Mains Practice Questions

Q.What does quotation convey to you in the present context?
“The highest form of knowledge is empathy, for it requires us to suspend our egos and live in another’s world.” — Bill Bullard (150 words)

Q. What do you understand by the term ‘crisis of conscience’? Illustrate with the help of an example from your personal or public life how you handled such a situation. (150 words)

Rohit Kumar, an IPS officer serving as Deputy Inspector General (DIG) in a northern state, has observed growing discontent among police personnel over recent promotion and posting decisions. Several officers belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and the Scheduled Tribes (STs) allege that they are routinely sidelined for key operational posts and denied timely promotions, despite meritorious service records. Officers from certain social backgrounds are often given preference for influential postings in urban and sensitive districts, even when more qualified officers are available.

An internal complaint by the SC/ST Officers’ Association highlights patterns of bias in performance evaluation reports (APARs), where subtle prejudice is reflected in lower gradings. The association petitions Rohit to take action and ensure fair representation. However, when Rohit raises the issue in departmental meetings, senior officers advise him to “avoid stirring caste matters” and maintain institutional unity. Some even warn that pursuing the issue could affect his career progression and invite political backlash.

The state government, facing public scrutiny after recent media reports on caste-based bias in police postings, issues a statement promising an internal inquiry. However, there are attempts to downplay the issue as “misunderstandings” rather than systemic discrimination. Meanwhile, affected officers feel demoralised and consider approaching the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

As a senior officer, Rohit is expected to uphold constitutional values of equality and justice while maintaining institutional discipline and administrative efficiency. The situation demands a careful balance between ensuring fairness in personnel management and preserving organizational stability.

Questions :

A. What are the key ethical dilemmas faced by Rohit Kumar in this situation?

B. Identify and analyse the conflicting values and principles involved in this case.

C. Evaluate the possible courses of action available to Rohit and their likely consequences.

D. Suggest the most ethical and administratively sound course of action Rohit should take to ensure fairness and institutional integrity.

Q. What does quotation convey to you in the present context?
“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” – Edmund Burke (150 words)

Q. “In the theatre of global politics, morality is often the first casualty.”Analyse the ethical dilemmas faced by nations when strategic interests conflict with humanitarian responsibilities. Illustrate with recent examples. (150 words)

In a tragic incident, more than twenty children in a state district lost their lives after consuming a widely used cough syrup later found to be adulterated. Dr Ananya, a senior health officer posted in the state’s Drug Control Department, has been tasked with investigating the matter and ensuring accountability.

As she delves into records, she uncovers alarming lapses in drug testing protocols, delayed inspections, and collusion between some local distributors and manufacturers. Parents and civil society groups are demanding immediate disclosure of investigation reports, punitive action against responsible parties, and systemic reforms to prevent recurrence.

Meanwhile, the state health department is under immense political pressure to manage public outrage and contain negative media coverage. Some senior officials subtly advise Dr Ananya to “handle the matter quietly” to avoid reputational damage to the government and influential stakeholders, warning that strict enforcement may jeopardise her career.

Junior officers involved in sample testing and reporting express fear of harassment, transfers, or legal consequences if they fully disclose the facts. At the same time, courts have taken suo motu cognisance, and multiple PILs have been filed seeking transparency in the investigation, compensation for affected families, and reforms in drug safety oversight.

Questions:

A. What ethical dilemmas confront Dr Ananya in this scenario?

B.  Evaluate the options available to her and their potential consequences.

C. Suggest the most appropriate course of action for Dr Ananya based on balancing administrative responsibility and citizen welfare.

D. Propose long-term systemic reforms to strengthen drug safety oversight.

Q. What does quotation convey to you in the present context?
“We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can stand on one's own feet.” – Swami Vivekananda. (150 words)

Q. “Moral absolutism can lead to rigidity, while moral relativism may justify injustice. A balance between the two is essential in ethical decision-making.”Justify with suitable illustration. (150 words)

Case Study

Ritika, an IAS officer posted as the Public Information Officer (PIO) in a state department, has been facing mounting challenges due to widespread mismanagement in handling RTI requests. Citizens frequently report delays exceeding statutory limits, incomplete disclosures, and arbitrary denials citing vague exemptions. Several RTI applications relate to public procurement, environmental clearances, and fund utilization, raising concerns about corruption and administrative opacity.

Despite repeated reminders and follow-ups, the backlog of pending RTI cases has grown substantially. Some senior officials in the department discourage timely compliance, fearing that disclosure might expose irregularities and implicate influential contractors or political patrons. A few junior officers have expressed fear that strict adherence to the RTI Act could attract harassment, transfers, or litigation. Meanwhile, civil society organizations and media outlets demand transparency, timely responses, and public accountability.

The state government, concerned about negative publicity and political fallout, has subtly instructed Ritika to “avoid unnecessary disclosure” and focus on maintaining departmental harmony. At the same time, the Central Information Commission and local courts are actively monitoring compliance, with some PILs filed questioning delays and partial disclosures.

Questions:

A. What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Ritika in this situation?

B. Evaluate the options available to her and their possible consequences.

C. Suggest the most appropriate course of action for Ritika based on administrative accountability and citizen-centric governance.

D. Propose long-term systemic reforms to improve RTI implementation, reduce backlogs, and protect officials from retaliation while ensuring transparency and participatory governance.

Q. Evaluate the ethical challenges posed by emerging technologies such as AI, Big Data, and Digital Governance. How should ethical frameworks guide their adoption in public administration? (150 words)

Q.“Ethical dilemmas are inevitable in administration, but ethical decision-making is non-negotiable.” Explain with reference to moral reasoning and conflict resolution. (150 words)

Case Study

Ashok, an IAS officer posted as the District Magistrate in a riverine district, has been facing mounting challenges due to rampant illegal sand mining along the riverbanks. Despite a ban during the monsoon season and strict environmental regulations, sand extraction continues unabated, driven by a nexus between local contractors, transporters, and influential political figures.

The illegal mining has caused severe environmental degradation, including riverbank erosion, falling groundwater levels, and damage to aquatic ecosystems. It has also led to frequent road accidents due to the overloading of trucks and the loss of government revenue.

Ashok’s administration has conducted several raids, seized vehicles, and filed FIRs, but the operations have met with strong resistance. Local miners, backed by political patrons, have staged protests accusing the administration of “anti-development” actions. Some officers in his team have received threats, and a few have even hinted that confronting the sand mafia could cost them their safety or postings. Meanwhile, honest junior officers look up to Ashok for moral leadership, while local media and environmental activists demand tougher action and transparency.

The state government, citing the importance of construction material for infrastructure projects, has asked Ashok to “avoid confrontation” and maintain law and order. However, environmental damage continues, and the judiciary has recently sought a report on compliance with mining regulations.

Questions:

A. What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Ashok in this situation?

B. Evaluate the options available to him and their possible consequences.

C. Suggest the most appropriate course of action for Ashok based on environmental ethics and administrative accountability.

D. Propose long-term systemic reforms to curb illegal sand mining while balancing development and environmental protection. (250 words)

Q. India’s rapid economic growth coexists with social inequalities and environmental challenges. Discuss the need for an ethical framework to ensure inclusive and sustainable development. (150 words)

Q. “Empathy transforms authority into service.”Discuss the relevance of emotional intelligence and compassion in administrative responsibilities. (150 words)

Case Study

Ravi, an IAS officer, is serving as the District Magistrate in a politically sensitive district. A massive political rally, expected to attract nearly two lakh people, was organised by the ruling party to showcase its strength. Senior leaders were to attend, and the event had been widely publicised. Although Ravi’s office had earlier issued advisories on barricading, evacuation routes, deployment of police, and medical preparedness, many instructions were ignored by the organisers, citing budgetary constraints and urgency.

On the day of the rally, the situation turned chaotic. Entry and exit points were overcrowded, there was no proper crowd management, and medical facilities were insufficient. During the rally, a sudden push by people wanting to move closer to the stage created panic, leading to a stampede. Several lives were lost, many were injured, and the incident triggered widespread anger.

Different stakeholders reacted sharply. Families of victims demanded justice, accountability, and immediate compensation. Civil society groups and the media accused the administration of negligence. Opposition parties claimed the government had put lives at risk for political gain. The ruling party, however, pressured Ravi to downplay the incident and present it as an “unavoidable tragedy.” Some officials also suggested that highlighting lapses could invite unrest and even threaten Ravi’s career.

Ravi now faces a dilemma. As the administrative head of the district, he is responsible for public safety and upholding the rule of law. At the same time, he faces political pressure, the risk of transfers, and personal threats. His choices will have consequences not just for his career but also for the credibility of governance and the trust of the people.

Questions:

1. What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Ravi in this situation?

2. Evaluate the options available to Ravi and the possible consequences of each.

3. Suggest the most appropriate course of action for Ravi in light of constitutional values and principles of good governance.

4. What systemic reforms can be introduced to improve crowd management and ensure accountability in large political and public events in the long run? (250 words)

You are Anil, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer currently posted as the District Election Officer (DEO) in a politically sensitive district. Elections are approaching in two weeks, and you are responsible for ensuring a free and fair process.

Over the last few days, you have received numerous complaints from political parties, civil society groups, and independent monitors alleging serious irregularities. Many genuine voters’ names have been mysteriously deleted from the rolls, while fake entries and names of deceased individuals remain. The ruling party’s candidates are accused of misusing government vehicles, welfare schemes, and public funds for campaigning. In certain constituencies, reports suggest the use of musclemen to intimidate opposition workers and voters. Some lower-level election staff appear partisan and are suspected of colluding with influential candidates. There are also widespread allegations of the distribution of cash, liquor, and freebies to buy votes.

When you bring these matters to the notice of senior officials, you are told to treat them as “minor operational issues” and not escalate the situation. Political leaders caution you that strict action might trigger unrest, lead to violence, and invite adverse consequences for your career and family. At the same time, civil society groups, the Election Commission’s observers, and sections of the media are demanding accountability and strict enforcement of electoral laws.

The stakes are high. On one hand, your duty is to uphold the sanctity of elections as the bedrock of democracy. On the other hand, you face the risk of political retaliation, career setbacks, and personal threats if you pursue the matter with full transparency.

Questions

A. What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Anil in this situation?

B. Evaluate the different options available to him and the possible consequences of each option.

C. Suggest the best course of action for Anil in light of constitutional values, ethical reasoning, and principles of good governance.

D. How can systemic reforms be introduced to reduce such electoral malpractices in the long run? (250 words)

Q. “Essential services cannot be treated as commodities.” Examine the ethical concerns arising from the commercialization of education and healthcare in modern society. (150 words)

Q. Do values precede laws, or do laws shape values? Examine with reference to the evolution of ethical norms in society. (150 words)

Case Studies

You are Rahul, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer posted as the District Development Officer in an agrarian district hit by seasonal unemployment and distress migration. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) has been a lifeline here—providing wage employment and creating rural assets. Recently, however, local activists and a whistleblower collective have compiled a dossier alleging massive corruption in MNREGA implementation across several Gram Panchayats.

The dossier alleges the following irregularities: ghost beneficiaries and fake job-cards on muster rolls; inflated measurement and bills for rural works (roads, water harvesting structures) with poor or no physical progress; collusion between local contractors, panchayat functionaries and a few junior officials who split commissions; delayed wage payments that force workers to accept bribes for expedited pay; and deliberate misclassification of work to route funds to private contractors. A recent Social Audit showed many assets either not created or of sub-standard quality. Previous audit notes from the State Rural Development Department had flagged similar issues but resulted in token action.

A Central Ministry team is scheduled to visit the district next week to assess MNREGA outcomes. You are instructed by your political superiors and some senior district officials to present reports that attribute shortfalls to “operational constraints” and natural factors (poor monsoons, migration) while avoiding mention of systemic corruption. You are warned that exposing the truth may lead to transfer, adverse remarks in your record, and targeted political backlash against your family. Conversely, if you comply, millions of workers will continue to be deprived, and corruption will persist.

Local villagers, labour unions, and civil society groups demand a full, transparent public report, prosecution of culprits, timely wage payments, and restoration of genuine MNREGA works. National-level media and a public interest petition in the High Court have also drawn attention to the district’s problems.

Questions

1. What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Rahul in this case?
2. Evaluate the options available to him and the possible consequences of each option.
3. Suggest the best course of action for Rahul.
4. Justify your recommendation with ethical reasoning and principles of good governance.
(250 words)

Q. “Public trust in institutions is often eroded not by the absence of laws, but by the erosion of ethical values.”Critically analyse this statement with reference to the challenges of accountability, discretion, and corruption in civil services. (150 words)

Q. “Social re-engineering through welfare policies requires not only administrative efficiency but also ethical reasoning and critical analysis by civil servants.”Discuss with suitable illustrations. (150 words)

Case Study

Arjun is an IAS officer posted as District Magistrate (DM) in a backward district. The district has recently been declared as an “Aspirational District” and is receiving special funds for education, health, and infrastructure development.

During a routine review, Arjun discovers that a large portion of the education funds have been diverted by middle-level officials to construct a new VIP Guest House. The justification given is that frequent visits of ministers and senior bureaucrats require better accommodation facilities, which indirectly helps the district by attracting more attention and projects.

Arjun confronts the officials, but they argue that:

i. The project has political backing and halting it will upset powerful leaders.

ii. The guest house is “technically within public interest.”

iii. Exposing the misuse might delay other ongoing schemes due to political retaliation.

At the same time, Arjun receives a complaint from local civil society groups that several schools lack even basic facilities like toilets, clean drinking water, and teachers. He realizes that continuing the misuse of funds will directly harm the education of children, worsening inequality.

If he resists, he risks straining relations with political leaders, possible transfer, and jeopardizing his ability to work in the district. If he complies, the basic rights of children will be sacrificed.

Questions

(a) What are the ethical dilemmas faced by Arjun in this case?
(b) If you were guiding young civil servants on this case, what ethical principles and leadership qualities would you emphasize for handling such dilemmas in public life?
(c) Suggest the most appropriate course of action for Arjun, balancing administrative pragmatism with ethical responsibility.

Q. Can true impartiality coexist with empathy, or does empathy inevitably lead to bias? Critically analyze in the context of public service. (150 words)

Q. Can strict adherence to duty ever override compassion? Analyze with reference to Kantian ethics and public administration. (150 words)

You are posted as the District Magistrate of a metropolitan city. The State Government has recently rolled out an Artificial Intelligence based Predictive Policing System aimed at preventing crime by analyzing large amounts of citizen data such as CCTV feeds, mobile records, and online activity patterns.

While the system has shown early success in reducing street crimes and improving response times, several concerns have emerged. Civil society groups and digital rights activists allege that the technology disproportionately targets marginalized communities, leading to bias and profiling. Citizens have also raised objections over the lack of consent in data collection and the possibility of mass surveillance.

Meanwhile, the Home Department is pressuring you to expand the use of AI tools across all police stations, citing efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and better law enforcement outcomes. At the same time, a section of police officers informally confide that blind reliance on AI tools may undermine their professional judgment and discretion.
You are expected to prepare a report for the State Government balancing the twin imperatives of public safety and protection of fundamental rights.

a). What would be your immediate response to the concerns raised regarding predictive policing?
b). Identify and discuss the ethical issues involved in this case.
c). If asked to justify the use of AI for public safety, what logical and ethical arguments would you present?
d). As a public servant, what measures would you recommend to ensure accountability, fairness, and respect for citizens’ rights while using AI in governance?
(250 words)

Q. “Conscience is the voice of the soul, not the echo of society.” Analyze the role of conscience in decision-making for public servants. (150 words)

Q. Public service is often described as a balance between compassion and detachment. Analyze this statement with suitable examples. (150 words)

You are posted as the District Magistrate (DM) in a mineral-rich tribal district of central India. The district is home to significant reserves of iron ore, bauxite, and coal, making it a hub of mining activities. However, in recent years, illegal mining has become rampant, causing severe environmental degradation—forests are being cleared without permission, rivers are turning toxic due to slurry discharge, and agricultural land is becoming infertile.

Local communities, especially tribal groups, depend on forests and rivers for their livelihood. They are now losing access to clean water, forest produce, and fertile soil, creating discontent. Civil society organisations have documented cases where labourers, including women and even minors, are forced to work in unsafe conditions without proper safety gear. Frequent accidents, respiratory diseases, and lack of compensation for injuries have worsened the humanitarian crisis.

At the same time, mining activities bring employment and revenue to the region. Thousands of families depend on mining-related jobs, and shutting down operations abruptly could lead to unemployment and unrest. Local political leaders, some with direct business interests, exert pressure on you to adopt a “soft approach” towards the mining companies. Several lower-level officials in the mining and police departments are allegedly complicit, receiving bribes to overlook violations.

The judiciary, acting on petitions from NGOs, has now directed the district administration to submit a comprehensive plan to curb illegal mining. The media has been running campaigns questioning the administration’s inaction, putting your office under public scrutiny. However, taking strict action may invite political backlash, threats, and economic disruption.

A. Identify the major ethical issues involved in this case.
B. How would you balance economic interests, political pressures, and your duty towards environmental protection and labour welfare?
C. What measures would you take to ensure accountability and transparency in the administration to curb corruption in this case?
D. State the ethical values that should guide you.                                             (250 words)  

Q. Jainism emphasized Syadvada (doctrine of conditional predication) and Anekantavada (doctrine of multiplicity of viewpoints). Examine their relevance in strengthening democratic discourse and tolerance in a plural society. (150 words)

Q. Sun Tzu remarked, “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” How far is this applicable in current international relations? (150 words)