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Whitest Ever Paint Reflects 99% of Sunlight

Why in News The team of researchers from Purdue University have created an ultra-white paint. The newer paint is whiter and keeps the surface...

17 Apr 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Refrigeration System Pusa-FSF

Why in News Scientists from the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) have developed an on-farm green energy refrigeration system...

20 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative

Why in News Recently, US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI) initiative has been launched to scale up the science and technology relationship...

20 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Moving Black Hole

Why in News Scientists have discovered the first moving supermassive black hole whose mass is about three million times that of our Sun. The...

17 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Genome Mapping in Indian Ocean

Why in News National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is going to launch the first-of-its-kind project of Genome Mapping in the Indian...

13 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Vaccine Passports

Why in News Governments around the world are exploring the potential use of vaccine passports as a way of reopening the economy by identifying those...

10 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Most Distant Quasar P172+18

Why in News Recently, an international team of astronomers has discovered the most distant ‘Radio-Loud’ Quasar with the help of European...

09 Mar 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
New IT Rules 2021

Why in News Recently, the government has notified Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules...

26 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Go Electric Campaign

Why in News The central government has launched the “Go Electric" Campaign to spread awareness on the benefits of e-mobility and EV Charging...

23 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Silver Antimony Telluride: A Material to Tap Waste Heat

Why in News Scientists at the Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, have found a new material, Silver Antimony...

22 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Digital Health Services

This article is based on “The salience of digital medical services was highlighted during the pandemic” which was published in The...

10 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Arka Shubha: New Marigold Variety

Why in News The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) has developed a new marigold variety named Arka Shubha. Key...

10 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Clean Fuel Hydrogen

Why in News Recently, researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D) have come up with a way to generate clean fuel hydrogen from...

08 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Square Kilometre Array Telescope

Why in News Recently, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) Council held its inaugural meeting and approved the establishment of the...

06 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

Important Schemes and Policies UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission Programmes UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission has been implemented by DBT with a...

06 Feb 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Co-WIN App

Why in News Recently, the software of Co-WIN App (also called Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of...

23 Jan 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

Why in News? India began the "World's Largest Vaccination Program" on January 16, 2021. The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering...

19 Jan 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
5G Technology

Why in News Recently, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has sought inputs from telecom companies and other industry experts on the sale and...

18 Jan 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy

This article is based on “Building a vibrant science ecosystem” which was published in The Indian Express on 12/01/2021. It talks about...

13 Jan 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use

Why in News Recently, the Drugs Controller General of India’s (DCGI) approved COVISHIELD and COVAXIN vaccines for restricted use against...

