Article Tags

You searched “Indigenization of Technology”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Shoonya Campaign: NITI Aayog

Why in News Recently, NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) and RMI India’s have launched the Shoonya Campaign. It is an initiative...

16 Sep 2021 Indigenization of Technology
LCA-Mk2 and AMCA

Why in News According to the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), LCA Tejas-Mk2 will be rolled out in 2022 and the first flight in early 2023....

14 Sep 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Delegation of Financial Powers to Defence Services, 2021 Rules

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Defence has released the Delegation of Financial Powers to Defence Services (DFPDS), 2021 rules. The...

09 Sep 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Hindustan-228 Civil Aircraft

Why in News Recently, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) carried out a successful ground run and low speed taxi trials of a commercial aircraft...

23 Aug 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Defence Ministry has announced that it will soon issue Requests For Proposal (RFPs) to set up eight defence testing...

18 Aug 2021 Indigenization of Technology
INS Vikrant Begins Sea Trials

Why in News Recently, the Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC) 1 named INS Vikrant, started sea trials (one of the last phases of trials). It is...

05 Aug 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO

Why in News Recently, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the New Generation Akash Missile...

22 Jul 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Domestic Manufacturing in Solar Energy

Why in News Recently, the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has released the first list of photovoltaic module manufacturers in...

21 Jul 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Agni-P (Prime)

Why in News Recently, a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime) was successfully test-fired by the Defence Research and...

29 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
The Big Picture: 5G - The Road Ahead

Why in News The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for conducting trials for use and...

29 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
INS Vikrant: First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier

Why in News Recently, India’s Defence Minister reviewed the ongoing work on the Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC), INS Vikrant (IAC-1), which...

26 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
New Doppler Radars in Maharashtra: IMD

Why in News Recently, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) announced that it will install seven new doppler radars in Maharashtra, including...

23 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Recent Reforms in Defence Sector

Why in News Recently, the Defence Minister released an E-booklet titled ‘20 Reforms in 2020’ highlighting the major reforms undertaken...

08 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Project 75 India

Why in News The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the issuance of a Request For Proposal (RFP) for the construction of six conventional...

07 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Positive Indigenisation List

Why in News The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has notified the second negative import list, now renamed as the ‘positive indigenisation list' of...

02 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Nano Urea Liquid: IFFCO

Why in News Recently, the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) introduced the world's first Nano Urea Liquid for farmers across the...

01 Jun 2021 Indigenization of Technology
National Award for Recycling Carbon Technology

Why in News A Bangalore based startup has received the National Award 2021 from Technology Development Board (TDB) for developing a commercial...

25 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Semiconductor Chips Shortage in Vehicle Manufacturing

Why in News Recently, an unusual shortage of inputs, especially semiconductor chips, has made India-based vehicle manufactures (car manufactures and...

25 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology
National Technology Day

Why in News India observes its National Technology Day on 11th May every year. Key Points About: The day, which was first observed on 11th...

12 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology
5G Trial

Why in News The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for conducting trials for use and...

