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4th Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan

Why in News Recently, the Ramgarh Vishdhari wildlife sanctuary received a nod from the National Tiger Conservation Authority’s (NTCA)...

23 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Pygmy Hog

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Land for Life Award: UN

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7th International Day of Yoga

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16 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
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Global Liveability Index: EIU

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Padma Awards

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Operation Pangea XIV: Interpol

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37th Anniversary of Operation Blue Star

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Blue-finned Mahseer

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AmbiTAG

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		'article_id' => (int) 8678,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '4th Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ramgarh Vishdhari wildlife sanctuary</strong> received a nod from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority&rsquo;s (NTCA)</strong></a> technical committee to become the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tiger reserve</a></strong> of Rajasthan.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will be <strong>the 52<sup>nd</sup> Tiger Reserve of India.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Tiger Day</strong></a>, celebrated<strong> on 29<sup>th</sup> July,</strong> is an annual event marked to raise awareness about tiger conservation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched <strong>in 1973 with 9 tiger reserves</strong> for conserving our national animal, the tiger.</li>
<li>It is an ongoing<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> </a>of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>Currently, the Project Tiger coverage has increased to 51 Tiger reserves, spread out in 18 tiger range states which amounts to around 2.21% of the geographical area of our country.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves are <strong>constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
<li>The <strong>NTCA was launched in 2005,</strong> following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. It is<strong> a statutory body of the Ministry,</strong> with an overarching supervisory/coordination role, performing functions as provided in the <strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</strong></li>
<li><strong>M-STrIPES</strong> (Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) is an app based monitoring system, launched across Indian tiger reserves by the NTCA in 2010.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Protection Status of Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> Red List: Endangered.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a>: Appendix I.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ramgarh Vishdhari wildlife sanctuary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This Sanctuary is located at a distance of 45 Km from Bundi City on Bundi-Nainwa Road near Village Ramgarh, District Bundi, Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was notified in the Year 1982 and is spread over an area of 252.79 Sq. Km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area of Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The total area of 1,017 sq. km has been identified as the reserve area comprising two forest blocks of Bhilwara, territorial forest block of Bundi and Indargarh, which falls under the buffer zone of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (RTR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its<strong> flora consists of</strong> Dhok, Khair, Salar, Khirni trees with some Mango and Ber trees.</li>
<li>The <strong>Fauna consists</strong> of birds and animals like Leopard, Sambhar, Wild boar, Chinkara, Sloth bear, Indian Wolf, Hyena, Jackal, Fox, deer and Crocodile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Three Tiger Reserves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rajasthan has three tiger reserves with over 90 big cats at<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranthambore-tiger-sanctuary-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (RTR)</strong></a> in Sawai Madhopur,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sariska-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR)</strong></a> in Alwar, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mukundara-hills-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve (MHTR)</strong> </a>in Kota.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Protected Areas in Rajasthan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Desert National Park</a>,</strong> Jaisalmer</li>
<li><strong>Keoladeo National Park,</strong> Bharatpur</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/campaign-to-remove-lantana-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sajjangarh wildlife sanctuary</strong></a>, Udaipur</li>
<li><strong>National Chambal Sanctuary</strong> (on tri-junction of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624446228_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624446228_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-set-to-get-its-fourth-tiger-reserve/articleshow/83766899.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8677,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pygmy Hog',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, eight captive-bred <strong>pygmy hogs,</strong> the <strong>world&rsquo;s rarest and smallest wild pigs,</strong> were released in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manas National Park</a> of Assam.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the second batch to have been reintroduced into the wild under the <strong>Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme (PHCP)</strong> in a year.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624442603_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624442603_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="402" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme (PHCP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PHCP is a <strong>collaboration</strong> among <strong>Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust of UK, Assam Forest Department,</strong> Wild Pig Specialist Group of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> and <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It is currently being <strong>implemented by NGOs - Aaranyak and EcoSystems India.</strong></li>
<li>Conservation of pygmy hog was initiated by noted naturalist <strong>Gerald Durrell and his trust in 1971.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The pygmy hog was brought back from near-extinction by the partnership effort, and now moving towards the establishment of a population across the entire range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Six hogs were captured from the <strong>Bansbari range</strong> of the Manas National Park in 1996 for starting the breeding programme.</li>
<li>The reintroduction programme began in 2008 with the <strong>Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, Orang National Park</strong> and <strong>Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary,</strong> all of them are in Assam.</li>
<li>By 2025, the PHCP plans to release 60 pygmy hogs in Manas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Pygmy Hog:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Porcula Salvania<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624443014_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624443014_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></em></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is one of the very few mammals that build its own home, or nest, complete with a &lsquo;roof&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It is <strong>also an indicator species.</strong> Its presence reflects the health of its primary habitat, the tall, wet grasslands of the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It thrives in <strong>wet grassland.</strong></li>