05 Jan 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries

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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Whitest Ever Paint Reflects 99% of Sunlight',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The team of researchers from Purdue University have created an ultra-white paint.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The newer paint is whiter and<strong> keeps the surface areas it is painted on cooler</strong> and thus can act as a breakthrough in<strong> combating the woes of global warming.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new ultrawhite white paint <strong>reflects 99% of all light</strong> that hits it, remaining significantly cooler than the ambient temperature, even when sitting in full sunlight.</li>
<li><strong>Typical commercial white paint gets warmer instead of cooler</strong> and paints currently available in the market reflect only 80-90% of the sunlight and therefore, they can&rsquo;t make surfaces cooler than their surroundings.</li>
<li><strong>Older formulations of white paints were made of calcium carbonate,</strong> while the <strong>new one is made up of barium sulphate</strong> making it more white. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Barium Sulphate is used to make photo paper and cosmetics white. Different sized particles of this chemical compound, helps in scattering different amounts of light. This allows for light to scatter in a broad range, resulting in the highest reflectance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The paint could be the <strong>closest equivalent to the blackest black paint Vantablack,</strong> which is able to absorb 99.9% of visible light.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vantablack has a diverse range of applications including high performance infrared cameras, sensors, satellite borne calibration sources etc.</li>
<li>Its ability to absorb light energy and convert it to heat is also of relevance in solar power development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reflection or Absorption of a Light by a Color:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every object is seen by the eye because of absorption or reflection of light.</li>
<li>The<strong> light is made up of seven different colours</strong> (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red or VIBGYOR). Specifically, light is made up of wavelengths of different colours.</li>
<li>The <strong>colour of any object or thing is determined by the wavelength the molecules are not able to absorb.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is <strong>dependent on how electrons are arranged in an atom</strong> (the building block of life, an atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons).</li>
<li>For example, if an individual is looking at a sofa that is green, this is because the fabric or material it is made up of is able to absorb all the colours except green (reflect the green coloured wavelengths).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If <strong>an object is black,</strong> it is because<strong> it has absorbed all the wavelengths and therefore no light is reflected from them.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the reason that darker objects, as a result absorbing all wavelengths <strong>tend to heat up faster</strong> (as during absorption the light energy is converted into heat energy).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new paint technology will help buildings covered by this paint to be cooler for longer, eliminating the effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Heat Island.</strong></a></li>
<li>The paint could help in the<strong> fight against global warming</strong> by reducing our reliance on electrically powered air conditioning.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As <strong>Air conditioning</strong> injects heat into Earth's atmosphere in multiple ways, including pushing hot air out of buildings, the heat of running the machines, and the usually fossil fuel-generated electricity that runs them that contributes to carbon dioxide emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can not only prevent heat-related deaths and illnesses but also limit water quality depletion that is caused by heated ground.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Related Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is one of the first countries in the world to develop a comprehensive <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/india-cooling-action-plan-icap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooling Action plan</strong></a> which has a long term vision to address the cooling requirement across sectors and lists out actions which can help reduce the cooling demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With climate change leading to a rise in temperatures and rapid concretisation exacerbating global warming, it has become important to develop adaptation strategies to reduce and combat heat stress.</li>
<li>Key actions include cooling buildings naturally through better design, improving efficiency of cooling appliances, promoting renewable energy-based energy efficient cold chains and investing in research and development (R&amp;D) of refrigerant gases that do not harm or warm the planet.</li>
<li>Plant trees and other vegetation, space in urban areas might be limited, but one can easily integrate small green infrastructure practices into grassy or barren areas, vacant lots, and street rights-of-way.</li>
<li>Greener rooftops, light-coloured concrete, making the road surface greyish or even pinkish can also be used as they absorb less heat and reflect more sunlight.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/white-paint-research-sunlight-weather-7276431/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7976,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Refrigeration System Pusa-FSF',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists from the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICAR</a>-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)</strong> have developed an <strong>on-farm green energy refrigeration system (Pusa-FSF)</strong> and a <strong>technology for extraction of gluten from wheat dough</strong> and its<strong> regeneration in bajra</strong> (pearl-millet) <strong>and makka</strong> (maize) flour.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pusa-FSF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pusa Farm Sun Fridge (Pusa-FSF)</strong> is<strong> a 100% solar-powered battery-less cold store</strong> that<strong> can preserve around 2 tonnes of freshly-harvested produce</strong> at 3-4&deg;C during the day and 8-12&deg;C at nighttime.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has rooftop solar panels that <strong>generate 5 kilowatt (KW) power,</strong> which helps in running air conditioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The panels <strong>also power a 105-watt submersible pump</strong> circulating about 1,000 litres of water from a tank through overhead PVC pipes.</li>
<li>At night, there is<strong> only passive evaporative cooling,</strong> with the water chilled during the day acting as a natural heat sink.</li>
<li>All <strong>farmers with solar pumps are a potential market</strong> for the Pusa-FSF. India has <strong>an estimated four lakh-plus installed solar water pumps.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An average 5-horsepower pump costing Rs. 2.5 lakh <strong>attracts 70-90% subsidy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Farmers can <strong>store and preserve their own produce.</strong> It can <strong>avoid distress sales and help improve prices.</strong></li>
<li>It will help <strong>minimise post harvest losses.</strong></li>
<li><strong>More room to grow perishable items</strong> such as tomatoes, fruits, other than Paddy and Maize.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technology for Extraction of Gluten from Wheat Dough:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Bajra, maize, jowar (sorghum), ragi and other <strong>millets contain comparable levels of protein and more vitamins, minerals,</strong> crude fibre and other nutrients than wheat. But<strong> they don&rsquo;t have any gluten proteins,</strong> which results in poor dough quality.</li>
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong> The technology<strong> imparts elasticity and structural strength to bajra and maize dough,</strong> making their chapattis as soft as from regular wheat atta flour.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proteins extracted and dried into powder have the capacity for regeneration or forming gluten networks in non-wheat dough.</li>
<li>Scientists have <strong>developed gluten based &lsquo;Hallur&rsquo; soft bajra flour,</strong> with the help of technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Technological Developments in the Field of Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-stubble-burning-challenge-in-punjab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Happy Seeder</a></strong> - machine for in-situ management of paddy stubble (straw).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/session-on-precision-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Precision Agriculture Technologies</strong></a> - Precision Agriculture (PA) is an approach to farm management that uses information technology to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gluten</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gluten is a family of storage proteins &mdash; formally known as<strong> prolamins</strong> &mdash; that are naturally found in certain cereal grains, such as wheat, barley etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>two main proteins</strong> in gluten are <strong>glutenin and gliadin.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gluten offers a variety of functional culinary benefits and is responsible for the <strong>soft, chewy texture</strong> that is characteristic of many gluten-containing, grain based foods.</li>
<li>When heated, gluten proteins form an elastic network that can stretch and trap gas, allowing for optimal leavening or rising and maintenance of moisture in breads, pasta, and other similar products.</li>
<li><strong>Celiac disease,</strong> also spelled as coeliac disease, is the <strong>most severe form of gluten intolerance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-agricultural-research-institute-women-scientists-7234860/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7974,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI)</strong> initiative has been launched to scale up the science and technology relationship between India and the United States.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI)</strong> is an initiative of <strong>Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF)</strong> which was established in March 2000.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Science &amp; Technology (DST), Government of India, and the U.S. Department of State are respective nodal departments for<strong> IUSSTF.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The USIAI will focus on <strong>AI cooperation</strong> in critical areas that are priorities for both countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Healthcare, smart cities, materials, agriculture, energy, and manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will bring together key stakeholders from India and the United States to create synergies that address challenges and opportunities at the interface of science, technology, and society.</li>
<li>This will provide an <strong>opportunity to</strong> discuss the <strong>emerging AI landscape,</strong> and address the <strong>challenges of developing an AI workforce.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Related Recent Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-in-the-ai-race" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National AI Strategy</strong></a> <strong>(NITI Aayog)</strong> and<strong> National AI Portal (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology)</strong> and has also started leveraging AI across various sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, e-commerce, finance, telecommunications, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mygov-corona-helpdesk-chatbot" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MyGov Corona Helpdesk Chatbot</strong> </a>bagged two awards under categories (1) &ldquo;Best Innovation for Covid-19 &ndash; Society&rdquo; and (2) &ldquo;People&rsquo;s Choice Covid-19 Overall Winner&rdquo; at the recently held CogX 2020. CogX is a prestigious Global Leadership Summit and Festival of Artificial Intelligence &amp; Emerging Technology held annually in London.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-partnership-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)'</strong></a> as a founding member to support the responsible and human-centric development and use of AI.</li>
<li>As per a recent report, India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-ai-adoption-in-india-amidst-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reported a 45% increase in the use of Artificial Intelligence</strong></a>, the highest among all countries, because of shift in buying behaviour and new business challenges (owing to Covid-19 pandemic).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mega-virtual-summit-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RAISE 2020 &ndash; &lsquo;Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020&rsquo;</strong></a> was jointly organised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology <strong>(MeitY).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vaibhav-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vaishwik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) Summit</strong> </a>was organised in 2020 to discuss key areas like quantum technologies, artificial intelligence among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the <strong>action of machines accomplishing</strong> tasks that have historically <strong>required human intelligence.</strong></li>
<li>It includes technologies like <strong>machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc.</strong></li>
<li>AI is different from hardware driven robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks, AI performs frequent high volume computerised tasks reliably.</li>
<li>AI is often misunderstood for machine learning. AI is a<strong> broader concept</strong> with a bunch of technologies that include machine learning and other technologies like natural language processing, inference algorithms, neutron networks etc.</li>
<li>AI techniques now have become an essential part of the technology industry helping to solve many challenging problems in computer-science. From <strong>Apple Siri to self driving cars,</strong> AI is progressing rapidly.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1705823" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source -PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7954,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Moving Black Hole',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists have discovered the<strong> first moving supermassive black hole</strong> whose mass is <strong>about three million times that of our Sun.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black hole was <strong>travelling within its own galaxy (J0437+2456)</strong> which is around <strong>228 million light years away from Earth.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Study Conducted by the Scientists:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists<strong> studied 10 faraway galaxies with supermassive black holes</strong> in the centre, <strong>expecting them to have the same velocity as that of the galaxies they reside in.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Focus of their study was the water in the accretion disk</strong> (the spiralling mass around a supermassive black hole made of matter that is eventually ingested by the black hole).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As the water <strong>circles around the black hole</strong> before falling into it <strong>like liquid in a sink, it produces a laser-like beam of radio light known as a maser.</strong> These masers can <strong>tell the velocity of black holes very accurately.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Moving Supermassive Black Hole:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the 10 black holes they studied, <strong>only the one at the center of J0437+2456 was unusual.</strong> It was<strong> not moving at the same velocity as its home galaxy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides the empirical evidence, the <strong>enormous size of these black holes had led people to imagine them to be stationary objects</strong> planted in the middle of galaxies as opposed to objects floating around in space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>moving</strong> with a speed of about<strong> 1,10,000 miles per hour</strong> inside its <strong>galaxy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Possible Causes for the Motion: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Two Supermassive Black Holes Merging:</strong> Scientists might have spotted the resulting black hole moving in a rearward motion after the merger before settling down in a position.</li>
<li><strong>One in a Binary System of Black Holes,</strong> where not one but two supermassive black holes might exist within the host galaxy held together by a shared centre of gravity, which they might be orbiting.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The twin of the newly-discovered wandering black hole might not be emitting masers, keeping it from being detected by the radio antenna network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to a point in space where the<strong> matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</strong></li>
<li>The concept was <strong>theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915</strong> and the term <strong>&lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler.</strong></li>
<li>Usually, the black holes <strong>belong to two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One category <strong>ranges between a few solar masses and tens of solar masses.</strong> These are thought to form when massive stars die.</li>
<li>The other category is of <strong>supermassive black holes.</strong> These range from <strong>hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun</strong> from the Solar system to which Earth belongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In April 2019, the scientists at the <strong>Event Horizon Telescope</strong> Project released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first-ever image of a Black Hole</strong></a> (more precisely, of its shadow).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Event Horizon Telescope</strong> is a <strong>group of 8 radio telescopes (used to detect radio waves from space)</strong> located in different parts of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intermediate-mass-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gravitational waves</a> are created</strong> when two black holes orbit each other and merge.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615978880_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615978880_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/scientists-find-supermassive-black-hole-moving-within-host-galaxy-75951" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7920,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Genome Mapping in Indian Ocean',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Institute of Oceanography</a> (NIO)</strong> is going to launch the <strong>first-of-its-kind project of Genome Mapping</strong> in the <strong>Indian Ocean.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Ocean is the third largest water body in the world, covering about 20% of the Earth&rsquo;s water surface.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615612288_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615612288_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>gather samples</strong> for <strong>genome mapping of microorganisms</strong> in the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>To <strong>understand the biochemistry</strong> and the <strong>response of the ocean to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>, nutrient stress</strong> and <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/marine-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">increasing pollution</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Cost &amp; Duration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rs. <strong>25 crore</strong> and will take<strong> three years</strong> to complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A team of scientists and researchers from the NIO on board its research vessel <strong>Sindhu Sadhana</strong> will spend 90 days traversing the course of over <strong>10,000 nautical miles</strong> in the Indian Ocean on the research project to <strong>reveal the internal working of the body of the ocean at a cellular level.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will course the Indian Ocean <strong>from India&rsquo;s east coast</strong>, Australia, Port Louis in Mauritius and up <strong>to the border of Pakistan, off India&rsquo;s west coast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genome Collection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The researchers will <strong>collect samples</strong> from various stretches of the ocean at an<strong> average depth of about 5 km.</strong></li>
<li>Just like <strong>gene mapping</strong> is carried out on blood samples collected from humans, the scientists will map these <strong>in the bacteria, microbes found in the ocean.</strong></li>
<li>The mapping of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-dna-technology-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microrna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)</strong></a> will show the nutrients present in them, and also those lacking in different parts of the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Studying Trace Elements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trace metals like <strong>cadmium or copper</strong> are supplied to oceans via continental run-offs, atmospheric deposition, hydrothermal activities and continental shelf interaction. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are <strong>essential for ocean productivity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is important to understand the <strong>interactions of trace metals with marine biota</strong> &ldquo;for having a holistic understanding about nutrient cycling and productivity of the oceans&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Apart from their reactions on marine life, <strong>isotopic forms of trace metals can be utilised to track the movement of water masses</strong> responsible for ocean circulation and as tools to study the biological, geochemical and ecosystem processes and food web analyse.</li>
<li>The NIO&rsquo;s project is expected <strong>to generate new information about trace metals from underexplored regions</strong> of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Understanding Ecosystem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help scientists understand the internal <strong>working of the ecosystem</strong> of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Understanding Factors Causing Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The research will enable scientists to identify the <strong>factors controlling the changes in RNA, DNA in the oceans</strong>, and various stressors impacting them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Identifying Mineral Concentration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ocean has several <strong>micronutrients</strong> like nitrates, sulphates and silicates, <strong>minerals</strong> like iron ore and zinc, and <strong>trace metals</strong> like cadmium or copper.</li>
<li>The genome mapping will show the <strong>presence of which these microbes have adapted to</strong>, in addition to their reaction to atmospheric carbon dioxide.</li>
<li>This will help in <strong>identifying which part of the ocean has a greater concentration of which mineral or element.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists will then use these as tracers to tackle the causative factors for excess or lack of a certain mineral or element and <strong>suggest possible solutions for their mitigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>large pool of RNA, DNA library of the</strong> <strong>oceans</strong> will be utilised for using the Indian Ocean to <strong>human benefit in the future.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Biotechnology Application:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Genome mapping will enable an increase in the <strong>growing number of commercial <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biotechnology applications</a></strong>, extending from multiple anticancer treatments to cosmetics and industrial enzymes, to antiviral molecules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimization of Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Exploration of the ocean at a genetic level will result in <strong>new insights into taxonomy</strong> and adaptive capacity that can help optimize conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Genome</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A genome is the complete set of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) of an organism.</li>
<li>Each genome contains <strong>all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.</strong></li>
<li>In humans, a copy of the entire genome contains more than 3 billion DNA base pairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Genome Mapping</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the <strong>distances between genes</strong>. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene.</li>
<li>Taking inspiration from the Human Genome Project, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) initiated the ambitious <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-project-approved#:~:text=Human%20Genome%20Project.-,Human%20Genome%20Project,probably%20about%2020%2C500%20human%20genes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Genome India Project&rdquo; (GIP)</strong></a> in January 2020. The GIP aims to collect 10,000 genetic samples from citizens across India, to build a reference genome.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Institute of Oceanography</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute</strong> and is one of the constituent laboratories of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></a>, New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter and Other Centres:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its <strong>headquarters is at Dona Paula, Goa</strong> with regional centres at Kochi (Kerala), Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> January 1966</strong> following the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)</strong></a> in the 1960s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The principal focus of research has been on <strong>observing and understanding special oceanographic characteristics of the Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>The major research areas include the four traditional branches of oceanography - <strong>biological, chemical, geological/geophysical and physical</strong>, as well as <strong>ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nio-scientists-indian-ocean-research-project-explained-7223532/"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7892,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vaccine Passports',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Governments around the world are exploring the potential use of vaccine passports as a way of reopening the economy by identifying those protected against the coronavirus.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A vaccine passport is an e-certificate that stores and records jabs and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>test status. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be kept in a smartphone app or in other digital formats.</li>
<li>Its contents can be flashed at security checkpoints when people travel across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The idea is modelled on the proof of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccination</strong></a> that several countries required even before the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Travellers from many African countries to the USA or India are required to submit proof that they have been vaccinated against diseases such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yellow-fever-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>yellow fever</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In February 2021, Israel became the first country to introduce a certification system that allows those who have been vaccinated against Covid-19 to access certain facilities and events.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function of Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Will <strong>digitise vaccination records</strong> across countries.</li>
<li>Supposed to<strong> function as proof</strong> that the holder has been vaccinated against Covid-19 and is, therefore, safe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Beneficiary of the Vaccine Passports:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The primary benefit will be to the<strong> tourism and the hospitality industries,</strong> which are both seen as being at the heart of Covid-19 spread and are the worst hit by the pandemic.</li>
<li>The<strong> international air travel,</strong> which suffered massively because of the outbreak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar Initiative:</strong> Several associations and non-profits have been issuing their own versions for international travel:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IATA Travel Pass:</strong> The global trade body representing airlines <strong>(The International Air Transport Association)</strong> is developing an app called IATA Travel Pass that will provide airlines and other aviation industry stakeholders with a common platform to check for the proof of vaccination and its validity.</li>
<li><strong>CommonPass:</strong> Non-profit Commons Project has been trying out an app called CommonPass, which contains a passenger&rsquo;s vaccination record.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Raised in Instituting Vaccine Passport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> is <strong>against the introduction of Covid-19 vaccination proofs</strong> as a requirement for international travel.</li>