07 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 115]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'amonth' => 'September',
	'ayear' => '2021',
	'articles' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'title' => 'Article Tags'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://upsconline.nic.in/eadmitcard/admitcard_csp_2021/',
		'title' => '   Download Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2021 Admit Card',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/careers',
		'title' => 'We are hiring Full Time Content Developers, to know more, please click here.',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$amonth = 'September'
$ayear = '2021'
$articles = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9795,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shoonya Campaign: NITI Aayog',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fast-tracking-freight-in-india-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)</strong></a> and <strong>RMI India&rsquo;s</strong> have launched the <strong>Shoonya Campaign.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an initiative to promote <strong>zero-pollution delivery vehicles</strong> by working with consumers and industry.</li>
<li>RMI is an <strong>independent nonprofit organization</strong> founded in 1982.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shoonya Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Electric Deliveries:</strong> The campaign aims to <strong>accelerate adoption of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electric Vehicles (EVs)</a> in the urban deliveries segment</strong> and create <strong>consumer awareness</strong> about the benefits of zero-pollution delivery.</li>
<li><strong>Shoonya Brand:</strong> A <strong>corporate branding</strong> and <strong>certification programme</strong> is being launched to recognise and promote industry&rsquo;s efforts towards transitioning to EVs for final-mile deliveries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help e-commerce companies to distinguish their offerings from those of their competitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Online Tracking Platform :</strong> An online tracking platform will share the campaign&rsquo;s impact through data such as vehicle kilometers electrified, carbon savings, criteria pollutant savings and other benefits from clean delivery vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of EVs for Final-Mile Deliveries: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Growing E-Commerce Market:</strong> Between 2013 and 2017, India&rsquo;s online retail market grew at an average rate of 53% each year and is expected to become a $150 billion market by 2022. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By shifting the end-transportation of goods from the consumer, this has dramatically expanded the fleets of delivery vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Emissions:</strong> Urban freight vehicles account for 10% of freight transportation-<strong>related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> in India, and these emissions are expected to grow by 114% by 2030. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EVs emit no tailpipe emissions, which can contribute immensely to an improved air quality.</li>
<li>Even when accounting for their manufacture, they emit 15-40% less CO2 compared to their internal combustion engine counterparts and have lower operational cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Security:</strong> Shifting towards EVs will help India to reduce oil dependency while solving the challenge of energy scarcity and moving towards renewable and clean sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technological:</strong> India is technologically deficient in the production of electronics that form the backbone of the EV industry, such as batteries, semiconductors, controllers, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructural Support:</strong> The lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety (fear that batteries will soon run out of power) are other factors that hinder the growth of the EV industry.</li>
<li><strong>Availability of Materials for Domestic Production:</strong> Battery is the single most important component of EVs. India does not have any known reserves of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lithium</strong></a> and <strong>cobalt</strong> which are required for battery production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is dependent on countries like Japan and China for the import of<strong> lithium-ion batteries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Skilled Workers:</strong> EVs have higher servicing costs and higher levels of skills is needed for servicing. India lacks dedicated training courses for such skill development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEMMP</a></strong> was launched in 2013 with an aim to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country.</li>
<li><strong>FAME Scheme:</strong> The Indian government has created momentum through its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1#:~:text=Background,development%20and%20Manufacturing%20eco%2Dsystem." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles</strong></a> schemes that encourage, and in some segments mandates the adoption of EVs, with a goal of reaching <strong>30% EV penetration by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage:</strong> The Mission will recommend and drive the strategies for transformative mobility and phased manufacturing programmes for EVs, EV Components and Batteries.</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Incentives:&nbsp;</strong>To spur the production and consumption of EVs and charging infrastructure - such as income tax rebates, exemption from customs duties, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1755119" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'shoonya-campaign-niti-aayog',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9756,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'LCA-Mk2 and AMCA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), LCA Tejas-Mk2 will be rolled out in 2022</strong> and the first flight in early 2023. <strong>Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)</strong> will be rolled out in 2024 and first flight in 2025.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Simultaneously, the project for development of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/three-new-fighter-jets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>twin-engine deck-based fighter jet</strong></a> meant to fly from the Navy&rsquo;s aircraft carriers is also making progress.</li>
<li>ADA is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631602605_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631602605_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>LCA-Mk2:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the Indian Air Force.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>replacement for the Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The LCA programme began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li>The LCA is being designed and developed with <strong>ADA as the nodal agency</strong> and <strong>State-owned</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a> being the principal partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its production is likely to start somewhere around 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Variants of Tejas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tejas Trainer:</strong> 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LCA Navy</strong></a>: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Navy MK2</strong>: This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LCA Tejas Mk-1A</strong></a>: This is an improvement over the <strong>LCA Tejas Mk1</strong> with a higher thrust engine <strong>(Air Force)</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Mk-2</strong>: Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2 which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>fifth generation aircraft</strong>. And will be used <strong>by the Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a stealth aircraft, i.e. <strong>designed for stealth</strong> and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section and has an internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Over 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has two variants <strong>Mk-1 and Mk-2</strong>, While AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine, same as LCA Mk-2, the AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The manufacturing and production of the aircraft will be through a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-purpose-vehicle-for-mission-karmayogi#:~:text=To%20effectively%20roll%20out%20this,100%25%20government%2Downed%20entity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)</strong></a>, which will also have participation of private industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-mk2-to-roll-out-next-year-first-flight-in-2023-says-scientist/article36419325.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'lca-mk2-and-amca',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9687,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Delegation of Financial Powers to Defence Services, 2021 Rules',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Defence</strong> has released the <strong>Delegation of Financial Powers to Defence Services (DFPDS), 2021 rules.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary focus of the enhanced delegation of financial powers is to <strong>overcome procedural delays, bring about greater decentralisation and operational efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>The DFPDS 2021 rules is<strong> another big step in defence reforms</strong> to strengthen security infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Highlights of DFPDS 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Financial Powers Devolved to Field Formations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enhanced the <strong>delegation of revenue procurement powers</strong> for the Army, Navy and Air Force.</li>
<li><strong>10% increase</strong> in Delegated Financial Powers of Vice Chiefs of Services.</li>
<li>Financial powers have also been delegated to<strong> new officers among the services, depending on requirements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Operational Preparedness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the new rules, <strong>critical equipment can be hired for short periods</strong> as compared to purchases or a long-term lease, which are not only considerably expensive but also take a long time.</li>
<li>Enhanced delegation of financial powers is to <strong>empower Field Commanders and below</strong> to procure equipment/war-like stores in a speedy manner for urgent operational necessities and meeting essential sustenance requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Up to three times increase in funding related to Indigenisation/R&amp;D to achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/self-reliance-in-defence-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Reforms in Defence Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-of-defence-staff-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief of Defence Staff</strong></a></li>
<li>Establishment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command#:~:text=Department%20of%20Military%20Affairs%3A,Department%20of%20Defence%20(DoD)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Military Affairs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-procedure-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Recent Critical Defence Acquisitions: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale fighter aircraft</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S-400 missile defense system</a>, etc.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Participation of Women in Armed Forces</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Indigenisation of Defense Technology: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LCA Tejas</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-75-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project 75</a>,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajnath-unveils-new-rules-to-reform-financial-powers-of-armed-forces-7495401/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'delegation-of-financial-powers-to-defence-services-2021-rules',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9422,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hindustan-228 Civil Aircraft',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong> carried out a successful ground run and low speed taxi trials of a commercial aircraft<strong> &ldquo;Hindustan-228&rdquo;</strong> (Do-228).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HAL is building civil aircrafts <strong>to promote the UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) Scheme.</strong> The central government aims to set up 1,000 new air routes and establish 100 new airports, under the UDAN scheme.</li>
<li>HAL is a <strong>public sector aircraft manufacturing company.</strong> It has also produced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</strong> </a>for the Indian Air Force (IAF).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1629706791_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1629706791_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Hindustan-228 (Do-228):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 19-seater Do-228 is the <strong>first major attempt in India to develop a small civil transport aircraft</strong> after the 14-seater Saras Aircraft development program at the National Aeronautics Laboratory (NAL) was shelved in 2009 on account of multiple problems in its development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the NAL has been pitching <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saras-mk-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SARAS Mk-2</strong></a> (19-seater aircraft) for the government&rsquo;s UDAN, since it has the capacity to operate in &ldquo;ill-equipped&rdquo;, &ldquo;semi-prepared&rdquo; and &ldquo;unpaved airstrips&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>built on the existing frame of the German Dornier 228 defence transport aircraft</strong> used by the defence forces.</li>
<li>Two civil Do-228 produced by HAL for launch under UDAN scheme have a maximum take off weight of 6200 kgs.</li>
<li>It is <strong>equipped with a digital cockpit</strong> which will ensure more accurate readings, precise information and required data displays with feedback loops and capability for self-check to alert pilots in emergencies.</li>
<li>It is conceived to be a <strong>multirole utility aircraft</strong> capable of being used for <strong>VIP transport, passenger transport, air ambulance, flight inspection roles, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/karnataka-to-use-cloud-seeding" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cloud seeding</a>, recreational activities</strong> like para jumping, aerial surveillance, photography, remote sensing and cargo transport.</li>
<li>With a maximum cruise speed of 428 kmph and a range of 700 kmph the aircraft is capable of night flying.</li>
