Article Tags

You searched “Indigenization of Technology”. Your tag search matches the following results:

National Technology Day

Why in News India observes its National Technology Day on 11th May every year. Key Points About: The day, which was first observed on 11th...

12 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology
5G Trial

Why in News The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for conducting trials for use and...

07 May 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability

Why in News Recently, India’s Indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas has added capability of firing Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile...

30 Apr 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Advanced Chaff Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard the naval ships against...

28 Apr 2021 Indigenization of Technology
BrahMos’ Export

This article is based on “Aligning a missile deal with destination Manila” which was published in The Hindu on 18/03/2021. It talks...

18 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Decline in India’s Arms Imports: SIPRI

Why in News According to a recent report by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) India’s arms imports came down by a third...

16 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables

Why in News Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that power transmission cable can be monitored by using Raman thermometry on the...

15 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Genome Mapping in Indian Ocean

Why in News National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is going to launch the first-of-its-kind project of Genome Mapping in the Indian...

13 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
INS Karanj

Why in News Recently, Indian Navy’s third stealth Scorpene class (of Project-75) Submarine INS Karanj has been commissioned at the Naval...

11 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Vaccine Passports

Why in News Governments around the world are exploring the potential use of vaccine passports as a way of reopening the economy by identifying those...

10 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Air Independent Propulsion for Diesel Electric Submarines

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted the final development test of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)...

10 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Defence Acquisition Council’s Plans

Why in News Multi billion deals for armed drones from the USA and advanced submarines under Project-75I are to be taken by the Defence Acquisition...

09 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the test of the Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)...

06 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Global Bio-India-2021

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare inaugurated the second edition of Global Bio-India-2021 in New Delhi...

03 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces

Why in News? Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the Union Budget 2021-22 in the defence sector, the Prime...

02 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
53rd PSLV Flight

Why in News Recently, the 53rd flight of PSLV-C51 marked the first dedicated mission for New Space India Ltd (NSIL), the commercial arm of Indian...

02 Mar 2021 Indigenization of Technology
National Technology Awards 2020

Why in News A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative...

23 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile

Why in News Recently, India has successfully test-fired indigenously-developed anti-tank guided missile systems ‘Helina’ and...

20 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Three New Fighter Jets

Why in News According to the Ministry of Defence, three new fighter jets will be flying by 2026, of which two will be for the Air Force and one for...

06 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology
Aero India 2021

Why in News Recently, the 13th edition of the Aero India show began at Bengaluru’s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka). Key...

