andhra-govt-6265242/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4415,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It seeks to include the <strong>Parivara</strong> and the <strong>Taliwara</strong> communities in the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> <strong>(ST) category</strong> to ensure they get a reservation and other benefits provided by the government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Siddi</strong> tribes of Belagavi and Dharwad would also be included in the category apart from those living in the Uttar Kannada districts of <strong>Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha in 2019 and it will amend <strong>Part VI</strong> of the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,</strong> that specifies the <strong>tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part VI of the order contains the list of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Parivara and Taliwara</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is estimated that the population of the Parivara community at roughly 2.58 lakh and that of the Taliwara community at 8.6 lakh.</li>
<li>It added that most people from these communities live in <strong>Mysore, Chamrajanagara, Mandya and Tumkur</strong> districts and a &ldquo;thin population&rdquo; resides in <strong>Udupi, South Canara and North Canara districts of Karnataka</strong> with a majority of them employed as coolies, engaged in collecting firewood, husbandry and the cottage industry, thereby leading a life of lower status.</li>
<li>The study states that the communities&rsquo; life cycle rituals, language, lifestyle, the standard of living, physical features, socio-economic and educational status and their geographical isolation are similar to that of Beda, Nayaka and Valmiki which are already included in the ST category in the state of Karnataka.</li>
<li>As per the government, Pariwara and Taliwara are <strong>socially, politically, economically and educationally backwards.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Siddi Tribe</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siddi community is also known by different synonyms such as <strong>Habshi and Badsha.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that they are of <strong>African origin</strong> because they clearly show the <strong>Negroid racial strain</strong> in their physical features.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Descendants of Bantu people of East Africa,</strong> Siddi ancestors were largely brought to India as slaves by Arabs as early as the 7<sup>th</sup> Century, followed by the Portuguese and the British later on.</li>
<li>When slavery was abolished in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, Siddis fled into the country&rsquo;s thick jungles, fearing recapture and torture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At present, the Siddis are living on the <strong>western coast of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka states.</strong> In Karnataka, they mainly live in Dharwad, Belagavi and Uttar Kannada districts.</li>
<li>In India, the Union government in <strong>2003, classified Siddis under the list of Scheduled Tribes.</strong></li>
<li>They are included in the Centre&rsquo;s list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Previously</strong> they depended on<strong> hunting and gathering</strong> but<strong> at present,</strong> their main source of livelihood is <strong>labour and agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-clears-bill-to-include-more-tribes-in-karnataka-in-st-category/article30793694.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4404,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC Upholds Changes to SC/ST Atrocities Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has upheld the constitutional validity of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Amendment Act nullified the Court&rsquo;s 20<sup>th</sup> March, 2018 judgment which had diluted the stringent provisions of the original Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.</li>
<li>Petitions were filed challenging the 2018 Amendment Act on the grounds of violation of the <strong>fundamental right to equality (Article 14)</strong> and <strong>personal liberty (Article 21).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581420950_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581420950_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="640" height="456" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Salient Features of the Amendment Act, 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It added <strong>Section 18A</strong> to the original Act.</li>
<li>It delineates <strong>specific crimes</strong> against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as atrocities and <strong>describes strategies and prescribes punishments</strong> to counter these acts.</li>
<li>It identifies what acts constitute<strong> &ldquo;atrocities&rdquo;</strong> and all offences listed in the Act are <strong>cognizable.</strong> The police can arrest the offender without a warrant and start an investigation into the case without taking any orders from the court.</li>
<li>The Act calls upon all the states to convert an existing sessions court in each district into a <strong>Special Court</strong> to try cases registered under it and provides for the <strong>appointment of Public Prosecutors/Special Public Prosecutors</strong> for conducting cases in special courts.</li>
<li>It creates provisions for states to declare areas with high levels of caste violence to be<strong> &ldquo;atrocity-prone&rdquo;</strong> and to appoint qualified officers to monitor and maintain law and order.</li>
<li>It provides for the <strong>punishment for wilful neglect of duties by non-SC/ST public servants.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>implemented by the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations,</strong> which are<strong> provided due central assistance.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 18A states that</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the Prevention of Atrocities Act, the preliminary enquiry shall not be required for registration of a First Information Report against any person.</li>
<li>The provision of section 438 (pre-arrest bail) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) shall not apply to a case under the Act, notwithstanding any judgment or order or direction of any Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-upholds-constitutional-validity-of-scst-amendment-act-2018/article30780857.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4386,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservations in Promotion is Not a Fundamental Right: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently ruled that the <strong>states are not bound to provide <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> in appointments and promotions</strong> and that there is <strong>no fundamental right to reservation in promotions.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions about Reservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 16(4)</strong> empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
<li>By way of the <strong>77<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act,</strong> a new clause <strong>(4A)</strong> was added to Article 16, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented in services.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points from the Ruling</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4) and 16 (4A) of the Constitution are in the nature of enabling provisions,</strong> vesting a discretion on the state government to consider providing reservation, if the circumstances so warrant. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state government cannot be directed to provide reservation for appointment in public posts. Similarly, the state is not bound to make reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in matters of promotions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Articles 16 (4) and 16 (4-A)</strong> of the Constitution did not confer individuals with a fundamental right to claim reservations in promotion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Articles empower the State to make reservations in matters of appointment and promotion in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only &ldquo;if in the opinion of the State they are not adequately represented in the services of the State&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Thus, the State government has discretion &ldquo;to consider providing reservations, if the circumstances so warrant&rdquo;.</li>
<li>However, if a State wishes to exercise its discretion and make reservation in promotions, it has to first collect quantifiable data showing inadequacy of representation of a class or community in public services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Subject to Judicial Review</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the decision of the state government to provide SC/ST reservation in promotion to a particular public post is challenged, it would have to place the data and prove before the court that reservation was necessary and does not affect the efficiency of administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/states-not-bound-to-give-reservation-in-jobs-promotions-supreme-court-6259549/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4286,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bodo Accord',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups,</strong> including all factions of the militant<strong> National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB)</strong>, signed an agreement to redraw and rename the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD)</strong> as the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), </strong>in <strong>Assam.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BTAD is spread over four districts of <strong>Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri.</strong></li>
<li>The BTAD and other areas mentioned under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong></a> have been exempted from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bodoland Territorial Region would include the villages which are dominated by Bodos but are outside BTAD presently. Villages with non-Bodo population would be excluded from it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A committee will be formed to decide the exclusion and inclusion of new areas. Subsequently, the total number of Assembly seats will go up to 60, from the existing 40.</li>
<li>Both the representatives of the <strong>All Bodo Students Union (ABSU)</strong> and of <strong>Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC)</strong> will be present in the committee.</li>
<li><strong>Bodo-Kachari Welfare Council</strong> will be set up for focused development of Bodo villages outside BTAD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bodos living in the hills would be conferred a <strong>Scheduled Hill Tribe status.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bodo language with Devanagari script</strong> would be the <strong>associate official language</strong> for the entire <strong>Assam.</strong></li>
<li>However, the agreement has <strong>not addressed the issue of &ldquo;citizenship or work permit&rdquo;</strong> for non-domiciles in the BTAD yet.</li>
<li>Around 1500 cadres of <strong>NDFB will be rehabilitated and assimilated</strong> by the Central and the state governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The criminal cases registered against factions of NDFB members for <strong>non-heinous crimes</strong> shall be<strong> withdrawn</strong> and the cases of <strong>heinous crimes</strong> will be <strong>reviewed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive solutions</strong> have been made to redress the grievances of the people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Families of the people killed during the Bodo movement would get ₹5 lakh each.</li>
<li>A <strong>Special Development Package</strong> of ₹1500 crore would be given by the Centre to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The accord will successfully<strong> bring together leading stakeholders</strong> under one framework.</li>
<li>People previously associated with armed resistance groups will enter the mainstream and contribute to the nation&rsquo;s progress.</li>
<li>It will further <strong>protect and popularise the unique culture of the Bodo people</strong> and will give them access to a wide range of development-oriented initiatives.</li>
<li>It will bring <strong>peace, harmony and togetherness</strong> in the people of Assam.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bodos are the <strong>single largest community</strong> among the <strong>notified Scheduled Tribes in Assam.</strong> Bodos are a part of <strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong> and constitute about <strong>5-6%</strong> of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The<strong> first organised demand</strong> for a Bodo state came in 1967-68.</li>
<li>The <strong>Assam Accord of 1985,</strong> gave rise to Bodo aspirations and in <strong>1987,</strong> ABSU revived the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/statehood-demand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodo statehood demand.</strong></a></li>
<li>Bodo Security Force which arose in 1986 as an armed group renamed itself NDFB, and later split into factions.</li>
<li>The<strong> first Bodo accord</strong> was signed with the <strong>ABSU in 1993.</strong> It led to the creation of the <strong>Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC)</strong> with some limited political powers.</li>
<li>In <strong>2003,</strong> the <strong>second Bodo Accord</strong> was signed by the extremist group <strong>Bodo Liberation Tiger Force (BLTF),</strong> the Centre and the state. This led to the<strong> creation of BTC,</strong> which is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the <strong>Sixth Schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-signs-accord-with-ndfb-absu-to-resolve-bodo-issue/article30665589.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4274,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Incidence of NCDs in MP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a screening drive was carried out by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Health Mission</strong> </a><strong>(NHM)</strong> under the <strong>Centre&rsquo;s Non-Communicable Disease Control Programmes</strong> in <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580124778_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580124778_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-communicable diseases</strong></a> like hypertension, diabetes and cancer are posing a <strong>bigger challenge in the non-tribal rural areas</strong> of Madhya Pradesh owing to a rapidly <strong>growing rate of incidence and the lack of awareness.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Urban areas have more awareness which translates into patients undergoing treatment despite a high incidence and the burden is moderate.</li>
<li>However, the burden is increasing in rural areas due to low awareness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that <strong>despite the low awareness levels,</strong> there was a <strong>low incidence in the 89 tribal blocks</strong> in the State, which <strong>has the largest tribal population</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>Of the <strong>country&rsquo;s 100 districts with the highest prevalence of hypertension, 15</strong> were in Madhya Pradesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>India Hypertension Control Initiative,</strong> supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> <strong>(WHO)</strong>, is catering to patients above 18 suffering from the diseases in various districts of the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Non-Communicable Disease Control Programmes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>group of various national programmes</strong> which focus on different non-communicable diseases separately. For example- National Mental Health Programme, National Oral Health Programme, National Tobacco Control Programme, etc.</li>
<li>The programmes <strong>focus on identifying non-communicable diseases at the Primary Health Centre (PHC) level</strong> itself and ensuring treatment up to the district-level and follow-ups with patients to continue medication.</li>
<li><strong>Also, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</strong> workers go door-to-door to draft family profiles and screen them for the non-communicable diseases instead of patients visiting a health centre.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Hypertension Control Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a collaborative project of <strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW),</strong> State Governments, <strong>WHO</strong> and<strong> &lsquo;Resolve to Save Lives&rsquo;- initiative of Vital Strategies.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in November 2017</strong> in 25 selected districts in Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Telangana, and Maharashtra. It was expanded to cover <strong>100 districts</strong> across all states in <strong>2019.</strong></li>
<li>The primary goal of this project is to <strong>reduce morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs),</strong> the leading cause of death in India, by improving the control of high blood pressure, which is a leading risk factor for CVDs among adults in India.</li>
<li><strong>It aims to:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Create patient-centred services</strong> to improve patient support.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce reliance on bigger hospitals</strong> and an increase in the utilization of &lsquo;Health and wellness centres&rsquo; and primary health centres.</li>
<li><strong>Provide for regular monitoring of health facilities</strong> and prompt feedback to program managers to bridge gaps if any in a timely manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/non-communicable-diseases-rising-in-non-tribal-rural-regions-of-madhya-pradesh/article30659643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4234,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Aboriginals and Climate Change',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/adi-darshan-the-only-way-to-save-the-planet-6227595/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Adi Darshan&rsquo;: The only way to save the planet&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/01/2020. It talks about the impact of climate change on aboriginals and them being a solution to it.</p>
</div>
<p>Indigenous people/ Aboriginals/ Tribals are on the frontline of climate change, as they live in parts of the world where its impacts are greatest, impacting livelihoods, culture and lives. However, indigenous peoples and their traditional knowledge can play as change agents, towards mitigating and adapting to climate change.</p>
<h3>Impacts of Climate Change on Indigenous People</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indigenous people are among the <strong>poorest of the poor</strong> and thus the most threatened segment of the world&rsquo;s population in terms of social, economic and environmental vulnerability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indigenous people are an estimated 5% of the world&rsquo;s population. 80% of these indigenous people are spread across <strong>Asia and the Pacific,</strong> a region particularly <strong>vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,</strong> thereby affecting indigenous people the hardest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Economic, social and cultural activities of this community depend on <strong>renewable natural resources</strong> that are most at risk to climate variability and extremes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aboriginals protect 22% of the Earth&rsquo;s surface, which harbours 80% of the planet&rsquo;s biodiversity.</li>
<li>Consequently, their role is of particular importance in the sustainable management of resources as well as environmental and biodiversity conservation, which are essential for combating climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They live in <strong>geographical regions and ecosystems</strong> that are the most vulnerable to climate change. These include<strong> polar regions, humid tropical forests, high mountains, small islands, coastal regions, and arid and semi-arid lands,</strong> among others.</li>
<li>High levels of vulnerability and exposure to climate change force <strong>indigenous people to migrate.</strong> This makes them more vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation and environmental hazards in the area of destination.</li>
<li><strong>Gender inequality,</strong> which is a key factor in the deprivation suffered by indigenous women, is exacerbated by climate change.</li>
<li>Indigenous peoples, their rights, and their institutions <strong>often lack recognition.</strong> Consequently, consultation with and participation of indigenous people in decision making is limited in the absence of dedicated public mechanisms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lack of consultation and participation is a root cause of social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities, as well as discrimination and exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Tribal Policy</strong></p>
<p>Specific parts of the Indian Constitution, the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 or PESA, and the Panchsheel Principles of Jawaharlal Nehru, constitute the overall Tribal Policy of India.</p>
<p><strong>Indian Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fifth and Sixth Schedules-</strong> provide for alternate or special governance mechanism for certain schedule area.</li>
<li>Most of the tribes in India are collectively identified as Scheduled Tribes under <strong>Article 342 (1&amp;2).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 244 under Part X</strong> provides special provision for the administration in Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas notified under Fifth Schedule.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 or PESA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It ensures self-governance through traditional Gram Sabhas for people living in the Scheduled Areas of India. Scheduled Areas are areas identified by the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It is implemented with respect to a number of issues such as customary resources, minor forest produce, minor minerals, minor water bodies, selection of beneficiaries, the sanction of projects, and control over local institutions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Tribal Panchsheel policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>People should develop along the lines of their own genius, and the imposition of alien values should be avoided.</li>
<li>TribaI rights in land and forest should be respected.</li>
<li>Teams of tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development.</li>
<li>TribaI areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes.</li>
<li>Results should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the human character that is evolved.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Legislations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection of Aboriginal Tribe (Regulation), 1956 and Regulations under Indian Forest Act, 1927</strong> prohibit people other the member of an aboriginal tribe from entering a reserved area in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</strong> concerns the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other resources.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How indigenous people can act as change agents?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>An IPCC report 2018,</strong> states that a significant part of traditional indigenous identity is linked to the natural world. Due to their methods of managing forests and agro-ecological systems, as well as their traditions passed down through the generations.</li>
<li>Indigenous peoples&rsquo; economy primarily depends on natural resources and ecosystems, with which they also share a <strong>complex cultural relationship.</strong> As <strong>natural capital is their core productive asset.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thereby, they act as the <strong>vanguard of running a modern economic model</strong> based on principles of a sustainable green economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is particularly important for climate change mitigation, especially regarding efforts directed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the adaptation of agricultural practices to climate change as well as green growth.</li>
<li>Indigenous peoples&rsquo; <strong>traditional knowledge and cultural approach</strong> to the issue is unique, and of high relevance and value for climate change adaptation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example,<strong> &lsquo;climate-smart agriculture&rsquo; (CSA)</strong> incorporates a combination of traditional and modern techniques, which is one of the most cited and promoted techniques aimed at mitigating, and adapting to, climate change.</li>
<li>Also, this traditional knowledge can help in <strong>crop and livelihood diversification, the use of new materials, seasonal climate forecasting and community-based disaster risk reduction.</strong></li>
<li>For example, it is reported that <strong>Aboriginal Australians</strong> had important knowledge about preventing bushfires that have caused the gravest destruction recently. They deploy a <strong>mosaic cool-fire burning technique</strong> where small patches of low-intensity fires are lit during the cooler months to burn off the bush undergrowth, reducing the number of flammable materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>S&aacute;mi parliaments in the Nordic countries,</strong> which address issues regarding the erosion of aboriginals' local culture and suggest significant ways to resist &lsquo;mainstreaming&rsquo; and &lsquo;assimilation&rsquo;, can be emulated all across the globe.</li>
<li>ILO's <strong>Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</strong> must be adopted by all the nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides for an important framework for strengthening dialogue among all stakeholders, including indigenous peoples&rsquo; organizations, governments, trade unions and employers&rsquo; organizations to ensure meaningful consultation with and participation of indigenous people in decision making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</strong> states that, if you do have access to these communities&rsquo; resources or knowledge, it should only be with their free, prior, and informed consent.</li>
<li>Therefore, rather than treating aboriginals as passive recipients of mainstream cultural practices (external influences on tribal philosophy), society must backtrack in search of a <strong>universal philosophy</strong> that not only captures our intimate oneness with nature but also restores dignity, humanity and collective conscience to the human race.</li>
<li>In this context,<strong> Adi Darshan or discussion on tribal philosophies,</strong> organised by Jharkhand government is a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #4c00ff; background-color: #e1f5ec;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Indigenous people are one of the most vulnerable sections facing climate change, however, they can act as change agents, towards mitigating and adapting to climate change. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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