<li>HAL is looking forward to <strong>exporting the aircraft</strong> as well to countries like Nepal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UDAN Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN) was launched as<strong> a regional connectivity scheme under the Ministry of Civil Aviation</strong> in 2016. It is an innovative scheme to develop the regional Aviation market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Small civilian aircrafts</strong> are considered to be<strong> an essential element</strong> of the UDAN.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of the scheme is <strong>to create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes</strong> so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns.</li>
<li>The scheme envisages <strong>providing connectivity to un-served and underserved airports of the country</strong> through the revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme is <strong>operational for a period of 10 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under-served airports are those which do not have more than one flight a day, while unserved airports are those where there are no operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial incentives</strong> from the Centre, state governments and airport operators are extended <strong>to selected airlines</strong> to encourage operations from unserved and under-served airports, and keep airfares affordable.</li>
<li>About 325 routes and 56 airports including 5 heliports and 2 water aerodromes have been operationalised under the scheme.</li>
<li>On the commencement of the &lsquo;Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav ([email protected])&rsquo;, the Ministry of Civil Aviation proposed <strong>about 392 routes under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-4-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UDAN 4.1</a> bidding process.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>UDAN 4.1</strong> focuses on connecting smaller airports, along with special helicopter and seaplane routes. Some new routes have been proposed under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala Seaplane services.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sagarmala Seaplane Services is <strong>an ambitious project under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> with potential airline operators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-defence-aircraft-manufacturer-hal-is-building-a-civilian-aircraft-for-use-in-india-7463170/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'hindustan-228-civil-aircraft',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9345,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Defence Ministry</strong> has announced that it will soon issue <strong>Requests For Proposal (RFPs)</strong> to set up <strong>eight defence testing facilities in the country</strong> in partnership with the <strong>private sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These RFPs would be issued under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-testing-infrastructure-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The RFP is a <strong>business document</strong> that announces a<strong> project, describes it, and invites bids for completing it.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>, India has accorded <strong>high priority to development of the manufacturing base of Defence and Aerospace sectors in the country</strong> so as to reduce dependence on imports.</li>
<li>Towards this, the establishment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-industrial-corridors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs)</strong></a> in <strong>Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu</strong> was announced.</li>
<li>Several other initiatives like<strong> Revised Make-II procedures, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</a> and Defence Investors Cell</strong> have been created with an aim to provide an ecosystem to foster innovation and technology development and encourage Indian industry to invest in Aerospace and Defence sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Defence Investors Cell</strong> was created to<strong> provide all necessary information</strong> including addressing queries related to investment opportunities, procedures and regulatory requirements for investment in the sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About DTIS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme was launched on <strong>8<sup>th</sup> May, 2020</strong> and would run for the <strong>duration of five years.</strong></li>
<li>It envisages<strong> setting up of 6-8 Greenfield Defence Testing Infrastructure facilities</strong> that are required for <strong>defence and aerospace related production.</strong></li>
<li>It also envisages to <strong>set up test facilities</strong> in partnership with private industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promote indigenous defence production,</strong> with special focus on participation of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> and Start Ups by bridging gaps in defence testing infrastructure in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Provide easy access</strong> and to <strong>meet the testing needs</strong> of the domestic defence industry.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate indigenous defence production,</strong> consequently reduce imports of military equipment and help make the country self-reliant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance and Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme has an <strong>outlay of Rs 400 crore</strong> for creating <strong>state of the art testing infrastructure</strong> over the duration of five years.</li>
<li>The projects under the Scheme will be provided with up to <strong>75% government funding in the form of &lsquo;Grant-in-Aid&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> remaining 25% of the project cost</strong> will have to be borne by the <strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)</strong> whose constituents will be <strong>Indian private entities and State Governments.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Only private entities registered in India and State Government agencies</strong> will qualify for forming the implementation agency for the Scheme.</li>
<li>The <strong>SPVs under the Scheme</strong> will be registered under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Companies Act 2013</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1746365" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'defence-testing-infrastructure-scheme-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9133,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'INS Vikrant Begins Sea Trials',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC) 1</strong> named <strong>INS Vikrant, started sea trials</strong> (one of the last phases of trials).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>likely to be commissioned in 2022.</strong> At present, <strong>India has only one aircraft carrier</strong>, the Russian-origin <strong>INS Vikramaditya.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</strong></a> approved issuance of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boost-to-defence-exports" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Request for Proposal (RFP)</strong></a> for six advanced submarines for the Indian Navy under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-75-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project-75I</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vessel, to be named <strong>Vikrant after the decommissioned maiden carrier of the Navy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>acquired the Vikrant from the United Kingdom in 1961</strong>, and the carrier played a stellar role in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bangladesh-liberation-war-1971" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1971 war</strong></a> with Pakistan that led to the birth of Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Over <strong>76% of the material and equipment on board IAC-1 is indigenous.</strong></li>
<li>It will have an <strong>air component of 30 aircraft</strong>, comprising <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29K fighter jets</a>, Kamov-31</strong> airborne early warning helicopters and the soon-to-be-inducted <strong>MH-60R</strong> multi-role helicopter, besides the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhruv-mk-iii-advanced-light-helicopter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters</a></strong>.</li>
<li>It is expected to have a <strong>top speed of 30 knots (approximately 55 kmph)</strong> and is propelled by four gas turbines. Its <strong>endurance is 7,500 nautical miles at 18 knots</strong> (32 kmph) speed.</li>
<li>The shipborne weapons include <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Barak</a> LR SAM and AK-630</strong>, while it has <strong>MFSTAR and RAN-40L 3D radars as sensors.</strong> The vessel has a <strong>Shakti EW (Electronic Warfare) Suite.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>a pair of runways</strong> and a &lsquo;short take off but arrested recovery&rsquo; system to control aircraft operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Adds Combat and Sea Control Capability</strong>, especially in the Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Ability of Air Power:</strong> It would <strong>offer an incomparable military instrument</strong> with its ability to project air power over long distances, including air interdiction, anti-surface warfare, offensive and defensive counter-air, airborne anti-submarine warfare and airborne early warning.</li>
<li><strong>Self-Reliance:</strong> Only five or six nations currently have the capability of manufacturing an aircraft carrier &mdash; <strong>India joins this elite club now.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Endeavours:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 2015, the <strong>Navy has been seeking approval to build a third aircraft carrier</strong> for the country, which, <strong>if approved, will become India&rsquo;s second Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC-2).</strong></li>
<li>This proposed carrier, to be named <strong>INS Vishal</strong>, is intended to be a giant 65,000-tonne vessel, <strong>much bigger than IAC-1 and the INS Vikramaditya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/maiden-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-starts-sea-trials-off-kochi/article35715620.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'ins-vikrant-begins-sea-trials',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8941,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>successfully flight-tested the<strong> New Generation Akash Missile (Akash-NG)</strong> and the <strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2021</strong> a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agni-p-prime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agni-P (Prime)</strong> </a>was successfully test-fired by the DRDO.</li>
<li>In <strong>February 2021</strong> India also successfully test-fired indigenously-developed anti-tank guided missile systems<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> Research &amp; Development wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India,</strong> with a vision <strong>to empower India with cutting-edge defence technologies.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining the Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Akash Missile (Akash-NG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>surface-to-air Missile.</strong> It is a <strong>new variant of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boost-to-defence-exports" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Akash missile</a></strong> that can <strong>strike targets at a distance of around 60 km</strong> and fly at a <strong>speed of up to Mach 2.5.</strong></li>
<li>Once deployed, the Akash-NG weapon system will <strong>prove to be a force multiplier for the air defence capability of the Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development &amp; Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by <strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Laboratory (DRDL),</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with other<strong> DRDO laboratories.</strong></li>
<li>It is being produced by <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Akash Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Akash is <strong>India&rsquo;s first indigenously produced medium range Surface to Air missile</strong> that can engage multiple targets from multiple directions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The missile is unique in the way that it can be <strong>launched from mobile platforms</strong> like battle tanks or wheeled trucks. It has nearly 90% kill probability.</li>
<li>The missile is supported by the<strong> indigenously developed radar called 'Rajendra'.</strong></li>
<li>The missile is <strong>reportedly cheaper and more accurate than US&rsquo; Patriot missiles</strong> due to its solid-fuel technology and high-tech radars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can <strong>engage targets at a speed 2.5 times more than the speed of sound</strong> and can detect and destroy targets flying at low, medium and high altitudes.</li>
<li>The Akash missile system has been <strong>designed and developed as part of India&rsquo;s 30-year-old <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> indigenously-developed</strong> anti-tank guided missile.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Anti Tank guided missile</strong> is a <strong>medium or long-range missile</strong> whose primary purpose is <strong>to destroy tanks</strong> and other armoured vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>low weight, fire and forget</strong> missile. It is incorporated with state-of-the-art <strong>Miniaturized Infrared Imaging Seeker</strong> along with <strong>advanced avionics.</strong></li>
<li>It is launched using a tripod designed for a<strong> maximum range of 2.5 km</strong> with a launch <strong>weight of less than 15 Kg.</strong></li>
<li>Its successful test marked a major boost for the government&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a> campaign</strong> and would strengthen the Indian Army.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by <strong>Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</strong> to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. b</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A)</strong> developed under this program are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>P</strong>rithvi: Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>gni: Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>T</strong>rishul: Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>N</strong>ag: 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>kash: Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1737529" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'akash-ng-mpatgm-drdo',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8929,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Domestic Manufacturing in Solar Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)</strong> has released the<strong> first list of photovoltaic module manufacturers in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MNRE has made it mandatory for solar cell and module manufacturers to register under the<strong> Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM)</strong> - an initial step towards <strong>reducing India&rsquo;s dependence on solar imports and self-reliance.</strong></li>