<li>There are still critical <strong>unknown facts regarding the efficacy of vaccination</strong> in reducing transmission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Uniformity:</strong> The major difficulty in implementation will be the lack of uniformity across jurisdictions in requirement and issuance of proofs of vaccination.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Availability of Vaccines:</strong> Preferential vaccination of travellers could result in inadequate supplies of vaccines for priority populations considered at high risk of severe Covid-19 disease.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Introducing a requirement of vaccination as a condition for travel has the potential to <strong>hinder equitable global access to a limited vaccine supply</strong> and would be unlikely to maximize the benefits of vaccination for individual societies and overall global health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Perpetuate Discrimination and Inequality:</strong> Experts argue that vaccine passports, in any form, might make travel inequitable. Adoption of these digital passports can perpetuate discrimination and inequality, increasing the divide between socioeconomic groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rich countries that have already bought millions of doses from pharmaceutical companies are ahead in the race. The poorer nations may have to wait for months, if not years, to start inoculations.</li>
<li>This means that if vaccine passports become a norm, then these <strong>lower-income nations will lose out on the advantage.</strong></li>
<li>It will lead to exclusion of the younger generation who would be last in line to be vaccinated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Privacy Concerns:</strong> These are mainly digital certificates that are accessed by a particular service provider to check for proof of vaccination, there is a possibility that they would be used by authorities to<strong> track the movement of their holders.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-vaccine-passports-who-nternational-travel-7221658/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7883,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Most Distant Quasar P172+18',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an international team of astronomers has discovered the most distant <strong>&lsquo;Radio-Loud&rsquo; Quasar</strong> with the help of<strong> European Southern Observatory&rsquo;s Very Large Telescope (ESO&rsquo;s VLT).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quasars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Quasars are very<strong> luminous objects</strong> in faraway galaxies that<strong> emit jets at radio frequencies.</strong></li>
<li>The word quasar is short for <strong>"quasi-stellar radio source".</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The name, which means star-like emitters of radio waves, was given in the 1960s when quasars were first detected.</li>
<li>The name is retained today, even though astronomers now know most quasars are faint radio emitters. In addition to radio waves and visible light, quasars also emit ultraviolet rays, infrared waves, X-rays, and gamma-rays.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most quasars are larger than our solar system. A quasar is <strong>approximately 1 kiloparsec in width.</strong></li>
<li>They are<strong> only found in galaxies that have supermassive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blackholes</a></strong> which power these bright discs.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Black hole</strong> refers to a point in space where <strong>matter is so compressed</strong> as to create a <strong>gravity field</strong> from which<strong> even light cannot escape.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615284440_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615284440_image6.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most <strong>active galaxies have a supermassive black hole</strong> at the centre which sucks in surrounding objects.</li>
<li>Quasars are <strong>formed by the energy emitted by materials swirling around a blackhole</strong> right before being sucked into it.</li>
<li>They are further categorised into the <strong>"radio-loud"</strong> and the<strong> "radio-quiet"</strong> classes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Radio-loud:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are with powerful jets that are <strong>strong sources of radio-wavelength emission.</strong></li>
<li>These make up about <strong>10%</strong> of the overall quasar population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Radio-quiet :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are those quasars lacking powerful jets, with relatively<strong> weaker radio emission</strong> than the radio-loud population.</li>
<li>The majority of quasars (about 90%) are radio-quiet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recently Discovered Quasar/P172+18:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Named P172+18, the quasar emitted wavelengths which had a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>redshift</strong></a> of 6.8. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It took <strong>13 billion years</strong> for the quasar&rsquo;s light to reach earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This particular quasar appears to the scientists as it was when the universe was just around <strong>780 million years old.</strong></li>
<li>The glowing disc around a blackhole is <strong>300 million times more massive than our Sun.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>one of the fastest accreting quasars,</strong> which means it is accumulating objects from the galaxy at an enormous speed.</li>
<li>Only <strong>three other &lsquo;radio-loud&rsquo; sources with redshift greater than six have been discovered</strong> so far and the <strong>most distant one had a redshift of 6.18.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> higher the redshift</strong> of the radio wavelength, the <strong>farther away is the source.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inference:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>blackhole at its centre is consuming from its galaxy</strong> at a stunning rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A detailed study of these &lsquo;radio-loud&rsquo; super bright objects can lead astronomers to <strong>understanding how the supermassive blackholes in their core grew to be as big</strong> so rapidly since the Big Bang.</li>
<li>It also <strong>holds clues about the ancient star systems and astronomical bodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the ESO&rsquo;s VLT:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Very Large Telescope</strong> used to observe the<strong> P172+18</strong> is located at Paranal Observatory in the <strong>Atacama Desert.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The four Unit Telescopes boast 8.2-meter (27 feet) mirrors.</li>
<li>Just one of these instruments <strong>can spot objects that are 4 billion times fainter than what can be seen with the unaided eye.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <strong>European Southern Observatory,</strong> the <strong>Very Large Telescope</strong> is the <strong>world's most advanced optical telescope.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Redshift</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gravitational redshift<strong> occurs as particles of light (photons) climb out of a gravitational well like a black hole</strong> and the light's wavelength gets drawn out. This <strong>shifts the wavelength to the red part</strong> of the light spectrum - hence<strong> "redshift".</strong></li>
<li>In order <strong>to escape intense gravity, particles of light (photons) must expend energy.</strong></li>
<li>However, at the same time, these photons<strong> must travel at a constant speed -</strong> the speed of light.</li>
<li>Therefore, the <strong>photons can't lose energy by slowing down but must expend</strong> it in another way.</li>
<li>This lost energy <strong>manifests itself as a shift towards the red end of the light spectrum.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/most-distant-source-of-radio-emission-discovered-holds-clues-about-ancient-universe-75833" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7788,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New IT Rules 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has notified <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These new rules broadly deal with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/society-and-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social media</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/over-the-top-platform-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>over-the-top (OTT) platforms.</strong></a></li>
<li>These rules have been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000</strong></a> and in supersession of the earlier <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> had observed that the Government of India may <strong>frame necessary guidelines</strong> to eliminate child pornography, rape and gangrape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Ad-hoc committee of the Rajya Sabha laid its report after studying <strong>the alarming issue of pornography on social media</strong> and its effect on children and society as a whole and recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such contents.</li>
<li>The government brought <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ott-platforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>video streaming over-the-top (OTT) platforms</strong></a> under the ambit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Guidelines for Social Media/Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Categories of Social Media Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on the number of users, on the social media platform intermediaries have been divided in two groups:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significant social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Due Diligence to be Followed by Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case, due diligence is not followed by the intermediary, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-02-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>safe harbour provisions</strong></a> will not apply to them.</li>
<li>The safe harbour provisions have been defined under <strong>Section 79 of the IT Act</strong>, and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>appoint a Grievance Officer</strong> to deal with complaints and share the name and contact details of such officers.</li>
<li>Grievance Officer shall acknowledge the complaint within<strong> twenty four hours and resolve it within fifteen days from its receipt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints</strong> of contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images etc.</li>
<li>Such a complaint can be <strong>filed</strong> either <strong>by the individual</strong> or by <strong>any other person on his/her behalf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Due Diligence for the Significant Social Media Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appointments:</strong> Need to appoint <strong>Chief Compliance Officer</strong>, a <strong>Nodal Contact Person</strong> and a <strong>Resident Grievance Officer</strong>, all of whom should be <strong>resident in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compliance Report:</strong> Need to publish a <strong>monthly compliance report mentioning the details of complaints received and action taken</strong> on the complaints as well as details of contents removed proactively.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Identity of the Originator:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall <strong>enable identification of the first originator of the information.</strong></li>
<li>Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to <strong>sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order,</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or of incitement to an offence relating to the above or in relation with rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material punishable with <strong>imprisonment for a term of not less than five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Unlawful Information:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An intermediary upon receiving actual knowledge in the form of an <strong>order by a court or being notified by the Appropriate Govt. or its agencies</strong> through authorized officer <strong>should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law</strong> in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for News Publishers and OTT Platforms and Digital Media:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For OTT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Self-Classification of Content:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The OTT platforms, called as the publishers of online curated content in the rules, would self-classify the content into five age based <strong>categories- U (Universal), U/A 7+, U/A 13+, U/A 16+, and A (Adult).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parental Lock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content classified as U/A 13+ or higher, and reliable age verification mechanisms for content classified as &ldquo;A&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display Rating:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Shall prominently display the classification rating specific to each content or programme together with a content descriptor informing the user about the nature of the content, and advising on viewer description (if applicable) at the beginning of every programme enabling the user to make an informed decision, prior to watching the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Publishers of News on Digital Media :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They would be required to observe Norms of <strong>Journalistic Conduct of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/press-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Council of India</a></strong> and the Programme Code under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulations-on-ott-and-digital-content#:~:text=The%20Cable%20Television%20Network%20(Regulation,the%20Electronic%20Media%20Monitoring%20Centre." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cable Television Networks Regulation Act 1995</strong></a> thereby providing a level playing field between the offline (Print, TV) and digital media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A three-level grievance redressal mechanism has been established under the rules with different levels of self-regulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Level-I:</strong> Self-regulation by the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-II:</strong> Self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-III:</strong> Oversight mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-regulation by the Publisher:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Publisher shall appoint a Grievance Redressal Officer based in India who shall be responsible for the redressal of grievances received by it.</li>
<li>The officer shall take decision on every grievance received by <strong>it within 15 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulatory Body:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There may be one or more self-regulatory bodies of publishers.</li>
<li>Such a body shall be headed by a retired judge of the SC, a High Court or independent eminent person and have not more than six members.</li>
<li>Such a body will have to register with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
<li>This body will <strong>oversee the adherence by the publisher to the Code of Ethics and address grievances</strong> that have not been resolved by the publisher within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oversight Mechanism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</strong> shall formulate an oversight mechanism.</li>
<li>It shall publish a charter for self-regulating bodies, including Codes of Practices. It shall establish an Inter-Departmental Committee for hearing grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7752,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Go Electric Campaign',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has launched the <strong>&ldquo;Go Electric" Campaign</strong> to spread awareness on the benefits of <strong>e-mobility</strong> and<strong> EV Charging Infrastructure</strong> as well as<strong> electric cooking</strong> in India.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To push the country towards <strong>100% e-mobility and clean and safe e-cooking.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>create awareness at PAN-India level and reduce the import dependence</strong> of the country.</li>
<li>To move ahead on the<strong> path of a low carbon economy,</strong> thereby saving the country and the planet from the adverse impact of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-star-rating-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></a>, under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> has been mandated to undertake an awareness drive for promoting public charging, e-mobility &amp; its ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E-mobility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>E-mobility<strong> moves away from existing carbon-emitting fossil fuels to using energy from electrical power sources</strong> (e.g. the National Grid) through external charging capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, <strong>India is using 94 million tonnes of oil and petroleum</strong> products for transportation only which is expected to double by 2030.</li>
<li>For fossil fuels, India currently has an<strong> import bill of Rs. 8 lakh Crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It encompasses the <strong>use of fully electric, conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid as well as hydrogen-fuelled vehicles.</strong></li>
<li>The government of India has undertaken multiple initiatives to promote manufacturing and adoption of<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> electric vehicles</a> (EV)</strong> in India. One such initiative is <strong>&lsquo;Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-India)&rsquo; Scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Fuel as an Alternative Fuel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electric fuel is a major alternative for fossil fuels.</li>
<li>When compared to conventional fuels, the electric fuel<strong> has low cost, reduced emissions and it is also indigenous.</strong></li>
<li>Electrification of public transport is not only economical but also eco friendly.</li>
<li>The usage of even 10,000 electric vehicles in Delhi can alone save Rs. 30 crore per month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green hydrogen</strong></a> in the commercial vehicle could be a game-changer move which would help in eliminating the crude requirement and imports in all possible ways. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Green hydrogen is <strong>produced using renewable energy and electrolysis </strong>to split water. It is <strong>distinct from:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey hydrogen,</strong> which is produced from methane and releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Blue hydrogen,</strong> which captures those emissions and stores them underground to prevent them causing climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, for heavy vehicles like buses, the ideal solution is <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Hydrogen.</strong></a></li>
<li>The use of green energy generated from agriculture waste and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biomass</strong></a> will benefit the farmers across the country.</li>
<li>The Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy can produce the green hydrogen at cheap costs possible in India because of low solar prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Cooking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> shift to induction cooking</strong> will bring the government closer to delivering on its promise to improve energy access.</li>
<li>Theoretically, if electric cooktops are adopted, universal electrification could translate into<strong> universal clean cooking</strong> as well.</li>
<li>An advantage of the electricity-based solution is that it <strong>can make use of solar power in both urban and rural areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India set up the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in March 2002 under the provisions of the<strong> Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
<li>It assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy.</li>
<li><strong>Major Programmes:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> State Energy Efficiency Index</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme</a></strong>, The Standards &amp; Labeling Programme, Energy Conservation Building Code.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699386" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7747,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Silver Antimony Telluride: A Material to Tap Waste Heat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists at the <strong>Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research</strong>, have found a new material, <strong>Silver Antimony Telluride (AgSbTe2)</strong>, that can help in tapping waste heat produced by all kinds of domestic and industrial appliances, and use it to accomplish other useful work.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basically, the material will <strong>exploit the benefits of thermo-electric effect.</strong> The thermo-electric effect <strong>involves the process by which heat is transformed to electrical energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traditionally, the <strong>thermo-electric effect has been demonstrated</strong> and utilised <strong>by using two different metals</strong> joined together, and <strong>by mechanically maintaining two different temperatures</strong> at the ends. But <strong>such materials do not offer efficient or economical solutions.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, most materials that conduct electricity, also happen to be good conductors of heat. That means that <strong>there would not be any significant temperature difference between the two ends</strong> of the material for very long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To date, the most efficient thermoelectric materials <strong>use lead as a major constituent element</strong>, but lead has very <strong>adverse environmental impacts</strong> such as air pollution and also causes human health issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Silver Antimony Telluride:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanomaterial</strong></a> compound synthesised from <strong>Silver, Antimony and Tellurium.</strong></li>
<li>A crystalline solid, it has free electrons that help in conduction of electricity but its lattices (arrangement of atoms) are rather inflexible, and vibrate quite slowly thereby inhibiting the propagation of heat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it is a <strong>good conductor of electricity but a bad conductor of heat</strong>, a property <strong>important for Thermo-electric effect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are <strong>a variety of potential applications.</strong> Industrial processes and power plants, along with all kinds of domestic appliances, produce ample amounts of waste heat that can be utilised to do significant amounts of work.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The heat from the laptop, for example, can be used to charge a mobile phone. Or, that from the phone can be used to charge a small watch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The energy conversion is not a very efficient process. Typically, <strong>not more than 15 to 20% of the waste heat can be utilised.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-silver-antimony-telluride-heat-generation-7197033/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7663,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Digital Health Services',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/healthcare-technology-telemedicine-7181551/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The salience of digital medical services was highlighted during the pandemic&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 09/02/2021. It talks about the benefits and challenges associated with Digital Health Services.</p>
</div>
<p>In the last few years, it&rsquo;s been extremely encouraging to see how integrating technology and new innovative tools can improve public service delivery. For example, the development of IndiaStack and the JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile) trinity.</p>
<p>Similarly, the Covid-19 pandemic re-emphasized the need to reimagine the health system in the digital space. The recent launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission</strong></a> highlights the use of digital technology in the health sector.</p>
<p>Further, as the cost of treating chronic conditions is increasing and doctor shortages are imminent worldwide, digital health can provide much-needed transformation in pursuit of realizing the goal of the health of all.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Digital Health Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to realize the vision for universal health coverage, the Government of India launched the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) in 2020.</li>
<li>The NDHM is a complete digital health ecosystem. The digital platform will be launched with four key features &mdash; health ID, personal health records, Digi Doctor, and health facility registry.</li>
<li>The NDHM is implemented by the National Health Authority (NHA) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>NDHM is a manifestation of one of the guidelines of the National Health Policy 2017 that had envisaged the creation of a digital health technology eco-system aiming at developing an integrated health information system.</li>
<li>It is a landmark move that is based on the principles of the India health stack and aims to connect the different touch-points of the health ecosystem, such as Health Information Provider to Health Information User to Consent Manager, through digital tools to provide affordable access to quality healthcare.</li>
<li>The NDHM also aims to ensure that preventive and assistive healthcare come under the same broader umbrella.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits of Digital Health Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tackling the Spread of a Pandemic:</strong> Once data is recorded and available for analysis, it can help the systems determine both prevalence and genomic data to provide information on disease transmission and geospatial coverage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Innovative use of digital tools such as deep learning and cloud emergency response algorithms has significantly aided emergency room workers during the pandemic to reduce response time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patient-Friendly Health:</strong> The deployment of artificial intelligence tools for all aspects of the health system, including triaging, diagnostics, among others, will substantially reduce delays, and, therefore, the costs associated with healthcare.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Digital transformation of healthcare is at the core of addressing issues such as resource limitations, a varied population mix, and an urgent need to increase medical reach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventive Care:</strong> Emerging technologies not only expedite the development of new drugs but also introduce a completely new class of therapies, such as digital therapeutics (DTx).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DTx are software-based solutions that can treat disease or disorder which are linked to lifestyle issues.</li>
<li>Thus, digital health has a growing impact on the delivery of care and provides the opportunity to tackle the next frontier in healthcare by shifting the focus from treatment to prevention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Helps in Clinical Trials:</strong> Digital health can harness the power of data that can aid in the analysis of samples and images to diagnose as well as drive better clinical decision-making.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Risk of Online Fraud:</strong> The lack of access to care and diminishing trust towards the healthcare system can make patients turning to inefficient therapies and online medical quackery.</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Health Literacy:</strong> Despite the use of digital technologies, the development of health status is also dependent on health literacy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those with lower health literacy levels are generally in a worse state of health, visit the doctor more often, use fewer prevention techniques, and on the whole, are more costly for the healthcare system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Out-of-pocket Expenditure:</strong> Before the transition from traditional health care to digital healthcare, there is a need to protect the poor from the uncertainties of doctor hunting, receiving irrational treatment from unqualified medical practitioners, provide drugs and address the inability to pay for high-end diagnostics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unless the costs of outpatient treatment are catered, out-of-pocket expenditure will continue before a patient needs hospitalization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Data:</strong> Before embracing digital healthcare, there is a need for certain checks and balances to ensure there is no misuse of the data.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the government should expedite enacting the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, which will ensure that consent for use of data can only be sought with the defined purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The concept of digital health is the cultural transformation of how disruptive technologies that provide digital and objective data accessible to both caregivers and patients leads to an equal level doctor-patient relationship with shared decision-making and the democratization of care.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss how the concept of digital health can lead to the democratization of care.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ppdST2F4hZM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/take-nature-for-granted-at-your-own-peril/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Take Nature for granted at your own peril&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Economic Times on February 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7660,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arka Shubha: New Marigold Variety',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)</strong> has developed a new marigold variety named <strong>Arka Shubha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Carotene Content:</strong> Arka Shubha has carotene content of around 2.8% (for all marigolds, it's maximum upto 1.4%) which is the highest among all plant sources.</li>
<li><strong>Used after Spoiled:</strong> This new variety of marigold can be used for extraction of crude carotene even if spoiled after full bloom, unlike that of other varieties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ornamental &amp; Carotene Extraction:</strong> This new variety not only has ornamental purpose but is also a good source of crude carotene.</li>
<li><strong>Poultry Feed:</strong> Its petals could be used as poultry feed to get quality yolk.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Import Dependency:</strong> India imports most of its carotene from other countries, including China. This development can significantly reduce import dependency. Therefore, both cultivation area and investment on carotene extraction should be increased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Carotene</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carotenes are carotenoid pigments that are oxygen-free. Mostly they are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen.</li>
<li>Their color varies from yellow to orange to red. The color is attributed to the chain of alternating single and double bonds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Carotene is responsible for the orange colour of carrots.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&alpha;-carotene, &beta;-carotene, and lycopene are examples of carotenes.</li>
<li>Carotene is used in the pharmaceutical sector, there is always a high demand for it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Institute of Horticultural Research <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)</strong></a> is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare.</li>
<li>IIHR has a<strong> main research station at Bengaluru</strong> and regional experiment stations at Bhubaneswar in Orissa and Chettalli in Karnataka with two Krishi Vigyan Kendras.</li>
<li>The institute's main research agenda was to increase the yields of horticultural crop varieties by developing high yielding varieties in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal products.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/bengaluru-scientists-develop-new-marigold-variety/article33795721.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7640,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Clean Fuel Hydrogen',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers at the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D)</strong> have come up with a way to <strong>generate clean fuel hydrogen from water at a low-cost.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a significant step towards efforts across the globe that are being made to look for cleaner and greener energy sources.</li>
<li>Hydrogen gas is a viable choice as<strong> a renewable substitute for fossil fuels,</strong> and can help <strong>mitigate emissions to reduce pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The researchers at IIT-D have successfully split water by a process known as <strong>Sulphur-Iodine (SI) thermochemical hydrogen cycle (SI Cycle)</strong> to<strong> generate low-cost,</strong> clean hydrogen fuel for industrial consumption.</li>
<li>Generally in<strong> SI Cycle, the separation of Hydrogen from oxygen requires a high amount of heat</strong> (generally from non-renewable sources such as coal, oil and natural gas). This makes the large-scale production of hydrogen gas economically non viable and non environment friendly.</li>
<li>The main achievement has been <strong>designing a suitable catalyst</strong> for the energy intensive, corrosive step of sulphuric acid conversion to sulphur-dioxide and oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sulfur-Iodine Cycle</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sulfur&ndash;iodine cycle <strong>(SI cycle)</strong> is a three-step <strong>thermochemical cycle</strong> used to produce hydrogen. In this cycle, all the chemicals are recycled. The SI process requires an efficient source of heat.</li>
<li>Heat enters the cycle in high-temperature endothermic chemical reactions in the initial process and heat exits the cycle in the low-temperature exothermic reaction in the final stage of obtaining hydrogen gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three-Step Thermochemical Cycle: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Step 1:</strong> Iodide (I<sub>2</sub>) is reacted with Sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) to produce Hydriodic acid (HI) and Sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>I<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O &rarr; 2 HI + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step 2:</strong> The water, SO<sub>2</sub> and residual H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is separated from the oxygen byproduct by condensation so as to obtain Hydriodic acid (HI).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &rarr; 2 SO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2 </sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step 3:</strong> It is the Hydriodic acid (HI) from which Hydrogen gas (H<sub>2</sub>) is obtained.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>2 HI &rarr; I<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The difference between the heat entering and leaving the cycle exits the cycle in the form of the heat of combustion of the hydrogen produced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Major<strong> challenges</strong> of the sulfur&ndash;iodine cycle are to<strong> reduce the surplus of water</strong> and iodine and find separation <strong>processes that consume less energy</strong> than distillation.</li>
<li>Traditionally development of the SI cycle has been pursued by several countries for hydrogen production with the <strong>Generation IV nuclear reactors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Discovery: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhancing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enabling availability of of low cost hydrogen through this discovery will enhance and improve the application of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell technology</strong></a> which offers the advantages of a clean and reliable alternative energy source to applications such as &ndash; electric vehicles, primary and backup power for a variety of commercial, industrial, and residential buildings; and more futuristic-sounding applications like air taxis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>A hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical power generator</strong> that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as by-products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Help Adhering Emission Targets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could help India to adhere to its commitment in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement</strong></a> and its <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets</strong> </a>and ensure that its mobility in the future is with zero emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complements FAME India Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will complement the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FAME India Scheme</strong></a> launched with the objective to support hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environment Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The advantage of using hydrogen as an energy carrier is that when it combines with oxygen<strong> the only byproducts are water and heat.</strong></li>
<li>No greenhouse gasses or other particulates are produced by the use of hydrogen fuel cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non Toxic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hydrogen is a non-toxic substance</strong> that is rare for a fuel source. It is environmentally friendly and does not cause any harm or destruction to human health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highly Efficient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hydrogen is an efficient energy type since it has the ability to convey a lot of energy for every pound of fuel compared to diesel or gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ideal Spaceship Fuel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hydrogen energy&rsquo;s efficiency and power make it an ideal fuel source for spaceships. Its power is so high that it&rsquo;s able to quickly rocket spaceships to exploration missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages of Hydrogen as fuel</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compared to gas, hydrogen lacks smell, which makes any <strong>leak detection almost impossible.</strong></li>
<li>Hydrogen is a highly flammable and volatile substance, its potential dangers make its <strong>transportation and storage very challenging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-d-finds-way-for-low-cost-cleaner-fuel/article33777101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7629,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Square Kilometre Array Telescope',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO)</strong> Council held its inaugural meeting and approved the establishment of the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest radio telescope.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new venture is being deemed as important following the collapse of one of the most prolific radio telescopes in the world, the <strong>Arecibo in Puerto Rico,</strong> in December last year.</li>
<li><strong>SKAO</strong> is a new<strong> intergovernmental organisation dedicated to radio astronomy</strong> and is <strong>headquartered in the UK.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the moment, organisations from ten countries are a part of the SKAO.</li>
<li>These include <strong>Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Radio Telescopes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Radio telescope,<strong> astronomical instrument</strong> consisting of a <strong>radio receiver and an antenna system</strong> that is used to detect radio-frequency radiation between wavelengths of about <strong>10 metres (30 megahertz [MHz]) and 1 mm (300 gigahertz [GHz])</strong> emitted by extraterrestrial sources, such as <strong>stars, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/star-formation-in-dwarf-galaxies" target="_blank" rel="noopener">galaxies</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-telescope-spots-distant-radio-galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quasars</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Unlike optical telescopes, <strong>radio telescopes can detect invisible gas</strong> and, therefore, they can <strong>reveal areas of space that may be obscured by cosmic dust. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cosmic dust</strong> consists of tiny particles of solid material floating around in the space between the stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since the first radio signals were detected in the 1930s, astronomers have used radio telescopes to detect <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/radio-burst-in-milky-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>radio waves</strong> </a>emitted by different objects in the universe and explore it.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a>, the field of <strong>radio astronomy evolved after <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World War II</a></strong> and became one of the most important tools for making astronomical observations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Arecibo Telescope:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico, which was<strong> the second-largest single-dish radio telescope</strong> in the world, collapsed in December 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>Sky Eye</strong> is the world's largest single-dish radio telescope.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The telescope <strong>was built in 1963.</strong></li>
<li>Because of its powerful radar, scientists employed it to <strong>observe planets, asteroids and the ionosphere, making several discoveries</strong> over the decades, including <strong>finding prebiotic molecules in distant galaxies, the first<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/300-million-potentially-habitable-earths" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> exoplanets</a>, and the first-millisecond <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pulsar</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Telescope:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The telescope, proposed to be the largest radio telescope in the world, will be <strong>located in Africa and Australia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The development of SKA will use the results of various surveys undertaken using another powerful telescope called the <strong>Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ASKAP is developed and operated by the Australia&rsquo;s science agency <strong>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).</strong></li>
<li>This telescope, which has been fully operational since February 2019<strong> mapped over three million galaxies</strong> in a record 300 hours during its first all-sky survey conducted late last year.</li>
<li>ASKAP surveys are <strong>designed to map the structure and evolution of the Universe,</strong> which it does by observing galaxies and the hydrogen gas that they contain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its operation, maintenance and construction will be overseen by <strong>SKAO. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost and Completion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The completion is expected to take nearly a decade at a cost of over <strong>1.8 billion pounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of the questions that scientists hope to address using this telescope:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> beginning of the universe.</strong></li>
<li>How and when the first stars were born.</li>
<li>The<strong> life-cycle of a galaxy.</strong></li>
<li>Exploring the possibility of<strong> detecting technologically-active civilisations elsewhere</strong> in our galaxy.</li>
<li>Understanding where <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/gravitational-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gravitational waves</strong></a> come from.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per NASA, the telescope will accomplish its scientific goals by<strong> measuring neutral hydrogen over cosmic time, </strong>accurately<strong> timing the signals from pulsars in the Milky Way, </strong>and<strong> detecting millions of galaxies out to high <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redshifts</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-square-kilometre-array-the-worlds-largest-radio-telescope-7174881/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7627,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission Programmes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission has been implemented by DBT with a major focus on improved agriculture, affordable healthcare, clean energy and cutting-edge frontier science as per details given below:</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>GARBH-ini (interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research in BirtH outcomes- DBT India Initiative) study</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to discover molecular risk-markers and generate a risk-prediction algorithm for preterm birth which will facilitate timely referral and care for at-risk mothers, thus saving children&rsquo;s lives and reducing morbidity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This programme has established a unique pregnancy cohort comprising more than 8000 women to study Pre Term Birth (PTB). </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The GARBH-ini platform comprises a bio-repository (Rakshita) of well characterized clinical phenotypes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will focus on development of new antibiotics, alternatives to antibiotics and diagnostics. </li>