<li>Once found along a narrow strip of tall and wet grassland plains on the Himalayan foothills &ndash; from Uttar Pradesh to Assam, through Nepal&rsquo;s terai areas and Bengal&rsquo;s duars. Today found mainly in a small population in <strong>Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a>:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a>:</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</a>:</strong> Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Habitat (grassland) loss and degradation, and illegal hunting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rare-pygmy-hogs-released-in-assams-manas-national-park/article34909685.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8663,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Land for Life Award: UN',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Shyam Sundar Jyani, a Rajasthan-based climate activist, has won the prestigious <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a>' <strong>Land for Life Award</strong> for his environment conservation concept, <strong>Familial Forestry.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The winner was announced on <strong>17<sup>th</sup> June 2021</strong> which is the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-to-combat-desertification-and-drought" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Familial Forestry</strong> means transferring the care of the tree and environment in the family so that a tree becomes a part of the family's consciousness.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Every two years</strong>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</strong></a> organizes the Land for Life Award. The Award recognizes excellence and innovation in efforts towards land in balance.</li>
<li>The <strong>past editions shed light on inspiring initiatives of recovery and restoration of degraded landscapes</strong> worldwide.</li>
<li>They all made a significant contribution towards achieving <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</a> 15: "Life on Land",</strong> in particular Target 15.3 Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN).</li>
<li>This year the award will put the <strong>spotlight on individuals/organizations that made an outstanding contribution to land degradation neutrality on a large scale.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Which means with<strong> long-term changes and dedicated actions for 25 years or longer</strong> and remarkable <strong>positive impacts on land, people, communities, and society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Land for Life Award was launched in 2011 at the UNCCD <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28#:~:text=The%20Conference%20of%20the%20Parties,offers%20to%20host%20the%20session." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of Parties (COP)</a>10</strong> in the Republic of Korea as part of the <strong>Changwon Initiative.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Changwon Initiative</strong> intends to complement activities being undertaken in line with The Strategy (for 2008-18) and in accordance with COP 10 decisions.</li>
<li>The <strong>main components of the Changwon Initiative</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enhancing the scientific process of the UNCCD.</li>
<li>Mobilizing additional resources and facilitating partnership arrangements.</li>
<li>Supporting a global framework for the promotion of best practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Healthy Land, Healthy Lives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Established in 1994</strong>, it is the <strong>sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.</strong></li>
<li>It addresses specifically the <strong>arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands</strong>, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convention <strong>obliges national governments to take measures to tackle the issue of desertification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>one of the three Rio Conventions</strong>, the other two are <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sixth-national-report-to-the-convention-of-biological-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)</a></strong>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28#:~:text=About%20UNFCCC%3A,Summit%20or%20the%20Rio%20Conference." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India</strong> is among the select few countries to <strong>have hosted the COP of all three Rio conventions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new <strong>UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework</strong> is the most comprehensive global commitment to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in order to restore the productivity of vast expanses of degraded land, improve the livelihoods of more than 1.3 billion people, and reduce the impacts of drought on vulnerable populations to build.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-women-vow-to-nurture-green-family/article34862254.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8653,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '7th International Day of Yoga',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Seventh<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-yoga-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> International Day of Yoga</a> (21<sup>st</sup> June 2021)</strong> is being celebrated by the Ministry of Culture at 75 <strong>cultural heritage</strong> locations across the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proposed by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The idea of <strong>International Day of Yoga (IDY)</strong> was <strong>proposed by India</strong> during the opening of the 69<sup>th</sup> session of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a>, held in 2014.</li>
<li>The UN proclaimed 21<sup>st</sup> June as IDY by passing a resolution in December, 2014.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Yoga Day celebrations in 2015</strong> at Rajpath in New Delhi created <strong>two Guinness World Records.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was the world's largest yoga session with 35,985 people.</li>
<li>84 nationalities participated in it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Yoga:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Yoga is an ancient physical, mental and spiritual practice that <strong>originated in India.</strong></li>
<li>The word <strong>&lsquo;yoga&rsquo; is derived from Sanskrit</strong> and means to join or to unite, symbolizing the union of body and consciousness.</li>
<li>Today it is practiced in various forms around the world and continues to grow in popularity.</li>
<li>Yoga plays an important role in the <strong>psycho-social care and rehabilitation</strong> of <strong>Covid-19 patients</strong> in quarantine and isolation.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong> </a>has also asked its member states to practice Yoga and has included it in its<strong> Global Action Plan for physical activity 2018-30.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IDY - 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This year&rsquo;s theme is<strong> &ldquo;Yoga for wellness".</strong></li>
<li>The extensive drive (Yoga at 75 cultural heritage) has been titled <strong>&ldquo;Yoga, An Indian Heritage&rdquo;,</strong> and is part of India&rsquo;s &ldquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dandi-march-to-mark-75-years-of-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav</strong></a>&rdquo; campaign.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some places in the list of 75 sites are the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agra Fort</strong></a> in Uttar Pradesh, <strong>Shanti Stupa</strong> in Ladakh, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ellora Caves</strong></a> in Maharashtra and Nalanda in Bihar, <strong>Rajiv Lochan Temple,</strong> Raipur, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sabarmati Ashram</strong></a> in Gujarat, and <strong>Akhnoor Fort in Jammu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister announced the <strong>M-Yoga App</strong> which will help in achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-health-concept#:~:text=The%20Wildlife%20Conservation%20Society%20(WCS,disease%20and%20maintaining%20ecosystem%20integrity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One World One Health&rsquo;.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The app is a work of collaboration between the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga &amp; Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy <strong>(Ministry of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accr-portal-ayush-sanjivani-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AYUSH</a>)</strong>, Government of India.</li>
<li>In the M-Yoga App, there will be <strong>yoga training videos and audio sessions</strong> in different languages for people across the world which will play a &lsquo;great role&rsquo; in <strong>expanding yoga across the globe.</strong></li>
