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Black-Browed Babbler Rediscovered

Why in News Recently, a Black-Browed Babbler (Malacocincla perspicillata) was rediscovered in southeastern Kalimantan, the part of Borneo that is...

03 Mar 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Suryakiran Aerobatic Team

Why in News The Suryakiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) and Sarang helicopter display team along with the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) will perform at an...

01 Mar 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme

Why in News Government is planning to replace the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP) with a new programme MERITE...

01 Mar 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Guru Ravidas Jayanti

Why in News Guru Ravidas Jayanti is celebrated on Magh Purnima (27th February 2021), the full moon day in the month of Magh according to the Hindu...

27 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Rural Development inaugurated Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021 at Noida Haat. More than 300 rural self-help...

27 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Vijayanagar King Krishnadevaraya

Why in News The first-ever epigraphical reference (an inscription) to the date of death of Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya has been discovered at...

26 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand

Why in News The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) has unearthed a Buddhist monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound...

26 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Black-Necked Crane

Why in News Recently, a group of Buddhist monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government’s renewed push for hydropower...

24 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Olive Ridley Turtles

Why in News The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 Olive Ridley sea turtles due to negligence by...

24 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
National Technology Awards 2020

Why in News A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative...

23 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Silver Antimony Telluride: A Material to Tap Waste Heat

Why in News Scientists at the Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, have found a new material, Silver Antimony...

22 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Epilepsy

Why in News Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a...

20 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Nathu La, Sikkim

Why in News Recently, the Indian Army rescued several tourists caught in a snowstorm at Nathu La on the India-China border in Sikkim. Key...

20 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Hyderabad: Tree City of the World

Why in News Hyderabad city (Telangana’s Capital) has been recognised as a ‘2020 Tree City of the World’ by the Arbor Day...

19 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
World’s Smallest Reptile

Why in News Scientists believe they may have discovered the smallest reptile on earth - a Chameleon subspecies that is the size of a seed. Two of...

18 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Mandarin Duck

Why in News Recently, Mandarin ducks have been sighted in the Maguri-Motapung beel in Assam’s Tinsukia district after a century. Key...

18 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
New York Convention

Why in News Recently, Cairn Energy has filed a case, in accordance with the New York Convention, in the USA district court to enforce a USD 1.2...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Coelacanth

Why in News Recently, a group of palaeontologists have discovered fossils of coelacanth, a giant fish regarded as an iconic example of a...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Maharaja Suheldev

Why in News The Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of a Maharaja Suheldev memorial and the development work of Chittaura lake in Uttar...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Sandes: Government Instant Messaging System

Why in News The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has launched an instant messaging platform called Sandes on the lines of WhatsApp. NIC is under...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims

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		'article_id' => (int) 7828,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black-Browed Babbler Rediscovered ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Black-Browed Babbler</strong> <em>(Malacocincla perspicillata)</em> was <strong>rediscovered</strong> in southeastern Kalimantan, the part of <strong>Borneo</strong> that is administered by <strong>Indonesia.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614773593_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614773593_pasted image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="353" height="262" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>1840s, a mystery bird</strong> was caught on an expedition to the East Indies. It was named as black-browed babbler.</li>
<li>The species was never seen in the wild again, and a stuffed specimen featuring a bright yellow glass eye was the only proof of its existence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>No Asian bird has been missing for as long as Indonesia&rsquo;s Black-browed Babbler. It has been <strong>missing for the last 170 years.</strong></li>
<li>This bird is often called <strong>'the biggest enigma in Indonesian ornithology&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614756968_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614756968_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has a <strong>strong bill, chocolate colouring and distinctive black eye-stripe</strong>, its iris is of <strong>striking maroon colour.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>brown wings</strong> and a <strong>black stripe</strong> across its brow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Discoveries like this give hope that it's possible to find other species that have been lost to science for decades or longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than <strong>150 species of birds around the world are considered "lost"</strong> with no confirmed sightings in the past decade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong></a> Data Deficient</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-after-170-years-a-lost-bird-was-found-in-the-jungles-of-indonesian-borneo-7211451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7814,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Suryakiran Aerobatic Team',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Suryakiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)</strong> and <strong>Sarang helicopter display team</strong> along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</strong></a> will <strong>perform at an air show at Galle Face in Colombo</strong> from 3<sup>rd</sup>-5<sup>th</sup> March 2021 as part the <strong>70<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebrations of the Sri Lankan Air Force (SLAF).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will be the first performance for the SKAT team outside India since it was resurrected in 2015 with Hawk Advanced Jet Trainers (AJT). Earlier, the SKAT team toured Sri Lanka during the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of SLAF in 2001.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Suryakiran Aerobatic Team:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The team was formed in 1996 with <strong>Kiran Mk-II aircraft</strong> and had enthralled spectators across the country till 2011.</li>
<li>It was <strong>revived in 2015</strong> with Hawk trainers initially with four aircraft and grew to the nine aircraft formation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SKAT team, <strong>also known as 52 Squadron or The Sharks,</strong> is based in Bidar (Karnataka).</li>
<li>Since its inception, the SKAT team has carried out over 600 displays all around the country, it has also <strong>represented India across southeast Asia including China.</strong></li>
<li><strong>1971 Commemorations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Marking the golden jubilee year of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh</strong></a>, the SKAT team has been flying different formations over landmarks across the country starting from Kanyakumari in the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sarang Helicopter Display Team:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sarang team has<strong> evolved from the ALH Evaluation Flight (AEF) which was formed in 2003</strong> at Bangalore to evaluate the indigenous helicopter prior to its induction into operational service.</li>
<li>The Indian Air Force aerobatic team Sarang (Peacock) comprises <strong>four Indian built Dhruv helicopters</strong> (an Advanced Light Helicopter - ALH, built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aircraft in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk I and MK II</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale Aircrafts</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhoi-30-mki-equipped-with-the-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sukhoi jets</a>,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/suryakiran-sarang-teams-to-perform-at-colombo-air-show/article33957542.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7808,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Government is planning to replace the <strong>Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP)</strong> with a new programme <strong>MERITE Project.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was started in 2002 by the Ministry of Human Resources and Development with the assistance of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> and is being implemented in a phased manner.</li>
<li>It aims <strong>to upscale the quality of technical education</strong> and enhance capacities of institutions.</li>
<li>The <strong>Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme III (TEQIP-III) was started in 2017</strong> and will be completed by 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims <strong>to develop technical education</strong> as a key component for improving the quality of Engineering Education.</li>
<li>The Objective is to <strong>improve quality and equity in engineering</strong> institutions in focus states such as in low income states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About MERITE Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project has an objective to improve technical education like the TEQIP.</li>
<li>However, the MERITE Project is still in the conceptual stage and has not yet received Cabinet approval.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Initiative to Improve Technical Education</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Margadarshan and Margadarshak</strong></a> (AICTE).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/institutions-of-eminence-ioe-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Institutions of Eminence (IoE) scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Technical Education in Mother Tongue has been proposed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve the objective that students may pursue the professional courses such as medicine, engineering, law, etc in their mother tongue.</li>
<li>It suggests teaching in regional language till class 8 and enabling teaching the curriculum in a language which a student is comfortable in.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/techex-technology-and-innovation-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) schemes.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1200-faculty-in-rural-engineering-colleges-will-lose-jobs-by-month-end/article33956298.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7800,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Guru Ravidas Jayanti',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Guru Ravidas Jayanti is celebrated on Magh Purnima (27<sup>th</sup> February 2021), the full moon day in the month of Magh according to the Hindu lunar calendar.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Guru Ravidas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was <strong>a 14<sup>th</sup> century saint and proponent of the Bhakti movement</strong> in North India.</li>