<li>However, given the capacity constraints for domestic manufacturers, ALMM<strong> may pose near-term challenges for the Indian developers for planning the procurement of imported photovoltaic modules.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Solar Technologies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solar PhotoVoltaic (SPV):</strong> SPV cells convert solar radiation (sunlight) into electricity. A solar cell is a semi-conducting device made of silicon and/or other materials, which, when exposed to sunlight, generates electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Solar Thermal:</strong> Solar Thermal Power systems, also known as Concentrating Solar Power systems, use concentrated solar radiation as a high temperature energy source to produce electricity.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About ALMM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ALMM lists eligible models and manufacturers of solar cells and modules complying with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) certification</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was announced in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to have a <strong>quality benchmark for modules and prevent low-quality Chinese manufacturers</strong> from dumping their products in India.</li>
<li>Enlisting in ALMM is <strong>mandatory for manufacturers supplying to the government-owned solar projects.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Only the models and manufacturers included in this list shall be eligible for use in projects under Government schemes &amp; Programmes, installed in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the word<strong> "Government"</strong> includes Central Government, State Government, Central Public Sector Enterprises, State Public Sector Enterprises and Central and State Organizations/Autonomous bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Related to ALMM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>May Impact Bankability of Solar Projects:</strong> Lack of clarity about ALMM means supply uncertainty, limited module choices, no access to newer technologies, and cost increases for developers of large-scale projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This may also result in a hike in solar power tariff prices which may undermine the prospects of solar energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlap Between BIS and ALMM:</strong> The ALMM was put in place to ensure the quality of solar products, but it overlaps the existing Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification in many aspects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>BIS is related to product certification, ALMM is more of a process and manufacturing facility/original equipment manufacturer certification.</li>
<li>This has created a compliance burden for domestic manufactures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supply-side Bottlenecks:</strong> Many developers believe that the implementation of ALMM <strong>will deter foreign players from supplying to the Indian market.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the domestic market still far away from being self-reliant, project developers are staring at a supply bottleneck in the foreseeable future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Capacity of Solar Power in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been <strong>a significant progress in solar capacity addition since 2014,</strong> with India progressively emerging as the <strong>world&rsquo;s third largest solar market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, India&rsquo;s solar story is <strong>largely built over imported products.</strong></li>
<li>The domestic solar equipment manufacturing industry has largely failed to capitalise on the opportunity.</li>
<li>Nearly<strong> 80% of the solar inputs and components are imported from China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The reason for this is that <strong>Solar cell manufacturing is a complicated process</strong> that is technology and capital intensive and it also upgrades every 8-10 months.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, the <strong>global market of solar wafer and ingot manufacturing is dominated by China,</strong> who uses anti-competitive measures to dump cheap solar equipment into India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solar Energy and India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Just before the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Paris climate summit</strong></a> in 2015, the Government of India had said it would install 175 GW of renewable power by 2022, including 100 GW of solar power.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Solar Mission</strong></a> is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India's energy security challenge.</li>
<li>Further, India&rsquo;s commitment as part of INDC at Paris climate deal to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable rooftop implementation of Solar transfiguration of India (SRISTI) scheme</strong></a> envisages to promote rooftop solar power projects in India.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kusum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>KUSUM scheme</strong></a> would provide additional income to farmers, by giving them the option to sell additional power to the grid, through solar power projects set up on their barren lands.</li>
<li>Through the establishment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a>, India envisages the world to leverage solar energy potential of more than 122 countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn to promote solar energy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, ISA&rsquo; s vision is to enable <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-sun-one-world-one-grid" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One World, One Sun, One Grid (OSOWOG)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ALMM and BIS certification could have been better managed by <strong>combining these two objectives</strong> and making it a single-window process.</li>
<li><strong>Strong financial measures</strong> are required to finance the solar projects, innovative steps like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-bonds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>green bonds</strong></a>, institutional loans and clean energy funds can play a crucial role.</li>
<li>Promotion of <strong>research and development in the renewable energy sector,</strong> especially in storage technology.</li>
<li>Proper mechanism should be provided to tackle China's dumping of solar equipment.</li>
<li>Framework to avoid unnecessary delays in policy decision making and implementation. India <strong>needs a Solar Waste Management and Manufacturing Standards Policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/how-the-renewable-energy-ministry-s-new-order-will-impact-india-s-solar-energy-target-77982" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'domestic-manufacturing-in-solar-energy',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8729,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Agni-P (Prime)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime)</strong> was successfully test-fired by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>from <strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam island</strong> off the coast of Odisha, Balasore.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image 0.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a>Agni-P is a new generation <strong>advanced variant of the Agni class</strong> (under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IGMDP - Integrated Guided Missile Development Program</strong></a>).</li>
<li>It is a <strong>canisterised missile</strong> with range capability between 1,000 and 2,000 km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Canisterisation of missiles reduces the time required to launch the missile while improving its storage and mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many<strong> advanced technologies</strong> including composites, propulsion systems, innovative guidance and control mechanisms and state-of-the-art navigation systems have been introduced. The Agni-P missile <strong>would further strengthen India's credible deterrence capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In comparison to other Agni class missiles, Agni-P has improved parameters including manoeuvring and accuracy.</li>
<li><strong>Agni Class of Missiles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are the mainstay of India&rsquo;s nuclear launch capability.</li>
<li>Range of other Agni Missiles:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Agni I:</strong> Range of 700-800 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni II:</strong> Range more than 2000 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni III:</strong> Range of more than 2,500 Km</li>
<li><strong>Agni IV:</strong> Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.</li>
<li><strong>Agni-V:</strong> The longest of the Agni series, <strong>an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)</strong> with a range of over 5,000 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. It was approved by the Government of India in 1983 and completed in March 2012.</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A) developed under this program</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prithvi:</strong> Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>Agni:</strong> Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>Trishul:</strong> Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>Nag:</strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>Akash:</strong> Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Canister Based Launch System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Canister based launch system- serves as a <strong>container for transportation;</strong> a housing during<strong> storage aboard</strong> a vessel; provides<strong> operational flexibility.</strong></li>
<li>A canister launch system can be either hot launch, where the missile ignites in the cell, or cold launch, where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a gas generator which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites.</li>
<li><strong>Cold launch</strong> is safer than hot launch as the ejection system will eject the missile by itself even if there is a missile failure. In case of <strong>Agni V, it will be a cold launch.</strong></li>
<li>In case of hot launches, the problem is the heat produced by the missile at the time of launch. The <strong>hot launch</strong> is better for small missiles as the ejection part itself will be done by using the missile's own engine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nuclear Triad:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nuclear triad, a three-sided military-force structure consisting of<strong> land-launched</strong> nuclear missiles, <strong>nuclear-missile-armed submarines,</strong> and strategic <strong>aircraft (e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brahmos</a>) with nuclear bombs</strong> and missiles.</li>
<li>DRDO had in January 2020 successfully test-fired a 3,500-km range <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-k-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>submarine-launched ballistic missile, K-4</strong></a>, from a submerged pontoon off the Visakhapatnam coast.</li>
<li>Once inducted, these missiles will be the mainstay of the <strong>Arihant class of indigenous ballistic missile nuclear submarines (SSBN)</strong> and will give India the stand-off capability to launch nuclear weapons submerged in Indian waters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>INS Arihant, the only SSBN in service, is armed with K-15 missiles with a range of 750 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the past few years, India has been able to complete its nuclear triad. This is especially important given India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-nuclear-triad-complete" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>No-First-Use policy</strong> </a>while reserving the right of massive retaliation if struck with nuclear weapons first.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-tests-new-generation-nuclear-capable-missile-agni-p/article35013208.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'agni-p-prime',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8728,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: 5G - The Road Ahead',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-_W4YBZ4wZc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-trial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>conducting trials</strong> </a>for use and applications of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G technology.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The TSPs have been asked to conduct 5G trials<strong> in rural &amp; semi urban areas as well.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G</strong> </a>technology is expected to deliver a <strong>greater spectrum efficiency</strong> and better download speeds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Collaboration among Business Giants:</strong> Bharti Airtel has joined forces with TATA Group to develop a 5G network, Reliance Jio has also tied up with Google Cloud for its 5G solutions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jio has begun 5G trials in Mumbai using its indigenously developed equipment.</li>
<li>The 5G network of Airtel was able to deliver a throughput of over 1 Gbps speed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Auctions by TRAI:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interoperable-set-top-boxes-trai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)</strong></a> will hold auctions for the 5G spectrum in India.</li>
<li><strong>5G Technology Rollout:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Standing Committee</strong></a> on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/information-technology-rules-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Information Technology</strong> </a>was informed that 5G will roll out in India to some extent for specific uses, by the end of the calendar year 2021 or beginning of 2022.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>4G Internet Service</strong></a> is expected to continue in India for at least another 5-6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G Key Features:</strong> 5G technology is expected to deliver improved user experience in terms of data download rates (expected to be 10 times that of 4G), up to three times greater spectrum efficiency, and ultra-low latency.</li>