05 Feb 2021 Indigenization of Technology

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'amonth' => 'May',
	'ayear' => '2021',
	'articles' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'title' => 'Article Tags'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/images/pdf/UPSC_Press%20Release_19042021%20Drishti%20IAS.pdf',
		'title' => 'UPSC Press Release April 2021',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/english-books/all-english-books/Indian-and-World-Geography',
		'title' => 'New book release: Indian and World Geography - Prelims Practice Series (PPS)',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$amonth = 'May'
$ayear = '2021'
$articles = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8358,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India observes its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Technology Day</strong> </a><strong>on 11<sup>th</sup> May</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The day, which was<strong> first observed on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1999,</strong> aims<strong> to commemorate the scientific and technological achievements of Indian scientists, engineers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The day was <strong>named by the former Prime Minister <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Every year, the <strong>Technology Development Board of India</strong> celebrates the day by <strong>awarding individuals with the National Award for their contribution to science and technology in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Technology Development Board</strong> is a <strong>statutory body</strong> of Government of India functioning under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science of Technology.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>provides financial assistance</strong> to Indian industrial concerns and other agencies,<strong> for commercialization of indigenized technologies or adaptation of imported technologies</strong> for wider domestic applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Science and Technology for a Sustainable Future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the day India successfully <strong>tested nuclear bombs in Pokhran on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1998.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India successfully test-fired its <strong>Shakti-1</strong> nuclear missile in an operation called <strong>Pokhran-II,</strong> also codenamed as <strong>Operation Shakti</strong> which was led by late president <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>The nuclear missile was tested at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. This was the second test which was conducted after Pokhran-I codenamed <strong>Operation Smiling Buddha,</strong> in May 1974.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the same day, India performed a successful test firing of the <strong>Trishul Missile (surface to air short range missile)</strong> and had test flown the <strong>first indigenous aircraft &ndash; &lsquo;Hansa &ndash; 3&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1717635#:~:text=The%20National%20Technology%20Day%20celebrations,develop%20cost%20effective%20indigenous%20solutions.&amp;text=These%20awards%20are%20conferred%20to,commercialization%20of%20innovative%20indigenous%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-technology-day-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8321,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '5G Trial',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Department of Telecommunications (DoT)</strong> has given <strong>permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs)</strong> for conducting trials <strong>for use and applications of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G technology</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This formally <strong>leaves out Chinese companies</strong> like Huawei and ZTE from the 5G race in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the initial phase, these trials <strong>will be for 6 months</strong>, including a 2 month period for procurement and setting up of the equipment.</li>
<li>TSPs will be required to <strong>test their set up in urban areas, semi-urban areas as well as rural areas.</strong></li>
<li>TSPs will be <strong>provided with experimental spectrum</strong> in various bands, such as the mid-band of 3.2 GHz to 3.67 GHz, the millimeter wave band of 24.25 GHz to 28.5 GHz, and others.</li>
<li><strong>Applications</strong> such as tele-medicine, tele-education, augmented/ virtual reality, drone-based agricultural monitoring, etc. will be tested. The <strong>data generated during the trials will be stored in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use of Indigenous Technology:</strong> The TSPs are encouraged to conduct trials using <strong>5Gi technology</strong> in addition to the already known 5G Technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>5Gi technology</strong> was advocated by India and it is approved by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Telecommunications Union (ITU)</strong></a> - the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies &ndash; ICTs.</li>
<li>The 5Gi technology <strong>has been developed by</strong> IIT Madras, Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT) and IIT Hyderabad.</li>
<li>It <strong>facilitates much larger reach of the 5G towers and Radio networks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for 5G Trial:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>telecom market in India is left with only three private telcos</strong>, with the rest having surrendered to the <strong>low returns on investments</strong> over the years. The <strong>two state-run companies, MTNL and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)</strong> have survived but are making losses.</li>
<li>In order <strong>to increase their average revenue per user</strong>, it is pertinent for telcos to start offering the new 5G technology as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Telecom Companies in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's telecom ministry <strong>has left out Chinese equipment makers Huawei and ZTE from its 5G trials</strong>, becoming <strong>the latest country to lock the firms out.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The US says <strong>Huawei could be used by China for spying</strong>, via its 5G equipment and its Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has even ordered certain US telecommunications companies to remove Huawei equipment from their network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is yet to implement any type of official ban on the Chinese</strong> <strong>companies</strong>, which currently supply a significant amount of equipment to India's mobile providers.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>government has signalled a tighter, more security-oriented approach to the country's networks</strong>, which is widely <strong>expected to work against the Chinese companies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In December 2020, the government said <strong>it would identify "trusted" sources of telecoms gear its carriers can use</strong> in their networks as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-security-directive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new security directive</strong></a> for the sector.</li>
<li>Those new procurement rules are expected to come into effect in June 2021, and will restrict Indian network providers to buying certain types of equipment from "trusted sources". It<strong> might also include a list of banned suppliers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>5G Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of 5G Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bands in 5G:</strong> 5G mainly work in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum &mdash; all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Low band spectrum:</strong> It has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange however the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).</li>
<li><strong>Mid-band spectrum:</strong> It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.</li>
<li><strong>High-band spectrum:</strong> It has the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upgraded LTE:</strong> 5G is the <strong>latest upgrade in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener">long-term evolution</a> (LTE) mobile broadband networks.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Internet Speed and Efficiency:</strong> In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>5G will provide up to three times greater spectrum efficiency and ultra low latency. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Latency is the amount of time data takes to travel between its source and destination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utility of 5G Applications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trigger Fourth Industrial Revolution:</strong> Combined with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IoT</strong></a>, cloud, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>big data</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AI</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing#:~:text=Edge%20computing%20is%20defined%20as,as%20endpoints%20like%20laptops%2C%20tablets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>edge computing</strong></a>, 5G could be a critical enabler of the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fourth industrial revolution</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Real Time Relay of Information:</strong> One of the primary applications of 5G will be implementation of sensor-embedded networks that will allow real time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Efficient Transport Infrastructure:</strong> 5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. 5G will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improve the Accessibility of Services:</strong> 5G networks could improve the accessibility of services such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/payment-revolution-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile banking</strong></a> and <strong>healthcare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Local Research:</strong> It will stimulate the local Research and Development (R&amp;D) ecosystem to develop innovative applications tailored to commercial needs.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Impact:</strong> 5G is expected to create a cumulative economic impact of USD1 trillion in India by 2035, according to a report by a government-appointed panel (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Evolution from First Generation to Fifth Generation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1G</strong> was launched in the <strong>1980s</strong> and worked on <strong>analog radio signals</strong> and supported <strong>only voice calls.</strong></li>
<li><strong>2G</strong> was launched in the <strong>1990s</strong> which uses <strong>digital radio signals</strong> and supported <strong>both voice and data transmission</strong> with a bandwidth of 64 Kbps.</li>
<li><strong>3G</strong> was launched in the <strong>2000s</strong> with a <strong>speed of 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps</strong> and it has the ability to transmit telephone signals including <strong>digitised voice, video calls and conferencing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>4G</strong> was launched in <strong>2009</strong> with a peak <strong>speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps and it also enables 3D virtual reality.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1715927" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => '5g-trial',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8268,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s Indigenous <strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas</strong> has added capability of firing <strong>Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile (AAM)</strong> after concluding successful tests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The same set of tests were also aimed to validate the enhanced capability of the already integrated Israeli-origin <strong>Derby beyond visual range AAM</strong> on Tejas.</li>
<li>The tests were conducted by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Python-5 Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>developed by the Israeli defence company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.</strong> It is the <strong>newest member of the Python family.</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>fifth generation air-to-air missile</strong> provides the pilot engaging an enemy aircraft with a revolutionary full sphere launch capability.</li>
<li>It can be <strong>launched from very short to beyond-visual ranges</strong> with greater kill probability, excellent resistance to countermeasures, irrespective of evasive target manoeuvers or deployment of countermeasures.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>dual use missile suitable for air-to-air and surface-to-air missions.</strong></li>
<li>It is powered by a solid propellant <strong>rocket engine.</strong> The propulsion system provides a <strong>speed of Mach 4</strong> and an operational<strong> range of more than 20 km.</strong></li>
<li>It is also equipped with<strong> lock-on-before launch (LOBL)</strong> and <strong>lock-on-after launch (LOAL) capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a> is a <strong>single engined, light weight, highly agile, multi-role supersonic fighter.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> indigenously-developed aircraft</strong> has been <strong>manufactured at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong> and <strong>designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)</strong> for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It is <strong>designed to carry</strong> a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Beyond Visual Range AAM</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) is an air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) that is <strong>capable of engaging at ranges of 37 km or beyond.</strong> This range has been achieved using dual pulse rocket motors or booster rocket motors and ramjet sustainer motors.</li>