<li>The app is currently available in <strong>English, Hindi and French.</strong> It will be available in <strong>other UN languages in the upcoming months.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of AYUSH</strong> in its<strong> &lsquo;Common Yoga Protocol&rsquo;</strong> has listed Yama, Niyama, Asana, etc. among <strong>popular yoga &lsquo;sadhanas&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Beauty &amp; Wellness Sector Skill Council (B&amp;WSSC)</strong> has <strong>vocational education courses</strong> in Yoga for CBSE schools.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>B&amp;WSSC is established as a non-profit organization under the aegis of <strong>National Skill Development Corporation,</strong> Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thousands of candidates have been trained as<strong> yoga instructors and trainers</strong> through various skilling initiatives like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMKVY is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Yoga is also a <strong>part of the Fit India Movement.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fit India Movement is a nation-wide campaign that aims at encouraging people to include physical activities and sports in their everyday lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ministry-of-culture-to-celebrate-yoga-day-at-75-monuments-across-india-7367689/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8642,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'IN-EUNAVFOR Joint Naval Exercise',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>maiden Indian Navy - European Union Naval Force (IN-EUNAVFOR) Exercise</strong> is being conducted in<strong> Gulf Of Aden.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624090807_pasted%20image 0 (2).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624090807_pasted image 0 (2).png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participants</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Along with <strong>Indian Navy</strong>, other naval forces are from <strong>Italy, Spain and France.</strong></li>
<li>The naval exercise <strong>included</strong> advanced air defence and anti-submarine exercises, tactical manoeuvres, Search &amp; Rescue, and other maritime security operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To enhance and hone their <strong>war-fighting skills</strong> and their ability as an<strong> integrated force to promote peace, security and stability</strong> in the maritime domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>EUNAVFOR and the Indian Navy converge on multiple issues including <strong>counter piracy operations</strong> and <strong>protection of vessels deployed</strong> under the charter of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-food-programme-wfp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme (UN WFP)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The two navies also have regular interaction through <strong>SHADE (Shared Awareness and Deconfliction)</strong> meetings held annually at Bahrain.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SHADE</strong> is an <strong>international operational counter piracy platform</strong>, convened in <strong>Bahrain.</strong></li>
<li>It aimed to encourage partners for sharing information, assessing the evolution of trends, best practices and to de-conflict operations amongst counter-piracy actors in the Gulf of Aden, the <strong>Gulf of Oman and the Western Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also underscores the shared values in ensuring <strong>freedom of seas and commitment to an open, inclusive and a rules-based international order.</strong></li>
<li>Concurrently, a virtual <strong>&ldquo;Information sharing Exercise&rdquo;</strong> is also being conducted between the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Navy Information Fusion Centre &ndash; Indian Ocean Region</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-naval-los-at-madagascar-and-abu-dhabi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maritime Security Centre-Horn of Africa</strong></a>, an integral part of EUNAVFOR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Major Indian Maritime Exercises</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #b0acac; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><strong>Name of the Exercise</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #b0acac; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><strong>Name of the Country</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/slinex-20-india-sri-lanka-naval-maritime-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SLINEX</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Sri Lanka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-bongosagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bongosagar and IN-BN CORPAT</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Bangladesh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jimex-20-maritime-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JIMEX</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Japan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Naseem-Al-Bahr</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Oman</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indra-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indra</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Russia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bilateral-maritime-exercise-za-ir-al-bahr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Za&rsquo;ir-Al-Bahr</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Qatar</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Samudra Shakti</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-thailand-coordinated-patrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Thai CORPAT</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Thailand</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">IMCOR</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Malaysia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SIMBEX</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Singapore</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">AUSINDEX</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;"><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-to-join-malabar-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar Exercise</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">Japan, and the USA</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1728276" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8635,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Namami Gange Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an agreement was signed for Development of 35 MLD (Mega Liters per day) <strong>Sewage Treatment Plant</strong> in Maheshtala (City situated on the east bank of <strong>River Ganga</strong>), West Bengal under <strong>Namami Gange Programme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was signed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/revisit-ppps-to-revive-investments#:~:text=The%20Hybrid%20Annuity%20Model%20(HAM,through%20annual%20payments%20(annuity)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hybrid Annuity PPP mode.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Namami Gange Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Namami Gange Programme is an<strong> Integrated Conservation Mission,</strong> approved as a <strong>&lsquo;Flagship Programme&rsquo;</strong> by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the <strong>twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.</strong></li>
<li>It is being operated under the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-jal-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></a></li>
<li>The program is being implemented by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Mission for Clean Ganga</a> (NMCG),</strong> and its state counterpart organizations i.e State Program Management Groups (SPMGs).</li>
<li>NMCG is the implementation wing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-meeting-of-national-ganga-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Ganga Council</strong></a> (set in 2016; which replaced the National Ganga River Basin Authority - NGRBA).</li>
<li>It has a Rs. 20,000-crore, <strong>centrally-funded, non-lapsable corpus</strong> and consists of nearly 288 projects.</li>
<li>The <strong>main pillars</strong> of the programme are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sewage Treatment Infrastructure</li>
<li>River-Front Development</li>
<li>River-Surface Cleaning</li>
<li>Biodiversity</li>
<li>Afforestation</li>