<li>It is believed that he was<strong> born in Varanasi</strong> in a cobbler&rsquo;s family.</li>
<li>He gained prominence due to his <strong>belief in one God</strong> and his unbiased religious poems.</li>
<li>He dedicated his whole life to the <strong>abolition of the caste system</strong> and openly despised the notion of a Brahminical society.</li>
<li>His devotional songs made an instant impact on the Bhakti Movement and his poems were included in<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guru Granth Sahib</a>&rsquo;,</strong> the religious text of the Sikhs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhakti Movement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of the Bhakti movement took place in Tamil Nadu between the <strong>seventh and ninth centuries.</strong></li>
<li>It was reflected in the emotional poems of the<strong> Nayanars</strong> (devotees of Shiva) and <strong>Alvars</strong> (devotees of Vishnu). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In course of time, the ideas of the South moved up to the North but it was a very slow process.</li>
<li>A more effective method for spreading the Bhakti ideology was the <strong>use of local languages.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bhakti saints composed their verses in local languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They also translated Sanskrit works to make them understandable to a wider audience. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Examples include Jnanadeva writing in Marathi, Kabir, Surdas and Tulsidas in Hindi, Shankaradeva popularising Assamese, Chaitanya and Chandidas spreading their message in Bengali, Mirabai in Hindi and Rajasthani.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1701120#:~:text=President%27s%20Greetings%20on%20the%20eve%20of%20Birthday%20of%20Guru%20Ravidas&amp;text=In%20a%20message%2C%20the%20President,his%20life%20to%20serve%20humanity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7799,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Saras Aajeevika Mela 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Rural Development inaugurated<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-through-cultural-gatherings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Saras Aajeevika Mela</a> 2021</strong> at Noida Haat.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>More than <strong>300 rural self-help groups</strong> and craftsmen from <strong>27 states</strong> are participating in the Mela.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a programme to<strong> transform rural India in general</strong> and the<strong> lives of rural women in particular.</strong></li>
<li>During the Mela, <strong>workshops on product packaging and design, communication skills, social media publicity</strong> and <strong>Business to Business marketing</strong> will be organised to educate the rural self-help groups and craftsmen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organiser:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)</strong> </a>under the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) organised by the <strong>Council for Advancement of People&rsquo;s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CAPART</strong> is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> set up by the Ministry of Rural Development to interface between the government and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a> that seek to improve the quality of life in India's rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To bring the rural women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></a> under one platform so that they can showcase their skills, sell their products, and help them build linkages with bulk buyers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through participation in SARAS Aajeevika Mela, these rural SHG women will get vital <strong>national level exposure</strong> to understand the demand and taste of urban customers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mela acts as an integrated approach towards women empowerment.</li>
<li>The Initiative is well aligned with the government's vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1701205#:~:text=Union%20Minister%20for%20Agriculture%20and,also%20present%20on%20the%20occasion." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7791,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vijayanagar King Krishnadevaraya',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>first-ever epigraphical reference (an inscription) to the date of death of Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya</strong> has been <strong>discovered at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district, Karnataka.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Normally, the death of kings was not recorded in the inscriptions and this was one of those rare records.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the inscription, Krishnadevaraya, one of the greatest emperors of India who ruled from the South, died on 17th October, 1529 (Sunday).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Incidentally, this day was marked by a <strong>lunar eclipse.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The inscription is <strong>engraved on a slab</strong> kept on the north side of the <strong>Gopalakrishna temple</strong> at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district.</li>
<li>The inscription <strong>also registers the gift of village Honnenahalli in Tumakuru</strong> for conducting worship <strong>to the god Veeraprasanna Hanumantha</strong> of Tumakuru.</li>
<li>The inscription is <strong>written in Kannada.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Krishnadevaraya:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the ruler of the <strong>Tuluva dynasty</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krishnapatnam-port" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijayanagar empire</strong></a> (1509-29 AD).</li>
<li>His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.</li>
<li>He is credited with building some fine temples and <strong>adding impressive gopurams</strong> to many important south Indian temples.</li>
<li>He <strong>also founded</strong> a suburban township near Vijayanagar called <strong>Nagalapuram</strong> after his mother.</li>
<li>He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the <strong>Amuktamalyada.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vijayanagara Empire:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vijayanagara or &ldquo;city of victory&rdquo; was the name of both a city and an empire.</li>
<li>The empire <strong>was founded in the fourteenth century</strong> (1336 AD) by <strong>Harihara and Bukka</strong> of the Sangama dynasty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They made Hampi the capital city. In 1986, Hampi was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage site by UNESCO.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.</li>
<li>Vijayanagar Empire was<strong> ruled by four important dynasties</strong> and they are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sangama</li>
<li>Saluva</li>
<li>Tuluva</li>