<li><strong>Applications in Trials:</strong> Applications such as tele-medicine, tele-education, augmented/virtual reality, drone-based agricultural monitoring, etc. will be tested.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data generated during the trials will be stored in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fifth Generation (5G) Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>High Speed Technology:</strong> 5G is the fifth generation cellular technology that will increase the downloading and uploading speeds over the mobile network.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.</li>
<li>5G will also reduce the latency i.e. the time taken by a network to respond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Machine-to-Machine Interaction:</strong> 5G will be the first technology to facilitate machine-to-machine communication, the foundation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet of Things (IoT)</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Combined with IoT, cloud, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>big data</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AI</strong></a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing#:~:text=Edge%20computing%20is%20defined%20as,as%20endpoints%20like%20laptops%2C%20tablets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>edge computing</strong></a>, 5G could be a critical enabler of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth industrial revolution.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost to the Economy:</strong> 5G is expected to create a cumulative economic impact of USD1 trillion in India by 2035, according to a report by a government-appointed panel (2018).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will give a huge amount of economic boost to India by increased connectivity between machines and various sectors which will in turn increase efficiency.</li>
<li>Production will also increase which would lead to huge revenue collections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Collaborative Network Deployment:</strong> 5G will lead to, for the first time, the business verticals and technical verticals come together for network deployment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, the telecommunications used to discuss internally and deploy networks but now, the businesses, technology companies and<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cyber</strong> </a>experts will be coming together for deploying networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Capacity:</strong> In 5G, the focus has been exerted upon the capacity rather than the range of the network.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the rural areas, the range of the network is required more than bandwidth as the areas are not as densely populated and industrialised as the urban areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The range will be compensated by deploying more small cells in the required areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India as a Late Adopter:</strong> Countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including India, Bangladesh and Indonesia are late in adopting 5G technology, hence, will get insignificant revenue from the service.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the late adopters the 5G mobile service revenues are not expected over the next 12-18 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lesser Government Subsidies:</strong> A low likelihood of government subsidies is expected, given the history of high reserve prices set by the governments for spectrum auctions amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ongoing fiscal deficits.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> 5G will not bridge the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital divide among the rural and urban areas</strong></a> in the short term, rather increase it as the business case of 5G even in urban areas does not have maximum accessibility.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it will not be easily available in rural areas too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G, A Niche Service:</strong> 5G will be a niche service unlike 3g and 4g which were pervasive services. It will get intensified over a comparatively longer period of time.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rollout of 5G technology will be different from the one seen in 4g; it will be introduced in specific sectors and areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Accessibility of Previous Technology:</strong> The consumers are still grappling with basic network issues like call drops and interrupted data services.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are still areas where 4G networks have not stabilised causing frequent disruptions in internet services.</li>
<li>It is important to meet the quality of service parameters of existing 4G networks before embarking on a new 5G platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Critical Infrastructures:</strong> 5G will require a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, even 5G technology needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Liability on Consumers:</strong> For transition from 4G to 5G technology, one has to upgrade to the latest cellular technology, thereby creating financial liability on consumers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bridging the Rural-urban Gap:</strong> 5G can be deployed at different band spectrums and at the low band spectrum, the range is much longer which is helpful for the rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Assistance:</strong> The government has complete control over the inputs. One of the key inputs of 5G is the band spectrum.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By managing the design of the spectrums, the government can control the price to be paid by the people.</li>
<li>The government shall support the telecom companies to roll out networks which are sustainable and affordable for the public.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling the Spectrum Pricing Issue:</strong> The government in recent times, has had two failed auctions. The latter failed to attract any bids in the 5G spectrum.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The current proposals for the reserve price clearly suggest the need to change the prices in order to conduct a successful auction.</li>
<li>The pricing will have to be worked out keeping in mind the financial stress in the sector and affordability of services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling the Manufacturing Sector in India:</strong> As 5G starts taking shape in India, it is important to strengthen its domestic telecommunication manufacturing market so that it is not only the users of 5G in India, but also the manufacturers and providers of these technologies who will be able to make a mark in the global arena</li>
<li><strong>Viable Technology from Consumers&rsquo; Perspective:</strong> For widespread 5G deployment, it needs to become financially viable otherwise rural integration will remain a pipe dream.</li>
<li>Also, the 5G technology has to be viable to the telecom operators too.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G Technology is expected to usher a new era in the technology sector. As far as the nationwide deployment of the technology is concerned, India still has a long way to go.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing down the spectrum prices and bridging the rural-urban gap by increasing the accessibility of networks to hinterlands are a few key areas of focus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ultimate goal is to shift to a technology that facilitates the requirements of both the rural and urban users and the telecom sector.</li>
</ul>',
		'posturl' => 'the-big-picture-5g-the-road-ahead',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8709,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'INS Vikrant: First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s Defence Minister reviewed the ongoing work on the <strong>Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC),</strong> INS Vikrant (IAC-1), which is a part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikrant, is likely<strong> to be commissioned in 2022.</strong> At present, <strong>India has only one aircraft carrier,</strong> the Russian-origin <strong>INS Vikramaditya.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</strong> </a>approved issuance of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boost-to-defence-exports" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Request for Proposal (RFP)</strong></a> for six advanced submarines for the Indian Navy under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-75-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project-75I.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vessel, to be named Vikrant after the decommissioned maiden carrier of the Navy.</li>
<li>It will have<strong> an air component of 30 aircraft,</strong> comprising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MiG-29K fighter jets</strong></a>, <strong>Kamov-31 airborne early warning helicopters</strong> and the soon-to-be-inducted <strong>MH-60R multi-role helicopter,</strong> besides the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhruv-mk-iii-advanced-light-helicopter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters.</strong></a></li>
<li>It is expected to have<strong> a top speed of 30 knots (approximately 55 kmph)</strong> and is propelled by four gas turbines. Its endurance is 7,500 nautical miles at 18 knots (32 kmph) speed.</li>
<li>The <strong>shipborne weapons include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Barak</a> LR SAM and AK-630,</strong> while it has <strong>MFSTAR and RAN-40L 3D radars</strong> as sensors. The vessel has a <strong>Shakti EW (Electronic Warfare) Suite.</strong></li>
<li>It has a pair of runways and a &lsquo;short take off but arrested recovery&rsquo; system to control aircraft operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The combat capability, reach and versatility of the aircraft carrier will add formidable capabilities in the defence in the country and help secure India's interests in the maritime domain.</li>
<li>It would offer an incomparable military instrument with its ability to project air power over long distances, including air interdiction, anti-surface warfare, offensive and defensive counter-air, airborne anti-submarine warfare and airborne early warning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Status of Indian Navy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <strong>Maritime Capability Perspective Plan, by 2027,</strong> India ought to have about 200 ships but there is still a lot to cover to reach the target.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the cause is not mainly funding but procedural delays or some self imposed restrictions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The navy <strong>ensures that it has state of the art SONARs and Radars.</strong> Also, many of the ships contain a high amount of indigenous content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Navy&rsquo;s Contribution to Fight against Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Operation Samudra Setu-I</strong></a>: Bringing back Indian citizens from overseas amidst coronavirus-induced travel restrictions.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-samudra-setu-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Operation Samudra Setu-II</strong></a>: Indian Navy has launched this for shipment of Oxygen-filled containers to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/carrier-will-be-the-navys-most-potent-platform/article34981900.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'ins-vikrant-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8679,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Doppler Radars in Maharashtra: IMD',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-climate-report-2020-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a> announced that it will install <strong>seven new doppler radars in Maharashtra, including Mumbai</strong> in 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In January 2021, the Union Minister for Earth Sciences commissioned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doppler-weather-radars" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>two of the ten indigenously built X-Band Doppler Weather Radars (DWR)</strong></a> to closely monitor the weather changes over the Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences, established in 1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is the principal agency <strong>responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doppler radars of varying frequencies &mdash; <strong>S-band, C-band and X-band</strong> &mdash; are commonly used by the IMD <strong>to detect and track the movement of weather systems, cloud bands and gauge rainfall</strong> over its coverage area of about <strong>500 km.</strong></li>
<li>Four<strong> X-band</strong> and one <strong>C-band radar will be deployed over Mumbai.</strong> In addition, <strong>Ratnagiri will get a new C-band</strong> and<strong> Vengurla will get an X-band radar,</strong> each of which will operate for multiple purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Existing Radars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>East Coast:</strong> Kolkata, Paradip, Gopalpur, Visakhapatnam, Machilipatanam, Sriharikota, Karaikal and Chennai.</li>
<li><strong>West Coast:</strong> Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Goa and Mumbai.</li>
<li><strong>Other Radars:</strong> Srinagar, Patiala, Kufri, Delhi, Mukteshwar, Jaipur, Bhuj, Lucknow, Patna, Mohanbar, Agartala, Sohra, Bhopal, Hyderabad and Nagpur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They will <strong>guide meteorologists, particularly in times of extreme weather events</strong> like <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a> and associated heavy rainfall.</li>
<li>As the radar <strong>observations will be updated every 10 minutes,</strong> forecasters will be able <strong>to follow the development of weather systems</strong> as well as their varying intensities, and accordingly <strong>predict weather events and their impact.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Radars</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a device which <strong>uses electromagnetic waves in the microwaves region to detect location</strong> (range &amp; direction), <strong>altitude, intensity and movement</strong> of moving and non-moving objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doppler Radar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a specialized radar that uses the <strong>Doppler effect</strong> to produce velocity data about objects at a distance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Doppler effect:</strong> When the <strong>source and the signal are in relative motion</strong> to each other there is a <strong>change in the frequency observed by the observer.</strong> If they are moving closer, frequency increases and vice versa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444664_image9.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444664_image9.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It does this by <strong>bouncing a microwave signal off a desired target</strong> and analyzing how the object&rsquo;s motion has altered the frequency of the returned signal.</li>