<li>Public Awareness</li>
<li>Industrial Effluent Monitoring</li>
<li>Ganga Gram</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Ganga River System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The headwaters of the Ganga called the &lsquo;Bhagirathi&rsquo; are fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>At Haridwar, Ganga emerges from the mountains to the plains.</li>
<li>The Ganga is joined by many tributaries from the Himalayas, a few of them being major rivers such as the Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624010293_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624010293_image2.png" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1727998" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8615,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indo-Thai CORPAT',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the 31<sup>st</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-thailand-coordinated-patrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Thailand Coordinated Patrol</strong></a> (Indo-Thai CORPAT) between the Indian Navy and the Royal Thai Navy was conducted <strong>in the Andaman sea</strong> close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea#:~:text=The%20Strait%20of%20Malacca%20connects,control%20such%20a%20strategic%20location." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strait of Malacca</strong></a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623832984_pasted%20image 0 (1).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623832984_pasted image 0 (1).png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Naval Exercise:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Thailand have been carrying out CORPAT along their <strong>International Maritime Boundary Line twice a year since 2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Naval Ship (INS) Saryu</strong>, an indigenously built Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel and Thailand&rsquo;s Ship <strong>HTMS-Krabi, an Offshore Patrol Vessel</strong>, along with <strong>Dornier Maritime Patrol Aircraft</strong> from both navies participated in the CORPAT 31<sup>st</sup> edition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To keep part of the Indian Ocean <strong>safe and secure for commercial shipping and international trade.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure effective implementation of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Conventions on Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UNCLOS specify <strong>regulations regarding protection and conservation of natural resources</strong>, conservation of marine environment, prevention and suppression of illegal, unregulated fishing activity, drug trafficking, piracy, exchange of information in prevention of smuggling, illegal immigration and conduct of search and rescue operations at sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In line with India&rsquo;s SAGAR Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of Indian Government&rsquo;s vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)</strong></a>, the Indian Navy has been involved in assisting countries in the Indian Ocean Region with<strong> Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Surveillance, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)</strong>, and other capacity building and capability-enhancement activities, on their request.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Military Exercises between India and Thailand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exercise MAITREE</strong></a> (Army).</li>
<li>Exercise SIAM BHARAT (Air Force).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1725559" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8609,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Southern Ocean',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, on the occasion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-oceans-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Ocean Day</strong></a> <strong>(8<sup>th</sup> June),</strong> the <strong>National Geographic magazine</strong> has recognised the<strong> &lsquo;Southern Ocean&rsquo;</strong> as the world&rsquo;s <strong>fifth ocean.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> International Hydrographic Organization</strong> too had<strong> recognised &lsquo;Southern Ocean&rsquo; as a distinct body</strong> of water surrounding Antarctica <strong>in 1937</strong> but had <strong>repealed the same in 1953.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other four Oceans are:</strong> Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Hydrographic Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IHO is <strong>an intergovernmental consultative and technical organization</strong> that was <strong>established in 1921</strong> to<strong> support the safety of navigation</strong> and the <strong>protection of the marine environment.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India is also a member</strong> of IHO.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the <strong>waters that surround Antarctica out to 60 degrees south latitude, excluding the Drake Passage and Scotia Sea,</strong> constitute the newly acknowledged Southern Ocean.</li>
<li>The Southern Ocean is the<strong> only ocean</strong> &lsquo;to touch three other oceans (Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean) and to completely embrace a continent rather than being embraced by them&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It is also defined by its <strong>Antarctic Circumpolar Current</strong> that was formed 34 million years ago. The current flows from<strong> west to east</strong> around Antarctica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Antarctic Circumpolar Current:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ACC is the <strong>only current in the global ocean to close upon itself in a circumpolar loop.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This trait makes the ACC the most important current in the <strong>Earth&rsquo;s climate system</strong> because it<strong> links the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans</strong> and is the <strong>primary means of inter-basin exchange</strong> of heat, carbon dioxide, chemicals, biology and other tracers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ACC is<strong> created by</strong> the combined effects of<strong> strong westerly winds</strong> across the Southern Ocean, and the <strong>big change in surface temperatures</strong> between the Equator and the poles.</li>
<li>Ocean density increases as water gets colder and as it gets more salty. The <strong>warm, salty surface waters of the subtropics are much lighter than the cold, fresher waters close to Antarctica.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The depth of constant density levels slopes up towards Antarctica. The westerly winds make this slope steeper, and the ACC rides eastward along it, faster where the slope is steeper, and weaker where it&rsquo;s flatter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Step towards conservation of World&rsquo;s Oceans, focusing public awareness onto a region in particular needing a conservation spotlight.</li>
<li>In addition to the rapid warming of the Southern Ocean due to global warming, industrial fishing on species like krill and Patagonian toothfish had been a concern for decades. It hoped to draw attention to these issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623753848_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623753848_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="507" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/national-geographic-recognises-southern-ocean-as-globe-s-fifth-ocean-77439" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8606,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dagmara Hydro-Electric Project: Bihar',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between <strong>National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC</strong>) Limited and Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (BSHPC) for Implementation of <strong>Dagmara Hydro-Electric Project,</strong> Supaul, Bihar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NHPC is a <strong>Category-A <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Miniratna</a> Company</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Power,</strong> in the field of Hydropower. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> largest organisation for hydropower development in India,</strong> currently, NHPC has 24 operational power stations with a <strong>total installed capacity of 7071 Mega Watt (MW).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project is located <strong>near village Dagmara on the right bank</strong> and <strong>Simri on the left bank,</strong> about <strong>22.5 km downstream of Bhimnagar barrage</strong> on<strong> Kosi river.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>Run-of-the-River scheme. Run-of-river hydro projects</strong> use the <strong>natural downward flow of rivers</strong> and micro turbine generators to capture the kinetic energy carried by water. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Typically <strong>water is taken from the river at a high point and diverted to a channel, pipeline, or pressurised pipeline</strong> (or penstock).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project will have the <strong>total capacity of generating 130 MW energy,</strong> in which <strong>17 units of 7.65 MW will be installed</strong> for power generation.</li>
<li>The estimated <strong>cost of construction of this project is at Rs. 2478.24 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will be a landmark project in the power sector scenario of Bihar as far as green power is concerned.</li>
<li>Apart from <strong>generating clean and green power,</strong> the execution will <strong>boost the socio-economic and infrastructure development in the area</strong> and shall<strong> also create employment opportunities. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kosi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kosi is a<strong> trans-boundary river</strong> which flows through<strong> Tibet, Nepal and India.</strong></li>
<li>It has its <strong>source in Tibet that includes the world's highest upland;</strong> it then drains a large part of Nepal before emerging onto the Gangetic plains.</li>
<li>Its three major tributaries, the <strong>Sun Kosi, Arun and Tamur</strong> meet at one point just upstream of a 10 km gorge cut through the Himalayan foothills.</li>
<li>The river crosses into northern Bihar, India where it branches into distributaries before <strong>joining the Ganges near Kursela in Katihar district.</strong></li>
<li>Its <strong>unstable nature has been attributed to course changes</strong> and the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season, and flooding in India has extreme effects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kosi <strong>carries the maximum amount of silt and sand after the Brahmaputra in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is also known as the <strong>&ldquo;Sorrow of Bihar&rdquo;</strong> as the annual floods affect about 21,000 km<sup>2</sup> of fertile agricultural lands thereby disturbing the rural economy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623750431_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623750431_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1727007" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8598,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Innovations for Defence Excellence ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Defence Minister has approved the budgetary support of Rs. 498.8 crore to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</strong> </a>challenge under the <strong>Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO)</strong> for the next five years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the Defence Minister released an E-booklet titled &lsquo;20 Reforms in 2020&rsquo; highlighting the major <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recent-reforms-in-defence-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reforms undertaken by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 2020</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The iDEX initiative was launched by the <strong>Prime Minister in April 2018.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to achieve <strong>self - reliance and foster innovation and technology development in Defence and Aerospace</strong> by engaging Industries including Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs</strong></a>), start-ups, individual innovators, R&amp;D institutes and academia.</li>
<li>iDEX is <strong>funded and managed by the DIO</strong>, and functions as the executive arm of DIO.</li>
<li>DIO is a <strong>&lsquo;not for profit&rsquo;</strong> company registered under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Its two founding members are <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) &amp; Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)</strong> - Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs). HAL and BEL are <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>navratna companies</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It will provide the engaging industries with <strong>funding and other support to carry out Research &amp; Development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Self-reliance in manufacturing of defence equipment is a crucial factor for <strong>maintaining India's strategic autonomy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s arms imports fell 33% between 2011-15 and 2016-20</strong>, said a report released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>iDEX has partnered with leading incubators in the country to provide hand holding, technical support and guidance to the winners of iDEX challenges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Defence Industrial Corridors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To support the growth of the Defence sector and enhance manufacturing capacity in the sector, two <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-industrial-corridors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Industrial Corridors</a> are being set up in India, one in Uttar Pradesh</strong> and another in <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Partnership (SP) Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It identifies a few Indian private companies who would initially tie up with global <strong>Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)</strong> to seek technology transfers to set up domestic manufacturing infrastructure and supply chains. It is a part of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-procedure-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under DAP 2020, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has also notified a <strong>&lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/positive-indigenisation-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">positive indigenisation list</a>'</strong> of 108 items.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Artificial Intelligence in Defence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>N Chandrasekaran Task Force</strong> was set up in 2018 to study implications of AI in national security.</li>
<li><strong>Defence Artificial Intelligence Project Agency (DAIPA)</strong> was created in March, 2019.</li>
<li>DAIPA aims for greater thrust on <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI)</strong></a> in Defence, formulation of an AI roadmap for each Defence PSU and Ordnance Factory Board to develop AI-enable products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-singh-approves-budgetary-support-of-nearly-499-crore-for-innovations-in-defence-sector/article34804110.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8583,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Heritage Trees',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Maharashtra Cabinet has passed an action plan to protect and preserve<strong> trees older than 50 years in urban areas</strong> by terming them heritage trees.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Concept of Heritage Tree:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Few important criteria for considering a tree as a "heritage tree" are: size, shape, rarity, aesthetical/historical values, association with historic person, place or even myths.</li>
<li>A certain species <strong>need not be native</strong> to an area for this tag.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components of Plan:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The provisions included in the plan are the concept of heritage trees and a plan of action for conservation, method to define the age of the tree, rules to be followed before hacking trees etc.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inadequate-compensatory-afforestation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Compensatory Plantation</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will include <strong>planting the number of trees equivalent to the age</strong> of trees to be cut.</li>
<li>The saplings need to be <strong>six to eight feet in height</strong> while planting and they will undergo<a href="/daily-news-analysis/government-plans-to-geo-tag-firms-to-check-frauds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>geo-tagging </strong></a>with<strong> seven years of caring period.</strong></li>
<li>The option of<strong> monetary compensation</strong> has also been given, instead of compensatory plantation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-level Tree Authority:</strong> The authority will be formed to protect and preserve heritage trees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tree Census:</strong> It will ensure that the tree census is conducted after <strong>every five years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Land Use:</strong> Ensuring that <strong>33% of government land</strong> is used for tree plantation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-clears-action-plan-to-protect-heritage-trees/article34784901.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8579,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Liveability Index: EIU',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Auckland (New Zealand)</strong> has <strong>topped the Economist Intelligence Unit&rsquo;s (EIU) Global Liveability Index of 140 cities</strong> around the world.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Global Liveability Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index takes into account more than <strong>30 qualitative and quantitative factors</strong> spanning <strong>five broad categories: stability</strong> (25%), <strong>healthcare</strong> (20%), <strong>culture and environment</strong> (25%), <strong>education</strong> (10%), and <strong>infrastructure</strong> (20%).</li>
<li>Due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>, the EIU added <strong>new indicators</strong> such as stress on health-care resources as well as restrictions around local sporting events, theatres, music concerts, restaurants and schools.</li>
<li>Each factor in a city is <strong>rated as</strong> acceptable, tolerable, uncomfortable, undesirable or intolerable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>General Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall, the <strong>Covid-19 pandemic caused liveability to decline</strong> - as cities experienced lockdowns and significant strains on their healthcare system. This <strong>led to an unprecedented level of change in the rankings</strong>, with many of the cities that were previously ranked as the most liveable tumbling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Austria's Vienna, number one in both 2018 and 2019</strong>, has completely <strong>dropped out of the top 10</strong> after being heavily affected by Covid-19, and now <strong>ranks 12.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Auckland rose to the top</strong> of the ranking <strong>owing to its successful approach in containing the Covid-19 pandemic</strong>, which allowed its society to remain open and the city to score strongly on a number of metrics including education, culture and environment.</li>
<li><strong>Damascus remains the world's least liveable city</strong>, as the effects of the civil war in Syria continue to take their toll.</li>
<li>Most of the previous ten least liveable cities <strong>remain in the bottom ten this year</strong>, including <strong>Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Karachi (Pakistan)</strong> in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region.</li>
<li>However, there is a strong contingent of cities in the <strong>APAC region at the top of the rankings</strong>, with <strong>Osaka, Adelaide, Tokyo and Wellington</strong> rounding out the <strong>top five.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from cities in New Zealand, Australia and Japan, other cities in the Asia-Pacific region such as <strong>Taipei (Taiwan) (33<sup>rd</sup>)</strong> and <strong>Singapore</strong> (34<sup>th</sup>) have also performed well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top 3 Liveable Cities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Auckland (New Zealand), Osaka (Japan), Adelaide (Australia).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bottom 3 Liveable Cities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Damascus (Syria), Lagos (Nigeria), Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/new-zealands-successful-fight-against-covid-19-made-auckland-the-most-liveable-city-of-2021-7350827/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8578,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Padma Awards',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Online nominations/recommendations for the <strong>Padma Awards</strong> to be announced on the occasion of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Republic Day</strong></a>, 2022 are open.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2021, a total of 119 Padma awards</strong></a> <strong>were conferred</strong>, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan and 102 padma shri.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623398214_pasted%20image 0 (3).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623398214_pasted image 0 (3).png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced <strong>annually on Republic Day (26<sup>th</sup> January).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Instituted in 1954</strong>, it is one of the <strong>highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>recognize achievements in all fields</strong> of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in <strong>three categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy</strong> of Padma Awards followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in <strong>various disciplines/ fields of activities</strong>, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex</strong> are eligible for these Awards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is <strong>constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The awards are <strong>presented by the President</strong> of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> highest civilian award of the country.</strong> It is <strong>awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance</strong> of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The <strong>recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister</strong> to the President of India.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three in a particular year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1725968" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8562,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Operation Pangea XIV: Interpol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interpol-notices" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)</strong> </a>through its <strong>Operation Pangea XIV</strong> targeted the <strong>sale of fake medicines and products online.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>More than <strong>1.10 lakh web links, including websites and online marketplaces, were taken down</strong> in the operation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Operation Pangea, is a well-established <strong>international effort of Interpol to disrupt the online sale of counterfeit and illicit health products.</strong> Just as importantly, Pangea works to <strong>raise awareness of the risks associated with buying medicines from unregulated websites.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first Operation Pangea was <strong>conducted in 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The current operation (14<sup>th</sup>) involved the<strong> police, customs and health regulatory authorities of 92 countries.</strong> It was <strong>coordinated by Interpol.</strong> Indian agencies also participated in the operation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</strong> </a>that is the nodal body for the Interpol in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> online sale of illicit medicines continues to pose a threat to public safety,</strong> which is why operations such as <strong>Pangea remain vital in combating this global health menace.</strong></li>
<li>Criminals were continuing to cash in on the huge demand for personal protection and hygiene products due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/over-1-lakh-web-links-removed-in-global-crackdown-on-illegal-medical-trade/article34762765.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8560,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'YUVA Scheme for Young Writers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Indian Prime Minister announced the <strong>&lsquo;Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors&rsquo; (YUVA) scheme</strong> - a mentorship programme to train young authors.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is <strong>aimed at training 75 aspiring writers below 30 years</strong>, who are ready to express themselves and project India and its culture and literature globally. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A total of 75 authors <strong>will be selected through an All India Contest at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Aim-&amp;-mygov-launches-innovate-india-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MyGov</a></strong> (Government of India&rsquo;s Citizen Engagement Platform).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>consolidated scholarship of Rs. 50,000 per month for a period of six months per author</strong> will be paid under the mentorship scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>bring reading and authorship as a preferred profession at par</strong> with other job options.</li>
<li>To <strong>impart a positive psychological push</strong> to the young minds amidst the impact of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> on the mental health of children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation &amp; Execution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Implementing Agency:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corona-studies-series-nbt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Book Trust</strong></a> (under Ministry of Education) will ensure phase-wise execution of the Scheme.</li>
<li><strong>Phase-I (Training):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBT will organise <strong>training for three months</strong> for the selected candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase-II (Promotion):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The selected candidates will <strong>get to expand their understanding and hone their skills</strong> through interaction at various international events such as literary festivals, book fairs, virtual book fairs, cultural exchange programmes, etc.</li>
<li>A <strong>book or a series of books written by these young authors</strong> will be <strong>published by NBT</strong> and <strong>a royalty of 10% will be paid</strong> to the authors.</li>
<li>Their published books will <strong>also be translated into other Indian languages</strong> to ensure the exchange of culture and literature between different states, thereby promoting <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/31-10-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-announces-mentoring-yuva-scheme-for-young-writers-7349887/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8558,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Saral Jeevan Bima: IRDAI',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Saral Jeevan Bima, <strong>launched by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-rules-for-increased-fdi-in-insurance-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IRDAI</a> (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India) in 2020</strong>, has become a popular <strong>term life insurance product</strong> among masses.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRDAI is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> that was established <strong>in 1999</strong> to regulate and develop the insurance industry.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Term Life Insurance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Term life insurance guarantees payment of a stated death benefit to the insured's beneficiaries if the insured person dies during a specified term.</li>
<li>These policies have no value other than the guaranteed death benefit and feature no savings component as found in a whole life insurance product.</li>
<li>Term life premiums are based on a person&rsquo;s age, health, and life expectancy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRDAI in October 2020<strong> had mandated all life insurers to launch the Saral Jeevan Bima</strong> plans from 1<sup>st </sup>January 2021.</li>
<li>Saral Jeevan Bima is <strong>a regulator-mandated standard term life insurance plan</strong> offering basic <strong>protection to people who are self-employed or belong to a lower income category.</strong></li>
<li>It is a pure term life insurance product that <strong>can be purchased by people in the age group of 18 to 65 years</strong> and will have <strong>a policy term of 5 to 40 years.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>sum assured</strong> for the term life insurance policy ranges from <strong>Rs 5 lakh</strong> to <strong>Rs 25 lakh</strong> (in multiples of Rs 50,000).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the insurer will have the <strong>option of providing a sum assured beyond Rs 25 lakh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>provides for payment of sum assured in lump sum to the nominee</strong> in case of the life assured&rsquo;s unfortunate death during the policy term.</li>
<li>There are <strong>no exclusions, other than suicides.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/saral-jeevan-bima-bridging-the-gap-between-india-and-bharat-7347895/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8551,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CEO Water Mandate',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>NTPC Ltd. has become <strong>a signatory </strong>to the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> United Nations</a>&rsquo; Global Compact&rsquo;s CEO Water Mandate.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC Ltd is <strong>India&rsquo;s largest power utility under the Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>special initiative of the UN Secretary-General</strong> and the <strong>UN Global Compact</strong>, implemented in partnership with the <strong>Pacific Institute.</strong> It was <strong>established in 2007.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>aims to</strong> demonstrate commitment and <strong>efforts of companies to better their water and sanitation agendas</strong> as part of long term <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>global commitment platform for corporate water stewardship.</strong> Water stewardship is the <strong>use of water in ways that are socially equitable, environmentally sustainable, and economically beneficial.</strong></li>
<li>It has<strong> six commitment areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Direct operations (i.e. Measuring and Reducing water use).</li>
<li>Supply chain and watershed management.</li>
<li>Collective action.</li>
<li>Public policy.</li>
<li>Community engagement.</li>
<li>Transparency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN Global Compact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations Global Compact is a <strong>non-binding United Nations</strong> pact <strong>to encourage businesses worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies</strong>, and to report on their implementation.</li>
<li>It is a principle-based framework for businesses, <strong>stating ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Global Compact, companies are brought together with <strong>UN agencies, labor groups and civil society.</strong> Cities can join the Global Compact through the Cities Programme.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is also <strong>a part of the UN Global Compact.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives which make companies a part of Environmental Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Industrial Deep Decarbonization Initiative <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cem-industrial-deep-decarbonization-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(IDDI)</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a global coalition of public and private organisations who are working to stimulate demand for low carbon industrial materials.</li>
<li><strong>Coordinated by UNIDO (United Nations Development Industrial organisation)</strong>, the IDDI is <strong>co-led by the UK and India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-climate-breakthroughs-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Race to Zero Campaign</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Race to Zero is the <strong>UN-backed global campaign</strong> rallying non-state actors &ndash; including companies, cities, regions, financial and educational institutions &ndash; to take rigorous and immediate action to halve global emissions by 2030 and deliver a healthier, fairer, zero-carbon world in time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1724634" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8541,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '37th Anniversary of Operation Blue Star',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the 37<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Operation Blue Star was observed by the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Operation Blue Star:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a code name given to an <strong>Indian Military Operation</strong> to remove the separatists who were hidden inside the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Golden Temple</strong></a> at Amritsar on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> June 1984.</strong></li>
<li>The operation was ordered by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, primarily <strong>to</strong> <strong>take control of the Harmandir Sahib Complex in Amritsar (popularly known as the Golden Temple).</strong></li>
<li>The Indian military entered into the premises of the temple <strong>to</strong> <strong>drive out the Sikh extremist religious leader, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</strong> and his armed followers.</li>
<li>The operation had <strong>two components</strong> to it, <strong>Operation Metal</strong> which was the invasion on the temple complex and <strong>Operation Shop</strong> which was confined to the countryside of the state.</li>
<li>This Operation <strong>helped in eliminating Khalistani terrorism.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>resulted in the death of Bhindranwale.</strong></li>
<li>Few months post-Operation Blue Star, <strong>Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards</strong>, followed by severe <strong>anti-Sikh riots in Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale wanted</strong> the Indian government <strong>to pass the Anandpur Resolution</strong>, and thereby agree to the formation of <strong>a separate state of Khalistan for Sikhs.</strong></li>
<li>Since 1982, this radical leader of Sikhism had managed to gain enough support for his cause and <strong>by mid-1983 had set up a base inside the Golden Temple complex, with ammunition and his followers.</strong></li>
<li>Hence, Operation Blue Star was launched between <strong>1<sup>st</sup> June and 6<sup>th</sup> June 1984</strong>, with the aim of getting rid of Bhindranwale and his demands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Security Guard</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>counter-terrorism unit</strong> that formally came into existence in 1986 by an act of Parliament-<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-security-guard-nsg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &lsquo;National Security Guard Act, 1986&rsquo;</a>.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its headquarters is located in <strong>Manesar, Gurugram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The idea behind raising such force came in the <strong>aftermath of Operation Blue Star</strong>, Akshardham Temple attack and the assassination of former PM Indira Gandhi, for combating terrorist activities with a view to protect states against internal disturbances.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/operation-blue-star-anniversary-amritsar-punjab-7346272/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8524,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Blue-finned Mahseer',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> has moved <strong>Blue-finned Mahseer</strong> from <strong>Endangered to the Least Concern&rsquo; status</strong> on its <strong>Red List.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622796339_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622796339_image 1.png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mahseer belongs to the genus <em><strong>Tor</strong></em>, of which there are <strong>several subspecies to be found in India</strong> and in other range countries in South Asia.</li>
<li>The Blue-finned Mahseer or <em><strong>Tor Khudree is one of the subspecies of the Mahseer.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mainly found in the<strong> Mota Mola</strong> <strong>river east of Pune.</strong> This species is also found in other <strong>rivers of the Deccan Plateau.</strong></li>
<li>The species is migratory; <strong>moving upstream during rains. It prefers clean, fast flowing and well oxygenated waters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Threatened by <strong>habitat manipulation, over harvesting and competition from other fish species.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Freshwater Ecosystem Indicator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is very <strong>sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels, water temperature and sudden climatic changes.</strong> It just cannot bear pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have cultural and religious significance as well as they are <strong>protected in &lsquo;temple sanctuaries&rsquo; across India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tata Power (private company) is involved in <strong>conservation of the blue-finned for 50 years in Lonavala (near Pune), Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List</strong>: Least Concern</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IUCN is a <strong>membership union uniquely</strong> composed of both government and civil society organisations.</li>
<li>Created in 1948, <strong>it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</strong> It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Red List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, is the <strong>world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status</strong> of plant and animal species.</li>
<li>It <strong>divides</strong> <strong>species into nine categories:</strong> Not Evaluated, Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct.</li>
<li>It is recognized as the <strong>most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/blue-finned-mahseer-out-of-iucn-red-list-7343295/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8500,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'AmbiTAG',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Punjab has developed a <strong>first-of-its-kind <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IoT (Internet of Things)</a> device &ndash; AmbiTag</strong> that records<strong> real-time ambient temperature</strong> during the <strong>transportation of perishable products, vaccines</strong> and even <strong>body organs and blood.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device has been developed under <strong>Technology Innovation Hub &ndash; AWaDH (Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub)</strong> and it's Startup <strong>ScratchNest.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AWaDH</strong> is a research center at <strong>IIT Ropar</strong> established with support from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accelerate-vigyan-scheme-serb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)</strong> </a>to carry out extensive research in the <strong>field of agriculture and water.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About AmbiTAG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>shaped as a USB (Universal Serial Bus) device.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>India's first indigenous</strong> temperature data logger for<strong> cold chain management.</strong></li>
<li>It continuously records the temperature of its immediate surroundings<strong> from -40 to +80 degrees in any time zone for a full 90 days</strong> on <strong>a single charge.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the similar devices available in the international market record data only for a duration of 30- 60 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>generates an alert</strong> when the temperature goes <strong>beyond a pre-set limit.</strong></li>
<li>The recorded data can be retrieved by <strong>connecting the USB</strong> with any computer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides <strong>perishable items</strong> including <strong>vegetables, meat and dairy products,</strong> it can also monitor the temperature of<strong> animal semen</strong> during transit.</li>
<li>The device will be made available to all companies involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> vaccine transportation from production facilities to the last mile vaccination centers in the country.</li>
<li>It is a push towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>as such devices are being imported by India in a massive quantity from other countries such as <strong>Singapore, Hong Kong, Ireland, and China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723127" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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