<li>Aravidu</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/inscription-on-vijayanagar-kings-death-discovered/article33937892.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7787,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india#:~:text=Treasures%20Act%201972.-,Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20India%20(ASI),and%20remains%20of%20national%20importance." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong> </a>has unearthed a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong> </a>monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound in a village near Juljul Pahar of Sitagarhi Hills in Jharkhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier an ancient Buddhist shrine, buried under a similar mound was found, close to this site.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Artifacts Unearthed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Four statues of <strong>deity Tara in Varad Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing dispensing of boons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nagri Script on Tara Statue:</strong> Nagri was a <strong>previous version of Devnagri script</strong> and the words indicate Buddhist religious affiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Six statues of the<strong> Buddha in Bhumisparsha Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing five fingers of right hand towards the earth symbolising the Buddha&rsquo;s enlightenment).</li>
<li>A <strong>sculpture</strong> which appears to be that of<strong> Shaivite deity Maheswari</strong> - with a coiled crown and chakra - indicating cultural assimilation in the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings are significant since the <strong>monastery is on the old route to Varanasi, 10 km from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-of-stupas-sarnath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarnath</a>,</strong> where the Buddha gave his first sermon.</li>
<li>The presence of statues of deity Tara shows <strong>possible proliferation of Vajrayana form of Buddhism</strong> in this region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vajrayana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vajrayana means &ldquo;The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt&rdquo;, also known as <strong>tantric Buddhism.</strong></li>
<li>This Buddhist school <strong>developed in India around 900 CE.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>grounded on esoteric elements and a very complex set of rituals</strong> compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand-7205094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7769,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7767,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles</strong> </a>due to negligence by Odisha&rsquo;s forest and fisheries departments.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of Olive Ridley Turtles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.</li>
<li>These turtles are carnivores and get their name from their olive colored carapace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" caption="false" width="600" height="747" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Scheduled 1</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a></strong>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>The Odisha&rsquo;s<strong> Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong> is known as the world&rsquo;s largest rookery (colony of breeding animals) of sea turtles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arribada (Mass Nesting):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are best known for their <strong>unique mass nesting called Arribada,</strong> where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.</li>
<li>They lay their eggs over a period of five to seven days in conical nests about one and a half feet deep which they dig with their hind flippers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Marine pollution and waste</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Consumption:</strong> They are extensively poached for their meat, shell and leather, and eggs.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Garbage:</strong> An ever-increasing debris of plastics, fishing nets, discarded nets, polythene and other garbage dumped by tourists and fishing workers.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing Trawlers:</strong> Overexploitation of marine resources by use of trawlers often violates the rule to not fish 20 kilometres within a marine sanctuary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were injury marks on many dead turtles indicating they could have been trapped under trawls or gill nets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gahirmatha is the mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest nesting beach</strong> of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha was declared a <strong>turtle sanctuary in 1997</strong> by the Odisha government after considering its ecological importance and as part of efforts to save the sea turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is one of the three parts of the Bhitarkanika National Park. The other two includes the area of Bhitarkanika National Park and the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/dte-impact-orissa-high-court-notices-to-officials-on-death-of-olive-ridley-turtles-75600#:~:text=Orissa%20High%20Court%20February%2023,Odisha's%20forest%20and%20fisheries%20departments.&amp;text=The%20state's%20Gahirmatha%20Marine%20Sanctuary,largest%20rookery%20of%20sea%20turtles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7759,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Awards 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative indigenous technologies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are conferred by the <strong>Technology Development Board (TDB).</strong></li>
<li>Every year TDB seeks applications for prestigious National awards for commercialization of technologies under three categories -<strong> Indigenous technologies, MSME, and Startups.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category 1: National Award For Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to an industrial concern which has successfully developed &amp; commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
<li>In case, the technology developer / provider and the company commercializing the technology are two different organizations, each is eligible for award of Rs. 25 Lakh and a trophy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 2: National Award For MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The award of Rs. 15 lakhs each in this category is given to selected MSMEs that have successfully commercialized the product based on indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 3: National Award For Technology Start-ups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to a technology start-up for promising new technology with potential for commercialization.</li>
<li>The award in addition to the trophy includes a cash award of Rs. 15 Lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These awards conferred to various industries provide a platform of recognition to Indian industries and their technology provider, who have worked as a team, to bring innovation to the market and contributed to the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Development Board is a<strong> statutory body</strong> of the Government of India functioning under the<strong> Department of Science of Technology.</strong> It was established in 1996.</li>
