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Exercise Kavach

Why in News A large-scale Tri service Military ‘Exercise Kavach’ will be conducted in January 2021 under the aegis of the Andaman and...

23 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Smart Anti Airfield Weapon

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted a successful trial of the indigenously developed Smart...

23 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Shaheen-III Missile

Why in News Recently, Pakistan has successfully test-fired the Shaheen-III missile. Key Points Shaheen-III Missile of Pakistan: It is a...

21 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Indo-French Joint Exercise Desert Knight-21

Why in News Indian Air Force (IAF) and French Air and Space Force will conduct a bilateral Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21 at Air Force Station...

20 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Guru Gobind Singh

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister paid homage to Guru Gobind Singh on his birth anniversary. Key Points About: The last of the ten...

20 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Why in News A stranded wild elephant was rescued in Nugu reservoir, close to Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka. According to the Tiger census...

20 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Indian Star Tortoise

Why in News Recently, Indian star tortoises were seized while being smuggled from Andhra Pradesh to Odisha. Key points Habitat: Indian star...

19 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Western Disturbance

Why in News According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a western disturbance is likely to affect the Himalayan region soon. The...

18 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Semeru Volcano of Indonesia

Why in News Recently, Semeru volcano erupted in Indonesia’s East Java province. Other volcanoes, such as the Merapi volcano (Java) and...

18 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
UAV Procurement by Indian Army

Why in News The Indian Army has signed a contract to buy high-altitude drones from ideaForge for USD 20 million. ideaForge is a start-up founded...

16 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple: Karnataka

Why in News The overclouded sky impacted the annual phenomenon called Surya Majjana in Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple (Karnataka). Key...

16 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Nagi-Nakti Bird Sanctuaries

Why in News Recently, Bihar’s first state-level bird festival ‘Kalrav’ started at the Nagi-Nakti bird sanctuaries in the Jamui...

16 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Thiruvalluvar Day

Why in News The Prime Minister remembered Thiruvalluvar on the occasion of Thiruvalluvar Day (15th January 2021), observed to mark the birth...

16 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
ASMI:The Machine Pistol

Why in News India’s first indigenous 9mm Machine Pistol has been jointly developed by Infantry School, Mhow and DRDO’s Armament Research...

15 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Indian Army day

Why in News Army Day is celebrated every year on 15th January in India to commemorate the jawans and the Indian Army. This year India is...

15 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
World's Oldest Cave Art

Why in News Recently, archaeologists have discovered the world’s oldest known cave art which is a life-sized picture of a wild pig that was...

15 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Henley Passport Index 2021

Why in News India has been ranked 85th in the most powerful passport report ‘Henley Passport Index 2021’. Key Points About the...

15 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Harvest Festivals in India

Why in News The harvest festivals like Lohri, Makar Sankranti and Pongal have recently been celebrated all across the country. Key Points Makar...

14 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Maghi Mela

Why in News For the first time in over several decades there will be no political conferences at the historic Maghi Mela. Maghi Mela is held in...

14 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims
Asian Houbara Bustard

Why in News Recently, the Pakistan government has issued special permits to Dubai royal family members, allowing them to hunt the internationally...

