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New York Convention

Why in News Recently, Cairn Energy has filed a case, in accordance with the New York Convention, in the USA district court to enforce a USD 1.2...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Coelacanth

Why in News Recently, a group of palaeontologists have discovered fossils of coelacanth, a giant fish regarded as an iconic example of a...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Maharaja Suheldev

Why in News The Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of a Maharaja Suheldev memorial and the development work of Chittaura lake in Uttar...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Sandes: Government Instant Messaging System

Why in News The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has launched an instant messaging platform called Sandes on the lines of WhatsApp. NIC is under...

17 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha

Why in News Recently, six elephants died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) in Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary located in Odisha’s Kalahandi...

16 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Thar Desert

Why in News The Pakistan Army is holding a month-long exercise code-named ‘Jidar-ul-Hadeed’ in the Thar Desert. The aim is to prepare...

15 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Tholpavakkoothu: Kerala

Why in News Recently, a shadow leather puppet in Kerala’s famous temple art Tholpavakkoothu has been animated by a robot. Key...

13 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
TROPEX 21

Why in News Indian Navy’s largest biennial Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX 21) is currently underway. Exercise...

11 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Arka Shubha: New Marigold Variety

Why in News The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) has developed a new marigold variety named Arka Shubha. Key...

10 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Ratha Saptami

Why in News This years’ Ratha Saptami festival is being celebrated on 19th February 2021. Key Points Ratha Saptami is an annual Hindu...

06 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Unified Portal of Gobardhan

Why in News Recently, a Unified Portal of Gobardhan has been launched to ensure smooth implementation of Biogas schemes/initiatives and their real...

06 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Consumer Welfare Fund

Why in News During the ongoing session the Union Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has informed the parliament...

05 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Aero India 2021

Why in News Recently, the 13th edition of the Aero India show began at Bengaluru’s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka). Key...

05 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance

Why in News Recently, the Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance started a worldwide campaign to raise awareness for conservation of fishing cats. The...

04 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Vaghai-Bilimora Heritage Line

Why in News The Western Railway has decided to not stop the services of three trains, including the 107-year-old narrow gauge heritage train between...

02 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Periyar Tiger Reserve

Why in News For the first time in the country, the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Kerala has taken up training of a tiger cub to equip it to...

01 Feb 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Kala Utsav 2020

Why in News Recently, Kala Utsav 2020 - an annual function to promote arts in education, was organised by the Ministry of Education. Key...

29 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
35th Pragati Meeting

Why in News The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35th edition of Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) - the...

28 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Kanha Tiger Reserve

Why in News A tigress was found dead in the buffer zone of Kanha tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh. Key Points Location: It stretches over an area...

28 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Padma Awards 2021

Why in News Recently, the Padma Awards for the year 2021 were announced on the occasion of 72nd Republic Day. Key Points Awardees (2021): A...