<li>It provides financial assistance to companies working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a> is organised every year by the TDB.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699922"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7747,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Silver Antimony Telluride: A Material to Tap Waste Heat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists at the <strong>Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research</strong>, have found a new material, <strong>Silver Antimony Telluride (AgSbTe2)</strong>, that can help in tapping waste heat produced by all kinds of domestic and industrial appliances, and use it to accomplish other useful work.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basically, the material will <strong>exploit the benefits of thermo-electric effect.</strong> The thermo-electric effect <strong>involves the process by which heat is transformed to electrical energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traditionally, the <strong>thermo-electric effect has been demonstrated</strong> and utilised <strong>by using two different metals</strong> joined together, and <strong>by mechanically maintaining two different temperatures</strong> at the ends. But <strong>such materials do not offer efficient or economical solutions.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, most materials that conduct electricity, also happen to be good conductors of heat. That means that <strong>there would not be any significant temperature difference between the two ends</strong> of the material for very long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To date, the most efficient thermoelectric materials <strong>use lead as a major constituent element</strong>, but lead has very <strong>adverse environmental impacts</strong> such as air pollution and also causes human health issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Silver Antimony Telluride:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanomaterial</strong></a> compound synthesised from <strong>Silver, Antimony and Tellurium.</strong></li>
<li>A crystalline solid, it has free electrons that help in conduction of electricity but its lattices (arrangement of atoms) are rather inflexible, and vibrate quite slowly thereby inhibiting the propagation of heat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it is a <strong>good conductor of electricity but a bad conductor of heat</strong>, a property <strong>important for Thermo-electric effect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are <strong>a variety of potential applications.</strong> Industrial processes and power plants, along with all kinds of domestic appliances, produce ample amounts of waste heat that can be utilised to do significant amounts of work.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The heat from the laptop, for example, can be used to charge a mobile phone. Or, that from the phone can be used to charge a small watch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The energy conversion is not a very efficient process. Typically, <strong>not more than 15 to 20% of the waste heat can be utilised.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-silver-antimony-telluride-heat-generation-7197033/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7740,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Epilepsy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the <strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)</strong> and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a drug for epilepsy.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Epilepsy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.</li>
<li>Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects people of all ages.</li>
<li>Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it&rsquo;s more common in young children and older adults. It occurs slightly more in males than in females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alterations to sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, or touch, dizziness, tingling and twitching of limbs, Staring blankly, unresponsiveness, performing repetitive movements.</li>
<li>It may or may not involve loss of awareness or consciousness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There&rsquo;s <strong>no cure for epilepsy,</strong> but the disorder can be managed with medications and other strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative to Raise Awareness:</strong> In 2019, a report <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Epilepsy, a public health imperative</strong></a> was released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first global report on epilepsy summarizing the available evidence on the burden of epilepsy and the public health response required at global, regional and national levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APIs, also called bulk drugs, are significant<strong> ingredients in the manufacture</strong> of drugs. The Hubei province of China is the hub of the API manufacturing industry.</li>
<li>India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China. India&rsquo;s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per year, and around 70%, or $2.5 billion, come from China.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/msn-group-to-unveil-drug-to-treat-epilepsy/article33883235.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7736,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nathu La, Sikkim',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613816120_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613816120_image6.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="170" height="260" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the Indian Army rescued several tourists caught in a snowstorm at<strong> Nathu La</strong> on the <strong>India-China border in Sikkim.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nathu La, one of the<strong> highest motorable roads</strong> in the world, is a mountain pass in the Himalayan peaks situated on the Indo-Tibetan border 14450 ft. above sea level.</li>
<li>Nathu means<strong> 'listening ears',</strong> and La means 'pass'.</li>
<li>It is an open trading border post between India and China.</li>
<li>The other passes located in the state of Sikkim are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/face-off-between-india-and-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jelep La Pass, Donkia Pass, Chiwabhanjang Pass.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; text-align: center; height: 19px; background-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Pass</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; text-align: center; height: 19px; background-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Link/Features</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Banihal Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Kashmir Valley with the outer Himalaya and the plains to the south.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Bara-Lacha-La Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh with Leh district in Ladakh.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Fotu La Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Leh with Kargil of Ladakh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Rohtang Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Shipki La Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh with Autonomous Region of Tibet, China.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Jelep La Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Sikkim with Autonomous Region of Tibet, China.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Nathu La Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Sikkim with Autonomous Region of Tibet, China.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 51px; background-color: #faffe3;">Lipu Lekh Pass</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 51px; background-color: #faffe3;">
<p>Chaudans valley of India with Autonomous Region of Tibet, China. It is located close to the tri junction of Uttarakhand (India), China and Nepal.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Khardung La</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 35px; background-color: #faffe3;">Ladakh with Siachen glacier. It is the highest motorable pass in the world.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 29.908%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">Bom di La</td>
<td style="width: 70.092%; height: 19px; background-color: #faffe3;">It is in Arunachal Pradesh</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/army-rescues-447-tourists-from-nathu-la-after-snowstorm/article33880192.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7728,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hyderabad: Tree City of the World',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Hyderabad city</strong> (Telangana&rsquo;s Capital) has been recognised as a <strong>&lsquo;2020 Tree City of the World&rsquo;</strong> by the <strong>Arbor Day Foundation</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-price-index-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</strong></a> of the United Nations (FAO).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hyderabad has <strong>earned recognition in the Foundation's second year of the programme along with 51 other cities</strong> in the world (during 2020 &amp; cumulative 120 cities from 63 countries).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the cities were from countries &ndash; USA, UK, Canada, Australia etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>only City in India to get this recognition so far.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tree Cities of the World Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an international effort to<strong> recognize cities and towns</strong> committed to ensuring that their<strong> urban forests and trees are properly maintained,</strong> sustainably managed, and duly celebrated.</li>
<li>At the <strong>2018 World Forum on Urban Forests in Mantova, Italy,</strong> world leaders issued the <strong>Mantova Green Cities Challenge</strong> and a call-for-action that included joining the Tree Cities of the World programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The programme intends to connect cities around the world in a new network dedicated to sharing and adopting the most successful approaches to managing community trees and forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a programme <strong>partnership between the Arbor Day Foundation and the FAO.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5 Standards for Evaluation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A city is evaluated on five standards - <strong>Establish Responsibility, Set the Rules, Know What You Have, Allocate the Resources,</strong> and<strong> Celebrate the Achievements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hyderabad&rsquo;s Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hyderabad is the <strong>only city in India</strong> to have been selected for this recognition in response to its commitment to growing and maintaining<strong> urban forestry</strong> through <strong>Haritha Haram programme</strong> and <strong>Urban Forest Parks.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Haritha Haram programme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> Haritha Haram is a<strong> flagship programme</strong> of the Telangana government to increase the <strong>green cover</strong> of the State from the present 25.16 to 33% of the total geographical area.</li>
<li><strong>Approach:</strong> The objective is sought to be achieved by a multi-pronged approach of rejuvenating degraded forests, ensuring more effective protection of forests <strong>against smuggling, encroachment, fire, grazing and intensive soil</strong> and <strong>moisture conservation</strong> measures following the<strong> watershed approach.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Urban Forest Parks (UFP):</strong> The Forest blocks in and around cities are developed into Urban Forest Parks (UFP) under this programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Urban Forest Parks will not only provide the whole some healthy living environment but also contribute to the growth of smart, clean, green, sustainable and healthy cities in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Arbor Day Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Arbor Day Foundation is a nonprofit conservation and education organization founded in 1972 in Nebraska, United States, by John Rosenow.</li>
<li>It is the largest nonprofit membership organization dedicated to tree planting.</li>
<li>Its vision is to help others understand and use trees as a solution to many of the global issues we face today, including air quality, water quality, a changing climate, deforestation, poverty, and hunger.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-the-only-tree-city-of-the-world-from-india/article33872974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7719,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World’s Smallest Reptile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists believe they may have discovered the<strong> smallest reptile on earth - a Chameleon subspecies</strong> that is the size<strong> of a seed.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Two of the tiny lizards were discovered by a <strong>German-Madagascan</strong> expedition team in <strong>Madagascar.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613636558_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613636558_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Discovery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The team found<strong> one male and one female of the species, named <em>Brookesia</em> nana,</strong> during an expedition in 2012.</li>
<li>The<em><strong> Male Brookesia Nana</strong></em>, or <em><strong>Nano-Chameleon</strong></em>, has a body of just <strong>13.5 mm.</strong> Its length from top to tail is 22 mm. The <strong>female</strong> is far <strong>bigger</strong> at around <strong>29 mm.</strong></li>
<li>According to the<strong> Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich, <em>Nano-Chameleon</em></strong> is the<strong> smallest of about 11,500 known species</strong> of reptiles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Previously, the chameleon species<em><strong> Brookesia micra</strong> </em>was thought to be the smallest. The average length of adults of this species is <strong>16 mm (29 mm with tail),</strong> while the <strong>smallest adult male</strong> has been recorded at <strong>15.3 mm.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> longest,</strong> the <strong>reticulated python,</strong> at 6.25 m is almost as long as 289 Brookesia nanas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The New Chameleon is only known from a degraded <strong>Montane Rainforest in Northern Madagascar</strong> and might be threatened by extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nano-chameleons have <strong>previously suffered deforestation,</strong> but their habitat is now protected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In their report, scientists recommended that the chameleon be listed as Critically endangered in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature's</a> (IUCN)</strong> Red List of Threatened Species to help protect it and its habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Chameleons: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae)</strong> are a distinctive and highly specialized <strong>Clade</strong> of <strong>Old World Lizard</strong> with 202 species described as of June 2015. <strong>Madagascar is home to nearly two-thirds</strong> of all chameleon species.</li>