<li>This <strong>variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements</strong> of the radial component of a target&rsquo;s velocity relative to the radar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doppler Weather Radar (DWR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on Doppler principle the radar is designed<strong> to improve precision in long-range weather forecasting and surveillance</strong> using a parabolic dish antenna and a foam sandwich spherical radome.</li>
<li>DWR has the <strong>equipment to measure rainfall intensity, wind shear and velocity and locate a storm centre</strong> and the direction of a tornado or gust front.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444700_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444700_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Types Of Doppler Radars :</strong> Doppler radar can be divided into several different categories according to the wavelength which are <strong>L,S,C,X,K.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444720_image10.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624444720_image10.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>X-band radar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It operates on a <strong>wavelength of 2.5-4 cm</strong> and a <strong>frequency of 8-12 GHz.</strong> Because of the smaller wavelength, the X band radar is<strong> more sensitive and can detect smaller particles.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> is used to detect thunderstorms</strong> and lightning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>C-band radars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It operates on a <strong>wavelength of 4-8 cm</strong> and a<strong> frequency of 4-8 GHz.</strong> Because of the wavelength and frequency, the dish size does not need to be very large.</li>
<li>The signal is more easily attenuated, so this type of radar is <strong>best used for short range weather observation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It guides at the <strong>time of cyclone tracking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>S band radars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It operates on a <strong>wavelength of 8-15 cm</strong> and a<strong> frequency of 2-4 GHz.</strong> Because of the wavelength and frequency, S band radars are not easily attenuated.</li>
<li>This makes them <strong>useful for near and far range weather observation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/imd-radar-network-maharashtra-7370952/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'new-doppler-radars-in-maharashtra-imd',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8555,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recent Reforms in Defence Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Defence Minister released an E-booklet titled <strong>&lsquo;20 Reforms in 2020&rsquo;</strong> highlighting the <strong>major reforms undertaken by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chief of Defence Staff &amp; Department of Military Affairs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>appointment of India&rsquo;s first<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-of-defence-staff-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Chief of Defence Staff</a> (CDS)</strong> and creation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command#:~:text=Department%20of%20Military%20Affairs%3A,Department%20of%20Defence%20(DoD)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Military Affairs</strong></a> (DMA) were among the major decisions taken by the Government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>General Bipin Rawat</strong> was appointed as the <strong>first CDS</strong> who also fulfilled the responsibilities of Secretary, DMA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The post of CDS was created to <strong>increase efficiency &amp; coordination among the Armed Forces and reduce duplication</strong>, while DMA was established to ensure improved civil-military integration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Reliance in Defence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>&rsquo;</strong> in the defence sector, a list of<strong> 101 defence items for which there would be an embargo on the import was notified in August 2020</strong>, while<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-procedure-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020</a> was unveiled in September 2020.</strong></li>
<li>There was a <strong>10% budget increase in 2020-21</strong> over the previous year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Defence Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The increased partnership with the private sector has led to a substantial rise in defence exports.</li>
<li>The value of total defence <strong>exports rose from Rs 1,941 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 9,116 crore in 2019-20. </strong>Also<strong>, for the first time, India figured in the list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener">defence equipment exporting nations</a></strong>, as the exports expanded to more than 84 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Acquisitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First five <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rafale fighter aircraft</strong></a> arrived in India in July 2020 and several more since then, adding firepower to the arsenal of the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reforming Defence R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote innovation by young minds, five Young Scientists Laboratories of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> were launched in 2020.</li>
<li>DRDO has joined hands with the private sector in design &amp; development and identified 108 Systems &amp; Subsystems for the industry to design, develop and manufacture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Transformation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Directorate General Quality Assurance (DGQA)</strong> </a>started online Pre-Delivery inspection in May 2020 to address security threats.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces Tribunal</strong></a> began digital hearing for the first time in August 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Border Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reforms of processes and workflows within <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bro-opens-rohtang-pass" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Border Roads Organisation (BRO)</strong></a> enabled it to achieve targets ahead of schedule, in some instances.</li>
<li>World&rsquo;s longest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-tunnel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal tunnel</strong> </a>above 10,000 feet, at Rohtang on the Leh-Manali Highway was inaugurated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participation of Women in Armed Forces:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ten streams of Indian Army were opened for giving <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Permanent Commission to Short Service Commission (SSC) Women officers.</a></strong></li>
<li>All <strong>Sainik Schools</strong> were thrown open for girl students from academic session 2020-21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reforms in National Cadet Corps :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Expanding the reach of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-the-ncc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Cadet Corps (NCC)</strong> </a>to remote locations was a major announcement.</li>
<li>It was decided to give preference to NCC cadets in employment in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/central-armed-police-forces" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Armed Police Forces</strong></a> from May 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aid to Civil Administration during Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces have mobilised resources to aid the civil administration in the fight against <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has set up several hospitals to treat Covid patients across the states, passed on technology expertise to the private sector for mass production of covid related medicines and equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Help beyond Boundaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Armed Forces extended a helping hand to the countries in distress. Indian Navy mounted eight relief missions during 2020-21.</li>
<li>Besides <strong>evacuating stranded Indians from Iran, Sri Lanka and Maldives</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a>, Indian Naval ships provided <strong>Covid-19 medical relief</strong> to five countries.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-vanilla" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INS Airavat</strong></a> provided 270 MT food aid to Sudan, Djibouti and Eritrea struck by natural calamities.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indias-coastal-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong></a> led the rescue operation to save the Sri Lanka coast from its biggest oil spill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1725091" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'recent-reforms-in-defence-sector',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8543,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project 75 India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council-s-plans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</strong></a> has approved the issuance of a <strong>Request For Proposal (RFP)</strong> for the construction of <strong>six conventional submarines</strong> under <strong>Project-75I (India).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>RFP</strong> is a project announcement posted publicly by an organization indicating that bids for contractors to complete the project are sought.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This project envisages <strong>indigenous construction of submarines equipped with the state-of-the-art <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-independent-propulsion-for-diesel-electric-submarines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Independent Propulsion system</a></strong> at an estimated cost of <strong>Rs. 43,000 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Project 75 (I),<strong> approved in 2007, is part of the Indian Navy&rsquo;s 30 year Plan for indigenous submarine construction.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the <strong>first under the strategic partnership model</strong> which was <strong>promulgated in 2017 to boost indigenous defence manufacturing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dac-approves-strategic-partnership-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic partnership model</strong> </a>allows domestic defence manufacturers to join hands with leading foreign defence majors to produce high-end military platforms to reduce import dependence.</li>
<li>Acquisitions under the Strategic Partnership model refer to <strong>participation of private Indian firms along with foreign OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</a></strong> in defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One of the Largest &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will serve to facilitate faster and more significant absorption of technology and create a tiered industrial ecosystem for submarine construction in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Ensure Self-Reliance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From a strategic perspective, this will help reduce current dependence on imports and gradually ensure greater self-reliance and dependability of supplies from indigenous sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Protect Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is keeping in mind the rapid increase of nuclear submarine arsenal by People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) (CHINA) and to protect the Indo-Pacific from future domination by the adversary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About 30-year Submarine Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cabinet Committee on Security, in June 1999</strong>, had approved a 30-year submarine-building plan which included <strong>construction of 24 conventional submarines indigenously by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>P75I succeeded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-karanj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">P75</a></strong> under which six diesel-electric attack submarines of the Kalvari class, based on the Scorpene class, were being built at MDL (Mazagon Dock Limited) &ndash; the third submarine, INS Karanj, was commissioned in March 2021.</li>
<li>Of the total <strong>24 submarines</strong> to be built in India, <strong>six</strong> will be <strong>nuclear-powered.</strong></li>
<li>India has <strong>only one nuclear submarine, INS Arihant</strong>, at the moment. The <strong>INS Arighat</strong>, also a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, is to be commissioned soon.</li>
<li><strong>INS Chakra</strong>, a nuclear submarine, which is taken on lease from Russia, is believed to be on its way back to the country of origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Acquisition Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DAC is the <strong>highest decision-making body in the Defence Ministry</strong> for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services (Army, Navy and Air Force) and the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icgs-sachet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian Coast Guard</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Minister of Defence is the Chairman</strong> of the Council.</li>
<li>It was formed, after the Group of Ministers recommendations on 'Reforming the National Security System', in 2001, post Kargil War (1999).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-clears-deal-for-6-submarines/article34725695.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'project-75-india',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8504,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Positive Indigenisation List',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Defence (MoD)</strong> has notified the <strong>second negative import list</strong>, now renamed as the<strong> &lsquo;positive<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> indigenisation</a> list'</strong> of 108 items.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/negative-imports-list-for-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'First Negative Indigenisation&rsquo;</strong></a> List comprising 101 items was notified in August 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Second Positive Indigenisation List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Procurement:</strong> All the 108 items will now be procured from indigenous sources as per provisions given in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-procedure-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Timeline:</strong> It is planned to be implemented progressively with effect from <strong>December 2021 to December 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Items Included:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises complex systems, sensors, simulator, weapons and ammunitions like Helicopters, Next Generation Corvettes, Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&amp;C) systems, Tank Engines, Medium Power Radar for Mountains, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MRSAM (Medium Range Surface to Air Missile) Weapon Systems</strong></a> and many more such items to fulfil the requirements of Indian Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will give a boost to indigenisation with <strong>active participation of public and private sector</strong> for fulfilling the twin objectives of achieving self-reliance (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>) and promoting defence exports.</li>