<li>In addition to the range capability, the missile is also capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight.</li>
<li>Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) technology enables the fighter-pilots to shoot precisely at the enemy targets which are beyond their visual range.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/astra-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Astra missile</strong></a> works on BVRAAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1714563" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'tejas-adds-python-5-air-to-air-missile-capability',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8257,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Advanced Chaff Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>Advanced Chaff Technology </strong>to<strong> safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attack.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is another step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaff is an <strong>electronic countermeasure technology</strong> used by militaries worldwide <strong>to protect naval ships</strong> or other sensitive targets <strong>from radar and radio frequency (RF)</strong> guiding mechanisms<strong> of the enemy missile.</strong></li>
<li>The chaff rockets deployed in the air<strong> reflect as multiple targets for the missile guidance systems</strong> and deflecting adversary missiles, thus protecting their own assets.</li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has<strong> indigenously developed</strong> three variants of the critical technology namely <strong>Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Chaff and Flares:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both <strong>chaff and flares are defensive countermeasures</strong> deployed by military aircraft. The purpose is<strong> to confuse radar-guided or infrared-guided anti aircraft missiles</strong> fired so that they could be diverted.</li>
<li><strong>Chaff</strong> is<strong> composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres</strong> stored on-board the aircraft in tubes. In case the aircraft feels threatened by any radar tracking missiles, chaff is ejected into the turbulent wake of air behind the plane.</li>
<li><strong>Flares</strong> on being fired <strong>provide an alternate strong IR (Infrared) source</strong> to heat-seeking anti-air missiles so that they are lured away from the aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some Recent Tests by DRDO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abhyas-high-speed-expendable-aerial-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abhyas High-speed Expendable Aerial Target</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo#:~:text=About%3A%20SMART%20is%20a%20missile,like%20a%20regular%20supersonic%20missile." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rudram</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709617" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'advanced-chaff-technology',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7965,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'BrahMos’ Export',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/aligning-a-missile-deal-with-destination-manila/article34094305.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Aligning a missile deal with destination Manila&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 18/03/2021. It talks about the recent India-Philippines deal for the export of BrahMos cruise missiles.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India and the Philippines have signed the &ldquo;Implementing Arrangement&rdquo; for &ldquo;procurement of defense material and equipment procurement&rdquo;. This agreement lays the groundwork for the highly anticipated export of the BrahMos cruise missile, through the government-to-government route.</p>
<p>Apart from this, India is in advanced talks with several countries like Vietnam, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Indonesia, and South Africa to sell them the BrahMos missile system.</p>
<p>Exporting the BrahMos missile system will be of great significance, as it would boost the credibility of India as a defense exporter, help it meet the target of $5 billion in defense exports by 2025, and elevate its stature as a regional superpower. However, there are many challenges that lie ahead.</p>
<h3>About BrahMos</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Research and development of the BrahMos cruise missile systems began in the late 1990s.</li>
<li>Manufactured by BrahMos Aerospace Limited, a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation and Russia&rsquo;s Military Industrial Consortium NPO Mashinostroyenia.</li>
<li>This is the first supersonic cruise missile to enter service.</li>
<li>It is capable of attaining a speed of Mach 2.8 (almost three times the speed of sound), it has a range of at least 290 km (a new version can reach up to 400km).</li>
<li>Traveling with such velocity means that it would be difficult for air defense systems utilizing surface-to-air missiles to intercept the BrahMos.</li>
<li>Early naval and land variants of the BrahMos were inducted into service by the Indian Navy in 2005 and the Indian Army in 2007.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an air-launched variant was successfully tested in November 2017 by the Indian Air Force from its Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet, giving the missile a dominating presence in all three domains.</li>
<li>Further, efforts to increase the speed and range of the missile in its next iterations are underway, with a goal of achieving hypersonic speeds (at or above Mach 5) and a maximum range of 1,500 km.</li>
<li>These advanced and powerful capabilities of the BrahMos not only augment the strength of the Indian military but make it a highly desirable product for other countries to procure as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of the BrahMos&rsquo; Export</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stronger Indo-Pacific Presence:</strong> The implications of the Philippines becoming the first country to import the BrahMos would be wide-ranging and consequential in the Indo-Pacific. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, concluding stronger defense relationships with the U.S., Japan, and ASEAN countries actually put India on a stronger footing in its dealings with China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling China&rsquo;s Military Assertiveness:</strong> India&rsquo;s decision to sell the BrahMos missile system to ASEAN countries like the Philippines and Vietnam reflects concerns about China&rsquo;s growing military assertiveness in its neighborhood.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, India tries to answer China in its own language, as China provides military assistance to India&rsquo;s arch-rival Pakistan and threatens India by docking its submarines in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanding India&rsquo;s Geopolitical Horizons:</strong> The BrahMos export will boost India&rsquo;s economic, soft, and hard power profile in the region and provide the Indo-Pacific with a strong and dependable anchor with which they can protect their sovereignty and territory.</li>
<li><strong>Shift from Importer to Exporter:</strong> Selling the supersonic BrahMos missile would mark a shift for India, which is till now one of the world&rsquo;s biggest arms importer, to establishing itself as a major defense exporter.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, it will help in making the country <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atmanirbhar&rsquo;</strong></a> in the defense manufacturing sector, shore up partners&rsquo; defenses, and boost revenues.</li>
<li>In the present scenario, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India accounts for 0.2% of the share of global arms</strong></a> exports during 2016-20, making the country the world&rsquo;s 24<sup>th</sup> largest exporter of major arms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated With Export of BrahMos</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CAATSA:</strong> BrahMos export remains hostage to unresolved concerns over the US&rsquo;s Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries Through Sanctions or CAATSA.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United States, of which India is a major defense partner, has maintained ambiguity over whether it will introduce sanctions over India&rsquo;s acquisition of the S-400, licensed production of the AK-203 assault rifle, and export of the BrahMos.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>So far, Turkey and China have been penalized under CAATSA for purchasing the S-400 Triumf air defense systems from Russia.</li>
<li>NPO Mashinostroyenia is one of the listed Russian entities.</li>
<li>And since 65% of the components, including the ramjet engine and radar seeker used in the BrahMos, are reportedly provided by NPO Mashinostroyenia, the export of the missile systems may attract sanctions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Russia-China Defense Cooperation:</strong> Post-Crimea annexation Russia has looked to improve relations with China. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, Russia is even helping China develop a missile-attack warning system that only Russia and the US have, among other joint projects of huge strategic significance.</li>
<li>Thus, Russia-China strategic relations may come in the way of BrahMos missile export.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong> Ravaged by the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries which are interested in the BrahMos would find it difficult to purchase it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Engaging With US on CAATSA:</strong> Some analysts believe that CAATSA, which otherwise has had little or no impact on Russia, is being &lsquo;leveraged&rsquo; by the US to &lsquo;persuade&rsquo; India to import additional military equipment from the US.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, BrahMos export to ASEAN countries can help contain a confrontational China. Thus, India should negotiate with the new US administration to receive a waiver from CAATSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Providing a Line of Credit:</strong> The cost of the systems has been a major hurdle in moving forward to reach a deal with the Philippines. To remedy this, India has offered a $100 million line of credit.</li>
<li><strong>Indigenous Defense Production:</strong> The joint-venture development of BrahMos may pose issues in its exports. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, if India wants to become a major defense exporter, it should strive to achieve indigenization of defense technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>With India determined to develop itself as a hub of defense manufacturing, how it handles the sale of the BrahMos would be an important factor in its potential emergence as a net provider of regional security in the Indo-Pacific.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; background-color: #f0fff6; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>BrahMos&rsquo; export deal to the Philippines will be of great significance. However, there are many challenges that lie ahead. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'posturl' => 'brahmos-export',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7943,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Decline in India’s Arms Imports: SIPRI',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fewer-but-newer-nuclear-arms-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)</strong></a> <strong>India&rsquo;s arms imports came down by a third (about 33%)</strong> between 2011-2015 and 2016-2020.</p>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India Specific Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Second Highest Importer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India remains the <strong>second highest importer, only behind Saudi Arabia. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arms Suppliers to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Russia is the largest arms supplier</strong> to India in both periods (2011-2015 and 2016-2020). However, <strong>Russia&rsquo;s</strong> share of Indian arms imports fell from 70% to 49%.</li>
<li><strong>France and Israel</strong> were the <strong>second and third largest</strong> arms suppliers in 2016&ndash;20. India&rsquo;s arms imports from <strong>France increased by 709%</strong> while those from Israel rose by 82%.</li>
<li>The <strong>USA</strong> became the <strong>fourth largest supplier</strong> for the period 2016-20. It <strong>was the second largest arms supplier </strong>to<strong> India in 2011&ndash;15.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Export:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India accounted for<strong> 0.2% of the share of global arms exports</strong> during 2016-20, making the country the world&rsquo;s 24<sup>th</sup> largest exporter of major arms.</li>
<li>This represents an<strong> increase of more than 200% </strong>over<strong> India&rsquo;s export share (0.1%)</strong> during the previous five-year period of 2011-15.</li>
<li><strong>Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Mauritius were the top recipients</strong> of Indian military hardware.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Trends:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Owing to increasing threats from Pakistan-China, and a significant delay in domestic defence manufacturing, India&rsquo;s <strong>arms imports are expected to increase</strong> over the coming few years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Fall in Imports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Push for Self-Reliance:</strong> The report said that the fall is not attributed to the government&rsquo;s push to make <strong>India self-reliant in defence manufacturing.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, over<strong> 60% of the capital expenditure</strong> for the armed forces has been allocated for <strong>domestically produced weapons and platforms.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the government had announced<strong> a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/negative-imports-list-for-defence#:~:text=At%20least%20a%20third%20of,and%20the%20light%20transport%20aircraft." target="_blank" rel="noopener">negative imports list of 101 defence equipment</a></strong> and platforms will provide an opportunity to manufacture the items in the negative list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complex Procurement Process:</strong> The drop in Indian arms imports have been mainly due to its <strong>complex procurement processes,</strong> combined with an attempt to <strong>reduce its dependence on Russian arms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Transfers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>top five global arms exporters</strong> were the US, Russia, France, Germany and China in 2016-2020.</li>