13 Jan 2021 Quick Facts For Prelims

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		'article_id' => (int) 7533,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Exercise Kavach',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A large-scale <strong>Tri service Military &lsquo;Exercise Kavach&rsquo;</strong> will be conducted in January 2021 under the aegis of the <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Command</strong> (ANC), the only Joint Forces Command of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) is the <strong>first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20first%20Tri,military%20assets%20in%20the%20islands." target="_blank" rel="noopener">integrated theatre command</a></strong> in India with <strong>headquarters at Port Blair.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participation:</strong> Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force and Indian Coast Guard.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> The exercise involves synergised application of <strong>maritime surveillance assets, coordinated air and maritime strikes, air defence, submarine and landing operations.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The joint force would execute multi domain, high intensity offensive and defensive manoeuvres in the<strong> Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>The tri-services exercise aims to fine tune<strong> joint war-fighting capabilities</strong> and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) towards enhancing operational synergy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> The exercise will check the <strong>preparedness of all the agencies in dealing with an asymmetric threat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asymmetrical threats are unconventional strategies and tactics adopted by a force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of Such Exercise:</strong> The <strong>1993 Bombay Bombings</strong> and the<strong> 2008 Mumbai Attacks</strong> happened due to<strong> the poorly guarded maritime border. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Other Exercises for Coastal Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-defence-exercise-sea-vigil-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exercise &lsquo;Sea Vigil&rsquo;</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Tropex (Theatre-level Readiness Operational Exercise)</strong> which Indian Navy conducts every <strong>two years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1690793" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7531,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted a successful trial of the<strong> indigenously developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)</strong> off the Odisha coast from the Hawk-I jet of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the<strong> ninth successful test</strong> of the system<strong> conducted over the last five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The system <strong>belongs to the glide bomb category</strong> and its <strong>development began around 2012-13,</strong> with crucial inputs from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> and the <strong>first test</strong> was carried out in<strong> 2016. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong> DRDO&rsquo;s Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>125-kilogram</strong> class smart weapon, capable of engaging ground enemy airfield assets such as radars, bunkers, taxi tracks, and runways, up to a <strong>range of 100 kilometres.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> high precision guided bomb is lightweight</strong> compared to weapon systems of the same class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Development:</strong> The test of SAAW comes months after<strong> another weapon system designed to target enemy radar and communication assets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rudram</a>,</strong> was tested in October 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rudram,</strong> an air-to-surface missile, has been developed <strong>to primarily to enhance the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) capability of the IAF</strong> and can detect, track and neutralise the radar, communication assets and other radio frequency sources belonging to the adversary, which are generally their air defence systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7515,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shaheen-III Missile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Pakistan has successfully test-fired the<strong> Shaheen-III missile.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shaheen-III Missile of Pakistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> nuclear-capable surface-to-surface<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-k-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> ballistic missile</a></strong> which can strike targets up to<strong> 2,750 km.</strong></li>
<li>The launch of the missile was<strong> aimed at revalidating various design and technical parameters</strong> of the weapon system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China had recently asked India to &ldquo;objectively&rdquo; view the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shaheen-ix" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eagle-IX (or Shaheen-IX) military exercise</strong></a> taking place <strong>between the Chinese and Pakistani air forces,</strong> amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>increasing tensions</strong> </a>with India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of India's Ballistic Missiles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shaurya-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shaurya missile</a>,</strong><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prithvi missile</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Agni missile</a>, </strong></li>
<li>Dhanush, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/pak-test-fires-nuclear-capable-surface-to-surface-ballistic-missile/article33622083.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7509,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indo-French Joint Exercise Desert Knight-21',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Indian Air Force</strong> (IAF) and<strong> French Air and Space Force</strong> will conduct a<strong> bilateral Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21</strong> at Air Force Station<strong> Jodhpur</strong> from 20 to 24<sup>th</sup> Jan 2021.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611138299_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611138299_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The exercise is unique as it includes fielding of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Rafale</strong> </a><strong>aircraft by both sides</strong> and is indicative of the <strong>growing interaction between the two premier Air Forces.</strong></li>
<li>Presently, the French detachment for Ex Desert Knight-21 is deployed in Asia as part of their <strong>'SKYROS Deployment'.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rafale fighter jets of India and France are carrying out <strong>wargames codenamed Exercise SKYROS.</strong></li>
<li>Beginning September 2020, the IAF has inducted and operationalised eight Rafale fighter jets of the 36 jets contracted from France in a 7.87-billion euro deal in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Exercises between India and France:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Varuna &ndash; Naval exercise</li>
<li>Garuda &ndash; Air exercise</li>
<li>Shakti &ndash; Army exercise</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gagan Shakti</strong> is conducted by the<strong> Indian Air Force</strong> to showcase its air dominance over the <strong>entire extended area of the Indian Ocean Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes all terrain operations &ndash; <strong>desert, high altitude, maritime scenarios and special operations</strong> &ndash; in real time with specific focus on key areas like aerial combat, air to surface combat, paratrooper assault and medical evacuation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Garuda Shakti</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>joint military exercise</strong></a> between <strong>India and Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mitra Shakti</strong> is the joint military exercise between <strong>India and Sri Lanka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1689893" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7508,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Guru Gobind Singh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister paid homage to <strong>Guru Gobind Singh</strong> on his birth anniversary.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611136791_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611136791_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="171" height="192" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>last of the ten Sikh Gurus,</strong> Guru Gobind Singh was born on<strong> 22<sup>nd</sup> December, 1666 in Patna, Bihar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His birth anniversary is based on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maghi-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nanakshahi calendar</strong></a> according to which it will fall on January 20 in 2021 while for the last year, it was celebrated on January 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He<strong> became the Sikh guru at the age of nine,</strong> following the demise of his father, <strong>Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru.</strong></li>
<li>He was <strong>assassinated in 1708.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Religious:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is known for his <strong>significant contributions to the Sikh religion,</strong> including the introduction of the<strong> turban to cover hair.</strong></li>
<li>He also founded the <strong>principles of Khalsa or the Five &lsquo;K&rsquo;s.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Five K&rsquo;s are <strong>kesh</strong> (uncut hair), <strong>kanga</strong> (wooden comb), <strong>kara</strong> (iron or steel bracelet),<strong> kirpan</strong> (dagger) and <strong>kachera</strong> (short breeches).</li>
<li>These were the five articles of faith that a <strong>Khalsa must always adorn.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He also laid down many other rules for the Khalsa warriors to follow like<strong> abstaining from tobacco, alcohol, halal meat, etc.</strong> The Khalsa warrior was also duty-bound to <strong>protect innocent people from persecution.</strong></li>
<li>He named <strong>Guru Granth Sahib,</strong> the religious text of the Khalsas and the Sikhs, as the next Guru of the two communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Martial:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He fought against the Mughals in the battle of Muktsar in 1705.</li>
<li>In the Battle of Anandpur (1704), the Guru lost his mother and two minor sons who were executed. His eldest son also died in battle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Literary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His literary contributions include the <strong>Jaap Sahib, Benti Chaupai, Amrit Savaiye, etc.</strong></li>
<li>He also wrote the <strong>Zafarnama</strong> which was a letter to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pays-homage-to-guru-gobind-singh-on-his-parkash-purab/articleshow/80358567.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7505,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bandipur Tiger Reserve',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A stranded wild elephant was rescued in Nugu reservoir, close to <strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve</strong> in Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tiger census 2018</strong></a>, Karnataka has the second highest number of tigers in the country after Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> It was established in 1973 under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger</strong></a>. In 1985, by including adjacent areas from <strong>Venugopala Wildlife Park,</strong> it was enlarged and named as Bandipur National Park.</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is situated in two contiguous districts (Mysore and Chamarajanagar) of Karnataka and is located at the<strong> tri-junction area of the States Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.</strong> It forms a part of <strong>Nilgiri <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biosphere Reserve</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> It lies in one of the richest biodiversity areas of the country. It is surrounded by<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-effort-to-conserve-wildlife-at-bandipur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mudumalai Tiger Reserve</a></strong> (Tamil Nadu) in the South,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-8th-january-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> </a>(Kerala) in the South-west &amp;</li>
<li>The<strong> Kabini Reservoir</strong> separates the Bandipur and Nagarahole Tiger Reserve on the North-west.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity:</strong> It is endowed with rich floral and faunal diversity and is recognized as one of the <strong>Mega Biodiversity Areas in the country.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bandipur along with Nagarahole, Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam &amp; Wayanad constitutes the single<strong> largest Wild population of Tigers in the world.</strong></li>
<li>This Landscape is also home to the<strong> single largest Asian Elephant population</strong> in the world and is part of the <strong>Mysore Elephant Reserve (MER).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers and the Highest Point:</strong> The park is located between the<strong> Kabini river</strong> in the north and the <strong>Moyar river</strong> in the south. The <strong>Nugu river</strong> runs through the park. The highest point in the park is on a hill called<strong> Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Karnataka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bhadra Tiger Reserve</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagarahole-national-park-karnataka" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagarahole Tiger Reserve</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hubli-ankola-railway-line-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve</strong></a></li>
<li>Biligiriranganatha Swamy Temple(BRT) Tiger Reserve</li>
<li>Besides, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malai-mahadeshwara-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a> has been proposed to be made a tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Elephants</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subspecies:</strong> There are<strong> three subspecies</strong> of Asian elephant which are the Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list#:~:text=The%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20of,of%20plant%20and%20animal%20species.&amp;text=Critically%20Endangered%20(CR)%2C%20Endangered,to%20be%20threatened%20with%20extinction." target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List Status</a>:</strong> Endangered.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</a>:</strong> Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gaj Yatra.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electrocution-of-elephants#:~:text=The%20Monitoring%20the%20Killing%20of,effectiveness%20of%20field%20conservation%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Elephant.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/wild-elephant-caught-in-fishing-nets-rescued/article33612305.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7494,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Star Tortoise',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian star tortoises</strong> were seized while being smuggled from Andhra Pradesh to Odisha.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611043216_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611043216_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-9th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian star tortoise</strong> </a>is found across the <strong>Indian sub-continent,</strong> more specifically, in the <strong>Central and Southern parts of India,</strong> in <strong>West Pakistan</strong> and in<strong> Sri Lanka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/search/Wild%20Life%20(Protection)%20Act,%201972" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wild Life Protection Act 1972</a>: Schedule IV</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Schedule IV:</strong> This list is for <strong>species that are not endangered.</strong> It includes <strong>protected species but the penalty for any violation is less</strong> compared to the Schedules I and II.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites#:~:text=The%20Convention%20on%20International%20Trade,economic%20integration%20organizations%20adhere%20voluntarily.&amp;text=The%20IUCN%20is%20a%20membership,government%20and%20civil%20society%20organisations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade inSpecies (CITES)</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><strong>IUCN Status:</strong> Vulnerable</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threat:</strong> The species faces two threats-<strong> loss of habitat to agriculture</strong> and illegal harvesting for the<strong> pet trade.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Crime Control Bureau</strong></a>, 90% of the trade of Star Tortoise occurs as part of the International pet market.</li>
<li>If their exploitation had continued at a similar pace or had expanded, a decline of greater than 30% was predicted by 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposals-to-change-in-cites-listing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>proposal to upgrade the protection status</strong></a> of Star Tortoise from <strong>Appendix II to Appendix I</strong> was approved by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/414-indian-star-tortoises-seized/article33604384.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7483,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Western Disturbance',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-warming-trends" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a>, a <strong>western disturbance is likely to affect the Himalayan region</strong> soon.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The disturbances will result in fairly widespread<strong> light to moderate snowfall and rains</strong> in the <strong>plains of Jammu.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Western Disturbance (WD), labelled as <strong>an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-western-disturbance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">extra-tropical storm</a> originating in the Mediterranean,</strong> is <strong>an area of low pressure</strong> that brings sudden showers, snow and fog in northwest India.</li>
<li>The <strong>meaning of WD lies in its name.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>disturbance travels from the &ldquo;western&rdquo; to the eastern direction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These travel eastwards on high-altitude <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jet-streams" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>westerly jet streams</strong></a> - massive ribbons of fast winds traversing the earth from west to east.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disturbance</strong> means<strong> an area of &ldquo;disturbed&rdquo; or reduced air pressure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Equilibrium exists in nature due to which the air in a region tries to normalise its pressure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the term<strong> &ldquo;extra-tropical storm&rdquo;, storm refers to low pressure. &ldquo;Extra-tropical"</strong> means<strong> outside the tropics.</strong> As the <strong>WD originates outside the tropical region,</strong> the word &ldquo;extra-tropical&rdquo; has been associated with them.</li>
<li>A<strong> WD is associated with rainfall,</strong> snowfall and fog in <strong>northern India.</strong> It arrives with rain and snow in Pakistan and northern India. The <strong>moisture which WDs carry</strong> with them <strong>comes from the Mediterranean Sea and/or from the Atlantic Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>WD <strong>brings winter and pre-monsoon rain</strong> and is important for the development of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rabi crop</strong> </a>in the Northern subcontinent.</li>
<li>The WDs are not always the harbingers of good weather. Sometimes <strong>WDs can cause extreme weather events</strong> like floods, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/south-asian-flash-flood-guidance-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>flash floods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>landslides</strong></a>, dust storms, hail storms and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cold-wave-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cold waves</strong></a> killing people, destroying infrastructure and impacting livelihoods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Expert opinion on western disturbances is divided regarding the <strong>2013 floods in Uttarakhand</strong> in which over 5000 people were killed, after three days of incessant rainfall.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7481,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Semeru Volcano of Indonesia',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Semeru volcano</strong> erupted in<strong> Indonesia&rsquo;s East Java province.</strong> Other volcanoes, such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mt-merapi-of-indonesia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Merapi volcano</strong></a> <strong>(Java)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indonesia-s-mt-sinabung-erupted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sinabung volcano</strong></a> <strong>(Sumatra)</strong>, also erupted recently.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Semeru Volcano:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Semeru - also known as "The Great Mountain" - is the highest volcano in Java and one of the most active.</li>
<li>It previously erupted in December, 2019.</li>
<li>Indonesia, with the maximum number of active volcanoes in the world, is <strong>prone to seismic upheaval</strong> due to its location on the <strong>Pacific&rsquo;s Ring of Fire.</strong></li>
<li>Semeru volcano is also the part of the <strong>Island arcs</strong> formed by the subduction of the <strong>Indo-Australian plate</strong> below <strong>Sunda Plate</strong> (part of Eurasian Plate). The trench formed here is called Sunda trench whose major section is the Java Trench.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pacific Ring of Fire:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Ring of Fire,</strong> also referred to as the <strong>Circum-Pacific Belt,</strong> is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by <strong>active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.</strong></li>
<li>It traces boundaries between several tectonic plates&mdash;including the Pacific, Cocos, Indian-Australian, Nazca, North American, and Philippine Plates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610952045_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610952045_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Island Arcs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are long, curved chains of <strong>oceanic islands</strong> associated with <strong>intense volcanic and seismic activity and orogenic</strong> (mountain-building) processes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An island arc typically has a <strong>land mass or a partially enclosed, unusually shallow sea</strong> on its concave side.</li>