<li>To address the rising threat of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</strong></a> with a holistic and multi-sectoral (One Health) approach, &ldquo;India&rsquo;s One Health Initiative&rdquo; to combat problems associated with AMR was launched.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ind-CEPI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an India centric collaborative mission of DBT aligned to the global initiatives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thsti-part-of-vaccine-assessment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CEPI (Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPIs mission &ldquo;Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development.</li>
<li>Support of Indian vaccine development is aligned with the global initiative of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)&rdquo;, at BIRAC, PSU of DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNATI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Clean Technologies for Swachh Bharat:</strong> DBT has developed various technology platforms designed to convert different solid, liquid and gaseous wastes into renewable fuels, energy and useful products such as food, feed, polymers and chemicals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the UNATI Mission, 10 promising clean technologies have been identified for demonstration with DBT support at different sites across India, in collaboration with local stakeholders such as municipalities and other urban local bodies. </li>
<li>The identified technologies include<strong> bio-methanation, constructed wetland, bio-toilets, chemical &amp; membrane free water purification</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-covid-suraksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong></a> is India&rsquo;s targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials (PACT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>PACT (Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials)</strong> programme has been launched for supporting COVID-19 vaccine development activities in partnering countries. </li>
<li>The initiative is being implemented by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/making-india-a-biotech-hub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)</strong> </a>and Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA) under the aegis of the National Biopharma Mission and Ind-CEPI Mission of DBT.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the first ever Industry-Academia mission &ldquo;Industry-Academia Collaboration <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma mission</strong></a>. The mission aims for Accelerating Discovery Research to Early Development for Biopharmaceuticals.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Innovate in India (i3) Empowering biotech entrepreneurs &amp; accelerating inclusive innovation &ldquo; to accelerate biopharmaceutical development in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders (UMMID) Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Department launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ummid-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;UMMID&rsquo; initiative</strong></a> to tackle inherited genetic diseases in newborns.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Pan India Genome India</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome India</strong></a> was initiated for cataloguing the genetic variation in Indian population with a goal for whole genome sequencing and subsequent data analysis of 10,000 individuals representing the country&rsquo;s diverse population to help build an exhaustive catalogue of genetic variations in Indian population, and to aid in the design of a genome wide association chip for Indian population.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LOTUS HR Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-netherlands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LOTUS HR project</a>:</strong> In collaboration with Netherlands, a toolbox of wastewater treatment technologies has been established on site at Barapullah drain to facilitate selection of treatment combinations for optimum treatment of wastewater.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created to bring together all the available databases and information on the bio-resources and biodiversity of the country in one platform. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>satellite telemetry tracking of Jacobin Cuckoo</strong> is a part of IBIN project in collaboration with Wildlife Institute of India to monitor the changes in Indian monsoon patterns and could help in planning the conservation and climate monitoring programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by DBT for deposition, storage, annotation and sharing of biological data generated in the country through extensive funding from various Government Organizations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IBDC will enable life science researchers to deposit biological data in a central repository and thus safeguard data generated using public resources from loss. It will perform quality control, curation, and annotation of data. </li>
<li>These efforts will help establish benchmarks for the quality of data deposited and thus improve the quality of experimental research conducted in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image%203.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image 3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>GenoVault</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GenoVault (Cloud based Genomics Repository) was launched in the Accelerating Biology 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This cloud-based genomic repository enables quick archival and retrieval tools along with extremely powerful analytical engines. </li>
<li>GenoVault is a first India&rsquo;s Genomics Repository based on OpenStack cloud. This centralized repository would be of enormous importance for healthcare and would have great use in personalized medicine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bio-liposome mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A novel bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier system for efficient intracellular delivery of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CRISPR-Cas9</strong> </a>based genome editing tools has been developed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier delivery systems would open new vistas for devising novel gene therapy-based therapeutic solutions for various rare and genetic diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biotech-kisan-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong></a> has created a platform in each of <strong>15 agro-climatic zones of the country,</strong> which aims to connect farmers and scientists to promote Agriculture Innovation and take the new interventions to the farmers and farms.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The department of biotechnology has strengthened its partnership with the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS), UK to launch the AMS-DBT Newton International Fellowship (NIF). </li>
<li>Focusing on the threat of climate change, the department collaborated with European Union for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Green Deal&rdquo;</strong> </a>under the <strong>Horizon 2020 framework</strong> to help build a low-carbon, climate-resilient future.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistant Council (BIRAC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIRAC launched i4 (Intensifying the Impact of Industrial Innovation) to support biotechnological product/technology development by strengthening R&amp;D capabilities of start-ups/companies/LLPs. The programme provides impetus for pulling the translational ideas past PoC and taking them further along the innovation chain for validation, scale-up, demonstration and pre-commercialization of products and technologies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wheat Straw Polysaccharide</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DBT-National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (DBT-NABI)</strong> has developed a <strong>wheat straw polysaccharide</strong> derived novel edible coating formulation to prevent the <strong>post-harvest shelf-life</strong> of perishable fruit crops such as Apple, Peach and Banana. </li>
<li>In addition to that,<strong> antibody assisted graphene oxide coated gold nanoparticles</strong> for rapid bacterial detection and near infrared light enhanced antibacterial activity has been developed which detects food borne pathogens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>DBT-National Brain Research Institute (DBT-NBRC) Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV)</strong></a> infection was found to induce classical activation (M1) of microglia that drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while suppressing alternative activation (M2) that could serve to dampen the inflammatory response, thereby inducing inflammatory response, microglial activation, and neuronal apoptosis.</li>
<li>&lsquo;DALI&rsquo; a tool in Indian languages for dyslexia assessment in children developed at NBRC remains in high demand and is being increasingly adopted countrywide.</li>
<li><strong>BRAHMA and ANSH:</strong> NBRC scientists have developed specialized tools named BRAHMA and ANSH for integrating inputs from neuroimaging data and the clinical information to help in diagnosis of various brain diseases such as Alzheimer&rsquo;s and Parkinson&rsquo;s. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tool is standardized on a robust Indian brain template that is representative of the Indian population-specific brain anatomy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Further Reading</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotechnology and its Applications</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bradykinin-storm-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bradykinin Storm</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-specific-memory-t-cells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Specific Memory T Cells</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Seeds</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microrna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>microRNA</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bbx11-gene-greening-of-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BBX11 Gene</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intentional Genomic Alteration</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-cancer-genome-atlas-2020-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cancer Genome Atlas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saviour-sibling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saviour Sibling</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/production-of-saffron-and-heeng-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayan Bioresources Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7541,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Co-WIN App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the software of<strong> Co-WIN App</strong> (also called<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong>) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Vaccination programme.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN, <strong>a cloud-based IT platform,</strong> is supposed to<strong> handle minute details for India&rsquo;s Covid-19 immunisation programme,</strong> including registering beneficiaries, allocating vaccination centres, sending text messages with name of their vaccinator to beneficiaries and live monitoring of vials in cold storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agencies Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Co-WIN platform is <strong>owned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> and<strong> was earlier the platform used for conducting Pulse <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day#:~:text=World%20Polio%20Day%20(2019)%20marked,and%20wild%20poliovirus%20type%202." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polio</a></strong> and <strong>other crucial immunisation programmes</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>The same platform has been expanded for doling out Covid-19 vaccines and the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and IT</strong> along with the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> </a>are handling the backend and the tech infrastructure for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and tracking:</strong> This app enables monitoring the inoculation drive and tracking the listed beneficiaries for vaccination on a real-time basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it also helps to <strong>counter proxy vaccinations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar enabled:</strong> This app would enable beneficiaries to be <strong>identified efficiently</strong> through use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/co-win-software-enhanced-for-vaccine-roll-out/article33628284.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7488,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '5G Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Department of Telecommunications (DoT)</strong> has sought inputs from telecom companies and other industry experts on the sale and use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spectrum-auctions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>radio frequency spectrum</strong> </a>over the next 10 years, including the 5G (Fifth Generation) bands.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of 5G Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Millimeter wave spectrum:</strong> The 5G networks will operate in the<strong> millimeter wave spectrum</strong> (30-300 GHz) which have the advantage of sending large amounts of data at very high speeds because the frequency is so high, it experiences little interference from surrounding signals.</li>
<li><strong>Upgraded LTE:</strong> 5G is the latest upgrade in the<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener">long-term evolution</a></strong> (LTE) mobile broadband networks.</li>
<li><strong>Internet speed:</strong> In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as <strong>20 Gbps</strong> (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>5G network speeds should have a<strong> peak data rate</strong> o<strong>f 20 Gb/s</strong> for the downlink and<strong> 10 Gb/s</strong> for the uplink.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bands in 5G:</strong> 5G mainly work in 3 bands, <strong>namely low, mid and high frequency</strong> spectrum &mdash; all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Low band spectrum:</strong> It has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange however the maximum speed is <strong>limited to 100 Mbps</strong> (Megabits per second).</li>
<li><strong>Mid-band spectrum:</strong> It offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.</li>
<li><strong>High-band spectrum:</strong> It has the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hurdles in Rolling Out 5G Technology: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enabling critical infrastructures:</strong> 5G will require a<strong> fundamental change to the core architecture</strong> of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, even 5G technology needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Financial liability on consumers:</strong> For transition from 4G to 5G technology, one has to upgrade to the latest cellular technology, thereby creating financial liability on consumers.</li>
<li><strong>Capital Inadequacy:</strong> Lack of flow of cash and adequate capital with the suitable telecom companies (like Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea) is delaying the 5G spectrum allocation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utility of 5G Applications:</strong> Combined with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IoT</strong></a>, cloud, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>big data</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AI</strong></a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing#:~:text=Edge%20computing%20is%20defined%20as,as%20endpoints%20like%20laptops%2C%20tablets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>edge computing</strong></a>, 5G could be a critical enabler of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth industrial revolution</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For India:</strong> 5G networks could improve the accessibility of services such as<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/payment-revolution-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> mobile banking</a> and healthcare</strong>, and enable exponential growth in opportunities for unemployed or underemployed people to engage in fulfilling and productive work. For this Government has rolled out enabling policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G Enabling Policy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-national-digital-communications-policy-2018#:~:text=The%20new%20National%20Digital%20Communications,in%20the%20Telecom%20Sector." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s National Digital Communications Policy 2018</strong></a> highlights the importance of 5G when it states that the convergence of a cluster of revolutionary technologies including 5G, the cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics, along with a growing<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> start-up</strong></a> community, promise <strong>to accelerate and deepen its digital engagement,</strong> opening up a new horizon of opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to reach 100% teledensity, high-speed internet highways and delivery of citizen-centric services electronically.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Progress on 5G:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Global telecom companies have already started building 5G networks and rolling it out to their customers in many countries: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>5G had been deployed in 50 cities in the United States.</li>
<li>South Korea has rolled out 5G to 85 cities.</li>
<li>Japan and China have too started 5G mobile service on a trial basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-5g-and-how-prepared-is-india-to-adapt-to-this-tech-7150641/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7448,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/building-a-vibrant-science-ecosystem-7143793/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Building a vibrant science ecosystem&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 12/01/2021. It talks about the significance of the proposal in the draft National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</p>
</div>
<p>Covid-19 pandemic has shown the world that it has to take research in science and technology more seriously than before. In India, the pandemic presented an opportunity for R&amp;D institutions, academia, and industry to work with a shared purpose, synergy, collaboration and cooperation.</p>
<p>With the growing realisation, that science can address many of society&rsquo;s pressing problems, the Government of India has released a draft <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</strong></a></p>
<p>The STIP will be guided by the vision of positioning India among the top three scientific superpowers in the decade to come. Apart from it, the policy outlines strategies for strengthening India&rsquo;s STI ecosystem to achieve the larger goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat.</p>
<h3>Novel Ideas of the Policy &amp; their Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Open Science Framework &amp; Inclusiveness:</strong> Open Science fosters more equitable participation in science through increased access to research output, greater transparency and accountability in research.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from this, it would ensure better resource utilisation through minimal restrictions and a constant exchange of knowledge between the producers and users of knowledge.</li>
<li>This framework will be largely community-driven and supported with necessary institutional mechanisms and operational modalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Nation, One Subscription &amp; Democratization:</strong> The STIP envisions free access to all journals, Indian and foreign, for every Indian against a centrally-negotiated payment mechanism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the present mechanisms, consumers of knowledge such as line departments, innovators, industry, the society at large, etc., do not have access to these research journals.</li>
<li>Hence, the policy seeks to democratise science by providing access to scholarly knowledge to not just researchers but also to every individual in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science &amp; Gender Parity:</strong> India has valued women&rsquo;s participation in science and education from ancient times.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the earliest women scientists, including Leelavati, Gargi, and Khana, made significant contributions to mathematics, natural science, and astronomy.</li>
<li>Over the last six years, women&rsquo;s participation in S&amp;T has doubled in India; however, women&rsquo;s overall participation in R&amp;D continues to be only about 16%.</li>
<li>Therefore, the policy has envisaged gender parity by addressing career breaks for women by considering academic age rather than biological/physical age.</li>
<li>Apart from this, it proposes an inclusive culture that'll be facilitated through the equal opportunity candidates from rural-remote areas, marginalised communities, differently-abled, Divyangjans, irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traditional Knowledge &amp; Carving Own Niche:</strong> The policy envisages establishing an institutional architecture to integrate Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) and grassroots innovation into the overall education, research and innovation system.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This focus on indigenous know-how may help India shine globally, standing on its merit and unique technologies based on timeless ancient wisdom curated/enhanced by modern science and technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Collaboration &amp; Ease of Doing Research:</strong> The proposed Science Technology Innovation Observatory will have an important governance role in the collaboration networks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The policy proposes creating a National STI Observatory that will act as a central repository for all kinds of data related to and generated from the STI ecosystem.</li>
<li>Further, an STI Development Bank will be set up to facilitate a corpus fund for investing in direct long term investments in select strategic areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Operationalise Clusters:</strong> When the draft policy takes the shape of the actual procedure, it must acknowledge the cluster-based approach and incorporate it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clusters consist of multiple organisations including suppliers, producers, customers, labour markets, HEIs, financial intermediaries, professional and industry associations, regulatory institutions and government departments.</li>
<li>They nurture strong science and technology research capabilities in a specific domain and help translate these capabilities into applications.</li>
<li>An example of an electronics hardware cluster is in Silicon Valley.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Funding For Research:</strong> At 0.6% of GDP, India&rsquo;s gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D (GERD) is relatively low compared to other major economies with a GERD-to-GDP ratio of 1.5% to 3%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One way to increase R&amp;D spend in the country is to make it attractive for companies to invest.</li>
<li>In this regard, reformed bureaucracy, tax benefits and market access for the infant companies should also be considered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Research in Disruptive technology:</strong> Technologies that are collectively called Industrial revolution 4.0 are undoubtedly the future of science and technology landscape.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must take advantage of these disruptive and impactful technologies.</li>
<li>More research on these associated technologies may positively impact many industries such as defence, education, health etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science Diplomacy:</strong> India should indulge in international S&amp;T engagement and STIP diplomacy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help in achieving collective and inclusive global development through international engagement by maximising the scope of indigenisation and sustainability for national advancement and promotion of global commons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s STI growth trajectory over recent years has been impressive. Our entry into the club of the top 50 countries in the global innovation Index with a rank of 48 (a massive improvement from 81st place in 2015) speaks volumes for our potential.</p>
<p>To continue this feat, the draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy contains progressive proposals that could be game-changers for the scientific research community and the way ordinary Indians interact with Science.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610541362_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610541362_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f7ff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;India needs science that solves, a technology that transforms and innovation that impacts&rdquo;. In light of this statement, discuss the draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 2020.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sot1Ty_08PE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/bridging-the-gulf-on-gulf-reconciliation-summit/article33552856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Bridging the Gulf: On Gulf reconciliation summit&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on January 12<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7360,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India&rsquo;s (DCGI)</strong></a> approved <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> vaccines for <strong>restricted use</strong> against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>COVISHIELD, COVAXIN</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-candidate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BNT162b2</strong></a> applied to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)</strong></a>, seeking<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-use-approval-covid-19-vaccines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> emergency use approval.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Type of Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both vaccines have received a<strong> restricted use approval</strong> in an <strong>emergency situation.</strong></li>
<li>This means the <strong>vaccines have been approved</strong> for use <strong>despite the companies not having completed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener">clinical trials.</a></strong></li>
<li>This approval is, however, subject to regular submission of<strong> safety, efficacy and immunogenicity data</strong> from their ongoing trials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>immunogenicity</strong> of a vaccine is its ability to prompt an immune response.</li>
<li>The efficacy, in this case, is a measure of its ability to bring down the number of symptomatic Covid-19 cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the Emergency Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the pandemic, the government wanted a <strong>vaccine ready to use at the earliest.</strong></li>
<li>Another growing concern is the <strong>mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mutated-novel-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>countries like the UK</strong> </a>which are now starting to spread to other parts of the world, including India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVISHIELD:</strong> It is the name given to an <strong>Oxford-AstraZeneca</strong> Covid-19 vaccine candidate which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222 or ChAdOx 1 nCoV19.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a version of the vaccine<strong> developed by the University of Oxford</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Swedish-British drugmaker AstraZeneca.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Serum Institute of India (SII)</strong> is the manufacturing partner in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>based on a weakened version of a common cold virus</strong> or the adenovirus that is found in chimpanzees.</li>
<li>This viral vector <strong>contains the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein</strong> (protrusions) present on the outer surface of the virus that help it bind with the human cell.</li>
<li>The <strong>body&rsquo;s immune system</strong> is supposed to <strong>recognise this protein</strong> as a threat, and work on <strong>building antibodies against it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had triggered an immune response in humans against the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> novel coronavirus</strong> </a>in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVAXIN:</strong> It is India&rsquo;s only indigenous <strong>Covid-19</strong> vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by<strong> Bharat Biotech,</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with the<strong> Indian Council of Medical Research&rsquo;s National Institute of Virology,</strong> Pune</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an<strong> inactivated vaccine</strong> which is <strong>developed by inactivating (killing) the live microorganisms</strong> that cause the disease.</li>
<li>This <strong>destroys the ability of the pathogen to replicate,</strong> but keeps it intact so that the immune system can still recognise it and produce an immune response.</li>
<li>It is expected to <strong>target more than just the spike protein.</strong></li>
<li>It also<strong> aims to develop an immune response to the nucleocapsid protein</strong> (the shell of the virus that encloses its genetic material).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>COVAXIN</strong> is more likely to work against newer variants of the virus, <strong>including the UK variant,</strong> as it contains <strong>immunogens (epitopes)</strong> from other genes in addition to those from Spike protein.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Immunogen</strong> is a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, whereas antigens are any substance that binds specifically to an antibody.</li>
<li>All immunogens are antigens, but all antigens may not be immunogens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Approval of <strong>COVAXIN</strong> ensures India has an additional vaccine shield especially against potential <strong>mutant strains</strong> in a dynamic pandemic situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="456" height="582" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-vaccine-approval-dcgi-coronavirus-emergency-use-covaxin-7131577/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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