<li>Chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting. They live in warm habitats that range from <strong>Rainforest</strong> and<strong> Desert</strong> Condition. They are best known for their ability to change body colour.</li>
<li>The Indian chameleon is found in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/worlds-smallest-reptile-chameleon-madagascar-it-compares-to-other-reptiles-7180293/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source-IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7716,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mandarin Duck',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Mandarin ducks</strong> have been sighted in the <strong>Maguri-Motapung beel in Assam&rsquo;s Tinsukia district</strong> after a century.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Aix galericulata</em></li>
<li><strong>Discovery<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613632531_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613632531_image 2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mandarin duck was <strong>first identified by Swedish</strong> botanist, physician and zoologist <strong>Carl Linnaeus in 1758.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Characteristics:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>considered the most beautiful duck</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Male mandarins</strong> have elaborate plumage (feathers) with orange plumes on their cheeks, orange 'sails' on their back, and pale orange sides; <strong>females are dull in comparison</strong>, with grey heads, brown backs and white eyestripe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diet:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These birds may feed on seeds, acorns, small fruit, insects, snails, and small fish.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These birds <strong>inhabit temperate forests near wetlands</strong> including rivers, streams, bogs, marshes, swamps, and freshwater lakes.</li>
<li>It is <strong>native to East Asia</strong> but has established <strong>populations in Western Europe and America too.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It breeds in <strong>Russia, Korea, Japan and northeastern parts of China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Presence in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The duck <strong>rarely visits India</strong> as it does not fall in its usual migratory route.</li>
<li>It was <strong>recorded in 1902 in the Dibru river</strong> in the Rongagora area in Tinsukia (Assam).</li>
<li>More recently, it was sighted in <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Loktak Lake</strong> in 2013, and in <strong>Saatvoini Beel</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manas National Park</strong></a> and Tiger Reserve in Assam&rsquo;s Baksa district in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status on IUCN Red List :</strong> Least Concern.</li>
<li><strong>Maguri-Motapung Beel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Maguri Motapung wetland, an Important Bird Area as declared by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delhi-butterfly-corridors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bombay Natural History Society</strong></a> is located close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/concerns-over-drilling-in-dibru-saikhowa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dibru Saikhowa National Park</strong></a> in Upper Assam.</li>
<li>In May 2020, the Beel was adversely affected by a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-gas-leak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blowout and fire at an Oil India Limited-owned</strong></a> gas well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting oil spill killed a number of fish, snakes as well as an endangered Gangetic dolphin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-a-rare-duck-has-created-a-flutter-in-upper-assam-7187927/#:~:text=Considered%20the%20most%20beautiful%20duck,after%20more%20than%20a%20century.&amp;text=Floating%20in%20the%20Maguri%2DMotapung,spectacular%20and%20rare%20Mandarin%20duck." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7713,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New York Convention',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Cairn Energy</strong> has filed a case, in accordance with the<strong> New York Convention,</strong> in the USA district court to enforce a USD 1.2 billion arbitration award it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pca-ruling-on-retrospective-taxation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>won in a tax dispute against India.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,</strong> also known as the <strong>"New York Arbitration Convention" or the "New York Convention",</strong> is one of the key <strong>instruments in international arbitration. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Arbitration</strong> is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators (an independent person/body) who make a binding decision on the dispute.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards</strong> and the <strong>referral by a court to arbitration.</strong></li>
<li>The Convention was adopted by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN)</strong> following a diplomatic conference held in May and June 1958 at the UN Headquarters in New York, and entered into force on <strong>7<sup>th</sup> June, 1959.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parties to Convention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention has <strong>166 state parties</strong> (Countries).</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is a party to the Convention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention's principal aim is that <strong>foreign and non-domestic arbitral awards should not be discriminated against by courts</strong> asked to enforce them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It obliges Contracting States to ensure foreign awards are recognised and generally capable of enforcement in their jurisdiction in the same way as domestic awards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To require courts of Contracting States to <strong>uphold valid arbitration agreements and stay court proceedings</strong> in respect of matters which the parties have agreed should be resolved by arbitration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By signing up to the Convention, a <strong>state agrees that its courts will respect and enforce parties' agreements to arbitrate, and to recognise and enforce any resulting arbitral award in its jurisdiction</strong> subject to only very limited grounds for refusal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cairn-files-case-in-us-to-push-india-to-pay-12-bn-award/article33854980.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7710,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Coelacanth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of palaeontologists have <strong>discovered fossils of coelacanth, a giant fish regarded as an iconic example of a &ldquo;living fossil.&rdquo;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>discovered fossil</strong> of Coelacanth is<strong> believed to be 66 million years old</strong> belonging to the <strong>Cretaceous era.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613557322_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613557322_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coelacanths are<strong> elusive, deep-sea creatures,</strong> living in depths up to 2,300 feet below the surface.</li>
<li>These were <strong>thought to have gone extinct with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.</strong> But its <strong>discovery in 1938</strong> started a debate about how this lobe-finned fish fits into the evolution of land animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Species:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are only two known species of coelacanths: one that lives near the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comoros Islands</strong></a> off the east coast of Africa, and one found in the waters off <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-s-oldest-cave-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sulawesi</strong></a>, Indonesia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Fossil:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Living Fossil is an organism that has remained unchanged from earlier geologic times and whose close relatives are usually extinct. Other than Coelacanth, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-horseshoe-crab-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horseshoe crab</strong></a> and<strong> ginkgo trees</strong> are examples of living <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dickinsonia-earliest-known-living-animal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fossils</strong></a>.</li>
<li>However, in their new study, palaeontologists have found that Coelacanths gained 62 new genes through encounters with other species 10 million years ago. This suggests that they are actually evolving, albeit slowly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Status</strong></a>: Critically Endangered<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sulawesi Coelacanth</strong> is listed as <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES Status</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/palaeontologist-discovers-ancient-enormous-caelocanth-species-by-accident-75544" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7708,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maharaja Suheldev',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of a <strong>Maharaja Suheldev memorial</strong> and the <strong>development work of Chittaura lake</strong> in Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s Bahraich district.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Maharaja Suheldev:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the<strong> erstwhile ruler of Shravasti</strong> in Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s (UP) Bahraich district, who ruled in the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He is known in history for waging <strong>guerrilla warfare against Mahmud Ghazni&rsquo;s large army.</strong></li>
<li>Suheldev was deeply moved by the loot and destruction of the magnificent Somnath temple by invader Mahmud Ghazni that he decided to <strong>gather heads of different communities like Tharu and Banjara</strong> as well as small kings to block the invasion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His army defeated and <strong>killed Ghazi Salar Masud,</strong> the nephew of Mahmud Ghazni, at Bahraich.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Raja Suheldev finds <strong>mention in</strong> <strong>&lsquo;Mirat-i-Masudi&rsquo;,</strong> a 17<sup>th</sup> century Persian-language historical account.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Mirat-i-Masudi&rsquo; is the <strong>biography of Salar Masud,</strong> written by Abd-ur-Rahman Chishti during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir (1605&ndash;1627).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In local folklore, Suheldev is <strong>said to be a Rajbhar.</strong></li>
<li>He is <strong>popular as a caste icon</strong> among the<strong> Rajbhars (OBC)</strong> and the <strong>Pasis</strong> (second largest Dalit caste in UP), both of whom have been competing for his legacy and are predominantly found in central and eastern UP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chittaura Lake:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chittaura Jheel is located in the Bahraich District near the village Chittaur in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Teri Nadi,</strong> a small river originates from this lake which is a home to many migratory birds.</li>
<li>Being a Hindu pilgrimage site, many fairs are held near this lake during Kartik Purnima and Vasant Panchami.</li>
<li>There is an ashram where <strong>Muni Ashtwarka</strong> used to live and this site also<strong> witnessed the epic fight between Ghazi Salar Masud and Raja Suheldev</strong> in the year 1033.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a temple complex with the statue of Raja Suheldev</strong> and <strong>temple dedicated to Goddess Durga</strong> situated here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/raja-suheldev-uttar-pradesh-bjp-7191421/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7707,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sandes: Government Instant Messaging System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong></a> has launched an <strong>instant messaging platform called Sandes</strong> on the lines of WhatsApp.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC is under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</strong> It provides network backbone and e-Governance support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sandes App:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>Government Instant Messaging System (GIMS)</strong> that can be used for official or casual use by any Government employee or public user having a valid Mobile No./Email ID.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It offers features such as group making, broadcast message, message forwarding and emojis.</li>
<li>Although there is <strong>no option to transfer the chat history between two platforms,</strong> the <strong>chats</strong> on <strong>GIMS can be backed up</strong> to a users&rsquo; email.</li>
<li>The <strong>user will have to re-register as a new user</strong> in case they wish to change their registered Email Id or phone number on the App.</li>
<li>It <strong>allows a user to mark a message as confidential</strong>, which will allow the recipient to be made aware the message should not be shared with others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ensures Secure Communication:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert-In)</strong> and the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> in April, 2020 had <strong>issued an advisory to all government employees to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoom-not-a-safe-platform-mha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">avoid using platforms like Zoom</a></strong> for official communication over safety and privacy concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Indegenous Products:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The launch of the App is also <strong>a part of the government strategy to push for use of India-made software</strong> so as to build an ecosystem of indigenously developed products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sandesh-the-governments-new-instant-messaging-platform-7189759/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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