27 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims

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		'article_id' => (int) 7713,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New York Convention',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Cairn Energy</strong> has filed a case, in accordance with the<strong> New York Convention,</strong> in the USA district court to enforce a USD 1.2 billion arbitration award it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pca-ruling-on-retrospective-taxation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>won in a tax dispute against India.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,</strong> also known as the <strong>"New York Arbitration Convention" or the "New York Convention",</strong> is one of the key <strong>instruments in international arbitration. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Arbitration</strong> is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators (an independent person/body) who make a binding decision on the dispute.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards</strong> and the <strong>referral by a court to arbitration.</strong></li>
<li>The Convention was adopted by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN)</strong> following a diplomatic conference held in May and June 1958 at the UN Headquarters in New York, and entered into force on <strong>7<sup>th</sup> June, 1959.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parties to Convention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention has <strong>166 state parties</strong> (Countries).</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is a party to the Convention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention's principal aim is that <strong>foreign and non-domestic arbitral awards should not be discriminated against by courts</strong> asked to enforce them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It obliges Contracting States to ensure foreign awards are recognised and generally capable of enforcement in their jurisdiction in the same way as domestic awards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To require courts of Contracting States to <strong>uphold valid arbitration agreements and stay court proceedings</strong> in respect of matters which the parties have agreed should be resolved by arbitration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By signing up to the Convention, a <strong>state agrees that its courts will respect and enforce parties' agreements to arbitrate, and to recognise and enforce any resulting arbitral award in its jurisdiction</strong> subject to only very limited grounds for refusal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cairn-files-case-in-us-to-push-india-to-pay-12-bn-award/article33854980.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7710,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Coelacanth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of palaeontologists have <strong>discovered fossils of coelacanth, a giant fish regarded as an iconic example of a &ldquo;living fossil.&rdquo;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>discovered fossil</strong> of Coelacanth is<strong> believed to be 66 million years old</strong> belonging to the <strong>Cretaceous era.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613557322_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613557322_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coelacanths are<strong> elusive, deep-sea creatures,</strong> living in depths up to 2,300 feet below the surface.</li>
<li>These were <strong>thought to have gone extinct with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.</strong> But its <strong>discovery in 1938</strong> started a debate about how this lobe-finned fish fits into the evolution of land animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Species:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are only two known species of coelacanths: one that lives near the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comoros Islands</strong></a> off the east coast of Africa, and one found in the waters off <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-s-oldest-cave-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sulawesi</strong></a>, Indonesia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Fossil:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Living Fossil is an organism that has remained unchanged from earlier geologic times and whose close relatives are usually extinct. Other than Coelacanth, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-horseshoe-crab-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horseshoe crab</strong></a> and<strong> ginkgo trees</strong> are examples of living <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dickinsonia-earliest-known-living-animal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fossils</strong></a>.</li>
<li>However, in their new study, palaeontologists have found that Coelacanths gained 62 new genes through encounters with other species 10 million years ago. This suggests that they are actually evolving, albeit slowly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Status</strong></a>: Critically Endangered<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sulawesi Coelacanth</strong> is listed as <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES Status</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/palaeontologist-discovers-ancient-enormous-caelocanth-species-by-accident-75544" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7708,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maharaja Suheldev',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of a <strong>Maharaja Suheldev memorial</strong> and the <strong>development work of Chittaura lake</strong> in Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s Bahraich district.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Maharaja Suheldev:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the<strong> erstwhile ruler of Shravasti</strong> in Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s (UP) Bahraich district, who ruled in the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He is known in history for waging <strong>guerrilla warfare against Mahmud Ghazni&rsquo;s large army.</strong></li>
<li>Suheldev was deeply moved by the loot and destruction of the magnificent Somnath temple by invader Mahmud Ghazni that he decided to <strong>gather heads of different communities like Tharu and Banjara</strong> as well as small kings to block the invasion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His army defeated and <strong>killed Ghazi Salar Masud,</strong> the nephew of Mahmud Ghazni, at Bahraich.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Raja Suheldev finds <strong>mention in</strong> <strong>&lsquo;Mirat-i-Masudi&rsquo;,</strong> a 17<sup>th</sup> century Persian-language historical account.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Mirat-i-Masudi&rsquo; is the <strong>biography of Salar Masud,</strong> written by Abd-ur-Rahman Chishti during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir (1605&ndash;1627).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In local folklore, Suheldev is <strong>said to be a Rajbhar.</strong></li>
<li>He is <strong>popular as a caste icon</strong> among the<strong> Rajbhars (OBC)</strong> and the <strong>Pasis</strong> (second largest Dalit caste in UP), both of whom have been competing for his legacy and are predominantly found in central and eastern UP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chittaura Lake:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chittaura Jheel is located in the Bahraich District near the village Chittaur in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Teri Nadi,</strong> a small river originates from this lake which is a home to many migratory birds.</li>
<li>Being a Hindu pilgrimage site, many fairs are held near this lake during Kartik Purnima and Vasant Panchami.</li>
<li>There is an ashram where <strong>Muni Ashtwarka</strong> used to live and this site also<strong> witnessed the epic fight between Ghazi Salar Masud and Raja Suheldev</strong> in the year 1033.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a temple complex with the statue of Raja Suheldev</strong> and <strong>temple dedicated to Goddess Durga</strong> situated here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/raja-suheldev-uttar-pradesh-bjp-7191421/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7707,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sandes: Government Instant Messaging System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong></a> has launched an <strong>instant messaging platform called Sandes</strong> on the lines of WhatsApp.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC is under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</strong> It provides network backbone and e-Governance support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sandes App:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>Government Instant Messaging System (GIMS)</strong> that can be used for official or casual use by any Government employee or public user having a valid Mobile No./Email ID.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It offers features such as group making, broadcast message, message forwarding and emojis.</li>
<li>Although there is <strong>no option to transfer the chat history between two platforms,</strong> the <strong>chats</strong> on <strong>GIMS can be backed up</strong> to a users&rsquo; email.</li>
<li>The <strong>user will have to re-register as a new user</strong> in case they wish to change their registered Email Id or phone number on the App.</li>
<li>It <strong>allows a user to mark a message as confidential</strong>, which will allow the recipient to be made aware the message should not be shared with others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ensures Secure Communication:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert-In)</strong> and the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> in April, 2020 had <strong>issued an advisory to all government employees to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoom-not-a-safe-platform-mha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">avoid using platforms like Zoom</a></strong> for official communication over safety and privacy concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Indegenous Products:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The launch of the App is also <strong>a part of the government strategy to push for use of India-made software</strong> so as to build an ecosystem of indigenously developed products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sandesh-the-governments-new-instant-messaging-platform-7189759/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>six elephants died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) in Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> located in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a disease which infects animals that come in contact with contaminated water or soil by a <strong>contagious bacteria <em>(Pasteurella multocida).</em></strong></li>
<li>In this disease the respiratory tract and lungs of the animals are affected, leading to <strong>severe pneumonia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affected Animals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It mainly affects water buffalo, cattle and bison with a high mortality rate in infected animals.</li>
<li>Recently, around 40 buffaloes had succumbed to the infection in Odisha&rsquo;s Kendrapara.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Season:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The disease generally spreads in the period right before and after the <strong>monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is spread over 175 square kilometre area in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong> Dry Deciduous Forest.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mammals: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elephant</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-bison-gaur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gaur</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/avian-botulism-at-sambhar-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sambar</a>,</strong> Barking deer, Indian wolf, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malayan-giant-squirrel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malbar giant squirrel</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-pangolin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pangolin</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Birds:</strong> Peacock, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hornbill-habitat-loss" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hornbill</strong></a>, Red jungle fowl, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Reptilians: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mugger</a></strong>, crocodile, monitor lizard etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> Sal, Bija, Bamboo, medicinal plants, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Water Body: Phurlijharan waterfall</strong> is located within the sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Protected Areas in Odisha: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika National Park</strong></a>: It is home to the largest congregation of the endangered <strong>SaltWater Crocodile</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Simlipal National Park</strong></a>: It derives its name from the <strong>abundance of Semul or red silk cotton trees</strong> that bloom abundantly in the locality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Badrama WLS:</strong> It is characterized by the presence of <strong>Moist Sal Forests. </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irrawaddy-dolphins-in-the-chilika-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a> (Nalaban island) WLS:</strong> Asia's largest and world's second-largest lagoon. Recently, direct sightings of school of Irrawaddy dolphins has been reported here.</li>
<li><strong>Hadgarh WLS: Salandi river passes</strong> through it which is home to mugger crocodiles.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satkosia-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Baisipalli WLS</strong></a>: It is a sal dominated forest with a significant number of tigers, leopards, elephants, herbivores like<strong> Chousingha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kotagarh WLS:</strong> It consists of dense deciduous forests with grasslands.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nandankanan WLS</strong></a>: First in the world to breed White tiger and Melanistic tiger.</li>
<li><strong>Lakhari Valley WLS</strong>: The Lakhari Valley Sanctuary is a dwelling place of a large number of elephants.</li>
<li><strong>Gahirmatha (Marine) WLS</strong>: It is a mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Olive Ridley turtles</strong></a> travel across the South Pacific to breed on the coast of Gahirmatha</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-karlapat-wildlife-sanctuary-elephant-deaths-7190622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7693,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Thar Desert',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Pakistan Army</strong> is holding<strong> a month-long exercise</strong> code-named <strong>&lsquo;Jidar-ul-Hadeed&rsquo;</strong> in the <strong>Thar Desert.</strong> The aim is to <strong>prepare for conflict in extreme desert environments.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>multinational naval exercise</strong> hosted by Pakistan, <strong>Aman-2021,</strong> has also begun in the Arabian Sea. <strong>45 countries,</strong> including the USA, Russia, China and Turkey, will be participating in the exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Name:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name, Thar is <strong>derived from <em>thul</em>,</strong> the general term for the region&rsquo;s sand ridges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located <strong>partly in Rajasthan state, northwestern India,</strong> and <strong>partly in Punjab and Sindh provinces, eastern Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Area:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Thar Desert is <strong>an arid region</strong> that covers over 2,00,000 sq km. It forms <strong>a</strong> <strong>natural boundary</strong> along the border between India and Pakistan.</li>
<li>The surface consists of <strong>aeolian (wind-deposited) sand</strong> that has accumulated over the past 1.8 million years.</li>
<li>The desert presents an undulating surface, with <strong>high and low sand dunes</strong> separated by sandy plains and low barren hills, or <em><strong>bhakars</strong></em>, which rise abruptly from the surrounding plains. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The dunes are in continual motion and take on varying shapes and sizes.</li>
<li aria-level="3"><strong>Barchan</strong>, also spelled<strong> Barkhan,</strong> crescent-shaped sand dune produced by the action of wind predominately from one direction. One of the commonest types of dunes, it occurs in sandy deserts all over the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Surrounding Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is bordered by the irrigated<strong> Indus River plain</strong> to the west, the<strong> Punjab Plain</strong> to the north and northeast, the<strong> Aravalli Range</strong> to the southeast, and the<strong> Rann of Kachchh</strong> to the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>subtropical desert climate</strong> there results from <strong>persistent high pressure and subsidence</strong> at that latitude. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The prevailing <strong>southwest monsoon winds</strong> that bring rain to much of the subcontinent in summer <strong>tend to bypass the Thar to the east.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saline Lakes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several <em><strong>playas</strong> </em>(saline lake beds), locally known as <em><strong>dhands</strong></em>, are scattered throughout the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora and Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The region produces herbaceous plants like <strong>cactus, neem, khejri, acacia nilotica</strong> among others. All these plants can accommodate themselves to high or low temperatures and difficult climatic conditions.</li>
<li>The desert also houses the residents of the wild like the<strong> leopard, the Asiatic wild cat</strong> <em>(Felis silvestris ornata)</em>, <strong>the chousingha</strong> <em>(Tetracerus quadricornis)</em>, <strong>the chinkara</strong> <em>(Gazella bennettii)</em>, <strong>the Bengal desert fox</strong> <em>(Vulpes bengalensis)</em>, <strong>the Blackbuck</strong><em> (antelope)</em> and several species of reptiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-army-conducts-exercises-in-thar-desert/article33836562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7681,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tholpavakkoothu: Kerala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a shadow leather puppet in<strong> Kerala&rsquo;s famous temple art Tholpavakkoothu</strong> has been animated by a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-robots-xenobots" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>robot</strong></a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613202155_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613202155_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>traditional temple art in Kerala</strong> having its roots in Palakkad and neighbouring regions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This art is <strong>confined largely to Pulavar families</strong> from Shoranur region of Palakkad district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among the ancient artforms of Kerala, <strong>tholpavakkoothu or shadow puppet play</strong> occupies a prominent place. It is a fine example of the <strong>integration of Aryan and Dravidian cultures.</strong></li>
<li>It is a ritual art performed during the<strong> annual festivals in the Kaali temples of Palakkad district.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>also known as Nizhalkkoothu and Olakkoothu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The theme of the play is based on the <strong>Kamba Ramayana</strong> (the Tamil version of the epic).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Malayalam, <strong>Thol means leather, pava means doll</strong> and <strong>koothu the play.</strong> Though the origin of this ritualistic art form is not known exactly, some <strong>believe it to be as old as 1200 years.</strong></li>
<li>It used to be performed in the <strong>Bhadrakali temples</strong> of Palakkad, telling tales from the <strong>Ramayana. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Show:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This entertainment art is performed on a<strong> special stage called koothumadam in the temple courtyard.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>performed using the mythological figures along with the use of fire and lighting of lamps</strong> behind the screen.</li>
<li>The <strong>chief puppeteer</strong> is known as<strong> &lsquo;Pulavan&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Musical Instruments Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ezhupara, Chenda and Maddalam etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613202532_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613202532_Image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/tholpavakkoothu-robots-and-a-puppet-master-with-a-chip-in-the-brain/article33824857.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7670,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'TROPEX 21',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Indian Navy&rsquo;s largest <strong>biennial Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX 21)</strong> is currently underway.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exercise commenced in<strong> early January,</strong> which will culminate by the <strong>third week of February.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Combat Ready, Credible and Cohesive force&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police of 13 coastal States and Union Territories along with other stakeholders in the maritime domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Sea Vigil&rsquo;:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Sea Vigil&rsquo;:</strong> In the first phase, the Indian Navy had<strong> conducted coastal defence exercise <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-defence-exercise-sea-vigil-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Sea Vigil&rsquo;</a></strong> along the entire coastline and Island territories of India on 12-13 January 2021.</li>
<li>Exercise Sea Vigil was followed by a large-scale Tri-Service joint amphibious exercise AMPHEX-21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exercise is being conducted over a <strong>vast geographical expanse </strong>in the <strong>Indian Ocean Region. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overseen By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conduct of TROPEX is being overseen by <strong>Naval Headquarters</strong> with participation from all <strong>three Commands of the Indian Navy (Eastern, Western and Southern Naval Command)</strong> and the only <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20first%20Tri,military%20assets%20in%20the%20islands." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tri-Service theatre command</strong> </a>of the Indian Armed Forces located <strong>at Port Blair. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promote Stability and Peace:</strong> The Theatre Level exercise also aims to validate the<strong> Navy's offensive-defence capabilities, safeguard national interests</strong> in the <strong>maritime domain and promote stability and peace in the Indian Ocean Region. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Coastal Defence Setup:</strong> This exercise aimed to validate the coastal defence setup of the country, which was<strong> entirely revamped after the 26/11 Terror attacks</strong> at Mumbai.</li>
<li><strong>Combat readiness:</strong> It aimed at testing combat readiness of the Navy in a <strong>complex multi-dimensional scenario</strong> set in the context of the <strong>current geo strategic environment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1696774" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7660,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arka Shubha: New Marigold Variety',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)</strong> has developed a new marigold variety named <strong>Arka Shubha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Carotene Content:</strong> Arka Shubha has carotene content of around 2.8% (for all marigolds, it's maximum upto 1.4%) which is the highest among all plant sources.</li>
<li><strong>Used after Spoiled:</strong> This new variety of marigold can be used for extraction of crude carotene even if spoiled after full bloom, unlike that of other varieties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ornamental &amp; Carotene Extraction:</strong> This new variety not only has ornamental purpose but is also a good source of crude carotene.</li>
<li><strong>Poultry Feed:</strong> Its petals could be used as poultry feed to get quality yolk.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Import Dependency:</strong> India imports most of its carotene from other countries, including China. This development can significantly reduce import dependency. Therefore, both cultivation area and investment on carotene extraction should be increased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Carotene</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carotenes are carotenoid pigments that are oxygen-free. Mostly they are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen.</li>
<li>Their color varies from yellow to orange to red. The color is attributed to the chain of alternating single and double bonds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Carotene is responsible for the orange colour of carrots.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&alpha;-carotene, &beta;-carotene, and lycopene are examples of carotenes.</li>
<li>Carotene is used in the pharmaceutical sector, there is always a high demand for it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)</strong></a> is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare.</li>
<li>IIHR has a<strong> main research station at Bengaluru</strong> and regional experiment stations at Bhubaneswar in Orissa and Chettalli in Karnataka with two Krishi Vigyan Kendras.</li>
<li>The institute's main research agenda was to increase the yields of horticultural crop varieties by developing high yielding varieties in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal products.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/bengaluru-scientists-develop-new-marigold-variety/article33795721.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7634,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ratha Saptami',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>This years&rsquo; Ratha Saptami festival is being celebrated on 19<sup>th</sup> February 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ratha Saptami is an annual Hindu festival that is <strong>dedicated to Surya,</strong> the sun god.</li>
<li>It is made of two words- <em><strong>&lsquo;Ratha&rsquo;</strong></em> <strong>means Chariot</strong> and<em><strong> &lsquo;Saptami&rsquo;</strong></em> <strong>means seventh.</strong></li>
<li>A one-day <em>Brahmotsavam</em> is held in Tirumala (Andhra Pradesh) on this day.</li>
<li>Ratha Saptami is also called Surya Jayanti as it marks the birth of Surya and referred as Magha Saptami as it falls on the seventh day (Saptami) of the Hindu month <em>Magha.</em></li>
<li>Ratha Saptami also marks the <strong>change of season</strong> to spring and the start of the harvesting season.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/admin/articles/edit/Why%20in News This years&rsquo; Ratha Saptami festival is being celebrated on 19th February 2021. Key Points Ratha Saptami is an annual Hindu festival that is dedicated to Surya, the sun god.  It is made of two words- &lsquo;Ratha&rsquo; means Chariot and &lsquo;Saptami&rsquo; means seventh. A one-day Brahmotsavam is held in Tirumala (Andhra Pradesh) on this day.  Ratha Saptami is also called Surya Jayanti as it marks the birth of Surya and referred as Magha Saptami as it falls on the seventh day (Saptami) of the Hindu month Magha. Ratha Saptami also marks the change of season to spring and the start of the harvesting season. Source: TH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'ratha-saptami',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7631,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Unified Portal of Gobardhan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Unified Portal of Gobardhan</strong> has been launched to<strong> ensure smooth implementation</strong> of Biogas schemes/initiatives and their real time tracking.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensure close coordination with various Departments/Ministries for smooth implementation of Biogas schemes/initiatives and its real time tracking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coordinated by:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission &ndash; Grameen (SBMG)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Economy:</strong> Strengthen the rural economy through a convergent approach for various Biogas projects/models and initiatives.</li>
<li><strong>ODF Plus Goals:</strong> The <strong>ODF Plus goals (solid waste management in villages, along with the collection and transportation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste)</strong> outlined in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-ii-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase 2 of SBMG</strong></a> will depend on the performance of Gobardhan scheme to a great extent.</li>
<li><strong>Synchronisation with other Schemes:</strong> The portal will further help in achieving objectives of <a href="/daily-news-analysis/satat-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SATAT (Sustainable Alternative towards Affordable Transportation)</strong></a> aimed at setting up of Compressed Biogas (CBG) production plants and ensuring market linkage for use of biofuel in automotive fuels.</li>
<li><strong>Better Environment &amp; Public Health:</strong> Rural India generates enormous quantities of bio-waste which can be efficiently utilized and lead to better environment and public health.</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation &amp; Savings:</strong> Bio-waste processing especially cattle dung into Biogas &amp; organic manure leads to generation of opportunities for employment and household savings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GOBAR-DHAN Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launched By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the <strong>GOBAR (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) - DHAN scheme. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is being implemented as part of the <strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) comprises <strong>two main components</strong> for creating clean villages &ndash;<strong> creating open defecation free (ODF)</strong> villages and <strong>managing solid and liquid waste in villages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Keeping villages clean, increasing the income of rural households, and generation of energy from cattle waste.</li>
<li>The scheme also aims at creating new rural livelihood opportunities and enhancing income for farmers and other rural people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1694825" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7624,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Consumer Welfare Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>During the ongoing session the Union Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has informed the parliament about <strong>Consumer Welfare Fund (CWF)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up under the <strong>Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017</strong>. The consumer welfare fund rules of 1992 have been subsumed under the CGST rules, 2017.</li>
<li>The Fund has been set up by the <strong>Department of Revenue (Ministry of Finance)</strong> and is being operated by the <strong>Department of Consumer Affairs (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &amp; Public Distribution)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To promote and protect the welfare of the consumers. <strong>Few Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of<strong> Consumer Law Chairs/ Centres of Excellence in Institutions/Universities</strong> of repute to foster research and training on consumer related issues.</li>
<li>Projects for <strong>spreading consumer literacy and awareness</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Inititatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A pan-India consumer awareness campaign &lsquo;JagoGrahakJago&rsquo; through print, electronic, outdoor and social media platforms.</li>
<li>Celebration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-consumer-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Consumer Rights Day/National Consumer Day</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consumer-protection-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Protection Act, 2019</strong></a> has been implemented.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The new Act covers e-commerce transactions, it allows electronic filing of complaints, hearing and/or examining parties through video-conferencing for procedural ease and reduces inconvenience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government has set up a National Consumer Helpline (NCH) to handle the consumer grievances.</li>
<li>Consumer awareness programmes are being organized through the network of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bureau of Indian Standards</a> (BIS)</strong> across the country for promoting the concept of standardization, certification and quality consciousness among consumers as well as manufactures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1694559" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the <strong>Aero India show</strong> began at Bengaluru&rsquo;s <strong>Yelahanka Air Force Station</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Aero India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru based Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre, <strong>has been hosting the air show in February</strong> since it was started in Bengaluru in 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-of-its-kind &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; air show,</strong> which means people can also attend it digitally.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus region</strong> for Aero India 2021 is the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong>.</li>
<li>It has been organised by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)</strong>.</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 has seen the participation of top aviation firms, while India is showcasing its indigenous defence capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from global aviation giants such as Boeing (USA), Lockheed Martin (USA), Dassault (France) and Airbus (Europe), the show will also see the participation of top defence firms involved in the aviation sector including Thales (France), BAE Systems (UK) and missile manufacturer MBDA (Europe).</li>
<li>India has been purchasing products from these major giants such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boeing P8-I</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale jets</a></strong> from Dassault, other aircraft, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the Aero show, the government has also formally sealed the Rs. 48,000 crore deal to procure <strong>83 Tejas light combat aircraft</strong> from state-run aerospace company <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas,</strong> manufactured by the HAL, is a <strong>single engine</strong> and highly agile multi-role <strong>supersonic fighter aircraft</strong> capable of operating in high-threat air environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India offers a unique opportunity in <strong>defence and aerospace manufacturing</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, domestic manufacturing of bigger and complex defence platforms has become the focus of the country&rsquo;s defence policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 will <strong>boost investment, expand manufacturing ecosystem, support enterprises, appreciate</strong> and <strong>enhance the technology levels and propel the economic growth</strong> for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7609,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> the Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance</strong> started a worldwide campaign to raise awareness for conservation of fishing cats.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance</strong> is a team of <strong>conservationists, researchers and enthusiasts</strong> working to achieve functioning floodplains and <strong>coastal ecosystems that ensure survival of the fishing cat.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612429829_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612429829_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Prionailurus viverrinus.</em></li>
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It is twice the size of a house cat.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> fishing cat is nocturnal</strong> (active at night) and apart from fish also preys on frogs, crustaceans, snakes, birds, and scavenges on carcasses of larger animals.</li>
<li>The species breed all year round.</li>
<li>They spend most of their lives in areas of dense vegetation close to water bodies and are excellent swimmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fishing cats have a patchy distribution along the<strong> Eastern Ghats.</strong> They abound in estuarine floodplains, tidal mangrove forests and also inland freshwater habitats.</li>
<li>Apart from <strong>Sundarbans</strong> in West Bengal and Bangladesh, fishing cats inhabit the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chilika lagoon</strong></a> and surrounding wetlands in Odisha, Coringa and Krishna mangroves in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Wetland degradation</strong> and conversion for aquaculture and other<strong> commercial projects,</strong> sand mining along river banks, agricultural intensification resulting in loss of riverine buffer and conflict with humans in certain areas resulting in targeted hunting and retaliatory killings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable. Despite multiple threats, the Fishing Cat was recently <strong>downlisted to &ldquo;Vulnerable&rdquo; from &ldquo;Endangered&rdquo;</strong> in the IUCN Red List species assessment.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix II</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently,<strong> the Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance</strong> has initiated a study of the<strong> bio-geographical distribution of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fishing-cats" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fishing cat</a></strong> in the unprotected and human-dominated <strong>landscapes of the northeastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>In 2012, the <strong>West Bengal government officially declared the Fishing Cat as the State Animal</strong> and the Calcutta Zoo has two big enclosures dedicated to them.</li>
<li>In Odisha, many NGOs and wildlife conservation Societies are involved in Fishing Cat research and conservation work.</li>
<li><strong>The Fishing Cat Project,</strong> launched in 2010 started raising awareness about the Cat in West Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-whisker-away/article33745359.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7595,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vaghai-Bilimora Heritage Line',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Western Railway</strong> has decided to <strong>not stop the services of three trains,</strong> including the <strong>107-year-old narrow gauge heritage train between Vaghai and Bilimora,</strong> in Gujarat permanently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Other <strong>two narrow gauge</strong> trains run between <strong>Miyagam, Choranda and Malsar,</strong> and <strong>Choranda junction and Moti Karal</strong>.</li>
<li>In rail transport, track gauge or track gage is the <strong>spacing of the rails</strong> on a railway track.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Railways,</strong> previously issued a letter to the Western Railway ordering permanent closure of 11<strong> "uneconomic branch lines"</strong> and<strong> narrow gauge sections</strong> of the Western Railway, including <strong>three from Gujarat</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Vaghai-Billimora Train:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It started in 1913, was a remnant of <strong>Gaekwad dynasty</strong> who ruled the <strong>princely state of Baroda</strong>. <strong>Tribal people</strong> from the interior commute by this train regularly. The train covers a distance of <strong>63 kilometres</strong>.</li>
<li>At the instance of Gaekwad rulers, the British laid railway tracks and it <strong>was operated by Gaekwad Baroda State Railway (GBSR) owned by Sayajirao Gaekwad III</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Gaekwad jurisdiction was spread across</strong> parts of Saurashtra, Mehsana in north Gujarat, and Bilimora in South Gujarat.</li>
<li>The <strong>founder of the dynasty was Damaji I</strong> who had risen to power by 1740. The <strong>last Gaekwar, Sayaji Rao III,</strong> died in 1939.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For about 24 years the train<strong> was run by a steam engine,</strong> which was replaced by a diesel engine in 1937. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1994, the <strong>original steam engine was put on the display </strong>at <strong>Churchgate Heritage Gallery in Mumbai</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This was much before the Western Railway came into existence in 1951 with the merger of the Bombay, Baroda &amp; Central India Railway, the Saurashtra, Rajputana and Jaipur state Railways.</li>
<li>The 63-km Billimora-Vaghai and the 19-km Choranda-Moti Karal routes are<strong> among those five routes the Indian Railways had proposed to be preserved as "industrial heritage"</strong> in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-vaghai-billimora-heritage-train-to-chug-on-as-western-railway-revokes-decision-to-scrap-its-services-7167053/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7589,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Periyar Tiger Reserve',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time in the country, the <strong>Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Kerala</strong> has taken up training of a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger</strong> </a>cub to equip it to naturally hunt in the forest environment.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It falls in the districts of Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala (saddled in the southern region of Western Ghats).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Declared a Sanctuary during 1950 and declared as Tiger Reserve during 1978. It gets its name from the River Periyar which has its origin deep inside the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drainage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The major rivers through the reserve are <strong>Mullayar and Periyar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sanctuary comprises <strong>tropical evergreen, semi evergreen, moist deciduous forests and grasslands.</strong></li>
<li>About <strong>1966 species of flowering</strong> <strong>plants</strong> grow in the sanctuary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of this about 516 are endemic to the Western Ghats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The sanctuary is a repository of medicinal plants numbering to about 300. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some are endemic to the region like <strong>Syzygium periyarensis (a tree), Habenaria periyarensis (an orchid)</strong> and <strong>Mucuna pruriense thekkadiensis (a climber)</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mammals: Tiger, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elephant</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/someshwara-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lion-tailed macaque</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tahr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nilgiri Tahr</a></strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Birds:</strong> Darters, Cormorants, Kingfishers, the great Malabar Hornbill and racket-tailed Drongos.</li>
<li><strong>Reptiles:</strong> Monitor Lizards, Python, King Cobra etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> six tribal communities</strong> nestled inside the reserve such as <strong>Mannans, Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis and Ulladans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Areas in Kerala:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612174105_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612174105_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/periyar-tiger-reserve-trains-abandoned-tiger-cub/article33709640.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7575,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kala Utsav 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Kala Utsav 2020 - an annual function to promote arts in education, was organised by the Ministry of Education.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Kala Utsav: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ministry Involved:</strong> Kala Utsav is an initiative of the <strong>Ministry of Education (MoE)</strong> to <strong>promote arts in education.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This programme <strong>was initiated</strong> under <strong>Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA),</strong> which has now been merged with other schemes under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Samagra Shiksha &ndash; an integrated scheme for school education&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> Kala Utsav aims at <strong>nurturing and showcasing the artistic talent of school students</strong> at the secondary stage in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>District/State/National Level Utsav</strong> is structured as an<strong> art festival</strong> which includes performances and display of exhibits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Accordance with NCF 2005:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the context of education of Arts (Music, Theatre, Dance, Visual Arts and Crafts), the initiative is guided by the recommendations of the <strong>National Curriculum Framework 2005</strong> (NCF-2005).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Introduction of Indigenous Toys and Games</strong> segment in Kala Utsav 2020 supported the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vocal for Local&rsquo;</strong> </a>initiative.</li>
<li>It is in <strong>sync with the recommendations of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy 2020</a></strong> which emphasises the promotion of arts and culture through education.</li>
<li>It <strong>complements the Samagra Shiksha Scheme</strong> by enhancing aesthetics and artistic experiences for<strong> secondary-level students,</strong> which play a major role in creating awareness of <strong>India&rsquo;s rich cultural heritage</strong> and its<strong> vibrant diversity in line with <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/31-10-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat'</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It enhances the<strong> students' reasoning, comprehensibility, problem solving, cognitive and decisive abilities,</strong> which are helpful in the<strong> all-round development</strong> of the student.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Taken for Promoting Arts:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kala-sanskriti-vikas-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana</strong></a> (Ministry of Culture).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-list-of-intangible-cultural-heritage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage</strong></a> (Ministry of Culture).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692938" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7567,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '35th Pragati Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragati-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI)</strong></a> - the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based multimodal platform, involving Central and State governments.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ten projects were taken for review involving a total investment of Rs. 54,675 crore. A review of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana</strong></a> was also taken.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched in 2015, PRAGATI is the multimodal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation involving central and state governments.</li>
<li>It has been designed by the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) team with the help of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Center (NIC)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It enables the PM to discuss the issues with the concerned central and state officials with full information and latest visuals of the ground-level situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles <strong>three latest technologies:</strong> Digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> three-tier system</strong> (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grievance Redressal.</li>
<li>Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>Project Monitoring.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/cooperative-and-competitive-federalism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cooperative federalism</strong></a> as it brings together the Secretaries of Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the States.</li>
<li>It is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.</li>
<li>It is an innovative project in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-governance</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>good governance</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The direct interaction of the PM with the state secretaries without involving the political executives of the states is undermining the state political executive.</li>
<li>It is also said that this is leading to a concentration of power in the extra-constitutional office of PMO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/pm-chairs-pragati-meeting/article33678112.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7562,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kanha Tiger Reserve',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A tigress was found dead in the <strong>buffer zone of Kanha tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It stretches over an area of 940 square km in the<strong> two districts - Mandla and Balaghat - of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> The present-day Kanha area <strong>was divided into two sanctuaries, Hallon and Banjar. Kanha National Park was created in 1955</strong> and in <strong>1973</strong> was made the<strong> Kanha Tiger Reserve.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kanha National Park is the<strong> largest National Park in Central India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>State animal of Madhya Pradesh - Hard Ground Barasingha (Swamp deer or<em> Rucervus duvaucelii</em>)</strong> is found<strong> exclusively</strong> in Kanha Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Other Species found include<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Tiger</strong></a>, Leopard, Dhole, Bear,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-bison-gaur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gaur</strong></a> and Indian Python etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is best known for its evergreen <strong>Sal forests <em>(Shorea Robusta)</em>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce a mascot, &ldquo;Bhoorsingh the Barasingha&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanjay-Dubri.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satpura-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satpura.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-colony-in-bandhavgarh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandhavgarh.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animals-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pench.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Core and Buffer Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the purpose of management, tiger reserves are constituted on a &lsquo;core &ndash; buffer&rsquo; strategy.</li>
<li>In<strong> core areas,</strong> forestry operations, collection of minor forest produce, grazing, human settlement and other biotic disturbances are not allowed and are singularly oriented towards conservation.</li>
<li>The<strong> buffer zone</strong> is managed as a &lsquo;multiple use area&rsquo; with conservation oriented land use, having the twin objectives of providing habitat supplement to the spillover population of wild animals from the core, apart from facilitating site specific eco developmental inputs to stakeholder communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Barasingha<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subspecies:</strong> There are<strong> three subspecies of swamp deer</strong> found in the Indian Subcontinent. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>western swamp deer</strong> (Rucervus duvaucelii) found in <strong>Nepal,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Southern swamp deer/Hard Ground Barasingha</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii branderi)</em> found in <strong>central and north India</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Eastern swamp deer</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii ranjitsinhi)</em> found in the <a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&amp;biw=1398&amp;bih=685&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk02nHbg9a_Qwxv1nKm2BnfHXIVHSPQ%3A1611816190604&amp;ei=_lwSYIWlJMeR4-EP5M-PmAM&amp;q=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;oq=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGCAAQBxAeOgQIABANUO8PWNweYIolaABwAHgAgAG7AogBlxKSAQUyLTcuMpgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXrAAQE&amp;sclient=psy-ab&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiFnO-bg77uAhXHyDgGHeTnAzMQ4dUDCA0&amp;uact=5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaziranga</strong></a> (Assam)<strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dudhwa</a> National Parks</strong> (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status of Swamp Deer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madhya-pradesh-tigress-dies-after-getting-trapped-in-snare-7164475/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7554,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Padma Awards 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Padma Awards for the year 2021</strong> were announced on the occasion of <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Republic Day</a></strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Awardees (2021):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A total of <strong>119 Padma awards</strong> will be conferred, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan</strong> and <strong>102 padma shri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Vibhushan Awardees (out of 7)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Shinzo Abe</strong> (Japan), <strong>Shri S P Balasubramaniam</strong> (Posthumous), <strong>Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde</strong> (Medicine), <strong>Shri Sudarshan Sahoo</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Bhushan Awardees (out of 10)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ms. Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Ms. Sumitra Mahajan, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Shri Awardees (out of 102)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Gulfam Ahmed</strong> (Art), <strong>Ms. P. Anitha</strong> (Sports), <strong>Shri Rama Swamy Annavarapu</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced annually on the <strong>Republic Day</strong> (26<sup>th</sup> January).</li>
<li>Instituted in <strong>1954</strong>, it is <strong>one of the highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in three categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards</strong> followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- <strong>art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> The awards are presented by the President of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the <strong>highest order in any field of human endeavour</strong>.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are <strong>made by the Prime Minister to the President of India</strong>.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three</strong> in a particular year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-vibhushan-for-abe-gogoi-keshubhai-paswan-in-honours-list-7161613/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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