<li><strong>Import substitution of ammunition</strong> which is a recurring requirement has been given special focus.</li>
<li>Not only does the list recognise the potential of the local defence industry, it will also invigorate impetus to <strong>domestic Research &amp; Development</strong> by attracting fresh investment into technology and manufacturing capabilities.</li>
<li>It also provides an <strong>excellent opportunity for &lsquo;start-ups&rsquo;</strong>, as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> will get a tremendous boost from this initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Taken to Boost Domestic Production of Defence Equipment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increased Capital Acquisition Budget (CAB) for Domestic Sector:</strong> The Ministry of Defence has decided to earmark around 64% of its modernisation funds under the capital acquisition budget for 2021-22, a sum of Rs 70,221 crore, for purchases from the domestic sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For FY 2020-21, the capital budget allocation for domestic vendors was made at 58%, an amount of Rs. 52,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Industrial Corridors:</strong> India has inaugurated <strong>two defence industrial corridors, one in Tamil Nadu and the other in Uttar Pradesh</strong> to boost the flagship &ldquo;Make in India" programme that in turn would attract investment as well as encourage employment generation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central government has <strong>increased the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit</strong> in the defence sector <strong>from 49 to 74% under automatic route</strong> and <strong>beyond 74% through the government route.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporatization-of-ordnance-factory-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporatization of the Ordnance Factory Boards</strong></a>: This was announced for better management, so that they can be listed on the stock market and people can buy their shares.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/def-connect-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence India Startup Challenge</strong></a>: DISC aims at supporting Startups/MSMEs/Innovators to create prototypes and/or commercialize products/solutions in the area of National Defence and Security.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Defence</strong> in partnership with <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/youth-co-lab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Innovation Mission</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SRIJAN Portal:</strong> It is a one stop shop online portal that provides access to the vendors to take up items for indigenization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>enables the notification of a List of Weapons or Platforms that will be banned for import.</strong></li>
<li>It focuses on <strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence manufacturing and indigenization of the manufacturing prices.</strong></li>
<li>It also introduces several new ideas such as the need to incorporate artificial <strong>intelligence in platforms and systems, use of indigenous software</strong> in defence equipment and <strong>'innovation' by Start-ups and MSMEs as a new category of defence acquisition.</strong></li>
<li>It includes following <strong>procurement categories:</strong> Buy (Indian &ndash; Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured), Buy (Indian), Buy and Make (Indian), Buy (Global - Manufacture in India) and Buy (Global).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>increases the Indigenous Content (IC) requirement</strong> for all projects from 40% to 50% earlier, depending on the category, to 50% to 60%.</li>
<li>Only under procurement through Buy (Global), foreign vendors can have 30% IC from Indian companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622626504_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622626504_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Defence, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> and Service Headquarters shall take all necessary steps, including hand holding of the industry, to ensure that the timelines mentioned in the list are met.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will thereby facilitate an environment for Indian defence manufacturers to create world class infrastructure, assist in the government&rsquo;s &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>&rsquo; vision to make India self-reliant in defence and develop the capabilities for defence export in the near future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of Defence is also expected to put out the final version of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Defence&nbsp;</strong></a><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP) 2020</a>&rsquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DPEPP is envisaged as an overarching guiding document to provide a focused, structured and significant thrust to defence production capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-notifies-second-negative-import-list/article34690749.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'positive-indigenisation-list',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8498,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nano Urea Liquid: IFFCO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO)</strong> introduced the <strong>world's first Nano Urea Liquid</strong> for farmers across the world.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>one of India's biggest cooperative societies</strong> which is <strong>wholly owned by Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bihar-to-sell-kashmiri-apples" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cooperatives</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Founded in 1967</strong> with just 57 cooperatives, today it is an amalgamation of over 36,000 Indian Cooperatives with <strong>diversified business interests ranging from General Insurance to Rural Telecom</strong> apart from its core business of manufacturing and selling fertilisers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>enable Indian farmers to prosper through timely supply of reliable, high quality agricultural inputs and services</strong> in an environmentally sustainable manner and to undertake other activities to improve their welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>nutrient</strong> (liquid)<strong> to provide nitrogen to plants</strong> as an alternative to the conventional urea.</li>
<li>It is <strong>developed to replace conventional urea</strong> and it can <strong>curtail the requirement of the same by at least 50%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains 40,000 mg/L of nitrogen in a 500 ml bottle which is <strong>equivalent to the impact of nitrogen nutrient provided by one bag of conventional urea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conventional urea is effective 30-40%</strong> in delivering nitrogen to plants, while the effectiveness of the <strong>Nano Urea Liquid is over 80%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its <strong>effectiveness</strong> has been tested in over <strong>11,000 farmers&rsquo; fields for 94 crops like rice and wheat.</strong></li>
<li>An average <strong>8% increase in yield</strong> has been witnessed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed At:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been<strong> indigenously</strong> developed at <strong>Nano <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biotechnology</a> Research Centre, Kalol, Gujrat</strong> in line with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and<strong> Atmanirbhar Krishi.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>dependent on imports</strong> to meet its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subsidy-policy-for-urea-produced-from-coal-gasification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> urea requirements.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improves Plant Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been found effective and efficient for plant nutrition which<strong> increases the production with improved nutritional quality.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>boost a balanced nutrition program by reducing the excess use of Urea application</strong> in the soil and will make the crops stronger, healthier and protect them from <strong>lodging effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lodging</strong> is the bending over of the stems near ground level of grain crops, which makes them very difficult to harvest, and can <strong>dramatically reduce yield.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improves Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will also have a <strong>huge positive impact on the quality of underground water,</strong> a very <strong>significant reduction in global warming</strong> with an<strong> impact on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a> </strong>and<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable development.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase Farmers&rsquo; Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is easy on the pocket of farmers and will be effective in <strong>increasing farmers' income.</strong> It will also significantly <strong>bring down the cost of logistics and warehousing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iffco-launches-worlds-first-nano-liquid-urea-7338821/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'nano-urea-liquid-iffco',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8447,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Award for Recycling Carbon Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Bangalore based<strong> startup</strong> has received the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-awards-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Award 2021</strong></a> <strong>from Technology Development Board (TDB)</strong> for developing a commercial solution<strong> for conversion of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to chemicals and fuels.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The startup has received funding under the <strong>Nano Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The startup <strong>developed efficient catalysts and methodologies</strong> for the <strong>conversion of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to methanol and other chemicals.</strong></li>
<li>It has led to <strong>improvisation of process engineering</strong> to enhance the production of chemicals and fuels from anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> generated from various sources including coal and natural gas power generation sectors, steel industry, cement industry, and chemical industries.</li>
<li>It has integrated multiple components involved in the <strong>CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration)</strong> to develop a complete solution for the environmental issues due to global warming.</li>
<li>The <strong>Recycling Carbon Technology</strong> will be transferred to <strong>Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR),</strong> an autonomous institute of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/science-technology-and-innovation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/carbon-sequestration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a process that <strong>captures carbon dioxide emissions from sources</strong> like coal-fired power plants and <strong>either reuses or stores it</strong> so it will <strong>not enter the atmosphere.</strong></li>
<li>Carbon dioxide <strong>storage in geologic formations</strong> includes oil and gas reservoirs, unmineable coal seams and deep saline reservoirs - structures that have stored crude oil, natural gas, brine and carbon dioxide over millions of years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TDB is<strong> a statutory body</strong> established by the Technology Development Board Act, 1995.</li>
<li>It was established in 1996 and functions under the <strong>Department of Science of Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>provides financial assistance to companies</strong> working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>As part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a>, the TDB<strong> presents the National Awards,</strong> to industrial concerns who have successfully commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nano Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India launched the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iconsat-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nano Mission</a> in 2007</strong> as an "umbrella capacity-building programme".</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1721344#:~:text=Recycling%20Carbon%20technology%20by%20Bangalore%20startup%20receives%20TDB%20National%20Award%202021&amp;text=A%20Bangalore%20based%20startup%20has,2%20to%20chemicals%20and%20fuels." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-award-for-recycling-carbon-technology',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8446,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Semiconductor Chips Shortage in Vehicle Manufacturing',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an unusual<strong> shortage of inputs, especially semiconductor chips,</strong> has made <strong>India-based vehicle manufactures</strong> (car manufactures and premium bikes) curtail production across categories.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Semiconductor Chips:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Semiconductors are<strong> materials which have a conductivity between conductors</strong> (generally metals) <strong>and nonconductors or insulators</strong> (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as <strong>silicon or germanium,</strong> or compounds such as<strong> gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Conductivity</strong> is the measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621942131_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621942131_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>semiconductor chip is an electric circuit</strong> with many components such as transistors and wiring formed on a semiconductor wafer. An electronic device comprising numerous of these components is called <strong>Integrated Circuit (IC),</strong> and can be found in electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, appliances, gaming hardware and medical equipment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These devices find <strong>widespread use in almost all industries, especially in the automobile industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Electronic parts and components today account for <strong>40% of the cost of a new internal combustion engine car,</strong> up from less than 20% two decades ago. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Semiconductor Chips account for a bulk of this increase.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Shortage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid and Lockdowns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> and the subsequent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a> across the world that forced shut crucial chip-making facilities in countries including Japan, South Korea, China and the US.</li>