<li>International transfers of major arms <strong>stayed at the same level between 2011&ndash;15 and 2016&ndash;20</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were<strong> substantial increases</strong> in transfers by<strong> the USA, France and Germany</strong> and it was largely offset by<strong> declining Russian and Chinese</strong> arms exports.</li>
<li>The<strong> bulk of Russian export fall</strong> was due to India reducing its imports.</li>
<li>Even if Russia substantially increased its <strong>arms transfers to China, Algeria and Egypt</strong> between 2011&ndash;15 and 2016&ndash;20, this did not offset the large drop in its arms exports to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle eastern arms imports grew</strong> during this period and was majorly driven by Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1966 at Stockholm (Sweden).</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> provides data, analysis and recommendations,</strong> based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-arms-imports-decreased-by-33-between-201115-and-201620/article34075506.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7935,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that <strong>power transmission cable</strong> can be monitored by using <strong>Raman thermometry</strong> on the <strong>fibre optic cable.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They achieved this by <strong>using the optical fibres that are already embedded</strong> in the power cables for establishing optical communication.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raman Thermometry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> thermal characterization technique</strong> which makes use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures#:~:text=Raman%20effect%20is%20the%20inelastic,beam%20is%20deflected%20by%20molecules." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raman scattering phenomena</strong> </a>to <strong>determine the local temperature</strong> in microelectronics systems.</li>
<li><strong>When light is scattered off an object,</strong> say a molecule,<strong> two bands are observed,</strong> with higher and lower frequency than the original light, called the<strong> Stokes</strong> and <strong>anti-Stokes bands,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>By studying the<strong> relative intensity</strong> of the two bands, it is <strong>possible to estimate the temperature</strong> of the object which scatters the light. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>anti-Stokes</strong> component of Raman scattering is<strong> strongly dependent on the temperature</strong> that the material is subjected to. Thus, by <strong>measuring the intensity of the anti-Stokes scattered light we can estimate the temperature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Any current flowing through a conductor would cause a temperature rise due to the <strong>Joule heating effect.</strong> Hence the flow of current through the power cables results in heating of the power cables.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Joule heating</strong> (also referred to as resistive or ohmic heating) describes the process where the <strong>energy of an electric current is converted into heat</strong> as it flows through a resistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optical Fibre Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temperature measurement of wires is performed in not just one location, but in a distributed manner using an<strong> optical fibre.</strong> To achieve this, <strong>a pulse of light</strong> is launched into the optical fibre and the backscattered radiation is observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Optical fibres are <strong>fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz fibres.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each fibre consists of a<strong> core (denser)</strong> and <strong>cladding (rarer).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated <strong>total internal reflections</strong> along the length of the fibre and finally comes out at the other end.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Total internal reflection</strong> is<strong> complete reflection of a ray of light</strong> within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since light undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, <strong>there is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The time of flight of the <strong>backscattered radiation provides an estimate</strong> of the distance from which the light is backscattered.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Backscattering</strong> (or backscatter) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from.</li>
<li>This constitutes a distributed measurement as the pulse propagates all along the length of fibre.</li>
<li>This can go up to tens of kilometers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Actual Temperature Measurements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The use of Raman thermometry technique allows the operators to<strong> get the results for actual temperature measurements</strong> over tens of kilometres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic and Real-Time:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Alternative methods of measuring the temperature of power cables include using a <strong>thermal camera</strong> which is cumbersome. The present method devised by the team is both <strong>economical and provides real-time information.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Thermal cameras</strong> detect temperature by recognizing and capturing different levels of <strong>infrared light.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect or Raman Scattering is a<strong> phenomenon in spectroscopy</strong> discovered by the eminent physicist <strong>Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1930, he got a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize</strong> </a>for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a<strong> change in the wavelength of light</strong> that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam.</li>
<li>Most of this scattered light is of<strong> unchanged wavelength.</strong> A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cost-effective-light-based-monitoring-of-health-of-power-lines/article34062651.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'new-technique-for-monitoring-of-power-transmission-cables',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7920,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Genome Mapping in Indian Ocean',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Institute of Oceanography</a> (NIO)</strong> is going to launch the <strong>first-of-its-kind project of Genome Mapping</strong> in the <strong>Indian Ocean.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Ocean is the third largest water body in the world, covering about 20% of the Earth&rsquo;s water surface.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615612288_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615612288_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>gather samples</strong> for <strong>genome mapping of microorganisms</strong> in the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>To <strong>understand the biochemistry</strong> and the <strong>response of the ocean to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>, nutrient stress</strong> and <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/marine-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">increasing pollution</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Cost &amp; Duration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rs. <strong>25 crore</strong> and will take<strong> three years</strong> to complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A team of scientists and researchers from the NIO on board its research vessel <strong>Sindhu Sadhana</strong> will spend 90 days traversing the course of over <strong>10,000 nautical miles</strong> in the Indian Ocean on the research project to <strong>reveal the internal working of the body of the ocean at a cellular level.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will course the Indian Ocean <strong>from India&rsquo;s east coast</strong>, Australia, Port Louis in Mauritius and up <strong>to the border of Pakistan, off India&rsquo;s west coast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genome Collection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The researchers will <strong>collect samples</strong> from various stretches of the ocean at an<strong> average depth of about 5 km.</strong></li>
<li>Just like <strong>gene mapping</strong> is carried out on blood samples collected from humans, the scientists will map these <strong>in the bacteria, microbes found in the ocean.</strong></li>
<li>The mapping of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-dna-technology-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microrna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)</strong></a> will show the nutrients present in them, and also those lacking in different parts of the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Studying Trace Elements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trace metals like <strong>cadmium or copper</strong> are supplied to oceans via continental run-offs, atmospheric deposition, hydrothermal activities and continental shelf interaction. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are <strong>essential for ocean productivity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is important to understand the <strong>interactions of trace metals with marine biota</strong> &ldquo;for having a holistic understanding about nutrient cycling and productivity of the oceans&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Apart from their reactions on marine life, <strong>isotopic forms of trace metals can be utilised to track the movement of water masses</strong> responsible for ocean circulation and as tools to study the biological, geochemical and ecosystem processes and food web analyse.</li>
<li>The NIO&rsquo;s project is expected <strong>to generate new information about trace metals from underexplored regions</strong> of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Understanding Ecosystem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help scientists understand the internal <strong>working of the ecosystem</strong> of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Understanding Factors Causing Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The research will enable scientists to identify the <strong>factors controlling the changes in RNA, DNA in the oceans</strong>, and various stressors impacting them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Identifying Mineral Concentration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ocean has several <strong>micronutrients</strong> like nitrates, sulphates and silicates, <strong>minerals</strong> like iron ore and zinc, and <strong>trace metals</strong> like cadmium or copper.</li>
<li>The genome mapping will show the <strong>presence of which these microbes have adapted to</strong>, in addition to their reaction to atmospheric carbon dioxide.</li>
<li>This will help in <strong>identifying which part of the ocean has a greater concentration of which mineral or element.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists will then use these as tracers to tackle the causative factors for excess or lack of a certain mineral or element and <strong>suggest possible solutions for their mitigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>large pool of RNA, DNA library of the</strong> <strong>oceans</strong> will be utilised for using the Indian Ocean to <strong>human benefit in the future.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Biotechnology Application:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Genome mapping will enable an increase in the <strong>growing number of commercial <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biotechnology applications</a></strong>, extending from multiple anticancer treatments to cosmetics and industrial enzymes, to antiviral molecules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimization of Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Exploration of the ocean at a genetic level will result in <strong>new insights into taxonomy</strong> and adaptive capacity that can help optimize conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Genome</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A genome is the complete set of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) of an organism.</li>
<li>Each genome contains <strong>all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.</strong></li>
<li>In humans, a copy of the entire genome contains more than 3 billion DNA base pairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Genome Mapping</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the <strong>distances between genes</strong>. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene.</li>
<li>Taking inspiration from the Human Genome Project, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) initiated the ambitious <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-project-approved#:~:text=Human%20Genome%20Project.-,Human%20Genome%20Project,probably%20about%2020%2C500%20human%20genes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Genome India Project&rdquo; (GIP)</strong></a> in January 2020. The GIP aims to collect 10,000 genetic samples from citizens across India, to build a reference genome.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Institute of Oceanography</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute</strong> and is one of the constituent laboratories of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></a>, New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter and Other Centres:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its <strong>headquarters is at Dona Paula, Goa</strong> with regional centres at Kochi (Kerala), Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> January 1966</strong> following the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)</strong></a> in the 1960s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The principal focus of research has been on <strong>observing and understanding special oceanographic characteristics of the Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>The major research areas include the four traditional branches of oceanography - <strong>biological, chemical, geological/geophysical and physical</strong>, as well as <strong>ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nio-scientists-indian-ocean-research-project-explained-7223532/"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'genome-mapping-in-indian-ocean',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7904,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'INS Karanj',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Navy&rsquo;s third stealth <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scorpene class</strong> </a>(of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-vagir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project-75</strong></a>) Submarine<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-karanj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> INS Karanj</strong></a> has been commissioned at the Naval Dockyard Mumbai.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615456069_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615456069_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>previous INS Karanj</strong> (a Russian-origin submarine) was <strong>commissioned in 1969,</strong> at Riga in the erstwhile USSR. It had served the nation for<strong> 34 years up to 2003.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>new INS Karanj</strong> would form part of the <strong>Western Naval Command&rsquo;s Submarine fleet.</strong></li>
<li>The ship&rsquo;s name, Karanj, is believed to be derived from the <strong>Karanja island</strong> (also known as Uran Island), a town in Raigad district, which lies in the south-east of Mumbai Harbour. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian <strong>Navy has its base at Uran</strong> near Navi Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project 75:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a programme by the Indian Navy that entails <strong>building six Scorpene Class</strong> attack submarines.</li>
<li>It is given support by the<strong> Department of Defence Production (Ministry of Defence)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Navy</strong> </a>throughout its various phases of construction.</li>
<li>The <strong>Mazagon Dock limited (MDL)</strong> is manufacturing six Scorpene submarines with <strong>technology assistance from Naval Group of France</strong> under a USD 3.75 bn deal signed in October 2005.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MDL aptly called &ldquo;Ship Builder to the Nation&rdquo;, is one of India&rsquo;s leading Defence public sector undertaking shipyards under the Ministry of Defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Submarines of the Ongoing Project-75:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two submarines, <strong>Kalvari</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khanderi</strong></a>, have been commissioned into the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>The fourth Scorpene,<strong> Vela,</strong> has commenced its sea trials.</li>
<li>The fifth Scorpene &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-vagir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vagir</strong></a>&rsquo; was launched in November 2020.</li>
<li>The sixth and last submarine,<strong> Vagsheer,</strong> is being readied for boot together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scorpene Class Submarines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The submarines in the Project-75 Scorpene Class are powered by <strong>diesel-electric propulsion systems.</strong></li>
<li>Scorpene is one of the most <strong>sophisticated submarines,</strong> capable of undertaking <strong>multifarious missions</strong> including anti-surface ship warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying, and area surveillance.</li>
<li>Scorpene is a conventional powered submarine (diesel-electric) <strong>weighing 1,500 tonnes </strong>and can go up to<strong> depths of 300m.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Scorpene class is the Navy&rsquo;s first modern conventional submarine series in almost two decades</strong> since INS Sindhushastra, procured from Russia in July 2000.</li>
<li>The Navy is <strong>looking to install <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-independent-propulsion-for-diesel-electric-submarines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Independent Propulsion</a> (AIP) modules</strong> on all the Scorpene submarines to enhance endurance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the launch of Karanj, India further <strong>cements its position as a Submarine Building Nation</strong> and MDL has more than lived up to its reputation as Warship and Submarine Builders to the Nation. This is totally in sync with the current impetus of the Government towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1703732" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'ins-karanj-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7892,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vaccine Passports',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Governments around the world are exploring the potential use of vaccine passports as a way of reopening the economy by identifying those protected against the coronavirus.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A vaccine passport is an e-certificate that stores and records jabs and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>test status. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be kept in a smartphone app or in other digital formats.</li>
<li>Its contents can be flashed at security checkpoints when people travel across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The idea is modelled on the proof of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccination</strong></a> that several countries required even before the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Travellers from many African countries to the USA or India are required to submit proof that they have been vaccinated against diseases such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yellow-fever-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>yellow fever</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In February 2021, Israel became the first country to introduce a certification system that allows those who have been vaccinated against Covid-19 to access certain facilities and events.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function of Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Will <strong>digitise vaccination records</strong> across countries.</li>
<li>Supposed to<strong> function as proof</strong> that the holder has been vaccinated against Covid-19 and is, therefore, safe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Beneficiary of the Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The primary benefit will be to the<strong> tourism and the hospitality industries,</strong> which are both seen as being at the heart of Covid-19 spread and are the worst hit by the pandemic.</li>
<li>The<strong> international air travel,</strong> which suffered massively because of the outbreak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar Initiative:</strong> Several associations and non-profits have been issuing their own versions for international travel:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IATA Travel Pass:</strong> The global trade body representing airlines <strong>(The International Air Transport Association)</strong> is developing an app called IATA Travel Pass that will provide airlines and other aviation industry stakeholders with a common platform to check for the proof of vaccination and its validity.</li>
<li><strong>CommonPass:</strong> Non-profit Commons Project has been trying out an app called CommonPass, which contains a passenger&rsquo;s vaccination record.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Raised in Instituting Vaccine Passport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> is <strong>against the introduction of Covid-19 vaccination proofs</strong> as a requirement for international travel.</li>
<li>There are still critical <strong>unknown facts regarding the efficacy of vaccination</strong> in reducing transmission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Uniformity:</strong> The major difficulty in implementation will be the lack of uniformity across jurisdictions in requirement and issuance of proofs of vaccination.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Availability of Vaccines:</strong> Preferential vaccination of travellers could result in inadequate supplies of vaccines for priority populations considered at high risk of severe Covid-19 disease.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Introducing a requirement of vaccination as a condition for travel has the potential to <strong>hinder equitable global access to a limited vaccine supply</strong> and would be unlikely to maximize the benefits of vaccination for individual societies and overall global health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Perpetuate Discrimination and Inequality:</strong> Experts argue that vaccine passports, in any form, might make travel inequitable. Adoption of these digital passports can perpetuate discrimination and inequality, increasing the divide between socioeconomic groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rich countries that have already bought millions of doses from pharmaceutical companies are ahead in the race. The poorer nations may have to wait for months, if not years, to start inoculations.</li>
<li>This means that if vaccine passports become a norm, then these <strong>lower-income nations will lose out on the advantage.</strong></li>
<li>It will lead to exclusion of the younger generation who would be last in line to be vaccinated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Privacy Concerns:</strong> These are mainly digital certificates that are accessed by a particular service provider to check for proof of vaccination, there is a possibility that they would be used by authorities to<strong> track the movement of their holders.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-vaccine-passports-who-nternational-travel-7221658/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'vaccine-passports',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7891,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Air Independent Propulsion for Diesel Electric Submarines',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted the final development test of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-karanj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System</strong></a>, crucial for diesel electric submarines.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Submarines are essentially of two types: <strong>conventional and nuclear.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>conventional submarines use diesel-electric engines</strong>, which require them to s<strong>urface almost daily to get atmospheric oxygen</strong> for fuel combustion.</li>
<li>If fitted with an Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system, the submarine will need to take in oxygen only once a week.</li>
<li>The indigenously-developed AIP, which is one of the <strong>key missions of the Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL)</strong>, is considered one of the ambitious projects of the DRDO for the Navy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project aims at<strong> fitting the technology on</strong> India&rsquo;s Scorpene class submarine <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-vagir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INS Kalvari</strong></a> around 2023.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of AIP:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The AIP system based submarines will be required to surface much less frequently, thus <strong>increasing their lethality and stealth multifold.</strong></li>
<li>Diesel-electric submarines require them to come to the surface frequently to charge their batteries, thus their underwater endurance time is less.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Air-independent&rsquo; propulsion technology helps to <strong>make the diesel generator less dependent on surface air.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While there are different types of AIP systems being pursued internationally, <strong>fuel cell-based AIP of NMRL is unique</strong> as the<strong> hydrogen is generated onboard.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fuel Cell Based AIP system:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fuel cell</a> </strong>based AIP, an electrolytic fuel cell releases energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen, <strong>with only water as the waste product</strong> ensuring less marine pollution.</li>
<li>The cells are highly efficient, and do not have moving parts, thus ensuring that the <strong>submarine has a low acoustic emissions of sound.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Naval Materials Research Laboratory</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) is <strong>one of the laboratories functioning under DRDO</strong>, pursuing basic research as well as application-oriented technology development in several areas viz. Metallurgy, Polymer, Ceramics, Coating, Corrosion and Electrochemical Protection, Marine Biotechnology, Environmental Sciences.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s mission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To develop Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems for Naval Submarine &amp; Fuel Cell technologies.</li>
