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dbGENVOC: Database of Genomic Variants of Oral Cancer

Why in News Recently, the National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), funded by the Department of Biotechnology, has created the world's...

10 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
SPARSH: System for Pension Administration Raksha

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Defence has implemented SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha). Key Points About: It is an...

09 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
GI Certified Bhalia Wheat: Gujarat

Why in News Recently, the first shipment of Geographical Indication (GI) certified Bhalia variety of wheat was exported to Kenya and Sri Lanka from...

08 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Silambam

Why in News Recently, an Indian named Ganesan Sandhirakasan has won the top prize in a government-initiated competition for migrant workers in...

08 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Matsya Setu

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying has launched the Online Course Mobile App “Matsya Setu”...

08 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair

Why in News A biopic on Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair will be produced. It will be based on the book, ‘The case that shook the empire’...

06 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Project BOLD: KVIC

Why in News Recently, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) launched a project named Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD) from the...

05 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Vembanad Lake: Kerala

Why in News Kerala houseboats in Vembanad Lake are about to begin soon amid a robust vaccination drive. This is the largest lake in Kerala and...

03 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Kuvempu Award 2020

Why in News Recently, Odia poet Dr. Rajendra Kishore Panda has been selected for the Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar (award) 2020. Dr. Panda, born in...

02 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Taal Volcano: Philippines

Why in News Recently, the Philippines increased the alert level on Taal Volcano to level 3 on a five-level scale after a Phreatomagmatic Eruption...

02 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
First Movable Freshwater Tunnel Aquarium: Indian Railways

Why in News Recently, Indian Railway (IR) has opened the first movable freshwater tunnel aquarium at Bengaluru Railway Station. Key Points The...

02 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Guindy National Park: Tamil Nadu

Why in News The Guindy National Park provides a number of ecosystem services to the people of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Ecosystem services are the...

01 Jul 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Bharitalasuchus Tapani: A Carnivorous Reptile

Why in News Recently, an international team of paleontologists has thrown light on a carnivorous reptile that lived 240 million years ago...

30 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
NATRAX-High Speed Track

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises inaugurated NATRAX- the High Speed Track in Pithampur, Indore (Madhya...

30 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Exercise Sea Breeze

Why in News Ukraine and the United States launched joint naval Exercise ‘Sea Breeze’ in the Black Sea in a show of Western cooperation...

29 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
National Statistics Day

Why in News Every year, the Statistics Day is celebrated on 29th June, the birth anniversary of Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, to recognise his...

29 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Project Seabird: INS Kadamba

Why in News Recently, the Defence Minister visited the Karwar Naval Base in Karnataka to review the ongoing infrastructure development under...

28 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Black Sea

Why in News In a recent event, Russia alleged that the British warship had breached its territorial waters in Black Sea which Britain and most of...

25 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Tax Inspectors Without Borders Programme

Why in News Recently, the Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB), a joint initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the...

25 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Peter Pan Syndrome

Why in News Recently, a special court in Mumbai granted bail to an accused of sexually assaulting a minor as he was suffering from Peter Pan...

24 Jun 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims

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		'article_id' => (int) 8827,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'dbGENVOC: Database of Genomic Variants of Oral Cancer',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG)</strong>, funded by the <strong>Department of Biotechnology</strong>, has <strong>created the world's first database of genomic variations in oral cancer</strong> (dbGENVOC).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About dbGENVOC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>dbGENVOC, a comprehensive, flexible database framework, developed with an aim to <strong>allow potential users to access, query, browse and download</strong> clinically relevant somatic and germline variation data from Indian oral cancer patients.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Somatic or acquired genomic variants</strong> are the most common cause of cancer, occurring from <strong>damage to genes in an individual cell</strong> during a person&rsquo;s life.</li>
<li>A germline variant occurs in gametes and is <strong>passed directly from a parent to a child</strong> at the time of conception. Cancers caused by germline <strong>pathogenic</strong> variants are called inherited or hereditary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be updated annually with variation data from new oral cancer patients from different regions of India and southeast Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cancer Burden in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the World Cancer Report 2020, India had an <strong>estimated 1.16 million new cancer cases in 2018.</strong></li>
<li>1 in 10 Indians <strong>will develop</strong> cancer during their lifetime and <strong>1 in 15 will die</strong> of the disease.</li>
<li>The <strong>six most common cancer types</strong> in India are breast cancer, oral cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Oral cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer among men in India</strong>, largely fuelled <strong>by tobacco-chewing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Cancer Grid (NCG)</strong> is a network of major cancer centers, research institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India with the mandate of establishing uniform standards of patient care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, providing specialized training and education in oncology (study of cancer) and facilitating collaborative basic, translational and clinical research in cancer. It was formed in August 2012.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-genomic-grid" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Genomic Grid (NGG)</a>:</strong> NGG will collect samples from cancer patients, through a network of pan-India collection centres by bringing all cancer treatment institutions on board.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india#:~:text=National%20Programme%20for%20Prevention%20and,National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM).&amp;text=The%20initiative%20will%20help%20in,on%20risk%20factors%20of%20NCDs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS)</strong></a> is being implemented under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> for up-to the district level activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733448" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'SPARSH: System for Pension Administration Raksha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Defence</strong> has implemented<strong> SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>integrated system for automation of sanction and disbursement</strong> of defence <strong>pension.</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>web-based system processes pension claims</strong> and credits pension directly into the bank accounts of defence pensioners without relying on any external intermediary.</li>
<li>A <strong>Pensioner Portal</strong> is available for pensioners<strong> to view their pension related information,</strong> access services and register complaints, if any.</li>
<li>SPARSH envisages <strong>establishment of Service Centres to provide last mile connectivity to pensioners</strong> who may be unable to directly access the SPARSH portal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two largest banks dealing with defence pensioners &ndash; State Bank of India (SBI) and Punjab National Bank (PNB) &ndash; have been co-opted as Service Centres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiative Related to Defence Pensions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-rank-one-pension" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme</a>:</strong> It provides the <strong>payment of the same pension to military officers for the same rank </strong>for the <strong>same length of service,</strong> irrespective of the date of retirement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1733751" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8812,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'GI Certified Bhalia Wheat: Gujarat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the first shipment of <strong>Geographical Indication (GI)</strong> certified <strong>Bhalia variety of wheat</strong> was exported to Kenya and Sri Lanka <strong>from Gujarat.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bhalia variety of wheat <strong>received GI certification in July, 2011.</strong></li>
<li>This Wheat has <strong>high protein content and is sweet</strong> in taste.</li>
<li>This crop is <strong>grown mostly across the Bhal region of Gujarat</strong> which includes Ahmedabad, Anand, Kheda, Bhavanagar, Surendranagar, Bharuch districts.</li>
<li>This variety is <strong>grown in the rainfed condition without irrigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI products from Gujarat are:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Latest is the <strong>wooden printing blocks of Pethapur</strong> and others are, <strong>furniture made in Sankheda, agates from Khambhat</strong>, Kutch embroidery, zari craft from Surat, patola from Patan, bandhani from Jamnagar, and Kesar mangoes from Gir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geographical Indication Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GI is an indication used to <strong>identify goods having special characteristics originating from a definite geographical territory.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is used <strong>for agricultural, natural and manufactured goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</strong> seeks to provide for the registration and better protection of geographical indications relating to goods in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act is <strong>administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and TradeMarks</strong>- who is the Registrar of Geographical Indications.</li>
<li>The Geographical Indications <strong>Registry is located at Chennai.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The registration of a geographical indication is <strong>valid for a period of 10 years</strong>. It can be <strong>renewed from time to time</strong> for a further period of 10 years each.</li>
<li>It is also a part of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation&rsquo;s</strong></a> Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).</li>
<li><strong>Recent Examples: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-to-two-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jharkhand&rsquo;s Sohrai Khovar painting</a></strong>, Telangana&rsquo;s <strong>Telia Rumal, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tirur-vettila-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tirur Vetilla</a> (Kerala), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dindigul-lock-and-kandangi-saree" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dindigul Lock and Kandangi Saree</a></strong> (Tamil Nadu), <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-for-odisha-rasagola" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Odisha Rasagola</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/home-delivery-of-shahi-lichi-and-zardalu-mango" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shahi Litchi</a></strong> (Bihar), <strong>etc.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</strong></a> (APEDA - Ministry of Commerce and Industry) has a focus on promotion of exports of GI products.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, a consignment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exports-of-gi-certified-gholvad-sapota-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dahanu Gholvad sapota</strong></a> was exported from <strong>Maharashtra&rsquo;s</strong> Palghar district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wheat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rabi Crop:</strong> It is <strong>sown in October-December</strong> and <strong>harvested during April-June.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Temperature:</strong> Between <strong>10-15&deg;C (Sowing time)</strong> and <strong>21-26&deg;C (Ripening &amp; Harvesting)</strong> with bright sunlight.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall</strong>: Around 75-100 cm.</li>
<li><strong>Soil Type:</strong> Well-drained fertile <strong>loamy and clayey loamy</strong> (Ganga-Satluj plains and black soil region of the Deccan).</li>
<li><strong>Major wheat growing states</strong> in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is the <strong>second largest producer</strong> after China.</li>
<li>Success of the <strong>Green Revolution</strong> contributed to the growth of Rabi crops, especially wheat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Macro Management Mode of Agriculture,<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Food Security Mission</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana</strong> </a>are few <strong>government initiatives</strong> to support wheat cultivation.</li>
<li>The <strong>wheat exports from India witnessed a significant growth of 808%</strong> in the fiscal 2020-21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India exported a substantial quantity of grain to <strong>seven new countries</strong> - Yemen, Indonesia, Bhutan, Philippines, Iran, Cambodia and Myanmar during 2020-21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625733030_pasted%20image 0 (2).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625733030_pasted image 0 (2).png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733412" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8810,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Silambam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>an Indian named Ganesan Sandhirakasan has won the top prize</strong> in a government-initiated competition for migrant workers in Singapore <strong>for his performance of Silambam.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Silambam is an <strong>ancient weapon-based martial art</strong> that emerged in <strong>Tamilakam, which is now Tamil Nadu region of India.</strong> It is<strong> one of the oldest martial arts in the world.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625730214_pasted%20image 0 (1).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625730214_pasted image 0 (1).png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The term Silambam contains a meaning which itself reveals about the sport, <strong>silam stands for a &lsquo;mountain&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>bam stands for bamboo</strong> which is the main weapon used in this form of martial arts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is closely linked to the Kerala martial art <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalaripayattu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>kalaripayattu</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foot movement</strong> are key elements to silambam and kutta varisai (empty hand version). There are <strong>sixteen movements needed to master the movement of the foot</strong> to keep pace with the movement of the stick.</li>
<li>The main <strong>goal of the training is to defend the user against several armed opposition.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bamboo staff-</strong> It is the main weapon and the length of the bamboo staff depends on the height of the practitioner.</li>
<li><strong>Maru</strong>- a thrusting weapon which is made from horns of deer.</li>
<li><strong>Aruva</strong> (sickle), <strong>Savuku</strong> (a whip), <strong>Vaal</strong> (curved sword), <strong>Kuttu Katai</strong> (spiked knuckle duster), <strong>Katti</strong> (knife), <strong>Sedikuchi</strong> (cudgel or short stick).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is believed to have <strong>originated somewhere around 1000 BC</strong> and it was brought by the sage <strong>Agastya Munivar.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sillappadikkaram</strong> and many other works of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangam literature</strong></a> mentions about the practice and it dates back to <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> century BC</strong> whereas oral <strong>folk tales traces it back even further around 7000 years.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But according to recent surveys and archaeological excavations, <strong>it has been confirmed that Silambam was practiced from at least 10,000 BC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ban and Evolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was employed in warfare by most rulers of south India. The soldiers of the <strong>Tamil ruler Veerapandiya Kattabomman used silambam</strong> to wage war against the British colonists, there was a <strong>ban on it by the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>ban, coupled with the introduction of firearms</strong>, did affect the combative nature of silambam greatly and due to which it has transformed into a <strong>performance art.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Martial Arts of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gatka</strong>- Punjab</li>
<li><strong>Paika</strong>- Odisha</li>
<li><strong>Thag Ta</strong>- Manipur</li>
<li><strong>Kalaripayattu</strong>- Kerala</li>
<li><strong>Choliya</strong>- Uttarakhand</li>
<li><strong>Pang Lhabsol</strong>- Sikkim</li>
<li><strong>Musti Yudha</strong>- Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li><strong>Mardani Khel</strong>- Maharashtra</li>
<li><strong>Pari Khanda</strong>- Bihar</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-man-top-prize-initiated-competition-migrant-workers-7391430/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8809,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Matsya Setu',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying</strong> has launched the Online Course Mobile App <strong>&ldquo;Matsya Setu&rdquo;</strong> for fish farmers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The app was developed by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a>-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture</strong> (ICAR-CIFA) and <strong>National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>aims to disseminate the latest freshwater aquaculture technologies</strong> to the aqua farmers of the country, thus increasing the productivity and income.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aquaculture is <strong>breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India is the second major producer of fish</strong> through aquaculture in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has a focus on <strong>grow-out culture of commercially important fishes</strong> like carp, catfish, scampi, murrel, ornamental fish, pearl farming etc.</li>
<li>It can be used <strong>to disseminate the latest information on different schemes among the stakeholders</strong>, especially fishers, fish farmers, youth and entrepreneurs across the country, and<strong> facilitate ease of doing business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shaphari-certification-scheme-for-aquaculture-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shaphari: Certification Scheme for Aquaculture Products</a>:</strong> It is a market-based tool for hatcheries to adopt good aquaculture practices and help produce quality antibiotic-free shrimp products to assure global consumers.</li>
<li>Establishment of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-october-2018#:~:text=To%20attract%20private%20investment%20in%20creation%20and%20management%20of%20fisheries%20infrastructure%20facilities.&amp;text=for%20taking%20up%20of%20the,a%20period%20of%2012%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)</strong></a> during 2018-19.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matsya-sampada-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana</a>:</strong> The programme aims to achieve 22 million tonnes of fish production by 2024-25. Also, it is expected to create employment opportunities for 55 lakh people.</li>
<li>Focus on <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue Revolution</a>:</strong> Creating an enabling environment for integrated and holistic management of fisheries for the socio-economic development of the fishers and fish farmers.</li>
<li>Extension of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-credit-card-kcc-saturation-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Credit Card (KCC)</strong></a> facilities to fishers and fish farmers to help them in meeting their working capital needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1733198" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8793,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A biopic on<strong> Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair</strong> will be produced.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be <strong>based on the book, &lsquo;The case that shook the empire&rsquo;</strong> written by Raghu Palat and Pushpa Palat in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625565045_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625565045_image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Born in the year 1857</strong> in <strong>Mankara village</strong> of<strong> Malabar&rsquo;s Palakkad district.</strong></li>
<li>Known for being<strong> a passionate advocate for social reforms</strong> and<strong> a firm believer in the self-determination of India.</strong></li>
<li>He was <strong>an acclaimed lawyer and judge</strong> in the Madras High Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>President of INC:</strong> He was one of the early builders of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress (INC)</strong></a>, formed in 1885.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1897, he became the <strong>youngest president of the INC</strong> in the history of the party till then, and the <strong>only Malayali to hold the post ever.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Member of the Raleigh University Commission:</strong> In 1902, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/reforms-and-administration-under-lord-curzon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lord Curzon</strong></a> appointed him a member of the <strong>Raleigh University Commission.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Knighthood:</strong> In 1904, he was appointed as Companion of the Indian Empire by the King-Emperor and in 1912 he was knighted.</li>
<li><strong>Judge in Madras High Court:</strong> He was appointed as a permanent judge in the Madras High Court<strong> in 1908.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Part of Viceroy Council:</strong> In 1915, he became part of the Viceroy&rsquo;s Council, put in charge of the education portfolio.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Freedom Movement:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a fervent freedom fighter, he firmly believed in India&rsquo;s<strong> right for self-government.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms:</strong> In 1919,<strong> as part of the Viceroy&rsquo;s Executive Council,</strong> he played an important role in the expansion of provisions in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/government-of-india-act-1919#:~:text=Montagu%2DChelmsford%20Reforms%20which%20came,as%20Provincial%20levels%20of%20Government." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> introduced a system of dyarchy</strong> in the provinces and<strong> increased participation of Indians in the administration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resignation from the Viceroy&rsquo;s Council:</strong> When the massacre of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallianwala Bagh</strong></a> (13<sup>th</sup> April, 1919) happened, he resigned from the Viceroy&rsquo;s Council in protest.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His resignation shook the British government. In the immediate aftermath, <strong>press censorship in Punjab was lifted </strong>and<strong> martial law terminated.</strong></li>
<li>Further, a committee was set up under<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/08-04-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Lord William Hunter</strong></a> to examine the disturbances in Punjab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Critical of Gandhian Methods:</strong> In his book <strong>&lsquo;Gandhi and Anarchy&rsquo;,</strong> he spelt out his critique of <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gandhi&rsquo;s methods</strong></a>, especially those of <strong>non-violence, civil disobedience </strong>and<strong> non-cooperation.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He believed that any of these movements was destined to lead to riots and bloodshed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Battle against Michael O&rsquo;Dwyer:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Defamation Trial:</strong> Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair accused<strong> Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jallianwala-bagh-massacre" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Michael O&rsquo;Dwyer</a></strong> in his book, <strong>&lsquo;Gandhi and anarchy&rsquo;</strong> for being responsible for the atrocities at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallianwala Bagh massacre.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For this he faced a defamation trial filed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jallianwala-bagh-massacre" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Michael O&rsquo;Dwyer</strong></a> in England.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Trial:</strong> Though Nair lost the case, the trial had a resounding impact on the British empire in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At a time when the nationalist movement was gaining momentum, Indians saw in the judgement a clear bias of the British government and an effort to shield those who committed atrocities against their own people.</li>
<li>The verdict was momentous in that it<strong> strengthened the determination of the nationalists to fight for self-government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Reforms:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a Madras High Court judge, his best-known judgments clearly indicate his commitment to social reforms.</li>
<li>In<em><strong> Budasna v Fatima (1914),</strong></em> he passed a radical judgement when he ruled that those who converted to Hinduism cannot be treated as outcastes.</li>
<li>In a few other cases, he upheld inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chettur-sankaran-nair-lawyer-british-movie-7390007/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8777,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project BOLD: KVIC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> launched a project named <strong>Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD)</strong> from the village <strong>NichlaMandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</strong></li>
<li>It is charged with the <strong>planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes</strong> for the development of<strong> Khadi and other village industries</strong> in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the project 5000 saplings of special bamboo species &ndash;<em><strong> BambusaTulda and BambusaPolymorpha</strong></em> from Assam &ndash; have been <strong>planted over 16 acres of</strong> <strong>vacant arid Gram Panchayat land</strong> of village NichlaMandwa.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>KVIC has thus created a<strong> world record of planting the highest number of bamboo saplings on a single day at one location.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first of its kind exercise</strong> in India. It seeks to <strong>create bamboo-based green patches in arid and semi-arid land zones.</strong></li>
<li>It has been launched as part of KVIC&rsquo;s<strong> &ldquo;Khadi Bamboo Festival&rdquo;</strong> to celebrate 75 years of independence <strong>&ldquo;Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Selecting Bamboo:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>grows very fast</strong> and in about three years&rsquo; time, they could be harvested.</li>
<li>It is also known for<strong> conserving water and reducing evaporation</strong> of water from the land surface, which is an important feature in arid and <strong>drought-prone regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/desertification-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">desertification</a></strong> and <strong>provide livelihood and multi-disciplinary rural industry support.</strong></li>
<li>It will also act as havens of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a> and <strong>food security.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KVIC is set to replicate the Project at Village <strong>Dholera in Ahmedabad district in Gujarat and Leh-Ladakh region</strong> by August this year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Total 15,000 bamboo saplings will be planted before August 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to fight Desertification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/soil-health-card-scheme-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soil Health Card Scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (PKSY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Mission for Green India</a>.</strong></li>
<li>India has ratified the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dialogue-on-desertification-land-degradation-and-drought" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1732621#:~:text=KVIC's%20Unique%20Project%20BOLD%20to,Bamboo%2Dbased%20Economy%20in%20Rajasthan&amp;text=Project%20BOLD%2C%20which%20seeks%20to,preventing%20desertification%20in%20the%20country" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8769,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vembanad Lake: Kerala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Kerala houseboats in Vembanad Lake are about to begin soon amid a robust vaccination drive.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>largest lake in Kerala and the longest Lake in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625301279_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625301279_image3.jpg" caption="false" width="524" height="761" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vembanad Lake is <strong>also known as</strong> Vembanad Kayal, Vembanad Kol, Punnamada Lake (in Kuttanad) and Kochi Lake (in Kochi).</li>
<li>Spanning several districts of Kerala and covering a territory of more than 2033.02 km<sup>2</sup>.</li>
<li>The lake has its <strong>source in four rivers,</strong> Meenachil, Achankovil, Pampa and Manimala</li>
<li>It is <strong>separated from the Arabian Sea by a narrow barrier island </strong>and is<strong> a popular backwater stretch</strong> in Kerala.</li>
<li><strong>Vallam Kali (i.e Nehru Trophy Boat Race) is a Snake Boat Race</strong> held every year in the month of August in Vembanad Lake.</li>
<li>In 2002, it was <strong>included in the list of wetlands of international importance,</strong> as defined by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ramsar Convention.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>second-largest Ramsar site in India</strong> only after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarbans-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans</strong></a> in West Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India has identified the Vembanad wetland under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-for-wetland-conservation-and-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Wetlands Conservation Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</strong> is located on the east coast of the lake.</li>
<li>In 2019, <strong>Willingdon Island,</strong> a seaport located in the city of Kochi, was carved out of Vembanad Lake.</li>