<li>Its shortage causes<strong> cascading effects,</strong> given that the first one creates pent-up demand that becomes the cause for the follow-up famine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Consumption:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of transistors mounted in IC chips has doubled every two years. Notably, the<strong> increase in chip consumption over the last decade is also partly attributable</strong> to the rising contribution of electronic components in a car&rsquo;s bill of materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Supply:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Consumers of semiconductor chips, which are mainly <strong>car manufacturers and consumer electronics manufactures,</strong> have not been receiving enough of this crucial input to continue production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chip shortage is measured in chip lead time, which is the <strong>gap between when a chip is ordered and when it is delivered. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Production of Automobiles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With just-in-time deliveries, carmakers typically kept low inventory holdings and <strong>relied on an electronics industry supply chain</strong> to feed production lines as per demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delayed Supply and Reduced Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has caused <strong>delaying vehicle deliveries,</strong> some companies have reportedly started <strong>discarding features and high-end electronic capabilities</strong> on a temporary basis to deal with the chip shortage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>present slump in the automobile industry seems to be a temporary</strong> phase. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccination" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vaccination</strong></a> drive and economic recovery will provide a much needed trigger.</li>
<li>However, at least for some time, there is a <strong>need to reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Tax (GST)</a></strong> on entry level cars and that on the two wheelers. <strong>The state governments also need to reduce the road tax.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-semiconductor-chips-shortage-and-how-carmakers-are-coping-7327321/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'semiconductor-chips-shortage-in-vehicle-manufacturing',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8358,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India observes its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Technology Day</strong> </a><strong>on 11<sup>th</sup> May</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The day, which was<strong> first observed on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1999,</strong> aims<strong> to commemorate the scientific and technological achievements of Indian scientists, engineers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The day was <strong>named by the former Prime Minister <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Every year, the <strong>Technology Development Board of India</strong> celebrates the day by <strong>awarding individuals with the National Award for their contribution to science and technology in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Technology Development Board</strong> is a <strong>statutory body</strong> of Government of India functioning under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science of Technology.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>provides financial assistance</strong> to Indian industrial concerns and other agencies,<strong> for commercialization of indigenized technologies or adaptation of imported technologies</strong> for wider domestic applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Science and Technology for a Sustainable Future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the day India successfully <strong>tested nuclear bombs in Pokhran on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1998.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India successfully test-fired its <strong>Shakti-1</strong> nuclear missile in an operation called <strong>Pokhran-II,</strong> also codenamed as <strong>Operation Shakti</strong> which was led by late president <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>The nuclear missile was tested at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. This was the second test which was conducted after Pokhran-I codenamed <strong>Operation Smiling Buddha,</strong> in May 1974.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the same day, India performed a successful test firing of the <strong>Trishul Missile (surface to air short range missile)</strong> and had test flown the <strong>first indigenous aircraft &ndash; &lsquo;Hansa &ndash; 3&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1717635#:~:text=The%20National%20Technology%20Day%20celebrations,develop%20cost%20effective%20indigenous%20solutions.&amp;text=These%20awards%20are%20conferred%20to,commercialization%20of%20innovative%20indigenous%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-technology-day-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8321,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '5G Trial',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Department of Telecommunications (DoT)</strong> has given <strong>permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs)</strong> for conducting trials <strong>for use and applications of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G technology</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This formally <strong>leaves out Chinese companies</strong> like Huawei and ZTE from the 5G race in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the initial phase, these trials <strong>will be for 6 months</strong>, including a 2 month period for procurement and setting up of the equipment.</li>
<li>TSPs will be required to <strong>test their set up in urban areas, semi-urban areas as well as rural areas.</strong></li>
<li>TSPs will be <strong>provided with experimental spectrum</strong> in various bands, such as the mid-band of 3.2 GHz to 3.67 GHz, the millimeter wave band of 24.25 GHz to 28.5 GHz, and others.</li>
<li><strong>Applications</strong> such as tele-medicine, tele-education, augmented/ virtual reality, drone-based agricultural monitoring, etc. will be tested. The <strong>data generated during the trials will be stored in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use of Indigenous Technology:</strong> The TSPs are encouraged to conduct trials using <strong>5Gi technology</strong> in addition to the already known 5G Technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>5Gi technology</strong> was advocated by India and it is approved by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Telecommunications Union (ITU)</strong></a> - the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies &ndash; ICTs.</li>
<li>The 5Gi technology <strong>has been developed by</strong> IIT Madras, Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT) and IIT Hyderabad.</li>
<li>It <strong>facilitates much larger reach of the 5G towers and Radio networks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for 5G Trial:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>telecom market in India is left with only three private telcos</strong>, with the rest having surrendered to the <strong>low returns on investments</strong> over the years. The <strong>two state-run companies, MTNL and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)</strong> have survived but are making losses.</li>
<li>In order <strong>to increase their average revenue per user</strong>, it is pertinent for telcos to start offering the new 5G technology as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Telecom Companies in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's telecom ministry <strong>has left out Chinese equipment makers Huawei and ZTE from its 5G trials</strong>, becoming <strong>the latest country to lock the firms out.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The US says <strong>Huawei could be used by China for spying</strong>, via its 5G equipment and its Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has even ordered certain US telecommunications companies to remove Huawei equipment from their network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is yet to implement any type of official ban on the Chinese</strong> <strong>companies</strong>, which currently supply a significant amount of equipment to India's mobile providers.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>government has signalled a tighter, more security-oriented approach to the country's networks</strong>, which is widely <strong>expected to work against the Chinese companies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In December 2020, the government said <strong>it would identify "trusted" sources of telecoms gear its carriers can use</strong> in their networks as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-security-directive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new security directive</strong></a> for the sector.</li>
<li>Those new procurement rules are expected to come into effect in June 2021, and will restrict Indian network providers to buying certain types of equipment from "trusted sources". It<strong> might also include a list of banned suppliers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>5G Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of 5G Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bands in 5G:</strong> 5G mainly work in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum &mdash; all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Low band spectrum:</strong> It has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange however the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).</li>
<li><strong>Mid-band spectrum:</strong> It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.</li>
<li><strong>High-band spectrum:</strong> It has the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upgraded LTE:</strong> 5G is the <strong>latest upgrade in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener">long-term evolution</a> (LTE) mobile broadband networks.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Internet Speed and Efficiency:</strong> In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>5G will provide up to three times greater spectrum efficiency and ultra low latency. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Latency is the amount of time data takes to travel between its source and destination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utility of 5G Applications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trigger Fourth Industrial Revolution:</strong> Combined with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IoT</strong></a>, cloud, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>big data</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AI</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing#:~:text=Edge%20computing%20is%20defined%20as,as%20endpoints%20like%20laptops%2C%20tablets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>edge computing</strong></a>, 5G could be a critical enabler of the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fourth industrial revolution</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Real Time Relay of Information:</strong> One of the primary applications of 5G will be implementation of sensor-embedded networks that will allow real time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Efficient Transport Infrastructure:</strong> 5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. 5G will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improve the Accessibility of Services:</strong> 5G networks could improve the accessibility of services such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/payment-revolution-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile banking</strong></a> and <strong>healthcare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Local Research:</strong> It will stimulate the local Research and Development (R&amp;D) ecosystem to develop innovative applications tailored to commercial needs.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Impact:</strong> 5G is expected to create a cumulative economic impact of USD1 trillion in India by 2035, according to a report by a government-appointed panel (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Evolution from First Generation to Fifth Generation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1G</strong> was launched in the <strong>1980s</strong> and worked on <strong>analog radio signals</strong> and supported <strong>only voice calls.</strong></li>
<li><strong>2G</strong> was launched in the <strong>1990s</strong> which uses <strong>digital radio signals</strong> and supported <strong>both voice and data transmission</strong> with a bandwidth of 64 Kbps.</li>
<li><strong>3G</strong> was launched in the <strong>2000s</strong> with a <strong>speed of 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps</strong> and it has the ability to transmit telephone signals including <strong>digitised voice, video calls and conferencing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>4G</strong> was launched in <strong>2009</strong> with a peak <strong>speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps and it also enables 3D virtual reality.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1715927" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => '5g-trial',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	}
]
$tags = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'id' => (int) 388,
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'colorcode' => 'FFFFFF',
		'posturl' => 'indigenization-of-technology',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'metakeyword' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'metadescription' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 9,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 115
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Study Material

State PCS

Test Series

Videos

Tag Search Results

You searched “Indigenization of Technology”. Your tag search matches the following results: