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The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces

Why in News? Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the Union Budget 2021-22 in the defence sector, the Prime...

02 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
53rd PSLV Flight

Why in News Recently, the 53rd flight of PSLV-C51 marked the first dedicated mission for New Space India Ltd (NSIL), the commercial arm of Indian...

02 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
National Technology Awards 2020

Why in News A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative...

23 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile

Why in News Recently, India has successfully test-fired indigenously-developed anti-tank guided missile systems ‘Helina’ and...

20 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Three New Fighter Jets

Why in News According to the Ministry of Defence, three new fighter jets will be flying by 2026, of which two will be for the Air Force and one for...

06 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Aero India 2021

Why in News Recently, the 13th edition of the Aero India show began at Bengaluru’s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka). Key...

05 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Co-WIN App

Why in News Recently, the software of Co-WIN App (also called Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of...

23 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

Why in News? India began the "World's Largest Vaccination Program" on January 16, 2021. The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering...

19 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Doppler Weather Radars

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Earth Sciences commissioned two of the ten indigenously built X-Band Doppler Weather Radars (DWR) which...

16 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
ASMI:The Machine Pistol

Why in News India’s first indigenous 9mm Machine Pistol has been jointly developed by Infantry School, Mhow and DRDO’s Armament Research...

15 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
LCA Tejas

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 Tejas Light Combat...

14 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy

This article is based on “Building a vibrant science ecosystem” which was published in The Indian Express on 12/01/2021. It talks about...

13 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use

Why in News Recently, the Drugs Controller General of India’s (DCGI) approved COVISHIELD and COVAXIN vaccines for restricted use against...

05 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Boost to Defence Exports

Why in News The Union Cabinet has recently approved export of the Akash surface-to-air missile to “friendly countries” and constituted a...

01 Jan 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Indigenous Vaccine Pneumosil

Why in News Recently, India’s first fully indigenously developed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine “Pneumosil” has been...

29 Dec 2020 Indigenization of Technology
India’s First Fully Automated Metro

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated the country’s first fully automated Metro, (Driverless Metro) on Delhi Metro’s...

29 Dec 2020 Indigenization of Technology
Robotic Surgery

Why in News Recently, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has standardised health policies across all health insurers to...

07 Dec 2020 Indigenization of Technology
Mission COVID Suraksha

Why in News The Government of India has announced the stimulus package of Rs. 900 crore for the Mission COVID Suraksha, the Indian Covid-19 Vaccine...

30 Nov 2020 Indigenization of Technology
Making India A Biotech Hub

This article is based on “Making of a biotech hub” which was published in The Indian Express on 20/11/2020. It talks about how India...

23 Nov 2020 Indigenization of Technology
Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System

Why in News Recently, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully test-fired Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile system...

16 Nov 2020 Indigenization of Technology

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		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces',
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<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a> in the defence sector, the Prime Minister listed a series of measures taken to boost self-reliance in the defence sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM regrets the fact that the country is amongst the biggest defence importers in the world but now, it is working hard to change the situation and also to enhance its capacities and capabilities at a fast pace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A total amount of Rs 4.78 lakh crore has been earmarked for the Ministry of Defence in the Budget, with a nearly 19% increase in capital outlay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A share of the budget has been reserved for domestic procurement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Imports:</strong> India is the<strong> second largest importer in defence</strong> procurement in the world after Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li><strong>PPP Model:</strong> Rs. 2,000 crore worth 7 projects have been proposed in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong></a> mode in the FY 2021-22 for operation of<strong> major ports.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The private sector has been urged to come forward and take up the responsibilities of both designing and manufacturing of defence equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less Importance to the Navy:</strong> The navy has not been given much importance as required.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The share of the budget for the navy is <strong>slightly under 15%</strong> which is an increment from a few years back to around 12&frac12;% but the same was 18% in the FY 2011-12.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative List:</strong> The &lsquo;negative import list&rsquo; has been prepared by the government containing items that India seeks to stop buying from other countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government listed various items including weapons systems and assault rifles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Scenario of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Airforce:</strong> India is gradually moving toward indigenisation in the defence sector, it is only now that India has got its own indigenous aircraft, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is lagging behind in manufacturing of its own engines, avionics and self-sufficient radars.</li>
<li>A lot of<strong> progress in design and development</strong> of different parts of aircrafts has been made but when it comes to a compact aircraft system or a weapon system, <strong>India is a seeker not a manufacturer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong> The Indian army is still woefully short on looking upon manufacturing of armaments like tanks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has made a great breakthrough in terms of artillery guns but the technological edge required to modernise its equipment has not been touched yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Navy:</strong> The navy ought to be given more importance than it has been given as of now as there are immense challenges at the sea; the biggest threat is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-rising-influence-in-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Navy has very serious capability gaps; as per the <strong>Maritime Capability Perspective Plan by 2027,</strong> India ought to have about <strong>200 ships</strong> but there is still a lot to cover to reach the target.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the cause is not mainly funding but procedural delays or some self imposed restrictions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the navy ensures that it has<strong> state of the art SONARs and Radars.</strong> Also, many of the ships contain a high amount of indigenous content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives for Modernisation of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capital Acquisition Budget (CAB):</strong> The Defence Ministry has decided to earmark around 64% of its modernisation funds under the capital acquisition budget for 2021-22, a sum of Rs 70,221 crore for purchases from the domestic sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For FY 2020-21, the capital budget allocation for domestic vendors was made at 58%, an amount of Rs 52,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSMEs and Startups:</strong> This increase in CAB will have a positive impact on enhanced domestic procurement, having a multiplier effect on the industries including <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs</strong></a> and start-ups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/def-connect-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence India Startup Challenge (DISC)</strong></a> started by the defence ministry shall be lauded; over 1200 MSMEs participated in the fourth edition of the DISC in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Reliant and Make-in India:</strong> It would also increase employment in the defence sector. Hence, it is a welcome step towards encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government in its negative list, has included light combat helicopters, artillery guns; these items will not be imported by anyone thus encouraging self-reliant India.</li>
<li>The SRIJAN portal has also been launched to facilitate the two initiatives. .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Efforts:</strong> The government has taken initiatives like de-licensing, deregulation, export promotion, encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FDI</strong></a> etc to liberalise the defence industry.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 3 years, 118 of the total 191 projects which have been sanctioned have gone to the Indian industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated to Modernisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decision Making Process:</strong> The entire <strong>acquisition process of India is very tardy</strong> and the time taken from planning to acquire a defence equipment to actually executing the thought is a quite long procedure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lowering down this time taking procedure to maximum 1-2 years is a big challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Sector Manufacturing and Capability:</strong> The public defence manufacturing sector has really not been able to deliver the way it was mandated to.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sector by itself is not anymore able to cater to all the needs of the defence sector which is why involvement of the private sector should be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing Sector:</strong> India<strong> lacks a proper industrial base</strong> for the manufacturing of defence equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, two defence zones have been set up in Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh which will provide the private sector with a base to operate upon.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will reinvigorate the whole defence economy once these zones come up and begin their manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Holding the Hands:</strong> Getting the private sector into manufacturing; giving them <strong>opportunities to flourish</strong> in the sector and <strong>assuring them</strong> their efforts or investments in the field would not go waste.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of manufacturing a particular weapon system is considerably high and if the private sector still manages to bear that high cost but the system does not get procured then the private sector cannot undertake such a huge loss.</li>
<li>Moreover, there needs to be clarity in the government policies launched particularly for the private sector and enough boost to be provided to the PSU sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investing in the Defence Economy:</strong> The defence economy is not a loss making venture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India modernises its defence sector and reduces the defence imports, it can increase its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> by 2-3% and create lakhs of jobs.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>win-win situation and economically profitable.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As GDP will go up and India will not only become self reliant in the sector but also an exporter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modernising the Ports:</strong> It is not just the shipbuilding but the entire structure of the ports needs a revamp.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sagarmala project</strong></a> is one such initiative to revamp port infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integration the Entire Marine System:</strong> Maritime response to the neighbouring nations is not only about providing the naval support but a much larger contribution of marine merchants, fisheries and its capacity to trade.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is also a <strong>need for a coordinating body at the apex level</strong> that assists in integrating all these sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utilisation of blue economy:</strong> India has an <strong>imperative need of exploiting the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blue economy</a></strong> to its best , not only for itself but also it has responsibility towards the smaller neighbouring nations who have invested their faith within India in terms of their maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has to develop its maritime industrial infrastructure so that it has the ability to look after its own requirements and the requirements of its immediate maritime neighbours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is taking the right steps towards becoming atma nirbhar but there is a need to boost defence PSUs and give them specific tasks to fulfill the desires of defence sector.</li>
<li>Efforts are being continuously made to bring a new policy to get the private sector involved.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it still needs a lot to be done in terms of holding and uplifting them and assuring them that their efforts will not go wasted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to focus on the navy in order to ensure India&rsquo;s maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Revamping and modernising the ports, shifting from a seeker to a manufacturer and getting a hold on that technical edge that has eluded India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7816,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '53rd PSLV Flight',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>53<sup>rd</sup> flight of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-s-satellite-launch-cms-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PSLV</a>-C51</strong> marked the first dedicated mission for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-contract-for-nsil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Space India Ltd (NSIL)</strong></a>, the commercial arm of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this flight, ISRO successfully launched <strong>Brazil&rsquo;s optical earth observation satellite, Amazonia-1,</strong> and <strong>18 co-passenger satellites from India (5) and the USA (13)</strong> from the <strong>Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR)</strong> at Sriharikota.</li>
<li><strong>SHAR, Sriharikota</strong> is the <strong>Spaceport of India.</strong> It is responsible for providing Launch Base Infrastructure for the Indian Space Programme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614671461_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614671461_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brazilian Satellite Amazonia 1: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Weighing 637 kg, belonging to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE), was injected into its precise orbit of 758 km in a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sun-synchronous polar orbit</strong></a> successfully.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To strengthen the existing structure by providing<strong> remote sensing data to users for monitoring deforestation in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amazon region</a></strong> and for analysis of <strong>diversified agriculture across the Brazilian territory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5 Indian Satellites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UNITYsat (three satellites):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have been deployed to provide <strong>Radio relay services.</strong></li>
<li>UNITYsat was designed and built as a joint development by Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumpudur (JITsat), G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur (GHRCEsat) and Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore (Sri Shakthi Sat).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SDSAT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Satish Dhawan Satellite (SDSAT) is a <strong>nano satellite</strong> intended to study the radiation levels/space weather and demonstrate long range communication technologies.</li>
<li>It was built by Chennai-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-launches-military-satellite-and-kalamsat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Space Kidz</strong></a> (an organization dedicated to designing innovative concepts for students in the field of education).</li>
<li>SDSDAT also has an engraving of the Indian Prime Minister on the top panel of the satellite to show solidarity and gratitude for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar initiative</strong> </a>and space privatisation.</li>
<li>A Bhagavad Gita was also sent on-board in an SD card to give the scripture, which teaches oneness as the highest form of humanity, the highest honour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SindhuNetra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was developed by students of Bengaluru-based PES University, which was awarded the Rs. 2.2 crore contract by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</strong></a></li>
<li>This project will help in identifying suspicious ships through satellite imaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>USA Satellites:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>13 satellites were from the USA, one was a technology demonstration satellite <strong>(SAI-1 Nano Connect 2)</strong> and the remaining for 2-way communications and data relay <strong>(SpaceBEEs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Provided Impetus to Indo-Brazil Relationship:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the early 2000s, India and Brazil have signed cooperative instruments for exploration and peaceful uses of outer space, both at the government level (2004) and space agency level (between ISRO and Brazilian Space Agency AEB in 2002).</li>
<li>The new satellite (Amazonia-1) would open the door for multiple business, trade and governmental opportunities. Brazil has also requested India's support in procurement of material and systems for its launch vehicle programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented New Space Reforms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Five Indian satellites were built under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new space reforms</strong></a> announced by the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The approved reforms will<strong> boost the private sector participation</strong> in the entire range of space activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Four of the co-passenger satellites were signed for launch by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IN-SPACe</strong></a>, ISRO&rsquo;s small satellites facilitation agency, and 14 were signed up through NSIL for commercial launch.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IN-SPACe:</strong> It is an independent nodal agency under the Department of Space (DOS) for allowing space activities and usage of DOS owned facilities by Non-Government private Entities (NGPEs) as well as to prioritise the launch manifest.</li>
<li><strong>NSIL:</strong> It is the <strong>commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong> with the primary responsibility of enabling Indian industries to take up high technology space related activities. It is also responsible for promotion and commercial exploitation of the products and services emanating from the Indian space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demonstrated Applications of Space Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Projects such as this demonstrate the extension of applications of Space Technology to different sectors and areas which brought &lsquo;ease of living&rsquo;, &lsquo;ease of environment&rsquo; and &lsquo;ease of humanity&rsquo; for common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the<strong> third generation launch vehicle of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> four-staged launch vehicle</strong> with first and third stages using solid rocket motors and second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, PSLV had a carrying capacity of 850 kg but has been enhanced to 1.9 tonnes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accomplishments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PSLV has helped take payloads into almost all the orbits in space including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geo-Stationary Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a>, the Moon, Mars and would soon be launching a mission to the Sun.</li>
<li>Between 1994 and 2019, the PSLV launched 50 Indian satellites and 222 foreign satellites for over 70 international customers from 20 countries.</li>
<li>It has a history of successful launches of payloads that include <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/mission-chandrayaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-1</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)</strong></a> and the space recovery mission, etc.</li>
<li>The PSLV has failed only twice in its history &mdash; the maiden flight of the PSLV D1 in 1993 and the PSLV C-39 in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c51-carrying-19-satellites-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/article33953774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7759,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Awards 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative indigenous technologies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are conferred by the <strong>Technology Development Board (TDB).</strong></li>
<li>Every year TDB seeks applications for prestigious National awards for commercialization of technologies under three categories -<strong> Indigenous technologies, MSME, and Startups.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category 1: National Award For Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to an industrial concern which has successfully developed &amp; commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
<li>In case, the technology developer / provider and the company commercializing the technology are two different organizations, each is eligible for award of Rs. 25 Lakh and a trophy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 2: National Award For MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The award of Rs. 15 lakhs each in this category is given to selected MSMEs that have successfully commercialized the product based on indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 3: National Award For Technology Start-ups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to a technology start-up for promising new technology with potential for commercialization.</li>
<li>The award in addition to the trophy includes a cash award of Rs. 15 Lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These awards conferred to various industries provide a platform of recognition to Indian industries and their technology provider, who have worked as a team, to bring innovation to the market and contributed to the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Development Board is a<strong> statutory body</strong> of the Government of India functioning under the<strong> Department of Science of Technology.</strong> It was established in 1996.</li>
<li>It provides financial assistance to companies working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a> is organised every year by the TDB.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699922"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7738,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has successfully test-fired indigenously-developed <strong>anti-tank guided missile systems &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo;</strong> in the Pokhran range, Thar desert (Rajasthan).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Helina (the Army version)</strong> and <strong>Dhruvastra (Indian Airforce version)</strong> are <strong>helicopter-launched versions</strong> of third-generation anti-tank guided missiles <strong>(the Nag missile system).</strong></li>
<li>The missile system has all-weather day-and-night capability and can defeat battle tanks with conventional armor and explosive reactive armor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenous:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile systems have been designed and developed indigenously by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo; can engage targets both in direct hit mode as well as <strong>top attack mode.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Top Attack Mode:</strong> The missile is required to climb sharply after launch and travel at a certain altitude, then plunge on top of the target.</li>
<li><strong>Direct Attack Mode:</strong> The missile travels at a lower altitude, directly striking the target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nag Missile</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nag is a third-generation, fire-and-forget, anti-tank guided missile developed by DRDO to support both mechanized infantry and airborne forces of the Indian Army.</li>
<li>It is an all-weather condition with day and night capabilities and with a minimum range of 500m and a maximum range of 4 km.</li>
<li>Nag can be launched from land and air-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA).</li>
<li>DRDO has developed nag Missiles under the <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. It was approved by the Government of India in 1983 and completed in March 2012.</li>
<li>The<strong> five missiles (P-A-T-N-A)</strong> developed under this program are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prithvi:</strong> Short-range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>Agni:</strong> Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e., Agni (I, II, III, IV, V).</li>
<li><strong>Trishul:</strong> Short-range low-level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>Nag:</strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>Akash:</strong> Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699376" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the <strong>Aero India show</strong> began at Bengaluru&rsquo;s <strong>Yelahanka Air Force Station</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Aero India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru based Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre, <strong>has been hosting the air show in February</strong> since it was started in Bengaluru in 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-of-its-kind &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; air show,</strong> which means people can also attend it digitally.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus region</strong> for Aero India 2021 is the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong>.</li>
<li>It has been organised by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)</strong>.</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 has seen the participation of top aviation firms, while India is showcasing its indigenous defence capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from global aviation giants such as Boeing (USA), Lockheed Martin (USA), Dassault (France) and Airbus (Europe), the show will also see the participation of top defence firms involved in the aviation sector including Thales (France), BAE Systems (UK) and missile manufacturer MBDA (Europe).</li>
<li>India has been purchasing products from these major giants such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boeing P8-I</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale jets</a></strong> from Dassault, other aircraft, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the Aero show, the government has also formally sealed the Rs. 48,000 crore deal to procure <strong>83 Tejas light combat aircraft</strong> from state-run aerospace company <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas,</strong> manufactured by the HAL, is a <strong>single engine</strong> and highly agile multi-role <strong>supersonic fighter aircraft</strong> capable of operating in high-threat air environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India offers a unique opportunity in <strong>defence and aerospace manufacturing</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, domestic manufacturing of bigger and complex defence platforms has become the focus of the country&rsquo;s defence policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 will <strong>boost investment, expand manufacturing ecosystem, support enterprises, appreciate</strong> and <strong>enhance the technology levels and propel the economic growth</strong> for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7541,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Co-WIN App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the software of<strong> Co-WIN App</strong> (also called<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong>) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Vaccination programme.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN, <strong>a cloud-based IT platform,</strong> is supposed to<strong> handle minute details for India&rsquo;s Covid-19 immunisation programme,</strong> including registering beneficiaries, allocating vaccination centres, sending text messages with name of their vaccinator to beneficiaries and live monitoring of vials in cold storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agencies Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Co-WIN platform is <strong>owned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> and<strong> was earlier the platform used for conducting Pulse <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day#:~:text=World%20Polio%20Day%20(2019)%20marked,and%20wild%20poliovirus%20type%202." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polio</a></strong> and <strong>other crucial immunisation programmes</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>The same platform has been expanded for doling out Covid-19 vaccines and the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and IT</strong> along with the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> </a>are handling the backend and the tech infrastructure for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and tracking:</strong> This app enables monitoring the inoculation drive and tracking the listed beneficiaries for vaccination on a real-time basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it also helps to <strong>counter proxy vaccinations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar enabled:</strong> This app would enable beneficiaries to be <strong>identified efficiently</strong> through use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/co-win-software-enhanced-for-vaccine-roll-out/article33628284.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7474,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Doppler Weather Radars',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Earth Sciences commissioned two of the ten indigenously built <strong>X-Band Doppler Weather Radars (DWR)</strong> which will closely monitor the <strong>weather changes over the Himalayas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A multi-mission meteorological data receiving and processing system developed in collaboration with <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></strong> was also launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new system will <strong>capture, process and make available for use satellite data within seven minutes as opposed to 20 minutes taken by earlier systems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Developed By :</strong> The DWR has been designed and developed by <strong>ISRO</strong> and manufactured by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/remote-monitor-for-covid-19-cases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)</strong></a>, Bengaluru.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Covering the central and western Himalayas, these dual polarised radars will <strong>gather atmospheric variations and pick signals of extreme weather events.</strong></li>
<li>Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh are<strong> highly prone to cloud bursts, landslides, heavy rain and snowfall.</strong> Timely weather forecasts and warnings would <strong>ensure the governments make advance plans and initiate rescue measures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Radars</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a device which <strong>uses electromagnetic waves in the microwaves region</strong> to detect location (range &amp; direction), altitude, intensity and movement of moving and non-moving objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doppler radar :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a specialized radar that uses the <strong>Doppler effect</strong> to produce velocity data about objects at a distance<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Doppler effect:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the <strong>source and the signal are in relative motion to each other there is a change in the frequency</strong> observed by the observer. If they are <strong>moving closer frequency increases and vice versa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792362_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792362_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It does this by <strong>bouncing a microwave signal off a desired target and analyzing how the object&rsquo;s motion has altered the frequency of the returned signal.</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements</strong> of the radial component of a target&rsquo;s velocity relative to the radar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doppler Weather Radar:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on Doppler principle the radar is <strong>designed to improve precision in long-range weather forecasting and surveillance</strong> using a parabolic dish antenna and a foam sandwich spherical radome.</li>
<li>DWR has the equipment to <strong>measure rainfall intensity, wind shear and velocity and locate a storm centre and the direction of a tornado or gust front.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792386_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792386_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Types Of Doppler Radars :</strong> Doppler radar can be divided into several different categories <strong>according to the wavelength which are L,S,C,X,K.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792405_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610792405_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>X band radars:</strong> They operate on a wavelength of<strong> 2.5-4 cm</strong> and a frequency of <strong>8-12 GHz.</strong> Because of the smaller wavelength, the X band radar is more sensitive and can detect smaller particles.</li>
<li><strong>Application:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These radars are used for studies on <strong>cloud development</strong> because they can detect the tiny water particles and also used to detect light <strong>precipitation such as snow.</strong></li>
<li>X band radars also attenuate (become less effective) very easily, so they are used for only very <strong>short range weather observation.</strong></li>
<li>Due to the small size of the radar, it can therefore be portable like the Doppler on Wheels (DOW). Most major<strong> airplanes are equipped with an X band radar to pick up turbulence and other weather phenomena.</strong></li>
<li>This band is also shared with some<strong> police speed radars and some space radars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigenously-built-first-pair-of-weather-radars-installed-over-himalayas-7148178/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7466,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ASMI:The Machine Pistol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s<strong> first indigenous 9mm Machine Pistol</strong> has been jointly developed by <strong>Infantry School, Mhow</strong> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DRDO&rsquo;s</strong></a> <strong>Armament Research &amp; Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Machine pistols are primarily self-loading versions of pistols which are either fully automatic or can also fire bursts of bullets.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704562_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704562_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="567" height="319" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pistol is named <strong>&ldquo;Asmi&rdquo;</strong> meaning <strong>&ldquo;Pride&rdquo;, &ldquo;Self-Respect" &amp; &ldquo;Hard Work&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features of Asmi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Machine Pistol fires the in-service <strong>9mm ammunition.</strong></li>
<li>With an overall <strong>empty weight of less than 2 Kg,</strong> it features an<strong> 8-inch barrel</strong> and <strong>33 rounds high capacity magazine.</strong></li>
<li>It has an upper receiver made from Aircraft <strong>grade Aluminium</strong> and lower receiver from <strong>Carbon Fibre.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/make-it-the-indian-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>3D Printing process</strong></a> has been used in designing and prototyping of various parts including trigger components made by metal 3D printing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon has huge potential in Armed forces as <strong>personal weapon for heavy weapon detachments, commanders, tank, aircraft crews, counter insurgency and counter terrorism</strong> operations etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost Effective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Machine Pistol is likely to have production cost under Rs.<strong> 50000</strong> each and has <strong>potential for exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688547" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7456,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'LCA Tejas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></a> (CCS) has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of<strong> 83 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong> for the Indian Air Force.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>83 Tejas includes <strong>73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft</strong> and <strong>10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 trainer aircraft. MK-1A variant</strong> is a improved version of MK-1 with an <strong>electronic warfare system, advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, beyond visual range (BVR) missiles and</strong> a network warfare system comprising<strong> software defined radio</strong> (SDR)</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCS is chaired by the <strong>Prime Minister</strong> of India.</li>
<li>Major decisions with respect to the <strong>significant appointments, issues of national security, defence expenditure of India are taken by the Cabinet Committee on Security</strong> (CCS).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (LCA) programme was started by the<strong> Government of India in 1984</strong> when they established the <strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> (ADA) to manage the <strong>LCA programme.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the ageing <strong>Mig 21 fighter planes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Designed by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> under the <strong>Department of Defence Research and Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State-owned <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</strong> </a>(HAL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter</strong> aircraft in its class.</li>
<li>Designed to <strong>carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided,</strong> weapons.</li>
<li><strong>Air to air refuelling capability.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum <strong>payload capacity of 4000 kg.</strong></li>
<li>It can attend the maximum speed of <strong>Mach 1.8.</strong></li>
<li>The range of the aircraft is <strong>3,000km</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants of Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas Trainer:</strong> 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LCA Navy</strong></a>: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Navy MK2:</strong> This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Mk-1A:</strong> This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=GGT85USP4.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7448,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/building-a-vibrant-science-ecosystem-7143793/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Building a vibrant science ecosystem&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 12/01/2021. It talks about the significance of the proposal in the draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</p>
</div>
<p>Covid-19 pandemic has shown the world that it has to take research in science and technology more seriously than before. In India, the pandemic presented an opportunity for R&amp;D institutions, academia, and industry to work with a shared purpose, synergy, collaboration and cooperation.</p>
<p>With the growing realisation, that science can address many of society&rsquo;s pressing problems, the Government of India has released a draft <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</strong></a></p>
<p>The STIP will be guided by the vision of positioning India among the top three scientific superpowers in the decade to come. Apart from it, the policy outlines strategies for strengthening India&rsquo;s STI ecosystem to achieve the larger goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat.</p>
<h3>Novel Ideas of the Policy &amp; their Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Open Science Framework &amp; Inclusiveness:</strong> Open Science fosters more equitable participation in science through increased access to research output, greater transparency and accountability in research.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from this, it would ensure better resource utilisation through minimal restrictions and a constant exchange of knowledge between the producers and users of knowledge.</li>
<li>This framework will be largely community-driven and supported with necessary institutional mechanisms and operational modalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Nation, One Subscription &amp; Democratization:</strong> The STIP envisions free access to all journals, Indian and foreign, for every Indian against a centrally-negotiated payment mechanism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the present mechanisms, consumers of knowledge such as line departments, innovators, industry, the society at large, etc., do not have access to these research journals.</li>
<li>Hence, the policy seeks to democratise science by providing access to scholarly knowledge to not just researchers but also to every individual in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science &amp; Gender Parity:</strong> India has valued women&rsquo;s participation in science and education from ancient times.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the earliest women scientists, including Leelavati, Gargi, and Khana, made significant contributions to mathematics, natural science, and astronomy.</li>
<li>Over the last six years, women&rsquo;s participation in S&amp;T has doubled in India; however, women&rsquo;s overall participation in R&amp;D continues to be only about 16%.</li>
<li>Therefore, the policy has envisaged gender parity by addressing career breaks for women by considering academic age rather than biological/physical age.</li>
<li>Apart from this, it proposes an inclusive culture that'll be facilitated through the equal opportunity candidates from rural-remote areas, marginalised communities, differently-abled, Divyangjans, irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traditional Knowledge &amp; Carving Own Niche:</strong> The policy envisages establishing an institutional architecture to integrate Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) and grassroots innovation into the overall education, research and innovation system.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This focus on indigenous know-how may help India shine globally, standing on its merit and unique technologies based on timeless ancient wisdom curated/enhanced by modern science and technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Collaboration &amp; Ease of Doing Research:</strong> The proposed Science Technology Innovation Observatory will have an important governance role in the collaboration networks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The policy proposes creating a National STI Observatory that will act as a central repository for all kinds of data related to and generated from the STI ecosystem.</li>
<li>Further, an STI Development Bank will be set up to facilitate a corpus fund for investing in direct long term investments in select strategic areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Operationalise Clusters:</strong> When the draft policy takes the shape of the actual procedure, it must acknowledge the cluster-based approach and incorporate it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clusters consist of multiple organisations including suppliers, producers, customers, labour markets, HEIs, financial intermediaries, professional and industry associations, regulatory institutions and government departments.</li>
<li>They nurture strong science and technology research capabilities in a specific domain and help translate these capabilities into applications.</li>
<li>An example of an electronics hardware cluster is in Silicon Valley.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Funding For Research:</strong> At 0.6% of GDP, India&rsquo;s gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D (GERD) is relatively low compared to other major economies with a GERD-to-GDP ratio of 1.5% to 3%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One way to increase R&amp;D spend in the country is to make it attractive for companies to invest.</li>
<li>In this regard, reformed bureaucracy, tax benefits and market access for the infant companies should also be considered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Research in Disruptive technology:</strong> Technologies that are collectively called Industrial revolution 4.0 are undoubtedly the future of science and technology landscape.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must take advantage of these disruptive and impactful technologies.</li>
<li>More research on these associated technologies may positively impact many industries such as defence, education, health etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science Diplomacy:</strong> India should indulge in international S&amp;T engagement and STIP diplomacy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help in achieving collective and inclusive global development through international engagement by maximising the scope of indigenisation and sustainability for national advancement and promotion of global commons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s STI growth trajectory over recent years has been impressive. Our entry into the club of the top 50 countries in the global innovation Index with a rank of 48 (a massive improvement from 81st place in 2015) speaks volumes for our potential.</p>
<p>To continue this feat, the draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy contains progressive proposals that could be game-changers for the scientific research community and the way ordinary Indians interact with Science.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610541362_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610541362_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f7ff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;India needs science that solves, a technology that transforms and innovation that impacts&rdquo;. In light of this statement, discuss the draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 2020.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sot1Ty_08PE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/bridging-the-gulf-on-gulf-reconciliation-summit/article33552856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Bridging the Gulf: On Gulf reconciliation summit&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on January 12<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7360,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India&rsquo;s (DCGI)</strong></a> approved <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> vaccines for <strong>restricted use</strong> against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>COVISHIELD, COVAXIN</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-candidate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BNT162b2</strong></a> applied to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)</strong></a>, seeking<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-use-approval-covid-19-vaccines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> emergency use approval.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Type of Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both vaccines have received a<strong> restricted use approval</strong> in an <strong>emergency situation.</strong></li>
<li>This means the <strong>vaccines have been approved</strong> for use <strong>despite the companies not having completed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener">clinical trials.</a></strong></li>
<li>This approval is, however, subject to regular submission of<strong> safety, efficacy and immunogenicity data</strong> from their ongoing trials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>immunogenicity</strong> of a vaccine is its ability to prompt an immune response.</li>
<li>The efficacy, in this case, is a measure of its ability to bring down the number of symptomatic Covid-19 cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the Emergency Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the pandemic, the government wanted a <strong>vaccine ready to use at the earliest.</strong></li>
<li>Another growing concern is the <strong>mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mutated-novel-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>countries like the UK</strong> </a>which are now starting to spread to other parts of the world, including India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVISHIELD:</strong> It is the name given to an <strong>Oxford-AstraZeneca</strong> Covid-19 vaccine candidate which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222 or ChAdOx 1 nCoV19.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a version of the vaccine<strong> developed by the University of Oxford</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Swedish-British drugmaker AstraZeneca.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Serum Institute of India (SII)</strong> is the manufacturing partner in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>based on a weakened version of a common cold virus</strong> or the adenovirus that is found in chimpanzees.</li>
<li>This viral vector <strong>contains the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein</strong> (protrusions) present on the outer surface of the virus that help it bind with the human cell.</li>
<li>The <strong>body&rsquo;s immune system</strong> is supposed to <strong>recognise this protein</strong> as a threat, and work on <strong>building antibodies against it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had triggered an immune response in humans against the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> novel coronavirus</strong> </a>in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVAXIN:</strong> It is India&rsquo;s only indigenous <strong>Covid-19</strong> vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by<strong> Bharat Biotech,</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with the<strong> Indian Council of Medical Research&rsquo;s National Institute of Virology,</strong> Pune</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an<strong> inactivated vaccine</strong> which is <strong>developed by inactivating (killing) the live microorganisms</strong> that cause the disease.</li>
<li>This <strong>destroys the ability of the pathogen to replicate,</strong> but keeps it intact so that the immune system can still recognise it and produce an immune response.</li>
<li>It is expected to <strong>target more than just the spike protein.</strong></li>
<li>It also<strong> aims to develop an immune response to the nucleocapsid protein</strong> (the shell of the virus that encloses its genetic material).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>COVAXIN</strong> is more likely to work against newer variants of the virus, <strong>including the UK variant,</strong> as it contains <strong>immunogens (epitopes)</strong> from other genes in addition to those from Spike protein.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Immunogen</strong> is a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, whereas antigens are any substance that binds specifically to an antibody.</li>
<li>All immunogens are antigens, but all antigens may not be immunogens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Approval of <strong>COVAXIN</strong> ensures India has an additional vaccine shield especially against potential <strong>mutant strains</strong> in a dynamic pandemic situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="456" height="582" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-vaccine-approval-dcgi-coronavirus-emergency-use-covaxin-7131577/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7380,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Boost to Defence Exports',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has recently approved export of the <strong>Akash surface-to-air missile to &ldquo;friendly countries&rdquo;</strong> and constituted a<strong> committee, headed by the Defence Minister,</strong> for faster approval of export of defence platforms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This committee would <strong>authorise subsequent export of major <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">indigenous platforms</a></strong> to various countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The export version of Akash, will be <strong>different from the system currently deployed with the Indian armed forces.</strong></li>
<li>The Cabinet approval will facilitate Indian manufactures to participate in<strong> RFI/RFP issued by various countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>request for information</strong> (RFI) is used when the owner wants several contractors to provide potential solutions, while a<strong> request for proposal</strong> (RFP) is used in a<strong> bidding process to solicit offers for a project.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So far, Indian defence exports included parts/components etc. The export of big platforms was minimal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This initiative of the Cabinet would help the country<strong> improve its defence products and make them globally competitive.</strong></li>
<li>It would be a significant step under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a>,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides Akash, there is interest in other major platforms like the<strong> coastal surveillance system, radars and air platforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Akash Missile</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Akash is India&rsquo;s<strong> first indigenously produced medium range Surface to Air missile</strong> that can engage multiple targets from multiple directions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The all-weather missile can engage targets at a speed <strong>2.5 times more than the speed of sound</strong> and can detect and destroy targets flying at <strong>low, medium and high altitudes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Akash missile system has been designed and developed as part of India&rsquo;s 30-year-old <strong>integrated guided-missile development programme</strong> (IGMDP) which also includes other missiles like <strong>Nag, Agni, Trishul and Prithvi.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Range and Capability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>nuclear-capable missile</strong> can fly at a speed of up to <strong>Mach 2.5</strong> (nearly 860 meter per second) at a maximum height of <strong>18 km.</strong></li>
<li>It can strike enemy aerial targets like fighter jets, drones, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles as well as ballistic missiles from a distance of <strong>30 km.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unique features of Akash:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile is unique in the way that it can be launched from <strong>mobile platforms like battle tanks or wheeled trucks.</strong> It has nearly 90% kill probability.</li>
<li>The missile is supported by the <strong>indigenously developed radar</strong> called <strong>'Rajendra'</strong> that can handle <strong>highly-manoeuvring multiple targets from multiple directions in group or autonomous mode.</strong></li>
<li>The missile is reportedly cheaper and more accurate than US&rsquo; Patriot missiles due to its solid-fuel technology and high-tech radars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile system is designed and developed by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a>(DRDO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India's Defence Exports</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the data published by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-among-top-military-spenders-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</strong></a>, or SIPRI, in March 2020, India is <strong>ranked 23<sup>rd</sup> in the list of major arms exporters</strong> for 2015-2019 and 19<sup>th</sup> for 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Defence&rsquo;s annual report</strong> 2018-19 records that the defence exports were worth Rs <strong>10,745 crore,</strong> a growth of more than 100% from 2017-18 (Rs 4,682 crore) and over 700 % since 2016-17 (Rs 1,521 crore).</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s share of global arms exports is only <strong>0.17%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The current government has been laying emphasis on defence manufacturing in India to build up the country's manufacturing base, ensure jobs for its youth and to bring down India&rsquo;s arms import bill.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s target was to export <strong>5 billion USD</strong> worth of military hardware by 2025</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to create an environment for<strong> greater participation of private industry,</strong> a stable macro-economic and political environment, and a transparent business environment which encourages<strong> fair competition.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/akash-missile-export-india-army-7127000/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7330,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indigenous Vaccine Pneumosil',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India&rsquo;s first fully indigenously developed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine &ldquo;Pneumosil&rdquo;</strong> has been launched.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Developed by: Serum Institute of India (SII),</strong> through a collaboration with <strong>PATH</strong> and<strong> Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> is a <strong>Pune</strong> based <strong>world's largest vaccine</strong> manufacturer by number of doses produced and sold globally.</li>
<li><strong>PATH</strong> is an <strong>international, nonprofit global health organization</strong> based in <strong>Seattle</strong> (USA).</li>
<li>The <strong>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation</strong> (BMGF) is an American private foundation, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. Based in Seattle, Washington, the primary goals of the foundation are to <strong>enhance healthcare</strong> and <strong>reduce extreme poverty</strong> across the globe, and to expand <strong>educational opportunities</strong> and access to information technology in the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information about the Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vaccine <strong>targets the pneumococcal bacterium,</strong> which causes pneumonia and other serious life-threatening diseases such as meningitis and sepsis, and is estimated to cause nearly four lakh deaths in children under five years of age each year worldwide.</li>
<li>It will be <strong>available in the market at an affordable price in single dose and multidose presentations.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While<strong> pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs)</strong> have helped reduce pneumococcal deaths, they are difficult for many countries to afford.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>unique feature</strong> of the vaccine is its composition, which is <strong>specially tailored</strong> to the <strong>prevailing serotype prevalence of S <em>Pneumoniae</em> in India</strong> and other regions of the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A serotype or serovar is a <strong>distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus </strong>or<strong> among immune cells of different individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was<strong> licensed by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drugs Controller General</a> (India)</strong> in July 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an example of <strong>India's capability in Research &amp; Development &amp; manufacturing high end sophisticated Vaccines.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Till now, India was <strong>fully dependent on Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) manufactured by Foreign Manufacturers</strong> which are available at very high prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vaccine also makes SII the first <strong>developing country vaccine manufacturer</strong> to access the global PCV market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SII is also the maker of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield</strong></a>, the Indian version of the <strong>AstraZeneca-Oxford coronavirus vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pneumococcal Disease</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Disease:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pneumococcal disease is a name for <strong>any infection caused by bacteria called <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></strong> or pneumococcus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bacteria is the most common <strong>cause of bloodstream infections, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-forum-on-childhood-pneumonia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pneumonia</a>, meningitis,</strong> and<strong> middle ear infections in young children.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pneumonia</strong> is an <strong>infection of the lungs.</strong> Many different bacteria, viruses, and even fungi can cause pneumonia. <strong>Pneumococcus is one of the most common causes of severe pneumonia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Doctors consider some of these infections<strong> &ldquo;invasive&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Invasive disease means that <strong>germs invade parts of the body that are normally free from germs.</strong></li>
<li>For example, <strong>pneumococcal bacteria can invade the bloodstream, causing bacteremia,</strong> and the tissues and fluids covering the brain and spinal cord, causing meningitis. When this happens, disease is usually very severe, requiring treatment in a hospital and even causing death in some cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disease Burden:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Annually India witnesses an estimated <strong>71% of pneumonia deaths</strong> and <strong>57% of severe pneumonia cases.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a>, pneumonia accounts for <strong>15% of all deaths of children under 5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)</strong> prevents pneumococcal disease.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The vaccine is a<strong> mix of several bacteria of the pneumococci family,</strong> which are known to cause pneumonia, hence &lsquo;conjugate&rsquo; is included in the name of the vaccine.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typbar-tcv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conjugate vaccines</strong></a> are made using a combination of two different components.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Indian government has been ensuring <strong>PCV under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Universal Immunisation Programme</a></strong> (UIP) to fight pneumococcal disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sii-to-launch-first-indigenous-pneumonia-vaccine/article33431995.ece?utm_source=national&amp;utm_medium=sticky_footer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7329,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s First Fully Automated Metro',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated the<strong> country&rsquo;s first fully automated Metro,</strong> (Driverless Metro) on <strong>Delhi Metro&rsquo;s Magenta Line.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also extended the <strong>fully operational <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-common-mobility-card" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Common Mobility Card</a></strong> (NCMC) to the Airport Express Line of the<strong> Delhi Metro Rail Corporation</strong> (DMRC).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Driverless Metro:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With this achievement, DMRC has entered the<strong> elite league of 7% of the world&rsquo;s Metro networks</strong> where such a facility is available.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2014, only five cities had Metro</strong> rail and <strong>currently,</strong> it is <strong>present in 18 cities</strong> and the number of Metro users has also increased manifold.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The driverless trains will be <strong>fully automated, eliminating the possibility of human error.</strong></li>
<li>The technology has <strong>different levels or Grades of Automation</strong> (GoA):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In GoA 1, trains are run by one driver.</li>
<li>In GoA 2 and GoA 3, the role of the driver is reduced to operating doors and for taking over in case of emergencies and the starting and halting of trains is automated.</li>
<li>In GoA 4, trains are set on a completely unattended operations mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a <strong>braking system</strong> in which <strong>50% of the energy goes back into the grid</strong> when the brakes are applied, which will save a considerable amount of energy making it an <strong>energy-efficient system.</strong></li>
<li>In a <strong>boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>,</strong> various big companies are involved in the manufacturing of Metro coaches and dozens in the manufacture of Metro components.</li>
<li><strong>130 MW of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar</a> power is currently being used</strong> in the operations of Metro rail, which the government<strong> intends to increase to 600 MW.</strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndb-loan-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Regional Rapid Transit System</strong></a> (RRTS) and <strong>Metro Lite models</strong> will <strong>reduce the distance</strong> between major cities and within them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Common Mobility Card:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will give<strong> access to all modes of transportation</strong> and will do away with commuters having to wait in long queues for tokens.</li>
<li>It <strong>allows users to pay for</strong> travel, toll charges and retail shopping, and permits them to withdraw money at the same time.</li>
<li>It will <strong>enable anyone carrying a RuPay-Debit Card issued in any part of the country to travel on the route.</strong></li>
<li>This will not only help provide a common platform for people but will also allow better research data. <strong>Researchers will be able to better assess the travelling patterns of people</strong> and accordingly suggest the best plan for development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Developmental Works in Delhi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Incentivizing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-to-electric-vehicle-adoption-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">electric vehicles</a></strong> (EVs)<strong> by giving tax rebates.</strong></li>
<li>The old infrastructure of the capital is being <strong>transformed into environment-friendly infrastructure based on modern technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Provision of better living conditions</strong> to slum dwellers through <strong>regularization of hundreds of colonies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Opening up of new tourist destinations</strong> and generation of employment.</li>
<li>Work for the new Parliament building under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-s-stand-on-central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vista Redevelopment Project</strong> </a>will not only <strong>give employment to thousands</strong> of people from Delhi but will also <strong>change the face of the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pm-modi-inaugurates-countrys-first-driverless-metro-rail-in-delhi/article33435119.ece#:~:text=of%20Delhi%20Metro.-,Prime%20Minister%20Narendra%20Modi%20inaugurated%20the%20country's%20first%20driverless%20train,Metro%20Rain%20Corporation%20(DMRC)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7153,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Robotic Surgery',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)</strong></a> has standardised health policies across all health insurers to even cover <strong>robotic and bariatric surgeries.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bariatric surgery</strong> is an operation that helps <strong>lose weight</strong> by making changes to the <strong>digestive system.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India became the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telerobotic-coronary-surgery-in-gujarat#:~:text=India%20became%20the%20first%20country,telerobotic%20coronary%20surgery%20on%20human%20.&amp;text=Tele%2Drobotic%20surgery%20is%20performed,computer%20technology%20and%20advanced%20robotics." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> first country to perform a telerobotic coronary surgery</strong></a> on humans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Robotics:</strong> It is the intersection of<strong> science, engineering and technology</strong> that produces machines, called<strong> robots, </strong>to<strong> substitute for (or replicate) human actions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Application of Robotics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Industrial Sector:</strong> Industrial robots are electronically controlled, both programmable and reprogrammable to carry out certain tasks with high precision and accuracy.</li>
<li><strong>Aerospace:</strong> Another application of robots is in aerospace for outer space exploration. <strong>Aerospace robots or unmanned robotic spacecraft</strong> play a key role in outer space probes.</li>
<li><strong>Outer Space: Robotic arms</strong> that are under the control of a human being are employed to unload the docking cove of outer-space shuttles to launch satellites or to build a space station.</li>
<li><strong>Exploration:</strong> Robots can<strong> enter the environments that are injurious to human beings.</strong> An illustration is observing the atmosphere within a volcano or investigating our deep marine life.</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare Delivery:</strong> A highly possible advancement in healthcare is using robots in <strong>Robotic Surgery.</strong> Due to technological advancement, this is possible even if the patient is located in remote areas. This possibility defies distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Robotic Surgery:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607335969_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607335969_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Robotic or Robot-assisted surgery</strong> integrates advanced<strong> computer technology with the experience of the skilled surgeons.</strong> This technology provides the surgeon with a <strong>10x magnified, high-definition, 3D-image</strong> of the body's intricate anatomy.</li>
<li>The surgeon <strong>uses controls in the console to manipulate special surgical instruments</strong> that are smaller, as well as more flexible and manoeuvrable than the human hand. The <strong>robot replicates the surgeon's hand movements,</strong> while <strong>minimizing hand tremors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Robotic Surgery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Easy Procedures:</strong> Makes the performance of complicated procedures much easier.</li>
<li><strong>Increases Flexibility, Precision and Control:</strong> It allows doctors to perform different types of complex procedures with more <strong>precision, flexibility, and control than possible with conventional techniques.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reduces Trauma:</strong> It reduces the trauma caused to the patient by allowing surgery to be performed through <strong>small ports or &lsquo;keyholes&rsquo; rather than via large incisions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Simplifies Surgeries:</strong> The instruments can access hard-to-reach areas of a patient&rsquo;s body more easily through<strong> smaller incisions</strong> compared with traditional open and laparoscopic surgeries.</li>
<li><strong>Reduces Recovery Time:</strong> It helps in <strong>shorter recovery times, with fewer complications and a shorter hospital stay. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Other Advantages:</strong> Less pain and blood loss, and smaller, less noticeable scars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for High Demand of Robotic Surgery:</strong> Factors which are pushing the demand of robotic surgery are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Advancements in technology.</li>
<li>Rising incidence of chronic diseases.</li>
<li>High incidence of medical errors.</li>
<li>Demand for faster recovery and reduction in pain.</li>
<li>Increase in awareness about the benefits of robot-assisted surgery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Slow Growth of the Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High cost of installation:</strong> Instruments are not only expensive but also incur a large<strong> recurring cost due</strong> to the <strong>disposable nature</strong> of instruments and ancillaries.</li>
<li><strong>Monopoly:</strong> There exist only a <strong>few companies that manufacture the equipment</strong> for robotics surgery.the monopoly of few companies makes it difficult to expand robotics surgery in the Indian healthcare system.</li>
<li><strong>Untrained Resource:</strong> Another challenge is the <strong>unavailability of trained surgeons</strong> for conducting robotic surgeries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Robotic Surgery in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Quality:</strong> India is the <strong>most preferred destination</strong> for getting <strong>high-quality treatment across the globe,</strong> and is dotted with various <strong>multi-speciality hospitals and patient-care centres.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong> The hospitals are well equipped with advanced, highly sophisticated and <strong>world-class infrastructure</strong> facilities using state-of-the-art technologies for the treatment of various critical illnesses.</li>
<li>Cost: India is very <strong>affordable</strong> unlike in the U.S., U.K., and Canada. Overall, the cost of such procedures in India is<strong> pocket-friendly,</strong> that too,<strong> without compromising on the quality of services and infrastructure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government should establish <strong>fellowship programmes and offer structured training to surgical teams.</strong> With the increase in the number of robotic surgeries, there will be an acute need for training of doctors for carrying out such surgical processes. In India, training and certifying of surgeons remains a challenge.</li>
<li>It should also <strong>promote collaboration between hospitals and insurance companies</strong> to come up with innovative ways to tackle the high cost of robotic surgeries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/now-a-policy-for-robotic-surgery/article33260438.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7096,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mission COVID Suraksha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government of India has announced the<strong> stimulus package of Rs. 900 crore</strong> for the <strong>Mission COVID Suraksha,</strong> the Indian Covid-19 Vaccine Development Mission, which will <strong>help the development process of the vaccine candidates.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mission COVID Suraksha is India&rsquo;s <strong>targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines</strong> for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Centre had announced this package during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>third economic stimulus.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Mission with its <strong>end-to-end focus from preclinical development through clinical development and manufacturing and regulatory facilitation for deployment,</strong> would consolidate all available and funded resources towards accelerated product development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Phase-I of the Mission has been allotted <strong>Rs. 900 Crore for a period of 12 months.</strong></li>
<li>The grant will be provided to the<strong> Department of Biotechnology</strong> (DBT) for Research and Development (R&amp;D) of Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will be<strong> led by DBT</strong> and implemented by a dedicated <strong>Mission Implementation Unit</strong> at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/making-india-a-biotech-hub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council</strong></a> (BIRAC).</li>
<li>The existing activities under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bio Pharma Mission</strong> </a>(NBM) and<strong> Ind-CEPI Mission</strong> will provide complementary strengths to this Mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPI Mission, &ldquo;Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development: Support of Indian vaccine development aligned with the global initiative of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thsti-part-of-vaccine-assessment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</strong></a> (CEPI)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Ind-CEPI Mission was approved in<strong> March 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accelerating pre-clinical and clinical development.</li>
<li>Licensure of Covid-19 vaccine candidates that are currently in clinical stages or ready to enter the clinical stage of development.</li>
<li>Establishing clinical trial sites.</li>
<li>Strengthening the existing central laboratories and suitable facilities for animal studies, production facilities and other testing facilities to support the vaccine development.</li>
<li>Supporting the development of common harmonized protocols, training, data management systems, regulatory submissions, internal and external quality management systems and accreditations.</li>
<li>Supporting capabilities for process development, cell line development and manufacturing of GMP batches for animal toxicology studies and clinical trials.</li>
<li>Developing suitable<strong> Target Product Profile</strong> so that vaccines being introduced through the mission have preferred characteristics applicable to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine Candidates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of<strong> 10 vaccine candidates have been supported by DBT</strong> so far at both academia and industry and as on date and<strong> 5 vaccine candidates are in human trials.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield</strong></a>: The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Serum Institute of India</strong></a> (SII) is conducting the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>phase-3</strong></a> trial of the <strong>Oxford-Astrazeneca</strong> Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covaxin</strong></a>: The indigenously developed <strong>Bharat Biotech</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong> </a>(ICMR) vaccine has already started the phase III clinical trial.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ZyCoV-D</strong></a>: Indigenously developed vaccine by<strong> Zydus Cadila</strong> has completed the phase-2 clinical trial in the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sputnik V</strong></a>: The combined phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of the<strong> Russian Covid-19 vaccine</strong> Sputnik V in India are about to get started.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-candidate#:~:text=India%20is%20preparing%20to%20administer,vaccine%20candidates%20in%20the%20future." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BNT162b2</strong></a>: India is focusing on training for conducting phase II and III human clinical trials of the <strong>Pfizer's Covid-19 vaccine candidate</strong> along lines of India&rsquo;s regulatory mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Clinical Trials</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>systematic study to generate data for discovering or verifying the clinical and pharmacological profile</strong> (including pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic) or <strong>adverse effects</strong> of a new drug on humans.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>only way of establishing the safety and efficacy</strong> of any drug before its introduction in the market for human use and is preceded by animal trials where the efficacy and side effects are observed in animals and an estimated drug dose is established.</li>
<li>Clinical trials of drugs developed in India<strong> have to undergo all four phases of trials in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Phase I or clinical pharmacology trials or &ldquo;first in man&rdquo; study.</li>
<li>Phase II or exploratory trials.</li>
<li>Phase III or confirmatory trials.</li>
<li>Phase IV trials or post-marketing phase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1676998" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7054,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Making India A Biotech Hub',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/making-of-a-biotech-hub-7059035/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Making of a biotech hub&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 20/11/2020. It talks about how India can play the lead role in a global biotech ecosystem.</p>
</div>
<p>Over the last few decades, India has made huge strides to emerge as one of the medical hubs in the world. The country has seen an immense improvement in the number and quality of its healthcare facilities, reduction in pregnancy-related deaths, improvement in sanitation and immunisation coverage and has successfully averted several preventable disease epidemics.</p>
<p>Continuing on this trend, be it on attaining self-sufficiency in PPE kits or leading global effort in the development of a potent vaccine, India has carried out a robust response to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<p>Moreover, the pandemic has provided an opportunity for India to play the lead role in a global biotech ecosystem. By leveraging existing strengths in the medical sector, India can enter the next stage, from being the pharmacy of the world to being the biotech hub in the world.</p>
<h3>Potential of Biotechnology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recognising the Potential:</strong> In 1986, much before any other country in the world, the Government of India recognised the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/biotechnology-sector-in-india#:~:text=India%20is%20among%20the%20first,the%20biotechnology%20sector%20in%201986." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>enormous potential of biotechnology</strong></a> and established a separate department committed to this branch of science.</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Faceted Domain:</strong> Biotechnology is a multi-faceted domain encompassing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>applications in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, scientific discoveries, etc</strong></a>. The biotech sector can be broadly divided into five major segments:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Biopharma</li>
<li>Bio-agriculture</li>
<li>Bio-services</li>
<li>Bio-industrial Applications</li>
<li>Bioinformatic</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Economic Status:</strong> Currently, India accounts for approximately 3% of the global biotech industry. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The biotechnology sector in India has grown from $1.1 billion in 2003 to a mammoth <strong>$64 billion sector in 2019</strong> and by 2024, it is expected to be a $100 billion industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growing Biotech Start-ups:</strong> India&rsquo;s pioneering achievements in biotechnology is the primary reason why the sector employs the best of minds and contributes to the development of generic and affordable medicare.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are over 2,700 biotech start-ups and are expected to touch the 10,000-mark by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of BIRAC:</strong> Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), established under the Department of Biotechnology in 2012, continues to play a crucial role in the development of the biotech sector in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIRAC brings innovators and funders on to a common table, enabling ideas to become a reality and facilitate technological advances that make human progress possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Make in India, Skill India, Start-up India programmes are aimed to develop India as a world-class biotechnology and bio-manufacturing hub.</li>
<li>The government&rsquo;s aspirational goal of developing the country into a $100-billion biomanufacturing hub by 2024 is certainly going to give a fillip to the biotechnology sector as well.</li>
<li>Biotech has been recognised as the sunrise sector among 14 champion sectors under the &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; programme which has the potential to contribute to the $5-trillion economy goal of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Structural Issues:</strong> Considering that manufacturing in the biopharma sector is capital intensive, such investments have been suboptimal in India due to limited access to capital, inadequate infrastructure and complex and ever-evolving regulatory framework.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As Biotechnology products and solutions often require ethical and regulatory clearance, making the process long, expensive and cumbersome.</li>
<li>Further, low remuneration of scientists (compared to the developed economies) and a few institutional research bases have not helped create more jobs in biotechnology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Heavily Public Sector Dominated:</strong> Compared to the developed economies (the United States), biotechnology research in India is mainly funded by the public exchequer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unless the private sector starts supporting applied research and engages with academic institutions, the innovation in applied and translational biotechnology will be minimal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Innovation:</strong> In terms of innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology creation, the biotechnology sector requires years of experience in the domain, access to labs with sophisticated instruments, sustained and long-term funding to innovate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, India has not done well enough in improving innovation culture.</li>
<li>India is currently ranked at 52nd on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-innovation-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Innovation Index (GII) 2019</strong></a>, with a jump of five places since last year, and 29 places in the past five years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for Active Government Support:</strong> Some of the opportunities to enhance growth and innovation within the biotechnology sector in India are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government policies to attract global talent.</li>
<li>Government investment in new areas, eg. new vaccines for human and veterinary use, biosimilars.</li>
<li>Enforcement of strong IP regime in India.</li>
<li>Faster regulatory approvals; transparent and consistent drug approval process</li>
<li>Building legal and institutional infrastructure for conducting clinical trials in India.</li>
<li>The adequate reward for innovation.</li>
<li>Promotion of private sector investment to substitute imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Favourable Industrial Location:</strong> The favourable location of the biotech hubs will depend on critical factors like research and technology development competence, market, industry policies, infrastructure, investments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Setting up the integrated biotech hubs will facilitate Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs), build the confidence of investors, enhance Indian export potential for quality products, boost in-house capacity towards import substitution, and nurture and support innovations to generate more IP for India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Biotechnology occupies a strategic position in the socio-economic advancement and development of the nation and the world at large. It provides an answer to various current and future challenges not only for India but the entire world.</p>
<p>In this context, India should leverage the never before seen collective ownership for a global crisis presented by Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdfa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>By leveraging existing strengths in the medical sector, India can enter the next stage, from being the pharmacy of the world to being the biotech hub in the world. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7002,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> successfully test-fired <strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile system (QRSAM)</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The test was conducted at the Integrated Test Range, <strong>Chandipur off Odisha coast</strong>.</li>
<li>The Test was in continuation of a series of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>missile tests</strong></a> conducted by DRDO over the past two months.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605522748_image8.png" width="380" height="211" style="float: right;" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>QRSAM</strong> is a <strong>canister-based </strong>system, which means that it is <strong>stored and operated from specially designed compartments</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the canister, the inside environment is controlled, thus along with making its <strong>transport and storage easier</strong>, the <strong>shelf life</strong> of weapons also improves significantly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The system is <strong>capable of detecting and tracking targets on the move</strong> and engaging targets with short halts.</li>
<li><strong>Range and mobility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>short range surface-to-air missile</strong> (SAM) system, primarily designed and developed by DRDO to provide a protective shield to moving armoured columns of the Army from enemy aerial attacks.</li>
<li>The entire weapon system has been configured on a <strong>mobile and manoeuvrable platform</strong> and is capable of providing air defence on the move.</li>
<li>It has been designed for induction into the Army and has a range of <strong>25 to 30 km</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The QRSAM weapon ensemble which functions on the move consists of a <strong>fully automated command and control system</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also consists of <strong>two radars</strong> - Active Array Battery Surveillance Radar and Active Array Battery Multifunction Radar - with one <strong>launcher</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both radars have <strong>360-degree coverage</strong> with &ldquo;search on move&rdquo; and &ldquo;track on move&rdquo; capabilities.</li>
<li>The system is compact, uses a <strong>single stage solid propelled missile</strong> and has a <strong>mid-course inertial navigation system</strong> with two-way data link and terminal active seeker developed indigenously by DRDO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missiles-7050901/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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