<li>To provide scientific solutions for all categories of materials &amp; related technologies for Indian Navy.</li>
<li>To undertake research projects on strategic materials for Indian Navy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nuclear Submarines versus Conventional Submarines</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main difference between conventional submarines and nuclear submarines is the <strong>power generation system.</strong> Nuclear submarines (e.g <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/deterrence-or-danger" target="_blank" rel="noopener">INS Arihant, INS Akula</a></strong>) employ nuclear reactors for this task and conventional submarines (e.g <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project-75</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council-s-plans" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project-75I</a> Class Submarines)</strong> use diesel-electric engines.</li>
<li>While <strong>nuclear-powered submarines</strong> are considered as key assets for <strong>deep sea operations</strong>, the<strong> conventional diesel electric</strong> ones are vital for <strong>coastal defence and operations close to the shore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/strategically-important-air-independent-propulsion-tech-for-navy-submarines-achieves-milestone-mod-7221496/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1615367085020000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2gZ3j6g9_UNO5WC4uVDtcx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'air-independent-propulsion-for-diesel-electric-submarines',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7885,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Defence Acquisition Council’s Plans',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Multi billion deals for <strong>armed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uav-procurement-by-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a> from the USA</strong> and advanced <strong>submarines under Project-75I</strong> are to be taken by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India - USA Drone Deals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been looking to procure 30 armed drones, 10 for each service, from the USA but the process has been repeatedly delayed over the last couple of years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The USA has given in principle approval for the sale of these armed drones to India during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-usa-2-2-dialogue-2020#:~:text=2%2B2%20Ministerial%20is%20the,Australia%2C%20Japan%20and%20the%20USA." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-US 2+2 ministerial dialogue.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the Navy has a pressing requirement for the <strong>High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) drones,</strong> there have been questions on their utility for the Army and Air Force, given the high cost of the platform.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> stand-off with China</strong></a> in Eastern Ladakh in May 2020, the need for long endurance drones to maintain continuous surveillance of the border has been acutely felt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Navy has already inducted two<strong> MQ-9B Sea <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sea-guardian-drones-from-us#:~:text=Recently%2C%20two%20American%20MQ9B%20Sea,with%20India%20for%20one%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guardian unarmed drones</a></strong> procured from the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project-75I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project 75I-class submarine is a follow-on of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-karanj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project 75</a> Kalvari-class submarine</strong> for the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>The project is being processed through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dac-approves-strategic-partnership-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic Partnership (SP) model</strong> </a>of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reviewing-defence-procurement-procedure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The strategic partnership model seeks to identify a few Indian private companies as Strategic Partners who would initially tie up with a few shortlisted foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to manufacture big-ticket military platforms.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>promote the role of Indian industry in defence manufacturing</strong> and build a domestic defence industrial ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This project is part of the <strong>30 year Plan for indigenous submarine construction</strong> and it got its approval by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cabinet Committee</a> on Security</strong> in 1999. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The idea behind this was to help in streamlining the submarine acquisition process and creating two submarine production lines where the plan was to construct six submarines on each.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Acquisition Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) is the<strong> highest decision-making body</strong> in the Defence Ministry for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services (Army, Navy and Air Force) and the Indian Coast Guard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Minister of Defence</strong> is the Chairman of the Council.</li>
<li>It was formed, after the Group of Ministers recommendations on 'Reforming the National Security System', in 2001, post Kargil War (1999).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-to-take-up-big-deals-for-armed-drones-submarines-in-april/article34020546.ece#:~:text=Multi-billion%20deals%20for%2030,approval%2C%20a%20government%20official%20said." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'defence-acquisition-council-s-plans',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7864,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has successfully conducted the test of the <strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology,</strong> which is crucial for the indigenous development of long range air-to-air missiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SFDR technology is a missile propulsion system based on the concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramjet Engine</strong> </a>principle.</li>
<li>The system utilises a<strong> solid fuelled</strong> air-breathing ramjet engine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike solid-propellant rockets, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight. Thus, it is light in weight and can carry more fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DRDO began developing SFDR first in 2017 and had conducted successful tests in 2018 and 2019 as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Successful demonstration of SFDR technology will enable DRDO to <strong>develop indigenous long range air-to-air missiles.</strong></li>
<li>At present, such technology is available only with a <strong>handful of countries in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Air-to-air missiles which use SFDR technology can <strong>achieve longer ranges</strong> as they <strong>do not require oxidisers</strong> (take oxygen from the atmosphere).</li>
<li>The missile based on SFDR <strong>fly at supersonic speeds and high manoeuvrability ensures</strong> the target aircraft cannot get away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) works under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was established in 1958 after combining<strong> Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army</strong> and the<strong> Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP)</strong> with the <strong>Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</strong></li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></li>
<li>Some of the recent tests conducted by DRDO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Anti Airfield Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Army Variant of MRSAM</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhanced-version-of-pinaka-mk-1-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAG Missile: Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramjet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle&rsquo;s forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.</li>
<li>Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds but they are not efficient at hypersonic speeds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was intended to <strong>attain self-sufficiency</strong> in the field of missile technology.</li>
<li>After keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.</li>
<li>The IGMDP formally got the approval of Indian government on 26<sup>th</sup> July, 1983.</li>
<li>The missiles developed under IGMDP are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Prithvi</strong></li>
<li>Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Agni</strong></li>
<li>Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile &ndash;<strong> Trishul</strong></li>
<li>Medium-range surface-to-air missile &ndash; <strong>Akash</strong></li>
<li>Third generation anti-tank missile &ndash; <strong>Nag</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1702670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7826,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Bio-India-2021 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare</strong> inaugurated the <strong>second edition of Global Bio-India-2021</strong> in New Delhi through virtual mode.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It showcases the <strong>strength and opportunities of India's <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biotechnology</a> sector</strong> at national level and to the global community.</li>
<li>The minister unveiled the <strong>&ldquo;National Biotech Strategy&rdquo;</strong> and also inaugurated the <strong>Virtual Exhibition of Global Bio-India</strong> at the occasion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>mega international congregation of Biotechnology</strong>, with stakeholders including international bodies, regulatory bodies, Central and State Ministries, SMEs, large industries, bioclusters, research institutes, investors, and the startup ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims at <strong>facilitating the recognition of India</strong> as an <strong>emerging Innovation Hub</strong> and the bio-manufacturing hub globally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India was ranked 48<sup>th</sup> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-innovation-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Innovation Index Report 2020.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bio- Partnering, Policy Discussions, CEO's plans for India and <strong>connecting</strong> <strong>Indian Biotech ecosystem with international ecosystem</strong> and creating platforms for <strong>new idea evaluation and investments.</strong></li>
<li>Showcase and identify <strong>key biotechnological innovations, products, services, technologies</strong> from national and international companies, start-ups and research institutes.</li>
<li><strong>Attracting major contract projects</strong> from international companies as well as major global venture funding into India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Report 2020</strong></a>, India is now ranked <strong>1<sup>st</sup> among South-Asian countries</strong> compared to 6<sup>th</sup> rank in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-organised by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science &amp; Technology along with its Public Sector Undertaking <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)</strong></a> in partnership with industry association <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/signs-of-economic-recovery-cii#:~:text=and%20industry%20confidence.-,Confederation%20of%20Indian%20Industries,through%20advisory%20and%20consultative%20processes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)</strong></a>,<strong> Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises</strong> (ABLE) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invest-india-business-immunity-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Invest India.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>ABLE</strong> is a <strong>not-for-profit pan-India forum</strong> that represents the Indian <strong>Biotechnology</strong> Sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biotechnology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biotechnology is technology that <strong>utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products.</strong></li>
<li>Biotechnology <strong>deals with industrial scale production</strong> of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals.</li>
<li>The <strong>applications</strong> of biotechnology include <strong>therapeutics, diagnostics, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unapproved-sowing-of-genetically-modified-crops" target="_blank" rel="noopener">genetically modified crops</a> for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614753495_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614757119_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614757119_image3.png" width="800" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Biotechnology Sector of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Biotechnology sector is recognized as one of the key drivers for contributing to India's USD <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5 Trillion economy target by 2024.</strong></a></li>
<li>Policy initiatives of the Government of India (GoI) such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a> program are <strong>aimed to develop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/making-india-a-biotech-hub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India as a world-class Biotechnology and Bio-manufacturing hub.</a></strong></li>
<li>India is among the <strong>top-12 destinations</strong> for biotechnology in the world, with approximately <strong>3%</strong> <strong>share in the global Biotechnology industry.</strong></li>