<li>Along the convex side there almost invariably exists a long, <strong>narrow deep-sea trench.</strong></li>
<li>The greatest ocean depths are found in these depressions of the seafloor, as in the case of the <strong>Mariana (deepest trench in the world) and Tonga trenches.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prime examples of this form of geologic feature include the <strong>Aleutian-Alaska Arc</strong> and the <strong>Kuril-Kamchatka Arc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indonesian-semeru-volcano-erupts-spews-ash-5kms-into-sky-7149323/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7479,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UAV Procurement by Indian Army',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Indian Army</strong> has signed a contract to buy <strong>high-altitude <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a> from ideaForge for USD 20 million.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ideaForge is a start-up founded and incubated by the alumni of<strong> Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B).</strong></li>
<li>The contract is for<strong> a high-altitude variant of SWITCH UAV,</strong> an indigenous system used in surveillance operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Contract:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It marks a <strong>strategic shift of focusing on indegenous technologies</strong> in the Indian defence procurement process.</li>
<li>This is an example of <strong>how government-funded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">start-ups</a></strong> can help the country grow.</li>
<li>This is the<strong> biggest such order</strong> in terms of the contract value,<strong> for any Indian equipment manufacturer for drones.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of UAV for the Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army has placed an order for the <strong>advanced high-altitude version of SWITCH UAV,</strong> a vertical take-off and landing drone. It is a fixed-wing hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Its features include:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Advanced flight time</strong> with a range of 15 km.</li>
<li>Around 2.6m long and 1.8m wide and <strong>weighs less than 6.5 kg.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Higher safety and simple operation</strong> with additional fail-safe redundancies.</li>
<li>Used for long-duration operations in harsh environments for day and night surveillance in<strong> Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Used in Photogrammetry -</strong> the technology of <strong>obtaining reliable information</strong> about physical objects and the environment<strong> through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images</strong> and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Uses:</strong> Crowd Monitoring, Disaster Management, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/session-on-precision-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Precision Agriculture</strong></a>, Mining, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/army-inks-20-mn-deal-with-ideaforge-for-uav/article33583294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7478,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple: Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The overclouded sky impacted the annual phenomenon called <em><strong>Surya Majjana</strong></em> in <strong>Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> This temple is located in <strong>Bengaluru, Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Meaning of the Name:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple derives its name from the combination of topographical features and mythology:<strong> gavi (cave),</strong> and <strong>Gangadhareswara (shiva)</strong> means the Lord who adorns the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganga.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is believed to have been built by <strong>Kempe Gowda</strong> I in its present form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Architecture Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Celestial Oriented Architecture:</strong> Built in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijaynagar style</strong></a>, it has <strong>unique celestial oriented rock cut architecture</strong> due to which <em><strong>Surya majjana</strong></em> occurs on <em>Sankranti</em> every year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Surya Majjana:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every year on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maghi-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Makar Sankranti</strong></em></a>, the sun rays fall on the Shiv linga located in the cave<em><strong> (gavi)</strong></em> making it shine for ten minutes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Monolithic Structures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the forecourt stand two monolithic structures, named <strong>Suryapana and Chandrapana -</strong> each consisting of a <strong>massive disc</strong> atop a supporting pillar.</li>
<li>They have engravings of sitting bulls on the discs face each other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iconography of Shiva:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The compound of the temple is adorned with monolith structures associated with the iconography of Shiva - the<em><strong> trishula</strong></em> (trident) and the <em><strong>damaru</strong></em> (an hourglass-shaped, two-headed drum).</li>
<li>In between the two discs there is a brass <em><strong>dhwajasthambha</strong></em> (flagstaff), and a small cubicle housing a statue of Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s bull carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610795753_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610795753_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kempe Gowda I</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kempe Gowda I was a <strong>feudatory king under Vijayanagar empire. </strong></li>
<li><strong>He founded the city of Bengaluru in 1537</strong> and named it after their family deity&rsquo;s consort, Kempamma.</li>
<li>He is also credited with the construction of several lakes or <em><strong>keres</strong></em> for the purposes of drinking water and irrigation eg. the <strong>Dharmambudhi lake.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Sites in Karnataka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anubhava-mantapa-in-basavakalyan-karnataka" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Basavakalyan</a>,</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hampi</strong></a> (World Heritage Site),</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chalukyan-rulers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Badami</a>,</strong></li>
<li>Aihole, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/clouds-mar-annual-temple-phenomenon/article33584705.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7476,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nagi-Nakti Bird Sanctuaries',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Bihar&rsquo;s first state-level bird festival <strong>&lsquo;Kalrav&rsquo;</strong> started at the <strong>Nagi-Nakti bird sanctuaries</strong> in the Jamui district, Bihar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a 3-day event and is expected to draw experts and bird lovers from all over the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Nagi Dam</strong> and <strong>Nakti Dam</strong> are two sanctuaries so close to each other that they can be taken as one bird area.</li>
<li>The Nagi- Nakti Bird Sanctuaries have been the home of a wide variety of indigenous species of birds and of migratory birds that turn up during the winters from places like Eurasia, Central Asia, the Arctic Circle, Russia and Northern China..</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Avian Fauna :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 136 species of birds have been spotted at these sanctuaries.</li>
<li><strong>Bar-headed geese:</strong> Around 1,600 bar-headed geese, which is about 3% of the global population of this variety, have been seen here, as per a report of the <strong>Wetlands International</strong> and because of this rare phenomenon, <strong>the Birdlife International,</strong> a global body, has held the <strong>Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary to be globally important for conservation of birds'</strong> population and has declared it as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-waterbird-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>important bird area</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Wetland International</strong> is a global not-for-profit organisation dedicated to the conservation and restoration of wetlands.</li>
<li><strong>BirdLife International</strong> is a global partnership of conservation organisations (NGOs) that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other major birds:</strong> Indian Courser, Indian Sandgrouse, Yellow-wattled Lapwing and Indian Robin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major threats to the biodiversity of the sanctuaries:</strong> Agricultural runoff; Land dispute between Irrigation and Forest Departments; Leasing out of the site for fishing.</li>
<li><strong>Other Bird Sanctuaries of Bihar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gautam Budha bird sanctuary, Gaya</li>
<li>Kawar Jheel bird sanctuary, Bigusarai</li>
<li>Kusheshwar asthan bird sanctuary, Darbhanga</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7471,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Thiruvalluvar Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister remembered Thiruvalluvar on the occasion of <strong>Thiruvalluvar Day (15<sup>th</sup> January 2021)</strong>, observed to mark the birth anniversary of Tamil poet and philosopher.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Thiruvalluvar Day:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> first celebrated on 17<sup>th</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> May in 1935.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>present time</strong>, it is <strong>usually observed either on 15<sup>th</sup> or 16<sup>th</sup> January in Tamil Nadu</strong> and is <strong>a part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harvest-festivals-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pongal</a></strong> celebrations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Thiruvalluvar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thiruvalluvar, <strong>also called Valluvar,</strong> was a<strong> Tamil poet-saint.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is<strong> regarded as a cultural and moral icon for Tamils</strong> across caste and religious lines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> period when he lived</strong> is debated, as is his religious identity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some place him in the third or fourth century; others put him in the eighth or ninth.</li>
<li>Some call him a Hindu; some trace his past to Jainism; Dravidian groups count him as a saint, as <strong>he dismissed the caste system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>His <strong>primary work Thirukkural</strong> (contribution to <strong>Tamil Literature</strong>) contains <strong>1330 couplets (kurals).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The text is divided into three parts with <strong>teachings on dharma, artha, and kama (virtue, wealth and love).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Significance of Thiruvalluvar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> statue</strong> of the legendary Tamil poet was unveiled in<strong> Ulsoor, near Bengaluru, in 2009.</strong> A statue of Valluvar was also erected<strong> outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A 133-foot tall statue of Thiruvalluvar stands at<strong> Kanyakumari</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Thiruvalluvar University</strong> was established in Vellore district of Tamilnadu by the Government of Tamilnadu in October 2002.</li>
<li>In <strong>1976,</strong> a<strong> temple-memorial called Valluvar Kotam</strong> was built in <strong>Chennai</strong> and houses one of the largest auditoriums in Asia.</li>
<li>In the early <strong>16<sup>th</sup> century, a temple</strong> dedicated to Thiruvalluvar was built <strong>within the Ekambareswarar temple complex</strong> in Mylapore, Chennai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1688709" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7466,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ASMI:The Machine Pistol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s<strong> first indigenous 9mm Machine Pistol</strong> has been jointly developed by <strong>Infantry School, Mhow</strong> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DRDO&rsquo;s</strong></a> <strong>Armament Research &amp; Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Machine pistols are primarily self-loading versions of pistols which are either fully automatic or can also fire bursts of bullets.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704562_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704562_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="567" height="319" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pistol is named <strong>&ldquo;Asmi&rdquo;</strong> meaning <strong>&ldquo;Pride&rdquo;, &ldquo;Self-Respect" &amp; &ldquo;Hard Work&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features of Asmi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Machine Pistol fires the in-service <strong>9mm ammunition.</strong></li>
<li>With an overall <strong>empty weight of less than 2 Kg,</strong> it features an<strong> 8-inch barrel</strong> and <strong>33 rounds high capacity magazine.</strong></li>
<li>It has an upper receiver made from Aircraft <strong>grade Aluminium</strong> and lower receiver from <strong>Carbon Fibre.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/make-it-the-indian-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>3D Printing process</strong></a> has been used in designing and prototyping of various parts including trigger components made by metal 3D printing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon has huge potential in Armed forces as <strong>personal weapon for heavy weapon detachments, commanders, tank, aircraft crews, counter insurgency and counter terrorism</strong> operations etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost Effective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Machine Pistol is likely to have production cost under Rs.<strong> 50000</strong> each and has <strong>potential for exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688547" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7465,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Army day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Army Day is <strong>celebrated every year on 15<sup>th</sup> January</strong> in India to commemorate the jawans and the Indian Army.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year India is celebrating its <strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Army Day.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704285_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610704285_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On <strong>15<sup>th</sup> January 1949, Field Marshal Kodandera M. Cariappa,</strong> who was then a Lieutenant General, <strong>took over as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army</strong> from General Sir Francis Butcher, the last British person to hold that post.</li>
<li><strong>K. M. Cariappa</strong> adopted the slogan 'Jail Hindi' which means 'Victory of India'. He is also one of only two Indian Army officers to hold the Five-star rank of Field Marshal, the other being Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army Day :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Army Day is <strong>celebrated every year to honor the soldiers of the country,</strong> who have set the greatest example of selfless service and brotherhood and more than anything the love for the country.</li>
<li>In the celebration of Army Day, the<strong> parade is organised every year at the Cariappa Parade Ground of Delhi Cantonment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian army <strong>originated from the forces of the East India Company,</strong> which later became the <strong>'British Indian Army',</strong> and eventually, after Independence, the <strong>Indian Army.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian Army was founded almost <strong>126 years ago by the British on 1<sup>st</sup> April, 1895.</strong></li>
<li>According to the<strong> Global Fire Power Index 2021,</strong> India's army is considered the <strong>world's fourth strongest army.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Global Fire Power Index:</strong> The<strong> rankings for the index are reached after judging the countries on 50 parameters,</strong> including military resources, natural resources, industry and geographical features and available manpower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/swift-and-decisive-action-on-lac-general-navarne-s-message-on-army-day-101610674286883.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7461,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World's Oldest Cave Art',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, archaeologists have discovered the<strong> world&rsquo;s oldest known cave art</strong> which is a life-sized picture of a <strong>wild pig</strong> that was painted at least <strong>45,500 years ago in Indonesia.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610699109_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610699109_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The picture was found in the <strong>Leang Tedongnge cave in a remote valley on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sulawesi Warty Pig Painting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It dates to at least <strong>45,500 years ago.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>shows a pig with a short crest of upright hairs and a pair of horn-like facial warts in front of the eyes,</strong> a characteristic feature of adult male Sulawesi warty pigs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sulawesi warty pigs</strong> were the most <strong>commonly portrayed animal in the ice age rock art of the island,</strong> suggesting they have long been valued both as food and a focus of creative thinking and artistic expression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Painted using <strong>red ochre pigment,</strong> the pig appears to be observing a<strong> fight or social interaction between two other warty pigs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Oldest Painting :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The previously oldest dated rock art &lsquo;scene&rsquo; at least 43,900 years old, was a depiction of <strong>hybrid human-animal beings hunting Sulawesi warty pigs and dwarf bovids.</strong></li>
<li>It was discovered by the same research team at a nearby limestone cave site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of the Caves with Paintings in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta</a> :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This cave is located in <strong>Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Famous fresco paintings of Ajanta are dying princesses, flying apsara and preaching Buddha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ellora</strong> </a>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is located in the <strong>Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>It is famous for the<strong> largest monolithic excavation</strong> in the world- the great Kailasa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-and-longest-sea-ropeway" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Elephanta</strong></a> :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is located on <strong>Elephanta Islands in Mumbai.</strong></li>
<li>There are seven cave excavations in the Elephanta group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhimbetka</strong> </a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is located between Hoshangabad and Bhopal, in the foothills of the Vindhya Mountains.</li>
<li>It has one of the <strong>oldest paintings in India and the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/worlds-oldest-known-cave-painting-wild-pig-found-in-indonesia-7146043/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7460,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Henley Passport Index 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> has been ranked <strong>85<sup>th</sup></strong> in the most powerful passport report <strong>&lsquo;Henley Passport Index 2021&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Henley Passport Index</strong> is the<strong> original ranking of all the world&rsquo;s passports according to the number of destinations</strong> their holders can access<strong> without a prior visa.</strong></li>
<li>Originally <strong>created by Dr. Christian H. Kaelin</strong> (chairman of Henley &amp; Partners), the ranking is based on exclusive data from the <strong>International Air Transport Association (IATA),</strong> which maintains the world&rsquo;s largest and most accurate database of travel information.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2006</strong> and <strong>includes 199 different passports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Rankings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Top Rank Holders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Japan continues to hold the number one position</strong> on the index, with passport holders able to access 191 destinations around the world visa-free.</li>
<li><strong>Singapore</strong> is in <strong>second place</strong> (with a score of 190) and <strong>South Korea ties with Germany in third place</strong> (with a score of 189).</li>
<li>The top spots were traditionally held by EU countries, the UK, or the US. This year, it is the Asia-Pacific (APAC) passports which are the most powerful in the world as it includes some of the first countries to begin the process of recovering from the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bottom Rank Holders:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan</strong> continue to be the countries with the worst passport to hold with a passport score of 29, 28 and 26 respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>ranks 85<sup>th</sup>,</strong> with a <strong>visa-free score of 58.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian passport <strong>ranked higher in both 2020</strong> (84<sup>th</sup>) and<strong> 2019</strong> (82<sup>nd</sup>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comparison with Neighbouring Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Pakistan</strong> was ranked <strong>107<sup>th</sup></strong> and <strong>Nepal</strong> was ranked <strong>104<sup>th</sup>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> government has been making efforts to increase the number of countries that provide visa free travel, visa-on-arrival and e-visa facilities</strong> so as to further ease international travel for Indians.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While <strong>issuance of visa and visa related process is the sovereign and unilateral decision</strong> of the respective country, the matter regarding easier and liberalised visa policy for Indian nationals is taken up regularly in bilateral meetings and forums with foreign countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/worlds-most-powerful-passports-in-2021-where-does-india-stand-11610438939711.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7455,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Harvest Festivals in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The harvest festivals like <strong>Lohri, Makar Sankranti and Pongal</strong> have recently been <strong>celebrated all across the country.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Makar Sankranti:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Makar Sankranti denotes the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign of Makara (Capricorn) as it travels on its celestial path.</li>
<li>The day marks the onset of summer and the <strong>six months auspicious period for Hindus known as Uttarayan,</strong> the northward movement of the sun.</li>
<li>As a part of the official celebration of <strong>'Uttarayan',</strong> the Gujarat government has been hosting the <strong>International Kite Festival since 1989.</strong></li>
<li>The festivities associated with the day are known by different names in different parts of the country - <strong>Lohri by north Indian Hindus and Sikhs, Sukarat in central India, Bhogali Bihu by Assamese Hindus, and Pongal by Tamil and other South Indian Hindus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lohri:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lohri is primarily celebrated by <strong>Sikhs and Hindus.</strong></li>
<li>It marks the end of the winter season and is traditionally believed to welcome the sun to the northern hemisphere.</li>
<li>It is observed <strong>a night before Makar Sankranti,</strong> this occasion involves a <strong>Puja Parikrama (revolve)</strong> around the bonfire with prasad.</li>
<li>It is essentially termed as the festival of the farmers and harvest, whereby, the farmers thank the Supreme Being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pongal</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word Pongal means <strong>&lsquo;overflow&rsquo;</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;boiling over&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Also known as Thai Pongal, the four-day occasion is<strong> observed in the month of Thai,</strong> when crops such as rice are harvested and people show their gratitude to the almighty and the generosity of the land.</li>
<li>Tamilians celebrate the occasion by making<strong> traditional designs known as kolams</strong> in their homes with rice powder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bihu</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated when the <strong>annual harvest takes place in Assam.</strong> People celebrate <strong>Rongali/Magh Bihu</strong> to mark the<strong> beginning of the Assamese new year.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that the festival started from the time when people of the valley<strong> started tilling the land.</strong> Bihu is believed to be as old as<strong> river Brahmaputra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Makaravilakku festival in Sabarimala:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated at the sacred grove of Lord Ayyappa at Sabarimala.</li>
<li>It is an<strong> annual seven-day festival,</strong> beginning on the day of Makar Sankranti when the sun is in the summer solstice.</li>
<li>The highlight of the festival is the appearance of Makarajyothi- a celestial star which appears on the day of Makar Sankranti on top of <strong>Kantamala Hills.</strong></li>
<li>Makara Vilakku ends with the ritual called <strong>'Guruthi',</strong> an offering made to appease the god and goddesses of the wilderness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610622176_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610622176_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7452,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maghi Mela',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time in over several decades there will be no political conferences at the historic <strong>Maghi Mela.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maghi Mela</strong> is held in <strong>Muktsar, Punjab</strong> every year in January or in the month of Magh according to the<strong> Nanakshahi calendar.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nanakshahi calendar</strong> was <strong>designed by Sikh scholar Pal Singh Purewal</strong> to replace the Bikrami calendar, <strong>to work out the dates of gurpurab and other festivals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Maghi :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maghi is the <strong>occasion when Sikhs commemorate the sacrifice of forty Sikhs,</strong> who fought for <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Guru Gobind Singh Ji.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>eve of Maghi</strong> is the <strong>common Indian festival of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harvest-festivals-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Lohri</a></strong> when bonfires are lit in Hindu homes to greet the birth of sons in the families and alms are distributed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The day of Maghi is observed to<strong> honour the heroic fight of the Chali Mukte, or the Forty Liberated Ones,</strong> who <strong>sacrificed their own lives defending</strong> an attack by the Mughal imperial army marching in pursuit of <strong>Guru Gobind Singh. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The battle took place near a pool of water, Khidrane di Dhab, on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> December 1705.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>bodies were cremated the following day,</strong> the first of Magh (hence the name of the festival), which now falls usually on the 13th of January.</li>
<li>Following the custom of the Sikhs to observe their anniversaries of happy and tragic events alike, <strong>Maghi is celebrated with end-to-end recitals of the Guru Granth Sahib and religious divans</strong> in almost all gurdwaras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/maghi-mela-kicks-off-today-no-political-conference-7145716/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7444,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Asian Houbara Bustard',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Pakistan government has<strong> issued special permits</strong> to Dubai royal family members, allowing them to hunt the <strong>internationally protected bird <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-houbara-bustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener">houbara</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-houbara-bustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>bustard</strong></a> during the 2020-21 hunting season.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bustards are large, <strong>terrestrial birds</strong> that belong to several species, including some of the largest flying birds.</li>
<li><strong>Two Distinct Species of Houbara Bustard:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list#:~:text=status%20of%20species.-,The%20International%20Union%20for%20Conservation%20of%20Nature,It%20is%20headquartered%20in%20Switzerland." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> recognises two distinct species found in:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>North Africa <em>(Chlamydotis undulata) </em></strong>and</li>
<li><strong>Asia <em>(Chlamydotis macqueenii).</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat of Asian Houbara:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610533060_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610533060_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The population of the Asian houbara bustards extends from northeast Asia, across central Asia, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula to reach the Sinai desert (Egypt).</li>
<li>After breeding in the spring, the Asian bustards migrate south to spend the winter in Pakistan, the Arabian Peninsula and nearby Southwest Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Decline:</strong> Poaching, unregulated hunting, along with degradation of its natural habitat.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IUCN Status-</strong> Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a>)-</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><strong>Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CMS</a>)</strong>- Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-pm-imran-khan-issues-special-permit-for-dubai-royals-to-hunt-internationally-protected-bird/article33557149.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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