Mains Practice Questions

Case Study

Mr. Rohit Nair is the Commissioner of Police in a metropolitan city that has recently witnessed a rise in organised crime, including theft, drug trafficking, and incidents of violence. To enhance policing efficiency, the State Government introduces an advanced facial recognition surveillance system integrated with CCTV cameras across the city.

The system is designed to identify suspects in real time and has already helped solve several cases. Encouraged by early success, higher authorities directed Mr. Nair to expand its use, including continuous monitoring of public spaces such as markets, metro stations, and residential areas.

However, concerns begin to emerge from civil society organisations, legal experts, and sections of the public regarding privacy violations, lack of consent, and potential misuse of personal data. Reports indicate that the system has a higher error rate in identifying certain groups, raising fears of profiling and wrongful targeting.

Additionally, there are no clear guidelines on data storage, access, or accountability mechanisms. Some officers informally suggest using the system to monitor “habitual protesters” and political activists to prevent potential law-and-order issues.

The State Government emphasises that public safety must take precedence over abstract privacy concerns and expects visible results in crime reduction. Media debates intensify, with some praising technological efficiency and others warning against a “surveillance state.”

Mr. Nair must decide how to implement the system while balancing public safety, individual rights, and ethical governance.

Questions:

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
2. What options are available to Mr. Nair? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.
3. What should be the most appropriate course of action for Mr. Nair? Justify your answer in terms of ethical principles, constitutional values, and administrative accountability.

Q. In public policy aimed at inclusive development, analyse how the pursuit of equity may require differential treatment that challenges formal notions of equality. (150 words)

Q. In the context of increasing legalisation of governance through rules, codes and compliance frameworks, critically examine whether ethical behaviour can be institutionalised or remains fundamentally dependent on individual conscience. (150 words)

Case Study

Mr. Vivek Deshmukh is the District Magistrate of a mineral-rich district where the State Government has approved a large infrastructure project, a multi-purpose industrial corridor expected to generate employment, boost regional development, and attract investment.
The project requires acquisition of a large tract of land, a significant portion of which belongs to small and marginal farmers, as well as forest land traditionally used by tribal communities for livelihood and cultural practices. The government has offered compensation as per legal provisions, along with promises of rehabilitation, employment opportunities, and skill development.

While some landowners are willing to accept compensation, a substantial section of tribal communities and farmers are resisting the acquisition. They argue that the compensation does not reflect the long-term value of their land and that monetary payments cannot substitute their cultural and livelihood ties to the land. Civil society groups have joined the protest, raising concerns about displacement, environmental degradation, and violation of tribal rights.

At the same time, the State Government is keen to fast-track the project, viewing it as a flagship initiative with potential political and economic benefits. Senior officials informally advise Mr. Deshmukh to “ensure smooth acquisition” and avoid delays. There are also reports that some local intermediaries are trying to manipulate consent records and pressure villagers into signing agreements.

Meanwhile, the region suffers from chronic underdevelopment, lack of employment, poor infrastructure, and migration, which the project aims to address. Delaying or cancelling the project could deprive the region of much-needed economic opportunities.

Mr. Deshmukh must decide how to proceed with land acquisition while balancing development goals, rights of affected communities, and ethical governance.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
2. What options are available to Mr. Deshmukh? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.
3. What should be the most ethical course of action for Mr. Deshmukh? Justify your answer in terms of justice, equity, and sustainable development.

Q. With growing emphasis on sustainable development, examine how intergenerational equity and environmental ethics influence public policy decisions. (150 words).

Q. With rising public scrutiny and declining trust in institutions, analyse how ethical leadership, transparency and accountability collectively shape legitimacy in democratic governance. (150 words).

Case Study

Ms. Kavya Iyer is serving as the District Magistrate of a rapidly urbanising district. Recently, a video clip went viral on social media allegedly showing police personnel using excessive force against a group of migrant workers protesting delayed wages at a construction site.

Within hours, the issue gained national attention. Several media channels began running prime-time debates accusing the district administration of human rights violations. Hashtags demanding suspension of officials started trending online. Civil society groups organised protests, demanding immediate action.

However, a preliminary internal report suggests that the video clip is selectively edited and does not capture the full sequence of events. According to field officers, the situation had turned violent, and minimal force was used to control the mob and prevent damage to public property.

Meanwhile, political leaders from opposition parties visit the site and publicly criticise the administration, demanding immediate suspension of the police officers involved. On the other hand, police officials feel demoralised and argue that any punitive action without a fair inquiry will undermine morale and embolden lawbreakers.

The State Government informally advises Ms. Iyer to take “quick visible action” to control the narrative and prevent escalation, even if the facts are not fully verified.

At the same time, there are genuine concerns about delayed wage payments to migrant workers, which triggered the protest in the first place.

Ms. Iyer must decide how to respond to the situation, balancing truth, justice, public perception, and administrative responsibility.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

2. What options are available to Ms. Iyer? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.

3. What should be the most appropriate course of action for Ms. Iyer? Justify your answer in terms of ethical values, administrative neutrality, and public trust.

Q. “Integrity without courage is often ineffective in public life.” Discuss the role of moral courage in upholding ethical governance. (150 words)

Q. “Excessive compassion can dilute justice, while excessive rigidity can erode humanity.” Analyze this tension in administrative decision-making. (150 words)

Case Study

Mr. Saurabh Singh is the District Magistrate of a district where the State Board examinations for Class 12 are currently underway. The district has a history of examination malpractices, including cheating, impersonation, and organised paper leaks. Determined to ensure fairness, Mr. Singh has implemented strict measures, installation of CCTV cameras, deployment of flying squads, and strict enforcement of anti-cheating laws.

During an inspection of an examination centre in a rural area, a flying squad catches a group of students using unfair means. Among them is a meritorious girl student from an economically weaker background who is known in the village for her academic excellence and aspirations to pursue higher education. On questioning, she breaks down and reveals that she was under immense pressure from her family to secure top marks, as her scholarship and future prospects depend on her results. She admits that she made a mistake under stress.

At the same time, local reports indicate that organised cheating rackets are still active in other centres, often involving collusion between invigilators and local influential persons. Civil society groups and media are closely watching the administration’s actions, praising strict enforcement but also cautioning against “over-penalisation” of vulnerable students.

Some local leaders approach Mr. Singh informally, requesting leniency in this particular case, arguing that a harsh punishment could destroy the student’s future. On the other hand, education officials emphasise that any exception may weaken deterrence and send the wrong signal.

Mr. Singh must decide how to respond in a way that upholds examination integrity, ensures fairness, and reflects compassion without compromising the rule of law.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

2. What options are available to Mr. Singh? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.

3. What should be the most appropriate course of action for Mr. Singh? Justify your answer in terms of ethical values and administrative responsibility.

Q. “Emotional intelligence is as important as intellectual competence in ethical decision-making.” Discuss. ( 150 words).

Q. To what extent is ethical decision-making a product of personal conscience rather than institutional design in situations marked by competing interests?. ( 150 words).

Case Study

Dr. Neha Kapoor, a medical professional turned District Magistrate, is posted in a semi-urban district that has recently witnessed a sudden outbreak of a highly infectious respiratory disease. Within days, government hospitals are overwhelmed with patients, ICU beds are scarce, and there is an acute shortage of oxygen cylinders and life-saving medicines.

The district administration receives an emergency consignment of oxygen and critical drugs from the State government. However, the supply is far below the actual demand. Doctors on the ground inform Dr. Kapoor that they are being forced to make difficult choices about which patients should receive treatment, often prioritising those with higher chances of survival.

Meanwhile, influential individuals, including local politicians and wealthy citizens, begin pressuring the administration to reserve beds and oxygen supplies for their families and associates. Some private hospitals are also accused of hoarding essential medicines and overcharging patients.

On the other hand, frontline healthcare workers are exhausted and demoralised. They demand clear guidelines for triage and protection from legal or political backlash arising from life-and-death decisions.

Media coverage intensifies, highlighting both the suffering of patients and alleged administrative lapses. Public anger is rising, and there is a growing perception that access to healthcare is becoming inequitable.

Dr. Kapoor must take urgent decisions regarding allocation of scarce medical resources, regulation of private healthcare providers, and protection of frontline workers—while ensuring fairness, transparency, and public trust.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

2. What options are available to Dr. Kapoor? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.

3. What should be the most ethical course of action for Dr. Kapoor? Justify your answer in the context of public health ethics and administrative responsibility.

Q. In contemporary governance systems increasingly driven by rules and procedures, examine whether ethical conduct can be sustained without internalisation of moral values. (150 words).

Q. In democratic governance where public officials exercise significant discretion, examine why integrity is considered the cornerstone of public service. (150 words).

Case Study

Mr. Aditya Sharma is serving as the District Magistrate of a rapidly growing district where the state government has recently introduced an AI-based system to identify beneficiaries for welfare schemes such as housing subsidies, scholarships, and pension benefits. The system uses multiple datasets—income records, property ownership, electricity consumption, and bank transactions—to automatically generate a list of eligible beneficiaries.

The government promotes the system as a major reform to improve efficiency, reduce corruption, and ensure objective targeting of welfare benefits. Initially, the new system significantly reduces manual processing and speeds up the delivery of benefits.

However, during public grievance hearings, Mr. Sharma begins receiving numerous complaints from genuinely poor families who have been excluded from the beneficiary list. Upon investigation, he discovers that the algorithm relies heavily on digital and financial data. As a result, many informal-sector workers, migrant families, and people without regular digital footprints are being wrongly classified as “ineligible.”

At the same time, some relatively well-off households with incomplete or outdated records have been included in the beneficiary list. Civil society organisations accuse the administration of creating “digital exclusion”, arguing that excessive reliance on automated decision-making ignores ground realities.

When Mr. Sharma raises these concerns with higher authorities, he is advised to continue using the system because it is a flagship governance reform that demonstrates the government's commitment to transparency and technology-driven administration. Officials argue that questioning the system may undermine public confidence in digital governance.

Meanwhile, media reports and social activists are increasingly highlighting cases of exclusion, portraying the administration as insensitive to the needs of vulnerable populations.

Mr. Sharma must decide how to address these concerns while balancing technological efficiency, fairness, and accountability in welfare delivery.

Questions

1. Identify the ethical issues involved in the above case.

2. What options are available to Mr. Sharma? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each option.

3. What course of action should Mr. Sharma adopt to ensure both administrative efficiency and ethical governance? Justify your answer.

Q. In democratic societies where public opinion and media scrutiny are intense, discuss how ethical conduct of public officials shapes public trust in institutions. (150 words)

Q. In contemporary governance systems driven by efficiency and outcomes, discuss whether ethical considerations such as compassion and fairness risk being sidelined in public administration. (150 words).

Case Study

Meera Sharma is a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) in a district where a large highway expansion project has been approved by the government. The project is expected to improve connectivity, promote regional trade, and generate employment opportunities.

However, the project requires acquisition of agricultural land from several villages. While many landowners have accepted the compensation determined under the law, a group of small and marginal farmers is strongly opposing the acquisition. They argue that although the compensation is legally fixed, it does not adequately compensate for the long-term loss of livelihood, as farming is their primary and sometimes only source of income.

During a public consultation meeting, local activists accuse the administration of prioritizing economic development over the welfare of vulnerable farmers. Some villagers have also started organizing protests.

At the same time, higher authorities are pressuring Meera to complete the land acquisition process quickly, as the project has strict deadlines and political importance.

Meera realizes that delaying the project may lead to administrative criticism and financial losses, but proceeding without addressing the farmers’ concerns may lead to social injustice and unrest. Meera now faces a difficult ethical dilemma.

Questions

Q1. What are the ethical issues involved in this situation?

Q2. What options are available to Meera in this situation? Evaluate them.

Q3. What course of action should Meera adopt in this situation? Justify your answer.

Q. “Probity in governance is essential for sustaining public trust in democratic institutions.” Analyse the institutional mechanisms that can promote probity. (150 words).

Q. In an era dominated by data, algorithms and artificial intelligence, how should ethical frameworks evolve to safeguard human dignity, accountability and fairness? (150 words).

Ms. Deepti is the District Magistrate of a coastal district that has been struck by a severe cyclone accompanied by flooding. Large parts of rural areas are submerged, electricity and communication lines are disrupted, and thousands of families have been displaced. Initial assessments indicate extensive damage to kutcha houses, fishing equipment, and standing crops.

The State Disaster Response Force and district administration have limited relief materials, temporary shelters, food packets, drinking water, and medical teams—which are insufficient to meet immediate demand. The most affected areas are remote villages inhabited largely by marginal fishermen and tribal communities.

At the same time, an influential urban locality, which has suffered comparatively less damage, is exerting political and media pressure for immediate restoration of services and compensation. Local elected representatives demand that relief camps be set up in visible urban centres to “maintain public confidence.”

Further, allegations emerge that local officials are prioritising relief distribution to politically connected groups, while genuine victims in remote villages remain unattended. Social media posts showing distressed families are going viral, increasing public outrage and scrutiny of the administration.

Ms. Deepti must make urgent decisions on allocation of scarce resources, relief prioritisation, and corrective action, while maintaining transparency, equity, and public trust under extreme time pressure.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

2. What options are available to Ms. Deepti? Examine the merits and demerits of each.

3. What should be the most ethical course of action for Ms. Deepti? Justify your answer in the context of disaster ethics, constitutional values, and administrative responsibility.

Q. “In public service, empathy is not a soft virtue but a transformative administrative force.” Discuss the role of empathy in enhancing the effectiveness of governance. (150 words).

Q. Rules can guide conduct, but values sustain ethics. Discuss the relative roles of rules and values in promoting ethical governance. (150 words).

Mr. Kunal Mehra is the District Collector of a rapidly industrialising district that has recently attracted significant private investment under the State’s ease-of-doing-business initiative. A large manufacturing unit employing over 3,000 local workers has begun operations and is being projected as a model success story.

A junior environmental engineer in the district administration confidentially approaches Mr. Mehra with documentary evidence suggesting that the company has been routinely violating pollution norms especially groundwater contamination and improper disposal of hazardous waste. The engineer admits that senior officials in the pollution control board have ignored inspection reports under pressure from political and business interests. The whistleblower fears retaliation, transfer, or career stagnation if his identity is revealed.

If Mr. Mehra orders a formal inquiry or shuts down the unit, it could lead to job losses, investor backlash, and accusations of being “anti-development.” Political executives informally convey that the matter should be “resolved internally” to avoid damaging the State’s investment image.

At the same time, local farmers have begun reporting declining crop yields and health problems, which may be linked to industrial pollution. Media interest is growing, and civil society organisations are demanding accountability and transparency.

Mr. Mehra must decide how to handle the whistleblower’s complaint while balancing environmental justice, economic development, and institutional integrity.

Questions

1. What ethical issues are involved in this case?
2. What options are available to Mr. Mehra? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.
3. What should be the most appropriate course of action for Mr. Mehra? Justify your answer with reference to ethical principles and constitutional values.

Q. “Public service is not merely a profession but a moral commitment.” Examine the ethical foundations of civil services in this light. (150 words)

Q. “Integrity without courage becomes passive virtue, and courage without integrity becomes dangerous ambition.”Discuss in the context of public administration. (150 words)

Case Study

Ms. Riya Malhotra is serving as a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) in a backward, drought-prone block where a large section of the population depends on government welfare schemes such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), pensions, and employment under MGNREGA.

During a routine inspection, Ms. Malhotra discovers serious irregularities in the local PDS system. Several fair price shop dealers have been diverting subsidised food grains to the open market with the alleged connivance of lower-level revenue and supply officials. Digital records show compliance, but ground verification and beneficiary testimonies indicate widespread exclusion of genuine households.

If strict action is taken immediately, such as suspension of dealers and officials, there is a risk of disruption in food supply for thousands of vulnerable families in the short term. Moreover, some of the accused officials are known to be politically well-connected, and informal messages reach Ms. Malhotra advising her to “handle the matter sensitively” to avoid controversy.

At the same time, civil society organisations and local media have begun highlighting the issue, questioning the administration’s commitment to transparency and justice. With the lean agricultural season approaching, any prolonged disruption in welfare delivery could worsen hunger and distress.

Ms. Malhotra must decide how to act in a manner that ensures justice, protects the vulnerable, and upholds administrative integrity.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

2. What options are available to Ms. Malhotra? Examine the merits and demerits of each.

3. What course of action should Ms. Malhotra adopt? Justify your answer in terms of ethical values, public interest, and administrative responsibility.

Q. “Attitudes are the invisible drivers of administrative behaviour.” Discuss how the attitudes of public officials influence policy outcomes. (150 words).

Q. “Can political neutrality coexist with committed constitutionalism in public administration? Examine with suitable arguments.” (150 words).