<li>Indian <strong>Biotechnology industry's economy was valued at USD 70 billion</strong> in 2020 and is expected to <strong>grow to USD 150 billion by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biotechnology Parks:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Biotechnology has established<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajasthan-to-get-its-first-biotechnology-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Biotechnology Parks</strong></a>/Incubators across the country to translate research into products and services by providing necessary infrastructure support.</li>
<li>These Biotechnology Parks offer facilities to Scientists, and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs)</strong></a> for technology incubation, technology demonstration and pilot plant studies for accelerated commercial development of Biotechnology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft National Biotech Development Strategy 2020-24:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has called for <strong>more engagement with startups and to leverage the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">public-private partnership</a> (PPP) model</strong> to take the industry to <strong>USD150 billion by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To build and nurture a vibrant startup, entrepreneurial, and industrial base, connecting academia and industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Strengthening and nurturing of a strong basic research and innovation driven ecosystem</strong> across research institutes and laboratories, both public and private sector, with complete engagement of startups, small industry, and large industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1701776" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'global-bio-india-2021',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7818,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lKg6SM6wSH8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a> in the defence sector, the Prime Minister listed a series of measures taken to boost self-reliance in the defence sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM regrets the fact that the country is amongst the biggest defence importers in the world but now, it is working hard to change the situation and also to enhance its capacities and capabilities at a fast pace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A total amount of Rs 4.78 lakh crore has been earmarked for the Ministry of Defence in the Budget, with a nearly 19% increase in capital outlay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A share of the budget has been reserved for domestic procurement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Imports:</strong> India is the<strong> second largest importer in defence</strong> procurement in the world after Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li><strong>PPP Model:</strong> Rs. 2,000 crore worth 7 projects have been proposed in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong></a> mode in the FY 2021-22 for operation of<strong> major ports.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The private sector has been urged to come forward and take up the responsibilities of both designing and manufacturing of defence equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less Importance to the Navy:</strong> The navy has not been given much importance as required.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The share of the budget for the navy is <strong>slightly under 15%</strong> which is an increment from a few years back to around 12&frac12;% but the same was 18% in the FY 2011-12.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative List:</strong> The &lsquo;negative import list&rsquo; has been prepared by the government containing items that India seeks to stop buying from other countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government listed various items including weapons systems and assault rifles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Scenario of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Airforce:</strong> India is gradually moving toward indigenisation in the defence sector, it is only now that India has got its own indigenous aircraft, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is lagging behind in manufacturing of its own engines, avionics and self-sufficient radars.</li>
<li>A lot of<strong> progress in design and development</strong> of different parts of aircrafts has been made but when it comes to a compact aircraft system or a weapon system, <strong>India is a seeker not a manufacturer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong> The Indian army is still woefully short on looking upon manufacturing of armaments like tanks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has made a great breakthrough in terms of artillery guns but the technological edge required to modernise its equipment has not been touched yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Navy:</strong> The navy ought to be given more importance than it has been given as of now as there are immense challenges at the sea; the biggest threat is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-rising-influence-in-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Navy has very serious capability gaps; as per the <strong>Maritime Capability Perspective Plan by 2027,</strong> India ought to have about <strong>200 ships</strong> but there is still a lot to cover to reach the target.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the cause is not mainly funding but procedural delays or some self imposed restrictions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the navy ensures that it has<strong> state of the art SONARs and Radars.</strong> Also, many of the ships contain a high amount of indigenous content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives for Modernisation of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capital Acquisition Budget (CAB):</strong> The Defence Ministry has decided to earmark around 64% of its modernisation funds under the capital acquisition budget for 2021-22, a sum of Rs 70,221 crore for purchases from the domestic sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For FY 2020-21, the capital budget allocation for domestic vendors was made at 58%, an amount of Rs 52,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSMEs and Startups:</strong> This increase in CAB will have a positive impact on enhanced domestic procurement, having a multiplier effect on the industries including <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs</strong></a> and start-ups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/def-connect-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence India Startup Challenge (DISC)</strong></a> started by the defence ministry shall be lauded; over 1200 MSMEs participated in the fourth edition of the DISC in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Reliant and Make-in India:</strong> It would also increase employment in the defence sector. Hence, it is a welcome step towards encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government in its negative list, has included light combat helicopters, artillery guns; these items will not be imported by anyone thus encouraging self-reliant India.</li>
<li>The SRIJAN portal has also been launched to facilitate the two initiatives. .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Efforts:</strong> The government has taken initiatives like de-licensing, deregulation, export promotion, encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FDI</strong></a> etc to liberalise the defence industry.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 3 years, 118 of the total 191 projects which have been sanctioned have gone to the Indian industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated to Modernisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decision Making Process:</strong> The entire <strong>acquisition process of India is very tardy</strong> and the time taken from planning to acquire a defence equipment to actually executing the thought is a quite long procedure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lowering down this time taking procedure to maximum 1-2 years is a big challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Sector Manufacturing and Capability:</strong> The public defence manufacturing sector has really not been able to deliver the way it was mandated to.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sector by itself is not anymore able to cater to all the needs of the defence sector which is why involvement of the private sector should be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing Sector:</strong> India<strong> lacks a proper industrial base</strong> for the manufacturing of defence equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, two defence zones have been set up in Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh which will provide the private sector with a base to operate upon.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will reinvigorate the whole defence economy once these zones come up and begin their manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Holding the Hands:</strong> Getting the private sector into manufacturing; giving them <strong>opportunities to flourish</strong> in the sector and <strong>assuring them</strong> their efforts or investments in the field would not go waste.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of manufacturing a particular weapon system is considerably high and if the private sector still manages to bear that high cost but the system does not get procured then the private sector cannot undertake such a huge loss.</li>
<li>Moreover, there needs to be clarity in the government policies launched particularly for the private sector and enough boost to be provided to the PSU sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investing in the Defence Economy:</strong> The defence economy is not a loss making venture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India modernises its defence sector and reduces the defence imports, it can increase its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> by 2-3% and create lakhs of jobs.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>win-win situation and economically profitable.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As GDP will go up and India will not only become self reliant in the sector but also an exporter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modernising the Ports:</strong> It is not just the shipbuilding but the entire structure of the ports needs a revamp.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sagarmala project</strong></a> is one such initiative to revamp port infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integration the Entire Marine System:</strong> Maritime response to the neighbouring nations is not only about providing the naval support but a much larger contribution of marine merchants, fisheries and its capacity to trade.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is also a <strong>need for a coordinating body at the apex level</strong> that assists in integrating all these sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utilisation of blue economy:</strong> India has an <strong>imperative need of exploiting the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blue economy</a></strong> to its best , not only for itself but also it has responsibility towards the smaller neighbouring nations who have invested their faith within India in terms of their maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has to develop its maritime industrial infrastructure so that it has the ability to look after its own requirements and the requirements of its immediate maritime neighbours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is taking the right steps towards becoming atma nirbhar but there is a need to boost defence PSUs and give them specific tasks to fulfill the desires of defence sector.</li>
<li>Efforts are being continuously made to bring a new policy to get the private sector involved.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it still needs a lot to be done in terms of holding and uplifting them and assuring them that their efforts will not go wasted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to focus on the navy in order to ensure India&rsquo;s maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Revamping and modernising the ports, shifting from a seeker to a manufacturer and getting a hold on that technical edge that has eluded India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'posturl' => 'the-big-picture-modernising-the-armed-forces',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7816,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '53rd PSLV Flight',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>53<sup>rd</sup> flight of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-s-satellite-launch-cms-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PSLV</a>-C51</strong> marked the first dedicated mission for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-contract-for-nsil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Space India Ltd (NSIL)</strong></a>, the commercial arm of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this flight, ISRO successfully launched <strong>Brazil&rsquo;s optical earth observation satellite, Amazonia-1,</strong> and <strong>18 co-passenger satellites from India (5) and the USA (13)</strong> from the <strong>Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR)</strong> at Sriharikota.</li>
<li><strong>SHAR, Sriharikota</strong> is the <strong>Spaceport of India.</strong> It is responsible for providing Launch Base Infrastructure for the Indian Space Programme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614671461_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614671461_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brazilian Satellite Amazonia 1: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Weighing 637 kg, belonging to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE), was injected into its precise orbit of 758 km in a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sun-synchronous polar orbit</strong></a> successfully.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To strengthen the existing structure by providing<strong> remote sensing data to users for monitoring deforestation in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amazon region</a></strong> and for analysis of <strong>diversified agriculture across the Brazilian territory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5 Indian Satellites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UNITYsat (three satellites):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have been deployed to provide <strong>Radio relay services.</strong></li>