<li>One of the most outstanding features of this lake is the 1252 m long<strong> saltwater barrier,</strong> <strong>Thanneermukkom,</strong> which was built to stop saltwater intrusion into Kuttanad.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-houseboats-get-ready-to-sail/article35107127.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8757,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kuvempu Award 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odia poet Dr. Rajendra Kishore Panda</strong> has been selected for the<strong> Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar (award) 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dr. Panda, born in 1944, is a <strong>poet and novelist from Odisha.</strong> He has published 16 poetry collections and a novel.</li>
<li>He was presented the <strong>Gangadhar National Award in 2010</strong>, and the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahitya-akademi-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> in 1985.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a national award</strong> instituted in memory of the late poet laureate <strong>Kuvempu.</strong></li>
<li>The award is given <strong>annually</strong> to a writer who has <strong>contributed</strong> in any of the <strong>languages recognised by the Constitution of India.</strong></li>
<li>The award carries a <strong>cash award of Rs. 5 lakh</strong>, a <strong>silver medal</strong> and a <strong>citation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kuvempu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa</strong>, popularly known by his pen name <strong>Kuvempu</strong>, was an Indian poet, playwright, novelist and critic.</li>
<li>He is widely regarded as <strong>the greatest Kannada poet of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>He was the first Kannada writer to be decorated with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/54th-jnanpith-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jnanpith Award</strong></a> for his version of the Ramayana titled<strong> &lsquo;Sri Ramayana Darshanam.&rsquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jnanpith Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Jnanpith award is the <strong>highest literary award in India</strong> and can <strong>only be conferred annually upon an Indian citizen.</strong></li>
<li><strong>English along with other languages</strong> mentioned in Indian Constitution <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(8<sup>th</sup> Schedule)</strong></a> is considered for the Award.</li>
<li>The prize carries a <strong>cash award of Rs. 11 lakhs, a citation, and a bronze replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati)</strong>, the goddess of learning.</li>
<li>It is sponsored by the <strong>cultural organization Bharatiya Jnanpith.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sahitya Akademi Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sahitya Akademi award <strong>established in 1954</strong>, is a literary honour that is conferred annually <strong>by Sahitya Akademi, India&rsquo;s National Academy of letters.</strong></li>
<li>Akademi gives <strong>24 awards annually</strong> to literary works in the languages it has recognized and an equal number of awards to literary translations from and into the languages of India.</li>
<li>Besides the <strong>22 languages enumerated in the Constitution of India</strong>, the Sahitya Akademi has recognised <strong>English and Rajasthani</strong> as languages in which its programme may be implemented.</li>
<li>The Sahitya Akademi award is the <strong>second-highest literary honour by the Government of India, after the Jnanpith award.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangadhar National Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gangadhar National Award For Poetry is a <strong>literary award given in the field of literature for poetry by Sambalpur University.</strong> It is named after Gangadhar Meher.</li>
<li>The award carries a <strong>cash prize of Rs 50,000, a shawl and citation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/odia-poet-chosen-for-2020-kuvempu-award/article35050790.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>
</div>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8763,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Taal Volcano: Philippines',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Philippines increased the alert level on <strong>Taal Volcano </strong>to<strong> level 3 on a five-level scale</strong> after a<strong> Phreatomagmatic Eruption (PE)</strong> occurred that generated a dark grayish plume, one kilometer high.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Alert Level 3</strong> means there is magmatic unrest, or movement of magma that may further drive succeeding eruptions.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625224918_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625224918_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Situated on the island of Luzon, 50 km from Manila, Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Susceptibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Philippines is situated at the boundaries of two tectonic plates - the <strong>Philippines Sea Plate and the Eurasian plate</strong> - thus susceptible to earthquakes and volcanism.</li>
<li>Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines due to its location on the Pacific <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/pacific-ring-of-fire" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Ring of Fire"</a></strong> - a zone of intense seismic activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phreatomagmatic Eruption:</strong> An eruption<strong> resulting from the interaction of new magma or lava with water</strong> and can be very explosive. The water can be from groundwater, hydrothermal systems, surface runoff, a lake or the sea.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangay-volcano-ecuador" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Types of Eruptions</strong> </a>are: Icelandic, Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean and Plinian.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dangers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Possible hazards of <strong>pyroclastic density currents</strong> (clouds of hot gas, ash, and other volcanic debris) and <strong>volcanic tsunami.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complex Volcano:</strong> It is classified as a <strong>&ldquo;complex&rdquo; volcano</strong> by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A complex volcano, <strong>also called a compound volcano,</strong> is defined as one that doesn't have just one main vent or cone but several eruption points. Another such <strong>example is Mount Vesuvius on the west coast of Italy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unpredictable:</strong> Taal has erupted more than 30 times in the last few centuries, the most<strong> recent was in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Volcano</strong></p>
<p>A volcano is <strong>a vent (opening) in the earth&rsquo;s crust</strong> through which <strong>molten material</strong> erupts suddenly.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625225119_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625225119_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/philippines-taal-volcano-eruption-warning-evacuation-7384543/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8758,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'First Movable Freshwater Tunnel Aquarium: Indian Railways',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Recently, Indian Railway (IR)</strong> has opened the <strong>first movable freshwater tunnel aquarium at Bengaluru</strong> Railway Station.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station also known as Bengaluru City Railway Station</strong> has become the first railway station in India with a movable freshwater tunnel aquarium.</li>
<li>The aquarium has been <strong>opened by the Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited (IRSDC)</strong> in collaboration with the HNi Aquatic Kingdom.</li>
<li>The aquarium is a <strong>one-of-its-kind aquatic park based on the Amazon River</strong> (of South America) <strong>concept.</strong></li>
<li>This is a 12-feet long aquatic kingdom,<strong> first paludarium</strong> (vivarium that incorporates both terrestrial and aquatic elements) with myriad flora and fauna.</li>
<li>It is <strong>home to various aquatic animals</strong> such as alligator gar ranging, stingrays, sharks, lobsters, snails and shrimps. The aquarium is adorned with natural rocks and splashes of driftwood, artificial coral rocks.</li>
<li>This has been built at a cost of Rs 1.2 crore with the <strong>aim of enhancing the passenger experience at the station.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>aimed at improving revenue earning for IR.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> also educational in a way</strong> that a life size kingdom of fishes can be experienced here.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-railways-first-movable-freshwater-tunnel-aquarium-opened-at-bengaluru-railway-station-7385095/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8746,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Guindy National Park: Tamil Nadu',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Guindy National Park</strong> provides a number of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecosystem services</strong></a> to the people of <strong>Chennai, Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ecosystem services are the <strong>direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625125813_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625125813_pasted image 0.png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>eighth-smallest national park</strong> and one of the very few national parks located inside a city. It is located in the heart of <strong>Chennai&rsquo;s metropolitan area.</strong></li>
<li>It is one of the last remnants of the <strong>tropical dry evergreen forests of the Coromandel Coast.</strong></li>
<li>About 22 acres of the Guindy National Park has been carved out into a park known as the <strong>Children&rsquo;s Park for ex-situ conservation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Guindy Snake Park is next to Guindy National Park.</strong> It gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reconstitution-of-central-zoo-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Zoo Authority (CZA)</a> in 1995.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1978</strong> the small area, popularly known as <strong>Guindy Deer Park</strong>, was <strong>declared as a national park.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora and Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains more than 30 species of trees and a number of century old gigantic <strong>Banyan Trees.</strong></li>
<li>It has a <strong>significant population of black bucks, spotted deers, jackals, varieties of snakes</strong>, over 100 species of birds and over 60 species of butterflies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other National Parks in Tamil Nadu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (21 Islands), Dhanushkodi.</li>
<li>Indira Gandhi National Park <strong>previously Known as Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary</strong>, Tiruppur.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-the-mukurthi-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mukurthi National Park</strong></a>, Ooty.</li>
<li>Mudumalai National Park, Madumalai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation Methods</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ex situ conservation</strong> is the conservation and <strong>maintenance of samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maintenance of <strong>Gene Banks, Seed Banks etc.</strong> comes under this method of conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In situ conservation is conservation of species in their natural habitats.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maintenance of natural habitats in the form of <strong>wildlife sanctuaries, national parks etc.</strong> comes under this method of conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/forests/guindy-national-park-from-colonial-game-reserve-to-the-green-lungs-of-chennai-77725#:~:text=Guindy%20National%20Park%20is%20thus,blackbuck%20the%20most%20graceful%20antelope." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8743,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bharitalasuchus Tapani: A Carnivorous Reptile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an international team of paleontologists has thrown light on a carnivorous reptile that lived 240 million years ago (Bharitalasuchus tapani).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Team studied some of the fossil specimens stored at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.</li>
<li>In the mid 20<sup>th</sup> century, researchers from the Institute carried out extensive studies on rocks of the Yerrapalli Formation in what is now Telangana, uncovering several fossils.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This reptile belongs to <strong>a genus and species previously unknown to science.</strong> They named it <strong>Bharitalasuchus tapani (BT).</strong></li>
<li>BT <strong>were robust animals with big heads and large teeth</strong>, and these probably predated other smaller reptiles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They were <strong>approximately the size of an adult male lion</strong> and <strong>might have been the largest predators in their ecosystems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>Telugu language</strong>, Bhari means huge, Tala means head, and Suchus is the name of the Egyptian crocodile-headed deity.</li>
<li>The species is named after <strong>paleontologist Tapan Roy Chowdhury</strong> in honour of his contribution to Indian vertebrate paleontology and especially his extensive work on the <strong>Yerrapalli Formation</strong> tetrapod fauna.</li>
<li>Further studies revealed that the reptile <strong>belonged to a family of extinct reptiles named Erythrosuchidae.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Erythrosuchids are known from Lower-Middle Triassic rocks of South Africa, Russia, and China, and there have been preliminary reports from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of south-central India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625050409_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625050409_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Yerrapalli Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a Triassic (period from 250-201 million years ago) rock formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita&ndash;Godavari Basin in southeastern India.</li>
<li>Apart from this erythrosuchid reptile, the fossil assemblage of the Yerrapalli Formation <strong>includes many other extinct creatures</strong> such as ceratodontid lungfish, rhynchosaur and allokotosaurian.</li>
<li>However, <strong>deforestation, mining, agricultural expansion, urbanisation</strong> are gradually destroying the fossiliferous localities of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/meet-bharitalasuchus-tapani-a-carnivorous-reptile-that-lived-240-million-years-ago/article34799013.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8739,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NATRAX-High Speed Track',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises</strong> inaugurated <strong>NATRAX- the High Speed Track </strong>in<strong> Pithampur, Indore (Madhya Pradesh).</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625040859_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625040859_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one of the state-of-the-art automotive testing and certification centre under <strong>National Automotive Testing and Research and development (R&amp;D) Infrastructure Project (NATRIP),</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>NATRIP</strong> is the<strong> largest and most significant initiative in the automotive sector</strong> which comprises representatives from the Government of India, a number of State Governments and Indian Automotive Industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>flagship project of the Ministry of Heavy Industries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to create a state of the art testing, validation and R&amp;D infrastructure</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a world class <strong>11.3 km High Speed Track.</strong> The track is the<strong> longest in Asia</strong> and the <strong>fifth-largest in the world.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is developed in an <strong>area of 1000 acres of land.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>multiple test capabilities</strong> like measurements of maximum speed, acceleration, constant speed fuel consumption, emission tests through real road driving simulation, high speed handling and stability evaluation during manoeuvres such as lane change, high speed durability testing, etc. and is a <strong>Centre of excellence for Vehicle Dynamics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located only <strong>50 km away from Indore, the financial capital of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>Being centrally located, it is<strong> accessible to most of the major Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development of Prototype Cars for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>High Speed Track</strong> is used for<strong> measuring the maximum speed capability</strong> of high-end cars like BMW, Mercedes etc which cannot be measured on any of the Indian test tracks.</li>
<li>Foreign OEMs will be looking at NATRAX High Speed Track for the <strong>development of prototype cars for Indian conditions.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, foreign OEMs go to their respective high speed track abroad for high speed test requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Stop Solution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is one stop solution for <strong>all sorts of high speed performance tests, being one of the largest in the world.</strong></li>
<li>It can<strong> cater to the widest category of vehicles;</strong> say from two wheelers to the heaviest tractor trailers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1731122" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8730,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Exercise Sea Breeze',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Ukraine and the United States</strong> launched<strong> joint naval Exercise &lsquo;Sea Breeze&rsquo; in the Black Sea</strong> in a show of Western cooperation with Ukraine as it faces off with Russia.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The drills come just days after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>British Royal Navy&rsquo;s HMS Defender passed near Russian-annexed Crimea</strong></a> in the Black Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Exercise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exercise Sea Breeze <strong>has been held since 1997,</strong> involving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NATO states </strong></a>and<strong> their allies in the Black Sea region.</strong></li>
<li>It has taken place <strong>21 times since 1997.</strong> This edition (2021) will be the <strong>largest In Exercise&rsquo;s history</strong> that will involve some 5,000 military personnel from more than 30 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim of the Exercise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The drill is<strong> aimed at improving naval and land operations</strong> and improving cooperation among participating counties.</li>
<li>The exercise is also aimed at sending a powerful message to <strong>maintain stability and peace in the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Black Sea for Russia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unique geography of the Black Sea region confers several <strong>geopolitical advantages to Russia</strong> and thus Russia always wanted to control the region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Firstly, it is an <strong>important crossroads and strategic intersection</strong> for the entire region. Access to the Black Sea is<strong> vital for all littoral and neighboring states,</strong> and greatly enhances the projection of power into several adjacent regions.</li>
<li>Secondly, the region is an <strong>important transit corridor for goods and energy.</strong></li>
<li>Thirdly, the Black Sea region is<strong> rich in cultural and ethnic diversity,</strong> and due to geographical proximity, shares <strong>close historical ties with Russia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Following such interest, <strong>Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014</strong> and claims the waters around the peninsula as part of its territory. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most countries do not recognise the takeover and stand behind Ukraine&rsquo;s claims to the waters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.</li>
<li>The bordering countries of Black Sea are:<strong> Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.</strong></li>
<li>The Black Sea <strong>happens to be the largest water body with a meromictic basin,</strong> which means the movement of water between the lower and upper layers of the sea is a rare phenomenon which is also responsible for its <strong>Anoxic Water</strong> (i.e. a significant absence of oxygen in the water).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624962298_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624962298_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="288" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ukraine-us-launch-black-sea-drills/article35023668.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8726,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Statistics Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, the Statistics Day is celebrated on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> June</strong>, the birth anniversary of <strong>Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</strong>, to recognise his invaluable contribution in establishing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical System</strong></a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To popularise the use of statistics in everyday life and sensitise the public as to how statistics help in shaping and framing policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a> (SDG)- 2 (End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Winners of <strong>Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis National Award in Official Statistics, 2021</strong> and <strong>Prof C. R. Rao National Award for Young Statistician, 2021</strong> will be announced<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2019, the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</strong> instituted Prof. P C Mahalanobis National Award in official statistics for recognizing outstanding achievement of official statisticians in central government, state governments and institutions.</li>
<li>The Ministry <strong>also recognises the outstanding contribution for high-quality research work</strong> in the field of applied and theoretical statistics benefitting the official statistical system through the <strong>Prof. C R Rao and</strong> <strong>Prof. P V Sukhatme awards, awarded in alternate years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1893-1972)<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624954948_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624954948_1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He is considered<strong> the father of modern statistics in India, founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI)</strong>, shaped the <strong>Planning Commission</strong> (which was <strong>replaced by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a></strong> on 1<sup>st</sup> January 2015) and pioneered methodologies for large-scale surveys.</li>
<li>He introduced<strong> innovative techniques for conducting large-scale sample surveys, calculated acreages</strong> and crop yields, using the method of random sampling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He also devised a statistical method called <strong>&lsquo;Fractile Graphical Analysis&rsquo;,</strong> used to compare socio-economic conditions of varied groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Timeline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1930:</strong> Proposed the Mahalanobis Distance for the first time, which is a measure of comparison between two data sets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The formula is used to find the distance between a point and a distribution, based on measurements in multiple dimensions. It is widely used in the field of cluster analysis and classification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1932:</strong> Founded the ISI in Kolkata which was declared as an institute of national importance in 1959.</li>
<li><strong>1933:</strong> Launched &lsquo;Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>1950:</strong> Established the National Sample Survey and set up the Central Statistical Organisation to coordinate statistical activities.</li>
<li><strong>1955:</strong> Became a member of the Planning Commission and continued in that capacity till 1967.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He was instrumental <strong>in formulating India&rsquo;s second five-year-plan (1956-1961)</strong>, which laid the blueprint for industrialisation and development in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>1968: Honoured with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Padma Vibhushan</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He was also conferred a large number of awards by international organisations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1730815#:~:text=It%20has%20been%20designated%20as,establishing%20the%20National%20Statistical%20System." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8716,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project Seabird: INS Kadamba',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Defence Minister visited the <strong>Karwar Naval Base in Karnataka</strong> to review the ongoing infrastructure development under <strong>Phase-II</strong> of <strong>&lsquo;Project Seabird&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Project Seabird-Phase II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Project Seabird involves <strong>construction of a naval base over an area of 11,169 acres.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Phase I</strong> comprised construction of a deep-sea harbour, breakwaters dredging, a township, a naval hospital, a dockyard uplift centre and a ship lift. It was <strong>completed in 2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Phase-II of Project Seabird</strong> was <strong>cleared by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cabinet Committee</a> on Security in 2012.</strong> It envisages <strong>expanding facilities to house additional warships</strong> and set up <strong>a new Naval Air Station,</strong> among other plans.</li>
<li><strong>INS Kadamba</strong> is currently the <strong>third-largest Indian naval base,</strong> and is expected to become the <strong>largest naval base in the eastern hemisphere after completion of expansion Phase II.</strong></li>
<li>The Navy&rsquo;s lone<strong> aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya is based at Karwar.</strong> The base also has the country&rsquo;s first sealift facility, a unique &ldquo;shiplift&rdquo; and transfer system for docking and undocking ships and submarines.</li>
<li>The project involves <strong>several technical and environmental challenges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efforts to Boost Self Reliance in Indian Navy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than two-thirds of the Navy's modernisation budget has been spent on indigenous procurement in the last five financial years.</li>
<li>Out of the 48 ships and submarines, 46 are being inducted through indigenous construction.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-75-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project 75 (I)</strong></a> envisages indigenous construction of submarines equipped with the state-of-the-art Air Independent Propulsion system at an estimated cost of Rs. 43,000 crore.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-vikrant-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aircraft Carrier Vikrant</strong></a>, likely to be commissioned in 2022, is a shining example of the Navy's self-reliance efforts.</li>
<li>The Navy is <strong>continuously strengthening India&rsquo;s relations with its maritime neighbours with its focus on 'SAGAR'</strong> (Security &amp; Growth for All in Region).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From rescuing stranded Indian nationals from affected countries to ferrying-in critical equipment, including oxygen cylinders, from abroad, Indian Navy has worked tirelessly in the fight against Covid-19 (<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-samudra-setu-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Samudra Setu - I and II</a></strong>).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR</strong></a> was launched<strong> in 2015.</strong> It is India&rsquo;s strategic vision for the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-vision-for-indo-pacific" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-singh-begins-visit-to-karwar-naval-base-kochi/article34944019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8695,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black Sea',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent event, Russia alleged that the British warship had <strong>breached its territorial waters in Black Sea</strong> which Britain and most of the world say <strong>belong to Ukraine.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Russia seized and annexed the Crimea peninsula from Ukraine in 2014 and considers areas around its coast to be Russian waters.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624606295_pasted%20image 0 (2).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624606295_pasted image 0 (2).png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geographical Location of Black Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Black Sea,<strong> also known as the Euxine Sea</strong>, is one of the major water bodies and <strong>a famous inland</strong> sea of the world.</li>
<li>This <strong>marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean</strong>, located <strong>between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.</strong></li>
<li>It is surrounded by the <strong>Pontic, Caucasus, and Crimean Mountains</strong> in the south, east and north respectively.</li>
<li>The Turkish straits system - the <strong>Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea</strong> - forms a transitional zone between the <strong>Mediterranean</strong> and the Black Sea.</li>
<li>The Black Sea is also connected to the <strong>Sea of Azov</strong> by the <strong>Strait of Kerch.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>bordering countries</strong> of Black Sea are: <strong>Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anoxic Water:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a <strong>significant absence of oxygen in the water.</strong></li>
<li>The Black Sea happens to be the largest water body with a <strong>meromictic basin</strong>, which means the <strong>movement of water between the lower and upper layers of the sea is a rare phenomenon</strong> to find anywhere in the world.</li>
<li>The anoxic condition is also caused due to the presence of the process of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/marine-pollution#:~:text=Eutrophication%3A%20When%20a%20water%20body,depletion%20of%20the%20water%20body." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eutrophication</strong> </a>in the sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anoxic Waters</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anoxic waters are areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are <strong>depleted of dissolved oxygen</strong> and are a more severe condition of hypoxia.</li>
<li>This condition is <strong>generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Rules of Passage through Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under international law of the sea <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982)</strong></a>, <strong>innocent passage permits a vessel to pass</strong> through another state&rsquo;s territorial waters so long as this does not affect its security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-uk-spar-over-black-sea-incident/article34955128.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8694,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tax Inspectors Without Borders Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB), a joint initiative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)</strong></a>, launched its programme in Bhutan.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India was chosen as the Partner Jurisdiction</strong> and has provided the Tax Expert for this programme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This programme is expected to be of about 24 months&rsquo; duration.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to aid Bhutan in strengthening its tax administration</strong> by transferring technical <strong>know-how and skills to its tax auditors</strong>, and through sharing of best audit practices. The focus of the programme will be in the area of <strong>International Taxation and Transfer Pricing.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Transfer price, also known as transfer cost, is the price at which related parties transact with each other, such as during the trade of supplies or labor between departments. <a href="/mains/model-essays/multinational-corporations-savior-or-saboteur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Multinational companies</strong></a> can manipulate transfer prices in order to shift profits to low tax regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This programme is another <strong>milestone in the continued cooperation</strong> between India and Bhutan and India&rsquo;s continued and active support for <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-africa-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South-South cooperation</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tax Inspectors Without Borders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TIWB is <strong>a capacity-building programme.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>a joint OECD/UNDP initiative</strong> launched <strong>in July 2015</strong> to strengthen developing countries' auditing capacity and multinationals' compliance worldwide.</li>
<li>It deploys qualified <strong>experts in developing countries across</strong> Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean to help build tax capacity in the areas of audit, criminal tax investigations and the effective use of automatically exchanged information.</li>
<li>TIWB assistance has led to increased domestic resource mobilisation in some of the least developed countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1729822" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8690,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Peter Pan Syndrome',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a special court in Mumbai granted bail to an accused of sexually assaulting a minor as he was suffering from <strong>Peter Pan Syndrome (PPS).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>syndrome</strong> is a <strong>combination of symptoms and signs</strong> that together <strong>represent a disease process.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PPS is<strong> a psychological condition</strong> that is used to<strong> describe an adult</strong> who is<strong> socially immature.</strong></li>
<li>People<strong> who develop similar behaviours</strong> of living life carefree, finding responsibilities challenging in adulthood, and basically <strong>never growing up</strong> suffer from <strong>PPS.</strong></li>
<li>The term was coined by <strong>psychologist Dan Kiley</strong> to explain the behaviour of such men who &lsquo;refuse to grow&rsquo; and behave their age in <strong>1983.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dan Kiley got the idea of PPS after noticing Peter Pan, a <strong>fictional character created by Scottish novelist</strong> James Matthew Barrie.</li>
<li>Peter Pan was a <strong>care-free young boy, who never grew up.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO (World Health Organization)</strong></a> does not recognise Peter Pan Syndrome as a health disorder, <strong>many experts believe it is a mental health condition</strong> that can affect one&rsquo;s quality of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PPS hasn&rsquo;t officially been diagnosed as a health disorder,<strong> there are no clearly-defined symptoms or characteristics</strong> or even reasons which cause it.</li>
<li>However, it could affect<strong> one&rsquo;s daily routine,</strong> relationships, work ethic, and result<strong> in attitudinal changes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>People Affected:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>can affect anyone,</strong> irrespective of gender, race or culture. However, it appears to be <strong>more common among men.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>affects people who do not want or feel unable to grow up,</strong> people with the body of an adult but the mind of a child. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>don&rsquo;t know how to or don&rsquo;t want to stop being children</strong> and start being mothers or fathers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>not currently considered a psychopathology.</strong> However, a large number of adults are presenting emotionally immature behaviors in Western society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Psychopathology</strong> is a term which refers to either the <strong>study of mental illness or mental distress</strong> or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wendy Syndrome</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Psychologist who defined PPS also used the term <strong>Wendy Syndrome (WS)</strong> to describe <strong>women who act like mothers with their partners or people close to them.</strong></li>
<li>People suffering from WS are often seen <strong>making decisions, tidying up messes, and offering one-sided emotional support.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/peter-pan-syndrome-explained-7371824/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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