<li>UNITYsat was designed and built as a joint development by Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumpudur (JITsat), G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur (GHRCEsat) and Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore (Sri Shakthi Sat).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SDSAT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Satish Dhawan Satellite (SDSAT) is a <strong>nano satellite</strong> intended to study the radiation levels/space weather and demonstrate long range communication technologies.</li>
<li>It was built by Chennai-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-launches-military-satellite-and-kalamsat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Space Kidz</strong></a> (an organization dedicated to designing innovative concepts for students in the field of education).</li>
<li>SDSDAT also has an engraving of the Indian Prime Minister on the top panel of the satellite to show solidarity and gratitude for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar initiative</strong> </a>and space privatisation.</li>
<li>A Bhagavad Gita was also sent on-board in an SD card to give the scripture, which teaches oneness as the highest form of humanity, the highest honour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SindhuNetra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was developed by students of Bengaluru-based PES University, which was awarded the Rs. 2.2 crore contract by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</strong></a></li>
<li>This project will help in identifying suspicious ships through satellite imaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>USA Satellites:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>13 satellites were from the USA, one was a technology demonstration satellite <strong>(SAI-1 Nano Connect 2)</strong> and the remaining for 2-way communications and data relay <strong>(SpaceBEEs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Provided Impetus to Indo-Brazil Relationship:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the early 2000s, India and Brazil have signed cooperative instruments for exploration and peaceful uses of outer space, both at the government level (2004) and space agency level (between ISRO and Brazilian Space Agency AEB in 2002).</li>
<li>The new satellite (Amazonia-1) would open the door for multiple business, trade and governmental opportunities. Brazil has also requested India's support in procurement of material and systems for its launch vehicle programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented New Space Reforms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Five Indian satellites were built under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new space reforms</strong></a> announced by the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The approved reforms will<strong> boost the private sector participation</strong> in the entire range of space activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Four of the co-passenger satellites were signed for launch by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IN-SPACe</strong></a>, ISRO&rsquo;s small satellites facilitation agency, and 14 were signed up through NSIL for commercial launch.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IN-SPACe:</strong> It is an independent nodal agency under the Department of Space (DOS) for allowing space activities and usage of DOS owned facilities by Non-Government private Entities (NGPEs) as well as to prioritise the launch manifest.</li>
<li><strong>NSIL:</strong> It is the <strong>commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong> with the primary responsibility of enabling Indian industries to take up high technology space related activities. It is also responsible for promotion and commercial exploitation of the products and services emanating from the Indian space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demonstrated Applications of Space Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Projects such as this demonstrate the extension of applications of Space Technology to different sectors and areas which brought &lsquo;ease of living&rsquo;, &lsquo;ease of environment&rsquo; and &lsquo;ease of humanity&rsquo; for common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the<strong> third generation launch vehicle of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> four-staged launch vehicle</strong> with first and third stages using solid rocket motors and second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, PSLV had a carrying capacity of 850 kg but has been enhanced to 1.9 tonnes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accomplishments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PSLV has helped take payloads into almost all the orbits in space including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geo-Stationary Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a>, the Moon, Mars and would soon be launching a mission to the Sun.</li>
<li>Between 1994 and 2019, the PSLV launched 50 Indian satellites and 222 foreign satellites for over 70 international customers from 20 countries.</li>
<li>It has a history of successful launches of payloads that include <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/mission-chandrayaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-1</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)</strong></a> and the space recovery mission, etc.</li>
<li>The PSLV has failed only twice in its history &mdash; the maiden flight of the PSLV D1 in 1993 and the PSLV C-39 in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c51-carrying-19-satellites-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/article33953774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => '53rd-pslv-flight',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7759,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Awards 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative indigenous technologies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are conferred by the <strong>Technology Development Board (TDB).</strong></li>
<li>Every year TDB seeks applications for prestigious National awards for commercialization of technologies under three categories -<strong> Indigenous technologies, MSME, and Startups.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category 1: National Award For Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to an industrial concern which has successfully developed &amp; commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
<li>In case, the technology developer / provider and the company commercializing the technology are two different organizations, each is eligible for award of Rs. 25 Lakh and a trophy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 2: National Award For MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The award of Rs. 15 lakhs each in this category is given to selected MSMEs that have successfully commercialized the product based on indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 3: National Award For Technology Start-ups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to a technology start-up for promising new technology with potential for commercialization.</li>
<li>The award in addition to the trophy includes a cash award of Rs. 15 Lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These awards conferred to various industries provide a platform of recognition to Indian industries and their technology provider, who have worked as a team, to bring innovation to the market and contributed to the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Development Board is a<strong> statutory body</strong> of the Government of India functioning under the<strong> Department of Science of Technology.</strong> It was established in 1996.</li>
<li>It provides financial assistance to companies working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a> is organised every year by the TDB.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699922"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'national-technology-awards-2020',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7738,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has successfully test-fired indigenously-developed <strong>anti-tank guided missile systems &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo;</strong> in the Pokhran range, Thar desert (Rajasthan).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Helina (the Army version)</strong> and <strong>Dhruvastra (Indian Airforce version)</strong> are <strong>helicopter-launched versions</strong> of third-generation anti-tank guided missiles <strong>(the Nag missile system).</strong></li>
<li>The missile system has all-weather day-and-night capability and can defeat battle tanks with conventional armor and explosive reactive armor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenous:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile systems have been designed and developed indigenously by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo; can engage targets both in direct hit mode as well as <strong>top attack mode.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Top Attack Mode:</strong> The missile is required to climb sharply after launch and travel at a certain altitude, then plunge on top of the target.</li>
<li><strong>Direct Attack Mode:</strong> The missile travels at a lower altitude, directly striking the target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nag Missile</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nag is a third-generation, fire-and-forget, anti-tank guided missile developed by DRDO to support both mechanized infantry and airborne forces of the Indian Army.</li>
<li>It is an all-weather condition with day and night capabilities and with a minimum range of 500m and a maximum range of 4 km.</li>
<li>Nag can be launched from land and air-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA).</li>
<li>DRDO has developed nag Missiles under the <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. It was approved by the Government of India in 1983 and completed in March 2012.</li>
<li>The<strong> five missiles (P-A-T-N-A)</strong> developed under this program are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prithvi:</strong> Short-range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>Agni:</strong> Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e., Agni (I, II, III, IV, V).</li>
<li><strong>Trishul:</strong> Short-range low-level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>Nag:</strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>Akash:</strong> Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699376" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'three-new-fighter-jets',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the <strong>Aero India show</strong> began at Bengaluru&rsquo;s <strong>Yelahanka Air Force Station</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Aero India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru based Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre, <strong>has been hosting the air show in February</strong> since it was started in Bengaluru in 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-of-its-kind &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; air show,</strong> which means people can also attend it digitally.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus region</strong> for Aero India 2021 is the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong>.</li>
<li>It has been organised by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)</strong>.</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 has seen the participation of top aviation firms, while India is showcasing its indigenous defence capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from global aviation giants such as Boeing (USA), Lockheed Martin (USA), Dassault (France) and Airbus (Europe), the show will also see the participation of top defence firms involved in the aviation sector including Thales (France), BAE Systems (UK) and missile manufacturer MBDA (Europe).</li>
<li>India has been purchasing products from these major giants such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boeing P8-I</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale jets</a></strong> from Dassault, other aircraft, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the Aero show, the government has also formally sealed the Rs. 48,000 crore deal to procure <strong>83 Tejas light combat aircraft</strong> from state-run aerospace company <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas,</strong> manufactured by the HAL, is a <strong>single engine</strong> and highly agile multi-role <strong>supersonic fighter aircraft</strong> capable of operating in high-threat air environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India offers a unique opportunity in <strong>defence and aerospace manufacturing</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, domestic manufacturing of bigger and complex defence platforms has become the focus of the country&rsquo;s defence policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 will <strong>boost investment, expand manufacturing ecosystem, support enterprises, appreciate</strong> and <strong>enhance the technology levels and propel the economic growth</strong> for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'aero-india-2021-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	}
]
$tags = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'id' => (int) 388,
		'tag' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'colorcode' => 'FFFFFF',
		'posturl' => 'indigenization-of-technology',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'metakeyword' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'metadescription' => 'Indigenization of Technology',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 9,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Tag Search Results

You searched “Indigenization of Technology”. Your tag search matches the following results: