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You searched “Scientific Innovations & Discoveries”. Your tag search matches the following results:

NASA’s Boeing Starliner Spacecraft

Why in News Recently, the launch of Boeing’s uncrewed Starliner Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) has been postponed once again. The...

04 Aug 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
GRB 200826A: Gamma-Ray Burst

Why in News Recently, a group of astronomers have detected a very short, powerful burst of high-energy radiation also known as Gamma-Ray Bursts...

28 Jul 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
NASA’s New Spacecraft: NEA Scout

Why in News Recently, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced that its new spacecraft, named Near-Earth Asteroid Scout or...

20 Jul 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Few-Electron Bubbles in Superfluid Helium Gas

Why in News Recently, Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Banglore for the first time discovered two species of Few-Electron...

14 Jul 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome

Why in News The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) has provided tap water supply to more than 97 lakh households in five JE-AES (Japanese Encephalitis-Acute...

12 Jul 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
New Source of Gravitational Waves Discovered

Why in News Recently, LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) has made the discovery of gravitational waves from a pair of neutron star-black hole...

02 Jul 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
The Big Picture: 5G - The Road Ahead

Why in News The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for conducting trials for use and...

29 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Gain-of-function Research

Why in News The Wuhan Institute of Virology was said to have conducted gain-of-function research on coronaviruses which may possibly have caused the...

21 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
AI: Promises & Perils

This article is based on “The promise and perils of Artificial Intelligence partnerships” which was published in The Hindustan Times on...

17 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Deep Ocean Mission

Why in News Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) on the Deep Ocean...

17 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
New Shephard: Taking Tourists to Space

Why in News Recently, a company called Blue Origin concluded the online auction for the first seat on New Shephard, a rocket system meant to take...

15 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
PASIPHAE: A Sky Surveying Project

Why in news The Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter (WALOP), a vital instrument for the PASIPHAE Project, is being developed at Inter-University...

14 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
CIBER-2: Counting of Stars

Why in News A NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) funded CIBER-2 sounding rocket’s launch window will open at the White Sands...

05 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister chaired a meeting of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Society through video...

05 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Corbevax Covid-19 Vaccine

Why in News India has placed an advance order to block 300 million doses of a new Covid-19 vaccine, Corbevax. Key Points Corbevax: About: It...

05 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Disinfection System Vajra Kavach

Why in News Vajra Kavach is a simple disinfection process that enables Corona Warriors to reuse their masks and PPEs. The technology has been...

01 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
The Big Picture: Social Media- New Rules & Implications

Why in News Recently, the Government of India announced the New IT Rules for social media platforms in the 'Significant Social Media...

01 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
AmbiTAG

Why in News Recently, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Punjab has developed a first-of-its-kind IoT (Internet of Things) device –...

01 Jun 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Launching Baby Squids and Tardigrades into Space

Why in News NASA will send baby squids and tardigrades (also called water bears) to the International Space Station for conducting various...

31 May 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
Traceability Provision in New IT Rules 2021

Why in News Recently, messaging platform WhatsApp has moved the Delhi High Court to challenge the traceability provision in the New IT Rules...

27 May 2021 Scientific Innovations & Discoveries

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		'article_id' => (int) 9113,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NASA’s Boeing Starliner Spacecraft',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the launch of<strong> Boeing&rsquo;s uncrewed Starliner Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2)</strong> has been postponed once again.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The spacecraft, which is called the<strong> Crew Space Transportation-100 (CST-100),</strong> is part of an uncrewed test flight to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/long-march-5b-rocket-by-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Space Station (ISS).</strong></a></li>
<li>The mission is part of<strong> NASA&rsquo;s Commercial Crew Program.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About CST-100:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The spacecraft has been designed to accommodate<strong> seven passengers or a mix of crew and cargo for missions </strong>to&nbsp;<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">low-Earth orbit</a>.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>NASA service missions to the ISS,</strong> it will carry up to four NASA-sponsored crew members and time-critical scientific research.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Starliner is supposed to <strong>carry more than 400 pounds of NASA cargo and crew supplies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Starliner has an innovative, weldless structure and is reusable up to 10 times with a six-month turnaround time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When this test flight takes off, it <strong>will check</strong> the capabilities of the spacecraft from launch, docking, atmospheric re-entry and a landing at a desert in the US.</li>
<li>The spaceflight will also <strong>help NASA to ascertain and certify the transportation system</strong> to carry astronauts to and from the space station in the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NASA&rsquo;s Commercial Crew Program:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its main objective is to<strong> make access to space easier in terms of its cost,</strong> so that cargo and crew can be easily transported to and from the ISS, <strong>enabling greater scientific research.</strong></li>
<li>Through this program, NASA plans to <strong>lower its costs</strong> by sharing them with commercial partners such as <strong>Boeing and SpaceX.</strong></li>
<li>It is also planning to give the companies incentive to design and build the <strong>Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>COTS was a<strong> NASA program,</strong> announced in 2006 to <strong>coordinate the delivery of crew and cargo</strong> to the <strong>International Space Station (ISS)</strong> by private companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By encouraging private companies such as Boeing and SpaceX to provide crew transportation services to and from low-Earth orbit, <strong>NASA can focus on building spacecraft and rockets meant for deep space exploration missions.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crew-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crew-2 mission</strong></a> is the second crew rotation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-crew-dragon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SpaceX Crew Dragon</strong></a> and the first with international partners.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Crew-2 astronauts joined the members of Expedition 65 (65<sup>th</sup> long duration expedition to the ISS).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>May 2020, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demo-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA&rsquo;s SpaceX Demo-2</a></strong> test flight lifted off for the ISS carrying two astronauts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>aim of this test flight</strong> was to see if <strong>SpaceX capsules could be used on a regular basis</strong> to ferry astronauts to and from the ISS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Space Station (ISS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>habitable artificial satellite -</strong> the single largest man-made structure in low earth orbit. Its first component was launched into orbit in 1998.</li>
<li>It circles the <strong>Earth in roughly 92 minutes</strong> and completes 15.5 orbits per day.</li>
<li>The ISS programme is a<strong> joint project between five participating space agencies:</strong> NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada) but its ownership and use has been established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.</li>
<li>It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.</li>
<li>Continuous presence at ISS has resulted in the longest continuous human presence in low earth orbit.</li>
<li>It is <strong>expected to operate until 2030.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the <strong>Russian Space Agency Roscosmos</strong> launched its <strong>biggest space laboratory named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nauka-module-of-russia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nauka</a></strong> to the International Space Station (ISS).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-boeing-orbital-flight-test-nasa-commercial-crew-program-7436804/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9004,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'GRB 200826A: Gamma-Ray Burst',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of astronomers have detected a<strong> very short, powerful burst of high-energy radiation also known as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)</strong> that lasted for about a second.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was named <strong>GRB 200826A</strong> after the date it occurred, which is <strong>26<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</strong></li>
<li>It was detected by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Aeronautics and Space Administration&rsquo;s (NASA&rsquo;s) Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gamma-Ray Bursts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are the <strong>most powerful events in the universe,</strong> detectable <strong>across billions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/moon-forming-regions-around-exoplanets" target="_blank" rel="noopener">light-years.</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> light-year</strong> is the distance a beam of light travels in a single Earth year, or 9.5 trillion kilometers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Astronomers classify them as <strong>long or short based on whether the event lasts for more or less than two seconds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Long GRBs:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627466689_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627466689_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="405" height="512" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They observe <strong>long bursts in association with the demise of massive stars.</strong></li>
<li>When a <strong>star much more massive than the Sun runs out of fuel,</strong> its <strong>core suddenly collapses</strong> and forms a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/moving-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener">black hole</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Black hole</strong> refers to a point in space where matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As <strong>matter swirls toward the black hole,</strong> some of <strong>it escapes in the form of two powerful jets</strong> that rush outward at almost the speed of light in opposite directions.</li>
<li>Astronomers<strong> only detect a GRB</strong> when one of these <strong>jets happens to point almost directly toward Earth.</strong></li>
<li>Each jet drills through the star, producing a pulse of <strong>gamma rays &ndash; the highest-energy form of light &ndash;</strong> that can last up to minutes.</li>
<li>Following the burst, the <strong>disrupted star then rapidly expands as a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-upsc-prelims-supernova-blast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> supernova</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>supernova</strong> is the name given to an exploding star that has reached the end of its life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Short GRB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Short GRB, on the other hand, forms when pairs of compact objects &ndash; such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants#:~:text=Neutron%20stars%2D,to%20form%20neutrons%20and%20neutrinos." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>neutron stars</strong></a>, which also form during stellar collapse &ndash; <strong>spiral inward over billions of years and collide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Neutron star</strong> comprises one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GRB 200826A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was a <strong>sharp blast of high-energy emission lasting just 0.65 seconds.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After<strong> traveling for a very long period of time</strong> through the<strong> expanding universe,</strong> the signal had <strong>stretched out to about one-second-long</strong> when it was detected by Fermi&rsquo;s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor.</li>
<li>It had been<strong> racing toward Earth for nearly half the present age of the universe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is considered to be the the <strong>shortest GRB</strong> till now and it occurred caused by the <strong>death of a massive star.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of GRB 200826A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has helped to <strong>resolve the long-standing issues related to gamma-ray bursts.</strong> Also, this study triggers<strong> to re-analyse all such known events</strong> to constrain number densities better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Researchers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group included <strong>Indian astronomers from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/narrow-line-seyfert-1-nls1-farthest-gamma-ray-emitting-galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)</a>,</strong> The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune (IUCAA), National Centre for Radio Astrophysics - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune (NCRA) and IIT Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formerly called the<strong> Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST),</strong> it is a <strong>space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations</strong> from low Earth orbit.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in June 2008.</strong> It is <strong>named after Enrico Fermi,</strong> an Italian-American scientist who did pioneering work in high-energy physics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fermi is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership, developed in collaboration with the <strong>US Department of Energy,</strong> along with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in<strong> France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>maps the entire sky</strong> every three hours. It <strong>provides an important window into the most extreme phenomena of the universe,</strong> like GRBs, black-hole jets, and pulsars.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Pulsars</strong> are types of neutron stars which emit radio pulses at regular intervals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gamma Rays</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are the <strong>highest-energy light in the universe.</strong> They can have over a<strong> billion times the energy of the type of light visible to our eyes.</strong></li>
<li>They are <strong>produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe,</strong> such as <strong>neutron stars</strong> and <strong>pulsars, supernova</strong> explosions, and regions around <strong>black holes.</strong></li>
<li>The gamma rays possess high energy; <strong>they can pass right through any lens or mirror,</strong> making it very difficult to focus them in a visible-light telescope.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gamma-Rays on Earth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On Earth, gamma rays are<strong> generated by nuclear explosions, lightning,</strong> and the less dramatic activity of<strong> radioactive decay.</strong></li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy is the <strong>astronomical observation of gamma rays with photon energies above 100 keV (Kilo Electron Volt).</strong></li>
<li>Gamma rays are so energetic that<strong> they are harmful to life on Earth.</strong></li>
<li>Earth's <strong>atmosphere absorbs gamma rays,</strong> preventing them from affecting life on the ground.</li>
<li>Astronomical observations of gamma-ray sources are therefore<strong> done with high-altitude balloons or satellites,</strong> above the protective blanket of Earth's atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1739396" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8915,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NASA’s New Spacecraft: NEA Scout',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> has announced that its new spacecraft, named <strong>Near-Earth Asteroid Scout or NEA Scout,</strong> has completed all required tests and has been safely tucked inside the <strong>Space Launch System (SLS) rocket.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NEA Scout:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, or NEA Scout, is a <strong>miniaturized spacecraft</strong>, known as a <strong>CubeSat,</strong> developed under<strong> NASA&rsquo;s Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AES pioneers new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities, and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>low-Earth orbit.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its <strong>main mission</strong> is to fly by and collect data from a <strong>near-Earth asteroid.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will take about<strong> two years to cruise to the asteroid</strong> and will be about<strong> 93 million miles away from Earth</strong> during the asteroid encounter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also be <strong>America&rsquo;s first interplanetary mission</strong> using a<strong> special solar sail propulsion.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>So far, <strong>spacecraft have been using solar energy to power them</strong> and execute critical functions.</li>
<li>This will be the <strong>first time that a spacecraft uses it as wind to generate thrust and move forward.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>one of several payloads</strong> that will hitch a ride on <strong>Artemis I,</strong> which is expected to be launched in <strong>November, 2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-s-artemis-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artemis I</strong></a> will be an <strong>uncrewed testflight</strong> of the <strong>Orion spacecraft and SLS rocket.</strong></li>
<li>It is the first in a series of increasingly complex missions that will enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NEA Scout<strong> launches to the Moon in 2021 with a fleet of other small satellites aboard Artemis 1.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the Moon, NEA Scout will deploy its 86-square-meter solar sail and slowly spiral out of lunar orbit.</li>
<li>It will travel to a near-Earth asteroid and perform a slow fly-by, capturing up-close images of the surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The images gathered by NEA Scout will <strong>provide critical information</strong> on the asteroid&rsquo;s physical properties such as orbit, shape, volume, rotation, the dust and debris field surrounding it, plus its surface properties.</li>
<li>The spacecraft <strong>will pave the way for the Solar Cruiser,</strong> which will use a sail 16 times larger when it flies in 2025.</li>
<li><strong>Studying Near-Earth asteroids</strong> can <strong>help in developing strategies for reducing the potential damage</strong> caused in the event of an impact.</li>
<li>Data can be used to determine what is required to <strong>reduce risk, increase effectiveness, and improve the design and operations of robotic and human space exploration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Near-Earth Objects (NEOs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NEOs are <strong>comets and asteroids</strong> pushed by the gravitational attraction of nearby planets into orbits which allow them to enter the Earth&rsquo;s neighbourhood.</li>
<li>These objects are <strong>composed mostly of water ice with embedded dust particles.</strong></li>
<li>NEOs occasionally approach close to the <strong>Earth as they orbit the Sun.</strong></li>
<li>NASA&rsquo;s <strong>Center for Near-Earth Object Study (CNEOS)</strong> determines the time and distances of these objects, when their approach to the Earth is close, through the <strong>Asteroid Watch Widget.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asteroids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>rocky objects that orbit the Sun,</strong> much smaller than planets. They are also called minor planets.</li>
<li>According to NASA, <strong>9,94,383 is the count of known asteroids,</strong> the remnants from the formation of the solar system over 4.6 billion years ago.</li>
<li>Asteroids are divided into three classes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First,</strong> those found in the<strong> main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter,</strong> which is estimated to contain somewhere between 1.1-1.9 million asteroids.</li>
<li>The <strong>second group</strong> is that of <strong>trojans,</strong> which are asteroids that share an orbit with a larger planet.</li>
<li>The third classification is<strong> Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA),</strong> which have orbits that pass close to the Earth. Those that <strong>cross the Earth&rsquo;s orbit are called Earth-crossers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 10,000 such asteroids are known, out of which over 1,400 are classified as <strong>Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs).</strong></li>
<li><strong>PHAs</strong> are currently defined based on parameters that measure the asteroid&rsquo;s potential to make threatening close approaches to the Earth.</li>
<li>Specifically, all asteroids with an Earth Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) of 0.05 au or less and an absolute magnitude (H) of 22.0 or less are considered PHAs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-makes-nasa-new-spacecraft-nea-scout-special-7412425/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8866,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Few-Electron Bubbles in Superfluid Helium Gas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Scientists at the<strong> Indian Institute of Science (IISc),</strong> Banglore for the first time discovered<strong> two species of Few-Electron Bubbles (FEBs) in Superfluid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helium-crisis-for-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Helium Gas.</a></strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Helium</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a chemical element with the <strong>symbol He and atomic number 2.</strong> The British chemist <strong>Sir William Ramsay</strong> discovered the <strong>existence of helium on Earth in 1895.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas,</strong> the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table.</li>
<li>Its<strong> boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Electrons</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Matter is made up of atoms,</strong> which are the basic units of chemical elements such as hydrogen, helium or oxygen.</li>
<li>Atoms are<strong> made up of three particles:</strong> Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>electrons are the subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.</strong> They are generally <strong>negative in charge</strong> and are much<strong> smaller than the nucleus of the atom.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626250047_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626250047_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Electron Bubble:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An electron bubble is the <strong>empty space created around a free electron in a cryogenic gas or liquid,</strong> such as neon or helium. They are typically very small, about<strong> 2 nm in diameter</strong> at atmospheric pressure.</li>
<li>An electron injected into a <strong>superfluid</strong> form of helium creates a <strong>Single Electron Bubble (SEB) &mdash;</strong> a cavity that is free of helium atoms and contains only the electron. The shape of the bubble depends on the energy state of the electron.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, the bubble is spherical when the electron is in the ground state (i.e. state of lowest energy). There are also <strong>multiple electron bubbles </strong>that contain <strong>thousands of electrons.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Superfluidity</strong> is the<strong> frictionless flow and other exotic behaviour observed in liquid helium at temperatures near absolute zero</strong> (&minus;273.15 &deg;C), and similar frictionless behaviour of electrons in a superconducting solid. In each case the <strong>unusual behaviour arises from quantum mechanical effects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few-Electron Bubbles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FEBs, on the other hand, are <strong>nanometre-sized cavities in liquid helium containing just a handful of free electrons.</strong> The number, state, and interactions between free electrons dictate the physical and chemical properties of materials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FEBs form an interesting system that has both<strong> electron-electron interaction and electron-surface interaction.</strong></li>
<li>FEBs were found to be <strong>stable for at least 15 milliseconds</strong> (quantum changes typically happen at much shorter time scales) which would enable researchers to trap and study them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Study Properties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FEBs can serve as a useful model to study how the energy states of electrons and interactions between them in a material influence its properties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decipher Phenomenons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are several phenomena that FEBs can help scientists decipher, such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Turbulent flows in superfluids and viscous fluids, or the flow of heat in superfluid helium.</li>
<li>Just like how<strong> current flows without resistance in superconducting materials</strong> at very low temperatures, <strong>superfluid helium also conducts heat efficiently at very low temperatures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/scientists-discover-two-species-of-few-electron-bubbles-in-superfluid-helium-77930#:~:text=The%20researchers%20first%20applied%20a,eight%20and%20six%20electrons%20respectively." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8842,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Acute Encephalitis Syndrome',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong></a> has provided tap water supply to more than <strong>97 lakh households</strong> in five<strong> JE-AES (Japanese Encephalitis-Acute Encephalitis Syndrome)</strong> affected states.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The five states with priority districts are<strong> Assam, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. </strong></li>
<li><strong>JJM envisages supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household</strong> through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC)<strong> by 2024.</strong> The<strong> Jal Shakti Ministry is the nodal ministry</strong> for the implementation of the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> AES is a severe case of encephalitis<strong> transmitted by mosquitoes</strong> and is characterized by <strong>high fever and inflammation of the brain.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation (WHO)</a> in 2006</strong>, coined the term AES to signify a group of diseases which seem similar to one another but are difficult to differentiate in the chaotic environment of an outbreak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Population:</strong> The disease most commonly <strong>affects children and young adults</strong> and can lead to considerable morbidity and mortality.</li>
<li><strong>Causative Agents:</strong> <strong>Viruses are the main</strong> causative agents in AES cases, although other sources such as <strong>bacteria, fungi, parasites, spirochetes, chemicals, toxins, and noninfectious agents</strong> have also been reported over the past few decades. It is <strong>not vaccine-preventable.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japanese Encephalitis</strong></a> virus (JEV) is the major cause of AES in India (ranging from 5%-35%).</li>
<li>Herpes simplex virus, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nipah virus</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zika-virus-disease#:~:text=Zika%20virus%20is%20a%20mosquito,the%20United%20Republic%20of%20Tanzania." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zika virus</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/avian-flu-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Influenza A virus</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-may-2019#:~:text=About%20West%20Nile%20Virus,disease%20as%20well%20as%20death." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>West Nile virus</strong></a>, Chandipura virus, mumps, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>measles</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dengue-prevention-and-identification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dengue</strong></a>, scrub typhus, S.pneumoniae are also found as causative agents for AES.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Confusion, disorientation, coma, or inability to talk, high fever, vomiting, nausea, and unconsciousness.</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis:</strong> The<strong> National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)</strong> in India has set up countrywide surveillance for AES through sentinel sites with a focus on detecting Japanese Encephalitis (JEV).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the sentinel surveillance network, AES/JE is <strong>diagnosed by IgM <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monoclonal-antibodies-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antibody</a> Capture <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elisa-antibody-kits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ELISA</a>,</strong> and virus isolation is done in the National Reference Laboratory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of AES in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the NVBDCP, 10,485 AES cases were diagnosed in 2018 with 632 deaths across 17 states.</li>
<li>India records <strong>fatality rate at 6% in AES, but the fatality rises to 25% amongst children.</strong></li>
<li>Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Tripura are <strong>worst affected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> To <strong>reduce morbidity and mortality</strong> the government of India developed a <strong>multi-pronged strategy</strong> with the convergence of the <strong>concerned ministries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare:</strong> Strengthening and expanding JE vaccination, Strengthening of public health activities, Better clinical management of JE/AES Cases etc.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong> for the provision of safe water supply.</li>
<li><strong>Women and Child development</strong> for providing high-quality nutrition to vulnerable children.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> for establishing District Disability Rehabilitation Centers for disability management and rehabilitation.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong> for ensuring the supply of safe water in slums and towns.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Education</strong> to provide special facilities for disabled children for their education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1734397" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8756,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Source of Gravitational Waves Discovered',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC)</strong> has made the <strong>discovery of gravitational waves from a pair of neutron star-black hole (NS-BH) mergers.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reverberations from these two objects were picked up using a <strong>global network of gravitational wave detectors</strong>, the most sensitive scientific instruments ever built.</li>
<li>Until now, the <strong>LIGO-Virgo Collaboration (LVC)</strong> was only able to observe collisions between pairs of black holes or neutron stars. The <strong>NS-BH merger is a hybrid collision.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A black hole is a <strong>place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out.</strong> The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space.</li>
<li><strong>Gravitational waves are created</strong> when two black holes orbit each other and merge.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Neutron Stars</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Neutron stars c<strong>omprise one of the possible evolutionary end-points of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uv-bright-stars-spotted-in-globular-structure-ngc-2808" target="_blank" rel="noopener">high mass stars</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Once the core of the star has completely burned to iron, energy production stops and the core rapidly collapses, squeezing electrons and protons together to form neutrons and neutrinos.</li>
<li>A <strong>star supported by neutron degeneracy pressure is known as a &lsquo;neutron star&rsquo;,</strong> which may be seen as a pulsar if its magnetic field is favourably aligned with its spin axis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Gravitational Waves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>invisible ripples in space</strong> that form when:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A star explodes in a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-upsc-prelims-supernova-blast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>supernova</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Two big stars orbit each other.</li>
<li>Two <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes</strong></a> merge.</li>
<li>Neutron star-Black hole (NS-BH) merges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>travel at the speed of light</strong> (1,86,000 miles per second) and squeeze and stretch anything in their path.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a gravitational wave travels through space-time, it causes it to stretch in one direction and compress in the other.</li>
<li>Any object that occupies that region of space-time also stretches and compresses as the wave passes over them, though very slightly, which can only be detected by specialized devices like LIGO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theory and Discovery:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These were proposed by <strong>Albert Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity</strong>, over a century ago.</li>
<li>However, the first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/merger-of-two-black-holes-with-unequal-masses-detected" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gravitational wave</strong></a> was actually detected by LIGO only in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detection Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the <strong>two compact and massive bodies orbit around each other</strong>, they come closer, and <strong>finally merge, due to the energy lost in the form of gravitational waves.</strong></li>
<li>The Gravitational Waves signals are buried deep inside a lot of background noise. To search for the signals, scientists use a <strong>method called matched filtering.</strong></li>
<li>In this method, <strong>various expected gravitational waveforms predicted by Einstein&rsquo;s theory of relativity, are compared with the different chunks of data</strong> to produce a quantity that signifies how well the signal in the data (if any) matches with any one of the waveforms.</li>
<li>Whenever this match (in technical terms<strong> &ldquo;signal-to-noise ratio&rdquo; or SNR) is significant (larger than 8), an event is said to be detected.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Observing an event in multiple detectors</strong> separated by thousands of kilometers almost simultaneously gives scientists increased confidence that the signal is of astrophysical origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Discovery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A neutron star has a surface</strong> and black hole does not. <strong>A neutron star is about 1.4-2 times the mass of the sun</strong> while the other black hole is much more massive. <strong>Widely unequal mergers</strong> have very interesting effects that can be detected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inferring from data as to how often they merge <strong>will also give us clues about their origin and how they were formed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These observations <strong>help us understand the formation and relative abundance of such binaries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Neutron stars are the densest objects in the Universe</strong>, so these findings can also <strong>help us understand the behaviour of matter at extreme densities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Neutron stars are also the most precise &lsquo;clocks&rsquo; in the Universe</strong>, if they emit extremely periodic pulses.</li>
<li>The discovery of pulsars going around Black Holes <strong>could help scientists probe effects under extreme gravity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>LSC was <strong>founded in 1997</strong> and currently made up of more than 1000 scientists from over 100 institutions and 18 countries worldwide.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>group of scientists</strong> focused on the <strong>direct detection of gravitational waves</strong>, using them to explore the fundamental physics of gravity, and developing the emerging field of gravitational wave science as a tool of astronomical discovery.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/merger-of-two-black-holes-with-unequal-masses-detected" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LIGO Observatories</a>:</strong> The LSC carries out the science of the <strong>LIGO Observatories</strong>, located in <strong>Hanford, Washington</strong> and <strong>Livingston, Louisiana</strong> as well as that of the GEO600 detector in Hannover, Germany.</li>
<li><strong>Other Observatories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>VIRGO:</strong> Virgo is located <strong>near Pisa in Italy.</strong> The Virgo Collaboration is currently composed of approximately 650 members from 119 institutions in 14 different countries including Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.</li>
<li><strong>The Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA):</strong> The KAGRA detector is <strong>located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan.</strong> The host institute is the Institute of Cosmic Ray Researches (ICRR) at the University of Tokyo.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This interferometer is underground and uses cryogenic mirrors. It has 3 km arms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>LIGO-India Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scientists-to-test-land-for-ligo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> LIGO-India observatory</strong></a> is scheduled for completion in 2024, and will be built in the <strong>Hingoli District of Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>LIGO India is a planned <strong>advanced gravitational-wave observatory</strong> to be located in India as part of the worldwide network.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The LIGO project operates three gravitational-wave (GW) detectors.</li>
<li>Two are at Hanford in the State of Washington, north-western USA, and one is at Livingston in Louisiana, south-eastern USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The LIGO-India project is an <strong>international collaboration between</strong> the LIGO Laboratory and three lead institutions in the LIGO-India consortium: <strong>Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar; IUCAA, Pune; </strong>and<strong> Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will significantly improve the sky localisation of these events.</li>
<li>This increases the chance of observation of these distant sources using electromagnetic telescopes, which will, in turn, give us a more precise measurement of how fast the universe is expanding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ligo-finds-a-new-source-of-gravitational-waves-collisions-between-neutron-stars-black-holes-7381428/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8728,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: 5G - The Road Ahead',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-_W4YBZ4wZc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has given permissions to Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-trial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>conducting trials</strong> </a>for use and applications of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G technology.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The TSPs have been asked to conduct 5G trials<strong> in rural &amp; semi urban areas as well.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G</strong> </a>technology is expected to deliver a <strong>greater spectrum efficiency</strong> and better download speeds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Collaboration among Business Giants:</strong> Bharti Airtel has joined forces with TATA Group to develop a 5G network, Reliance Jio has also tied up with Google Cloud for its 5G solutions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jio has begun 5G trials in Mumbai using its indigenously developed equipment.</li>
<li>The 5G network of Airtel was able to deliver a throughput of over 1 Gbps speed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Auctions by TRAI:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interoperable-set-top-boxes-trai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)</strong></a> will hold auctions for the 5G spectrum in India.</li>
<li><strong>5G Technology Rollout:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Standing Committee</strong></a> on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/information-technology-rules-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Information Technology</strong> </a>was informed that 5G will roll out in India to some extent for specific uses, by the end of the calendar year 2021 or beginning of 2022.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>4G Internet Service</strong></a> is expected to continue in India for at least another 5-6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G Key Features:</strong> 5G technology is expected to deliver improved user experience in terms of data download rates (expected to be 10 times that of 4G), up to three times greater spectrum efficiency, and ultra-low latency.</li>
<li><strong>Applications in Trials:</strong> Applications such as tele-medicine, tele-education, augmented/virtual reality, drone-based agricultural monitoring, etc. will be tested.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data generated during the trials will be stored in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fifth Generation (5G) Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>High Speed Technology:</strong> 5G is the fifth generation cellular technology that will increase the downloading and uploading speeds over the mobile network.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the high-band spectrum of 5G, internet speeds have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second) as compared to the maximum internet data speed in 4G recorded at 1 Gbps.</li>
<li>5G will also reduce the latency i.e. the time taken by a network to respond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Machine-to-Machine Interaction:</strong> 5G will be the first technology to facilitate machine-to-machine communication, the foundation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet of Things (IoT)</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Combined with IoT, cloud, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>big data</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AI</strong></a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing#:~:text=Edge%20computing%20is%20defined%20as,as%20endpoints%20like%20laptops%2C%20tablets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>edge computing</strong></a>, 5G could be a critical enabler of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth industrial revolution.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost to the Economy:</strong> 5G is expected to create a cumulative economic impact of USD1 trillion in India by 2035, according to a report by a government-appointed panel (2018).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will give a huge amount of economic boost to India by increased connectivity between machines and various sectors which will in turn increase efficiency.</li>
<li>Production will also increase which would lead to huge revenue collections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Collaborative Network Deployment:</strong> 5G will lead to, for the first time, the business verticals and technical verticals come together for network deployment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, the telecommunications used to discuss internally and deploy networks but now, the businesses, technology companies and<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cyber</strong> </a>experts will be coming together for deploying networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Capacity:</strong> In 5G, the focus has been exerted upon the capacity rather than the range of the network.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the rural areas, the range of the network is required more than bandwidth as the areas are not as densely populated and industrialised as the urban areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The range will be compensated by deploying more small cells in the required areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India as a Late Adopter:</strong> Countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including India, Bangladesh and Indonesia are late in adopting 5G technology, hence, will get insignificant revenue from the service.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the late adopters the 5G mobile service revenues are not expected over the next 12-18 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lesser Government Subsidies:</strong> A low likelihood of government subsidies is expected, given the history of high reserve prices set by the governments for spectrum auctions amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ongoing fiscal deficits.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> 5G will not bridge the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital divide among the rural and urban areas</strong></a> in the short term, rather increase it as the business case of 5G even in urban areas does not have maximum accessibility.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it will not be easily available in rural areas too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G, A Niche Service:</strong> 5G will be a niche service unlike 3g and 4g which were pervasive services. It will get intensified over a comparatively longer period of time.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rollout of 5G technology will be different from the one seen in 4g; it will be introduced in specific sectors and areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Accessibility of Previous Technology:</strong> The consumers are still grappling with basic network issues like call drops and interrupted data services.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are still areas where 4G networks have not stabilised causing frequent disruptions in internet services.</li>
<li>It is important to meet the quality of service parameters of existing 4G networks before embarking on a new 5G platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Critical Infrastructures:</strong> 5G will require a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, even 5G technology needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Liability on Consumers:</strong> For transition from 4G to 5G technology, one has to upgrade to the latest cellular technology, thereby creating financial liability on consumers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bridging the Rural-urban Gap:</strong> 5G can be deployed at different band spectrums and at the low band spectrum, the range is much longer which is helpful for the rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Assistance:</strong> The government has complete control over the inputs. One of the key inputs of 5G is the band spectrum.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By managing the design of the spectrums, the government can control the price to be paid by the people.</li>
<li>The government shall support the telecom companies to roll out networks which are sustainable and affordable for the public.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling the Spectrum Pricing Issue:</strong> The government in recent times, has had two failed auctions. The latter failed to attract any bids in the 5G spectrum.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The current proposals for the reserve price clearly suggest the need to change the prices in order to conduct a successful auction.</li>
<li>The pricing will have to be worked out keeping in mind the financial stress in the sector and affordability of services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enabling the Manufacturing Sector in India:</strong> As 5G starts taking shape in India, it is important to strengthen its domestic telecommunication manufacturing market so that it is not only the users of 5G in India, but also the manufacturers and providers of these technologies who will be able to make a mark in the global arena</li>
<li><strong>Viable Technology from Consumers&rsquo; Perspective:</strong> For widespread 5G deployment, it needs to become financially viable otherwise rural integration will remain a pipe dream.</li>
<li>Also, the 5G technology has to be viable to the telecom operators too.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G Technology is expected to usher a new era in the technology sector. As far as the nationwide deployment of the technology is concerned, India still has a long way to go.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing down the spectrum prices and bridging the rural-urban gap by increasing the accessibility of networks to hinterlands are a few key areas of focus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ultimate goal is to shift to a technology that facilitates the requirements of both the rural and urban users and the telecom sector.</li>
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8657,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gain-of-function Research',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Wuhan Institute of Virology</strong> was said to have conducted<strong> gain-of-function research</strong> on coronaviruses which may possibly have caused the lab-leak origin of the <strong>SARS-CoV-2 (<a href="/printpdf/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gain-of-function Research:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In virology, gain-of-function research involves<strong> deliberately altering an organism in the lab, altering a gene,</strong> or <strong>introducing a mutation</strong> in a pathogen to study its transmissibility, virulence and immunogenicity.</li>
<li>This is done by <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/genetic-engineering-promises-perils#:~:text=Through%20genetic%20engineering%2C%20scientists%20are,implanted%20into%20the%20recipient%20organism." target="_blank" rel="noopener">genetically engineering</a> the virus</strong> and by allowing them to grow in different growth mediums, a technique called<strong> serial passage.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Serial Passage</strong> refers to the process of growing bacteria or a virus in iterations. For instance, a virus may be grown in one environment, and then a portion of that virus population can be removed, and put into a new environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This would allow researchers to study <strong>potential therapies</strong> and<strong> ways to control the disease</strong> better in future.</li>
<li>Gain-of-function studies, which enhance viral yield and immunogenicity (relating to immune response), are <strong>required for vaccine development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gain-of-function research involves manipulations that make certain pathogenic <strong>microbes more deadly or more transmissible.</strong></li>
<li>There is also<strong> &lsquo;loss-of-function&rsquo; research,</strong> which involves<strong> inactivating mutations,</strong> resulting in a <strong>significant loss of original function,</strong> or no function to the pathogen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When mutations occur, they<strong> alter the structure</strong> of the virus, resulting in <strong>altered functions</strong> which might weaken the virus or enhance its function.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gain-of-function research reportedly carry inherent <strong>biosafety and biosecurity risks</strong> and are thus referred to as <strong>&lsquo;dual-use research of concern&rsquo; (DURC).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This indicates that while the research may result in benefits for humanity, there is also the potential to cause harm &mdash; accidental or deliberate escape of these altered pathogens from labs may even cause pandemics (Like it is said to be in case of <strong>Covid-19</strong>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Situation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All activities related to genetically engineered organisms or cells and hazardous microorganisms and products are regulated as per the<strong> &ldquo;Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, the Department of Biotechnology issued guidelines for the establishment of containment facilities, called<strong> &lsquo;Biosafety labs&rsquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The notification provides operational guidance on the <strong>containment of biohazards and levels of biosafety</strong> that all institutions involved in research, development and handling of these microorganisms must comply with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Debate over Gain-of-function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Proponents:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It makes science and governments<strong> battle-ready for future pandemics.</strong></li>
<li>Proponents of gain-of-function research believe that &ldquo;nature is the ultimate bioterrorist and we need to do all we can to stay one step ahead&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Critic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After the Covid-19 pandemic, more concerns are raised on carrying out such kinds of research.</li>
<li>This may cause the extinction of the living things or may change their genetic makeup forever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> should lead activities on DURC.</li>
<li>There should be <strong>responsible use</strong> of life sciences research, focusing on mitigation and prevention of bio-risks and associated ethical issues.</li>
<li>Develop a <strong>Global Guidance Framework for</strong> countries to follow.</li>
<li>There is a need to ensure greater transparency about such research.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/explained-what-is-gain-of-function-research/article34861204.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8631,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'AI: Promises & Perils',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-promise-and-perils-of-ai-partnerships-101623837070390.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The promise and perils of Artificial Intelligence partnerships&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 16/06/2021. It talks about the promises and perils associated with Artificial intelligence.</p>
</div>
<p>Historically, Technology competition has been a main aspect of geopolitics. In this day and age, it can be increasingly reflected in geopolitical battles between the US and China. One such technological competition can be easily witnessed in the field of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ethical-challenges-posed-by-ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a>.</strong></p>
<p>Artificial intelligence is that activity devoted to making machines intelligent or to make them think like humans. AI has emerged as one technology of particular importance because of its role as an accelerator, its versatility, and its wide applicability.</p>
<p>However, AI can also be used for a host of undesirable purposes &mdash; generating misinformation, criminal activity, and encroaching upon personal privacy or inducing technological unemployment.</p>
<p>Therefore, as the global community seeks to leverage the promises of AI, they should also confront similar challenges when it comes to the development and deployment of AI and develop a human-centric approach to AI.</p>
<h3>Promises of AI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Primary advantages of AI are as follows:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AI drives down the time taken to perform a task. It enables multi-tasking and eases the workload for existing resources.</li>
<li>AI enables the execution of hitherto complex tasks without significant cost outlays.</li>
<li>AI operates 24x7 without interruption or breaks and has no downtime</li>
<li>AI augments the capabilities of differently abled individuals</li>
<li>AI has mass market potential, it can be deployed across industries.</li>
<li>AI facilitates decision-making by making the process faster and smarter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>360-degree Effect:</strong> Based on these advantages, AI can be used in many positive ways &mdash; to foster innovation, increase efficiency, improve development, and enhance consumer experience.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For India, AI deployment will be tied closely to inclusive growth and its development trajectory, with potentially positive implications for agriculture, health, and education, among other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Driven by recent breakthroughs in machine learning &amp; Big data, AI is a good bellwether for the possibilities and challenges of international cooperation on emerging technologies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Perils Associated With AI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Promoting Prejudices and Inequalities:</strong> It shouldn&rsquo;t be forgotten that AI systems are created by humans, who can be biased and judgemental. Thus, AI can promote prejudices and inequalities, if initial training of the AI algorithms are biased.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, it can lead to AI facial recognition and surveillance technology to discriminate against people of color and minorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprising Privacy:</strong> AI systems learn by analyzing huge volumes of data and they keep adapting through continuous modelling of interaction data and user-feedback. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, with the increasing use of AI, the right to privacy can be under threat due to unauthorized access to one&rsquo;s activity data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disproportionate Power and Control:</strong> Technology giants are investing heavily in regard to artificial intelligence, both at the scientific/engineering and also at the commercial and product development level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These big players have an unmatched advantage when compared to any ambitious competitor out there which is a symptom of data-oligarchic society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Unemployment:</strong> AI companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low-income workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example self-service kiosks to replace cashiers, fruit-picking robots to replace field workers, etc.</li>
<li>Moreover, the day is not far when many desk jobs will also be edged out by AI, such as accountants, financial traders, and middle managers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong> Given that various governments have only recently established AI policies, and in some cases are still formulating them, international cooperation is still very much a work in progress. in the setting of standards at the multilateral level.</li>
<li><strong>Building Resilient Supply Chains:</strong> Beyond talent, additional challenges like, securing the necessary infrastructure; ensuring resilient supply chains, alignment on standards, governance, ensuring critical minerals and other raw materials required for the development of the necessary physical infrastructure, needs to be addressed.</li>
<li><strong>Right Steps Taken:</strong> AI technological revolution brings great opportunities for prosperity and growth &mdash; but it has to be ensured that the technology will be applied and used in the right direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, some steps are already being taken in different parts of the world, like Explainable AI (XAI) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union&rsquo;s GDPR &mdash; General Data Protection Regulation).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The critical decisions made in the near future could have transformative effects for international cooperation on AI, which, in turn, could decisively shape the contours of what some have described as the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fourth Industrial Revolution.</strong></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fff8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the global community seeks to leverage the promises of Artificial Intelligence, they should also confront similar challenges when it comes to the development and deployment of it. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8629,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deep Ocean Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) on the<strong> Deep Ocean Mission (DOM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-plans-isro-like-ocean-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> blueprint of the DOM</strong></a> to explore the deep recesses of the ocean was unveiled in 2018. Earlier, MoES had also rolled out the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-blue-economy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Blue Economy Policy.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623930284_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623930284_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of the Mission has been estimated at Rs. 4,077 crore <strong>over a five-year period</strong> and will be<strong> implemented in phases. MoES</strong> will be the <strong>nodal ministry</strong> implementing this multi-institutional ambitious mission.</li>
<li>It will be a <strong>mission mode project to support the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue Economy</a> Initiatives</strong> of the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Blue Economy</strong> is the<strong> sustainable use of ocean resources</strong> for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> technology and expertise</strong> needed in such missions is now available with only five countries - US, Russia, France, Japan and China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India will now be the sixth country to have it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development of Technologies for Deep Sea Mining, and Manned Submersible:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>manned submersible will be developed to carry three people</strong> to a depth of 6,000 metres in the ocean with a <strong>suite of scientific sensors and tools.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>Integrated Mining System</strong> will be also developed for mining<strong> polymetallic nodules</strong> at those depths in the central Indian Ocean. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Polymetallic nodules</strong> are rocks scattered on the seabed containing iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The exploration studies of minerals <strong>will pave the way for commercial exploitation in the near future,</strong> as and when commercial exploitation code is evolved by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-begins-talks-to-regulate-the-high-seas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Seabed Authority</strong></a>, an <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong></a> organisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development of Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It entails developing a suite of observations and models <strong>to understand and provide future projections of important climate variables</strong> on seasonal to decadal time scales.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Innovations for Exploration and Conservation of Deep-sea Biodiversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bio-prospecting of deep sea flora and fauna</strong> including microbes and studies on sustainable utilization of deep sea bio-resources will be the main focus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep Ocean Survey and Exploration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will explore and identify <strong>potential sites of multi-metal Hydrothermal Sulphides mineralization</strong> along the Indian Ocean mid-oceanic ridges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy and Freshwater from the Ocean:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Studies and detailed engineering design for offshore <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy#:~:text=Ocean%20Thermal%20Energy%20Conversion%20(OTEC,1%2C000%20meters%2C%20to%20extract%20energy.&amp;text=In%20Closed%20cycle%20method%2C%20a,the%20steam%20runs%20a%20turbine." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong> </a>powered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/desalination-plants-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>desalination plants</strong></a> are envisaged in this proof of concept proposal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>OTEC is a technology which <strong>uses ocean temperature differences</strong> from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, <strong>to extract energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at the development of human capacity and enterprise in ocean biology and engineering.</li>
<li>It will translate research into <strong>industrial application and product development</strong> through on-site business incubator facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Oceans,</strong> which cover<strong> 70% of the globe,</strong> remain a key part of our life. About <strong>95% of the Deep Ocean remains unexplored. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Three sides of India are surrounded by the oceans</strong> and around<strong> 30% of the country's population living in coastal areas,</strong> the ocean is a major economic factor supporting fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, livelihoods and blue trade. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has a unique maritime position. Its <strong>7517 km long coastline is home to nine coastal states and 1382 islands.</strong></li>
<li>The Government of India's <strong>Vision of New India by 2030</strong> announced in February 2019 highlighted the Blue Economy as one of the ten core dimensions of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Oceans are also a<strong> storehouse of food, energy, minerals, medicines, modulator of weather and climate and underpin life on Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Considering the importance of the oceans on sustainability, the UN has declared the decade, <strong>2021-2030 as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-for-biological-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. </a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Blue Economy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-norway-task-force-on-blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</a> :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was inaugurated jointly by both the countries in 2020 to develop and follow up joint initiatives between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sagarmala Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala project</strong></a> is the strategic initiative for port-led development through the extensive use of IT enabled services for modernization of ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>O-SMART:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has an umbrella scheme by the name of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-o-smart-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>O-SMART</strong></a> which aims at regulated use of oceans, marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It focuses on conservation of coastal and marine resources, and improving livelihood opportunities for coastal communities etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Fisheries Policy :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has a National Fisheries policy for promoting 'Blue Growth Initiative' which focuses on sustainable utilization of fisheries wealth from marine and other aquatic resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1727525" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8605,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Shephard: Taking Tourists to Space',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a company called <strong>Blue Origin</strong> concluded the online auction for the<strong> first seat on New Shephard,</strong> a rocket system meant to take tourists to space.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It takes its first human flight on 20<sup>th</sup> July, 2021, which marks the <strong>52<sup>nd</sup> anniversary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apollo-11-50-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin&rsquo;s moon landing</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Shephard:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New Shephard has been named after <strong>astronaut Alan Shephard &ndash; the first American to go to space &ndash; </strong>and<strong> offers flights to space over 100 km above the Earth</strong> and accommodation for payloads.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>rocket system that has been designed to take astronauts and research payloads past the Karman line.</strong></li>
<li>The idea is to provide <strong>easier and more cost-effective access to space</strong> meant for purposes such as academic research, corporate technology development and entrepreneurial ventures among others.</li>
<li>It will <strong>also allow space tourists to experience microgravity</strong> by taking them 100 km above the Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Microgravity</strong> is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. The effects of microgravity can be seen when astronauts and objects float in space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Karman Line</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Karman line is the<strong> internationally recognized boundary of space.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623749428_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623749428_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The line is named after <strong>Theodore von K&aacute;rm&aacute;n (1881&ndash;1963),</strong> a Hungarian American engineer and physicist, who was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the first person to calculate the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight and arrived at 83.6 km himself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> F&eacute;d&eacute;ration A&eacute;ronautique Internationale (FAI) defines Karman Line as the altitude of 100 kilometres</strong> above Earth&rsquo;s mean sea level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FAI is the world<strong> governing body for air sports, and also stewards definitions regarding human spaceflight.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, other organizations do not use this definition. <strong>There is no international law defining the edge of space, and therefore the limit of national airspace.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Space Tourism</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Space tourism is about <strong>humans travelling into space for recreational purposes. </strong>It seeks to<strong> give laypeople the ability to go to space for recreational, leisure or business purposes.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>make space more accessible to those individuals who are not astronauts</strong> and want to go to space for non-scientific purposes.</li>
<li>Three private companies &ndash; Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic and SpaceX are now spearheading the human endeavour to explore space.</li>
<li>Their progress will decide whether space travel will one day become as accessible as air travel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Space Tourists:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first space tourist was<strong> US millionaire Dennis Tito,</strong> who in 2001 paid USD 20 million to hitch a ride on a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaganyaan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Russian Soyuz spacecraft</strong></a> to visit the international space station and spent eight days there.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After Tito, there were <strong>only seven other private citizens who travelled to space until 2009</strong> when the Russian space agency wound up the business of selling tickets to private citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space Adventures</strong> is the <strong>only private company</strong> to send paying customers to orbital space so far. In 2004, test pilot <strong>Mike Melville became the first private astronaut to fly beyond the Karman Line.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Huge Market:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is an estimated market of 2.4 million people for such flights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base for Testing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>can provide a base for testing supersonic travel</strong> between different destinations on earth, significantly compressing travel time. Besides, <strong>it heralds the entry of the private sector into this arena.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> Soot or black carbon that results from rocket emissions accumulated in the stratosphere (approximately 5 to 31 miles above the Earth) cannot be washed away by rain or winds, as it is in the lower atmosphere. As a result, black carbon may linger in the stratosphere for years, <strong>causing exponentially more <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> It can cause health concerns as passengers could also face motion sickness and disorientation, which can <strong>affect vision, cognition, balance and motor control.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are <strong>crucial safety, comfort and health factors to consider.</strong> Training, medical screenings and liability waivers will need to be examined before tourists head to space.</li>
<li>Space tourism will be a small subsector of the industry, but <strong>it will bolster the entire New Space industry.</strong></li>
<li>Once space tourism does become mainstream, it will also positively impact many socioeconomic factors on Earth: <strong>creating jobs, educating citizens about space and fostering a new solar-based energy infrastructure. </strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-new-shephard-the-rocket-system-designed-to-provide-cost-effective-access-to-space-7358063/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8602,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PASIPHAE: A Sky Surveying Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>The <strong>Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter (WALOP),</strong> a <strong>vital instrument for the PASIPHAE Project,</strong> is being <strong>developed at Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Polar-Areas Stellar-Imaging in Polarisation High-Accuracy Experiment (PASIPHAE) </strong>is<strong> an international collaborative sky surveying project.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Astronomical Polarimetry</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polarimetry,<strong> a technique to measure the polarisation of light,</strong> is a powerful tool that allows astronomers to infer information about celestial objects, from passing comets to distant galaxies, that can not be obtained using other techniques.</li>
<li><strong>Polarization</strong> is<strong> a property of light that represents the direction that the light wave oscillates.</strong></li>
<li>Two decades ago, an Indian astrophysicist Sujan Sengupta, put forth an idea, that the light emitted by a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/luhman-16-binary-brown-dwarf-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cloudy brown dwarf</strong></a>, or reflected off an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-super-earth-planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extrasolar planet</strong></a>, will be polarised.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the PASIPHAE Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>opto polarimetric survey</strong> aiming to <strong>measure the linear polarization from millions of stars.</strong></li>
<li>The survey<strong> will use two high-tech optical polarimeters to observe the northern and southern skies,</strong> simultaneously.</li>
<li>The survey <strong>will be conducted</strong> concurrently from the<strong> South African Astronomical Observatory in Sutherland,</strong> South Africa in the <strong>southern hemisphere,</strong> and the <strong>Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece,</strong> in the <strong>north.</strong></li>
<li>It will focus on <strong>capturing starlight polarisation</strong> of very faint stars that are so far away that polarisation signals from there have not been systematically studied.</li>
<li>The distances to these stars will be obtained from measurements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/milky-way-s-violent-birth-decoded" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GAIA satellite.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GAIA is on a<strong> mission to chart a three-dimensional map of our Galaxy,</strong> the Milky Way, in the process revealing the composition, formation and evolution of the Galaxy. It is<strong> a European Space Agency astronomical observatory mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scientists from the University of Crete, Greece, Caltech, USA, <strong>IUCAA, India,</strong> the South African Astronomical Observatory and the University of Oslo, Norway, are involved in this project, steered by the Institute of Astrophysics, Greece.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since its birth about 14 billion years ago, the <strong>universe has been constantly expanding,</strong> as evidenced by the presence of <strong>Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation</strong> which fills the universe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Milky Way Galaxy contains a lot of dust clouds</strong> that are present in the form of clusters. When <strong>starlight passes through these dust clouds,</strong> they<strong> get scattered and polarised.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The PASIPHAE polarimetric map<strong> will be used to perform magnetic tomography of the Milky Way Galaxy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is, it will <strong>deduce the 3-dimensional structure of the magnetic field and the dust that resides in our own Galaxy.</strong></li>
<li>This map will <strong>provide invaluable information for future CMB B-mode experiments</strong> searching for inflationary <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/gravitational-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gravitational waves.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>B-mode experiment</strong> was used <strong>to test the theory of cosmic inflation</strong> and distinguish between inflationary models of the very early universe by making precise measurements of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).</li>
<li>According to the <strong>theory of inflation,</strong> the <strong>early Universe expanded exponentially fast for a fraction of a second</strong> after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Big Bang.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Beyond studies of the early Universe, the survey will <strong>lead to leaps forward in some of the most actively pursued areas in Astrophysics,</strong> including high-energy astrophysics, stellar astrophysics, and interstellar medium dynamics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter (WALOP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>planned in 2013</strong> after the success of the <strong>RoboPol experiment survey during 2012-2017.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WALOP and its predecessor RoboPol <strong>share the photometry (measurement of the brightness of celestial objects) principle.</strong></li>
<li>But the<strong> WALOP will be capable of observing hundreds of stars concurrently</strong> present both in the northern and the southern skies as opposed to RoboPol, which has a much smaller field of view in the sky.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Principle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WALOP will operate on the principle that at any given time, the data from a portion of the sky under observation will be split into four different channels.</li>
<li>Depending on the manner in which light passes through the four channels, the polarisation value from the star is obtained. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is, each star will have four corresponding images which when stitched together will help calculate the desired polarisation value of a star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Installation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A WALOP each will be mounted on the 1.3-metre Skinakas Observatory, Crete, and on the 1-metre telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory located in Sutherland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-pasiphae-will-peep-into-the-unknown-regions-of-the-sky-7357628/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8537,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CIBER-2: Counting of Stars',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NASA</strong></a> (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)<strong> funded CIBER-2 sounding rocket&rsquo;s</strong> launch window will open at the <strong>White Sands Missile Range</strong> in New Mexico, USA.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> aim</strong> of CIBER-2 mission is <strong>to look for evidence of extra stars</strong> that may have been missed in stellar head counts.</li>
<li>The <strong>ESA (European Space Agency) infrared space observatory Herschel</strong> also counted the number of galaxies in infrared and measured their luminosity previously.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sounding Rocket:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sounding rockets take their name from the nautical term<strong> "to sound,"</strong> which means to <strong>take measurements.</strong></li>
<li>Since 1959, NASA-sponsored space and earth science research has used sounding rockets to test instruments used on satellites and spacecraft and to provide information about the <strong>Sun, stars, galaxies</strong> and <strong>Earth's atmosphere and radiation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About CIBER-2 (Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment-2):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mission is the <strong>latest in a series of sounding rocket launches</strong> that began in 2009. The count from the first CIBER mission paved the way to reorganize the research and give the counting of stars another run.</li>
<li>The CIBER-2 instrument will<strong> launch aboard a sounding rocket,</strong> a small suborbital rocket that will carry scientific instruments on brief trips into space before it falls back to Earth for recovery.</li>
<li>Once above Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere, CIBER-2 will <strong>survey a patch of sky about 4 square degrees -</strong> for reference, the full Moon takes up about half a degree &ndash; that includes dozens of galaxy clusters.</li>
<li>It <strong>will not actually count individual stars</strong> but it will instead detect the <strong>extragalactic background light,</strong> which is all of the light that has been emitted throughout the history of the Universe.</li>
<li>From all of this extragalactic background light, the CIBER-2<strong> will focus on a portion of this called cosmic infrared background,</strong> which is emitted by some of the most common stars. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Essentially, this approach is aiming to look at how bright this light is to give scientists an estimate of how many of these stars are out there.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rough Estimate of Stars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To get a rough estimate of the total number of stars in the universe, scientists have calculated the <strong>average number of stars in a galaxy &ndash;</strong> some estimates put it at about <strong>100 million,</strong> though it could be 10 or more times higher.</li>
<li><strong>Multiplying it by the number of galaxies,</strong> taken to be about<strong> 2 trillion</strong> (also very tentative), there are<strong> one hundred quintillion stars (or 1 with 21 zeros after it).</strong></li>
<li>But this calculation <strong>assumes that all stars are inside galaxies,</strong> which might not be true and this is what the <strong>CIBER-2 instrument will try to find out.</strong></li>
<li>The European Space Agency (ESA) says<strong> there could be 100 thousand million stars in the Milky Way alone.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-are-the-number-of-stars-in-the-universe-counted-nasa-rocket-launch-white-sands-missile-range-7344254/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8535,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Council of Scientific and Industrial Research',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister chaired a meeting of the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</a> Society</strong> through video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/csir-floriculture-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CSIR Floriculture Mission</strong></a> was approved for implementation in 21 States and Union Territories of India.</li>
<li>It is also planning to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>undertake genome sequencing</strong> </a><strong>of</strong> a sample of nearly 1000 Indian<strong> rural youth to determine unique genetic traits, susceptibility (and resilience) to disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>largest research and development (R&amp;D) organisation in India.</strong> It has a <strong>pan-India presence</strong> and has a dynamic network of <strong>37 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes and 5 units.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> ranked 37<sup>th</sup> among 1587 government institutions worldwide</strong> and is the only Indian organization among the top 100 global government institutions, according to the <strong>Scimago Institutions Ranking World Report 2021.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSIR holds the<strong> 7<sup>th</sup> rank in Asia and leads the country at the first position.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> is the<strong> President</strong> (Ex-officio) and the <strong>Union Minister of Science and Technology</strong> is the <strong>Vice President</strong> (Ex-officio).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSIR is funded by the <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology</strong> and it operates as an autonomous body through the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fcra-clearance-of-6-ngos-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Societies Registration Act, 1860.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>September 1942.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Located:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific and industrial/applied research of national importance.</strong> It covers a wide spectrum of streams such as: Radio and space physics, oceanography, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biotechnology</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanotechnology</strong></a>, information technology, etc.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides significant technological intervention</strong> in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include the environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSIR has set up <strong>five technology verticals</strong> for addressing the emerging situation due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Digital and Molecular Surveillance.</li>
<li>Rapid and Economical Diagnostics.</li>
<li>Repurposing of Drugs, Vaccine and Convalescent Plasma Therapy.</li>
<li>Hospital Assistive Devices and PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment).</li>
<li>Supply Chain and Logistics Support Systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Head-Up-Display (HUD):</strong> It developed indigenous Head-Up- display (HUD) for Indian Light Combat Aircraft, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a>. HUD <strong>aids the pilot in flying the aircraft and in critical flight maneuvers including weapon aiming. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy &amp; Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/annadata-to-urjadata#:~:text=The%20Solar%20Tree%20is%20much,as%20a%20horizontal%20solar%20plant." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Tree</strong></a>: It occupies <strong>minimum space to produce clean power.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lithium Ion Battery</strong></a>: India&rsquo;<strong>s first lithium ion battery fabrication facility</strong> based on indigenous novel materials for making 4.0 V/14 h standard cells has been established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Samba Mahsuri Rice Variety:</strong> It developed a <strong>Bacterial Blight Resistant Rice.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rice Cultivar (Muktashree):</strong> A rice variety has been developed which <strong>restricts assimilation of Arsenic within permissible limits.</strong></li>
<li><strong>White-fly resistant Cotton variety:</strong> Developed a <strong>transgenic cotton line</strong> which is resistant to whiteflies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Genomics and other omics technologies for Enabling Medical Decision &ndash; GOMED:</strong> It has been developed by the CSIR which provides a platform of disease genomics to solve clinical problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food &amp; Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ksheer-scanner:</strong> It detects the<strong> level of milk adulteration</strong> and adulterants in 45 seconds at the cost of 10 paise.</li>
<li><strong>Double-Fortified Salt:</strong> Salt <strong>fortified with iodine and iron</strong> having improved properties developed and tested for <strong>addressing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a> in people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1724359" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8533,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Corbevax Covid-19 Vaccine',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has placed an advance order to block 300 million doses of a new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> vaccine, <strong>Corbevax.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corbevax:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is India&rsquo;s indigenous <strong>Covid-19 vaccine</strong> which is currently <strong>undergoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Phase 3 clinical trials.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Working:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>&ldquo;recombinant protein sub-unit&rdquo;</strong> vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It means it is made up of a <strong>specific part of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - the <strong>spike protein</strong> on the virus&rsquo;s surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>spike protein allows the virus</strong> to enter the cells in the body so that it can replicate and cause disease.</li>
<li>However, when this <strong>protein alone is given to the body,</strong> it is not expected to be harmful as the rest of the virus is absent.</li>
<li>The body is expected to <strong>develop an immune response</strong> against the injected spike protein.</li>
<li>Therefore, when the real virus attempts to infect the body, it will already have an immune response ready that will make it unlikely for the person to fall severely ill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Corbevax and Other Covid-19 Vaccines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are either <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hgco19-mrna-vaccine-candidate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mRNA vaccines</strong></a> (Pfizer and Moderna), <strong>viral vector vaccines</strong> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sputnik-v-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sputnik V</strong></a>) or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inactivated vaccines</strong></a> (<strong>Covaxin</strong>, Sinovac-CoronaVac and Sinopharm&rsquo;s Vero Cell).</li>
<li><strong>Viral vector and mRNA</strong> vaccines <strong>use a code to induce our cells</strong> to make the spike proteins against which the body has to build immunity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the case of Corbevax, protein itself is given.</li>
<li><strong>mRNA vaccines</strong> work by using messenger RNA (mRNA), which is the molecule that essentially puts DNA instructions into action. Inside a cell, mRNA is used as a template to build a protein.</li>
<li><strong>Viral vector vaccines</strong> use a modified version of a different virus (the vector) to deliver important instructions to our cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccines include killed particles of the whole SARS-CoV-2 virus,</strong> attempting to target the entire structure of the virus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Corbevax, like the mRNA and viral vector Covid-19 vaccines, targets only the spike protein, but in a different way.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Types of Vaccine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live-attenuated Vaccines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Live vaccines use a <strong>weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.</li>
<li>Because these vaccines are so <strong>similar to the natural infection</strong> that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li>The limitation of this approach is that these vaccines usually <strong>cannot be given to people with weakened immune systems.</strong></li>
<li>Live vaccines are used against: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-impact-on-measles-immunization-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a>, <strong>mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Rotavirus, Smallpox</strong> among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate Vaccines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They<strong> use specific pieces of the germ -</strong> like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ). They give a very strong immune response.</li>
<li>They can also be used on people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems.</li>
<li>These vaccines are used to protect against: <strong>Hib</strong> (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hepatitis-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hepatitis B</strong></a>, <strong>HPV (Human papillomavirus),</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pneumococcal disease</strong></a> among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Toxoid Vaccines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Toxoid vaccines <strong>use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease.</strong> Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:<strong> Diphtheria, Tetanus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/corbevax-vaccine-biological-e-india-7344928/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8502,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Disinfection System Vajra Kavach',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Vajra Kavach</strong> is a simple disinfection process that enables Corona Warriors to <strong>reuse their masks and PPEs.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The technology has been developed under the <strong>NIDHI-PRAYAS</strong> program initiated by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/science-technology-and-innovation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622549004_Images5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622549004_Images5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Vajra Kavach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vajra Kavach&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ultraviolet-light-and-viruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UV (Ultra Violet)</strong></a> disinfection system<strong> removes any possible traces of the disease-causing SARS-Cov-2 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Covid-19)</a> virus</strong> from<strong> Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), N95 masks, coats, gloves and gowns.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>enables reuse</strong> of PPEs and other materials used by healthcare workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It thus protects not only them, but our environment too, by<strong> helping reduce biomedical waste generation.</strong> It is also making personal protective equipment more available, affordable, and accessible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIDHI-PRAYAS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NIDHI-PRAYAS is<strong> National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovation PRomoting and Accelerating Young and aspiring Innovators &amp; startups.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology</strong> has launched a<strong> NIDHI</strong> program under which programmes for setting up of <strong>incubators, seed fund, accelerators</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Proof of concept&rsquo; grants</strong> for innovators and entrepreneurs have been launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under<strong> NIDHI, PRAYAS</strong> programme has been initiated in which established <strong>Technology Business Incubators (TBI)</strong> are supported with <strong>PRAYAS grant</strong> to support innovators and entrepreneurs with grants for<strong> &lsquo;Proof of Concept (PoC)&rsquo;</strong> and developing prototypes.</li>
<li><strong>PoC</strong> is evidence that a business idea works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A maximum grant of<strong> Rs. 220 lakh</strong> is given to a<strong> TBI</strong> for establishing a <strong>PRAYAS Centre</strong> which includes <strong>Rs.100 lakh for PRAYAS SHALA, Rs. 20 lakh</strong> for operational cost of <strong>PRAYAS Centre</strong> and maximum of <strong>Rs. 10 lakh</strong> to one innovator for developing prototype. Funding for ten innovators is given to the TBI in a year.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable translation of an innovative idea to a prototype.</li>
<li>To provide a platform for faster experimentation and modify approaches in the idea to market journey.</li>
<li>To generate innovative solutions relevant to local and global problems.</li>
<li>To attract a large number of youth who demonstrate problem solving zeal and abilities.</li>
<li>To work on their new technology/knowledge/innovation based startups.</li>
<li>To enhance the pipeline in terms of quality and quantity of innovative startups to the incubators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723073" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8501,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Social Media- New Rules & Implications',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CvgPrnwtMmg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of India announced the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-05-2021#8466" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New IT Rules</strong></a> for social media platforms in the <strong>'Significant Social Media Intermediaries (SSMIs)' category.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New IT Rules, 2021:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government notified the &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-it-rules-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021</strong></a>&rsquo; in February 2021 and provided a <strong>three-month compliance window.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rules came in after a huge demand by people with regard to the harassment and other unlawful activities that take place on the social media platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> The rules are aimed at substantially <strong>empowering the ordinary users of digital platforms</strong> by seeking redressal for their grievances and commanding accountability in case of infringement of their rights.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The guidelines are framed to ensure social media remains a source of healthy information.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> The New IT Rules pertain to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/over-the-top-platform-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OTT platforms</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/society-and-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social media</strong></a> as well as <strong>digital news media organisations.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, digital news media organisations are already bound by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/press-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Press Council of India</strong></a><strong>&rsquo;s code of ethics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Supreme Court Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The genesis of these rules lies in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-it-rules-issued-by-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong> Prajwala case v/s union of India</strong></em></a>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> ordered the government to<strong> frame the necessary guidelines/Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)</strong> and implement them to &ldquo;eliminate child pornography, rape and gang rape imagery, videos, and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In <strong><em>Tehseen S. Poonawalla</em></strong>, 2018 case, the SC gave the government full freedom to stop/curb dissemination of &ldquo;irresponsible and explosive messages on various social media platforms, which have a tendency to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>An Overview of the Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Classification of Social Media Intermediaries:</strong> The guidelines call upon the categories of social media intermediaries:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Regular Social Media Intermediaries (RSMIs)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significant Social Media Intermediaries (SSMIs)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SSMIs are the intermediaries having more than 5 million (or 50 lakh users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Officers:</strong> The SSMIs are required to appoint following officers, all of whom shall be the residents of India:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> Chief Compliance Officer</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>Nodal Contact Officer</strong> who should be available 24*7</li>
<li>A <strong>Resident Grievance Officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong> The guidelines ask the social media platforms to have a grievance redressal mechanism so that any content shared violates the public order or is not regulatory, a complaint regarding the same can be lodged to the Grievance Redressal Officer.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The officer will be required to acknowledge the complaint within 24 hours and resolve it within 15 days.</li>
<li>In the cases specifically related to crime against women, the obligation is to resolve the complaint within 24 hours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monthly Reports:</strong> The SSMIs are also required to publish a monthly report mentioning the number of complaints received and the actions taken in response.</li>
<li><strong>Verification:</strong> Social media platforms are also required to have a voluntary verification mechanism like Twitter offers a blue-tick mechanism for verified users.</li>
<li><strong>Identifying Originators of Messages:</strong> The new rules make it mandatory for platforms such as WhatsApp, Signal and Telegram to aid in identifying &ldquo;originators&rdquo; of &ldquo;unlawful&rdquo; messages, while also requiring social media networks to take down such messages within a specific time frame.</li>
<li><strong>Non-compliance of these laws</strong> can result for the SSMIs in losing the &lsquo;safe harbour&rsquo; protection offered under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Section%2079%20of%20the%20IT,his%20capacity%20as%20an%20intermediary." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Section 79 of the IT Act.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It grants protection against liability (civil as well as criminal) for content posted on the social media platform by third party users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Fundamental Rights:</strong> Traceability of content is the very opposite of end-to-end encryption.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traceability of content originator and content infringes upon the users&rsquo; fundamental <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,decision%20of%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20v.&amp;text=The%20right%20to%20privacy%20is%20protected%20as%20an%20intrinsic%20part,Part%20III%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rights to privacy</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The rules place fetters upon the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-dissent#:~:text=Significance%20of%20Right%20to%20Dissent,assemble%20peaceably%20and%20without%20arms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> freedom of speech</strong></a> by fixing the Government as the ultimate adjudicator of objectionable speech online.</li>
<li>These guidelines also undermine the <strong>principles of an open and accessible Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules Introduced Without Proper Legislation:</strong> There has been criticism about bringing in a plethora of new rules that ought to be normally triggered only via legislative action.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These new rules are not based on any parliamentary approval and have been &ldquo;arbitrarily made&rdquo; using<strong> Section 79 of the IT Act.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there was not much public consultation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for the Intermediaries:</strong> These rules lead to an erosion of the &lsquo;safe harbour&rsquo; protection given to intermediaries under Section 79 of the IT Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the rules at all levels, require more expenses and labour on the part of the platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Depriving of Fair Recourse:</strong> An intermediary is now supposed to take down content within 36 hours upon receiving orders from the Government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This deprives the intermediary of a fair recourse in the event that it disagrees with the Government&rsquo;s order due to a strict timeline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Absence of Data Protection Law:</strong> In a country where the citizens still do not have a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/data-protection-regime#:~:text=Large%20Vacuum%20for%20Data%20Protection,large%20amounts%20of%20personal%20data." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Protection Law</strong></a> to guard themselves against excesses committed by any party, such rules can do more harm than good.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Putting Accountability in Place:</strong> The social media platforms do not consider themselves liable if any objectionable content is shared. However, they often edit, promote and block content on their platforms.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering the fact that some platforms even have about 50 crore Indian users and have their reach even in hinterlands.</li>
<li>The guidelines, seeing from a positive aspect, will help in holding these platforms accountable for ensuring the prevention of any crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Protection Law:</strong> In order to secure the right of privacy of the citizens and for making the IT rules serve their ultimate purpose, there is a need to expedite the passing of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Deliberating with Stakeholders:</strong> There are indeed many problems with the new rules, but the major issue was that these were introduced without much public consultation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The solution to ongoing criticism about these rules is to start afresh with the publication of a white paper.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The guidelines, ultimately, are about the end users of social media platforms, the growth of the latter depends upon the former.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring the interests of the end users must be the priority and rules and regulations must not be formed in any way that violates their basic rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, there is a strong need to have a law &amp; order in place to curb the falsehoods of the information but also ensure that the privacy of the citizens is not compromised.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8500,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'AmbiTAG',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Punjab has developed a <strong>first-of-its-kind <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IoT (Internet of Things)</a> device &ndash; AmbiTag</strong> that records<strong> real-time ambient temperature</strong> during the <strong>transportation of perishable products, vaccines</strong> and even <strong>body organs and blood.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device has been developed under <strong>Technology Innovation Hub &ndash; AWaDH (Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub)</strong> and it's Startup <strong>ScratchNest.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AWaDH</strong> is a research center at <strong>IIT Ropar</strong> established with support from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accelerate-vigyan-scheme-serb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)</strong> </a>to carry out extensive research in the <strong>field of agriculture and water.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About AmbiTAG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>shaped as a USB (Universal Serial Bus) device.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>India's first indigenous</strong> temperature data logger for<strong> cold chain management.</strong></li>
<li>It continuously records the temperature of its immediate surroundings<strong> from -40 to +80 degrees in any time zone for a full 90 days</strong> on <strong>a single charge.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the similar devices available in the international market record data only for a duration of 30- 60 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>generates an alert</strong> when the temperature goes <strong>beyond a pre-set limit.</strong></li>
<li>The recorded data can be retrieved by <strong>connecting the USB</strong> with any computer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides <strong>perishable items</strong> including <strong>vegetables, meat and dairy products,</strong> it can also monitor the temperature of<strong> animal semen</strong> during transit.</li>
<li>The device will be made available to all companies involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> vaccine transportation from production facilities to the last mile vaccination centers in the country.</li>
<li>It is a push towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>as such devices are being imported by India in a massive quantity from other countries such as <strong>Singapore, Hong Kong, Ireland, and China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723127" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8489,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Launching Baby Squids and Tardigrades into Space',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NASA</strong> </a>will send <strong>baby squids</strong> and<strong> tardigrades (also called water bears)</strong> to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crew-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Space Station</strong></a> for conducting various scientific studies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Study:</strong> These animals are part of<strong> two separate scientific studies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Behavior of Tardigrades (water bears) in a spaceflight environment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tardigrades" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tardigrades</strong> </a><strong>can adapt to extreme conditions on Earth,</strong> including high pressure, temperature and radiation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of microgravity conditions</strong> on the relationship between bobtail squids and beneficial microbes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The squids are a part of the<strong> UMAMI (Understanding of Microgravity on Animal-Microbe Interactions) study</strong> which examines the effects of spaceflight on interactions between beneficial microbes and their animal hosts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Host-microbe Relationship:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>On Earth,</strong> it will help to find ways to <strong>protect and even enhance the complex relationship between animals and beneficial microbes,</strong> ensuring better human health and well being.</li>
<li><strong>In space,</strong> the findings will help space agencies <strong>develop better measures to protect astronauts from adverse host-microbe alterations</strong> on long-duration missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Longer Spacefights: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The study on Tardigrades</strong> will allow researchers to study their hardiness close up, and possibly identify the genes that allow them to become so resilient. This will help in safer and longer spaceflights.</li>
<li><strong>Similarly, a recent research in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/alternative-anti-cancer-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> zebrafish</a></strong> has demonstrated how<strong> induced hibernation (torpor)</strong> may protect humans from the elements of space, especially radiation, during space flight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Space Station</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ISS is a <strong>habitable artificial satellite -</strong> the single largest man-made structure in low earth orbit. Its first component was launched into orbit in 1998.</li>
<li>It circles the Earth in roughly 92 minutes and completes 15.5 orbits per day.</li>
<li>The ISS programme is a <strong>joint project between five participating space agencies:</strong> NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada) but its ownership and use has been established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.</li>
<li>It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.</li>
<li>Continuous presence at ISS has resulted in the longest continuous human presence in low earth orbit.</li>
<li>It is <strong>expected to operate until 2030.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, China <strong>launched an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-permanent-space-station" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unmanned module of its permanent space station</a></strong> that it plans to complete by the end of 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The module, named<strong> "Tianhe", or "Harmony of the Heavens",</strong> was launched on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/long-march-5b-rocket-by-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Long March 5B</strong></a>, China's largest carrier rocket.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also set its eye on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-set-up-its-own-space-station" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>building its own space station</strong></a> in<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> low earth orbit</strong></a> to conduct microgravity experiments in space in 5 to 7 years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-nasa-is-sending-water-bears-and-baby-squid-to-the-international-space-station-7337170/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8466,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Traceability Provision in New IT Rules 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, messaging platform WhatsApp has moved the Delhi High Court to challenge the <strong>traceability provision</strong> in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-it-rules-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New IT Rules 2021</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) had sent a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-protection-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>notice to WhatsApp asking it to withdraw a controversial update to its privacy policy</strong></a> which might be a threat to Data Protection of Indians.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Traceability Provision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>requires intermediaries to enable identification of the first originator</strong> of information on their platforms.</li>
<li>Rule 4(2) of the Intermediary Rules states that <strong>a significant social media intermediary</strong> providing services primarily in the nature of <strong>messaging shall enable the identification of the first originator of the information</strong> on its computer resource <strong>as may be required by a judicial order or an order passed by a competent authority under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Information and Technology (IT) Act 2000</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Failure to comply with this requirement would <strong>take away the indemnity</strong> provided to social media intermediaries under<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Section%2079%20of%20the%20IT,his%20capacity%20as%20an%20intermediary." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Section 79 of the IT Act</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Raised:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Infringes Rights to privacy and freedom of speech:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This breaks end-to-end encryption and impermissibly infringes upon users&rsquo; fundamental <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,decision%20of%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20v.&amp;text=The%20right%20to%20privacy%20is%20protected%20as%20an%20intrinsic%20part,Part%20III%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rights to privacy</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-dissent#:~:text=Significance%20of%20Right%20to%20Dissent,assemble%20peaceably%20and%20without%20arms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Freedom of speech</strong></a>.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/access-to-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 19(1)(a)</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution guarantees the <strong>freedom of speech and expression.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty</strong> under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1#:~:text=Protection%20of%20Life%20and%20Personal,both%20citizens%20and%20non%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 21</strong></a> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Context,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Puttaswamy Judgement 2017)</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>States throughout the world have recognised</strong> the &ldquo;important benefits&rdquo; of <strong>end-to-end encryption</strong> and the dangers of undermining that security protocol.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discourages Free Expression:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Freedom of Speech and Right to Privacy <strong>encourages users to express their ideas and opinions, report unlawful activities</strong>, and <strong>challenge popular views without fear of reprisal</strong>, whereas enabling the identification of the first originator of information in India subverts privacy and <strong>discourages free expression of views.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Will Curb Freedom of Media:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such a requirement would <strong>put journalists at risk of retaliation for investigating issues that may be unpopular, civil or</strong> for discussing certain rights and criticizing or advocating for politicians or policies.</li>
<li><strong>Clients and attorneys</strong> who could become reluctant to share confidential information for fear that the privacy and security of their communications are <strong>no longer ensured.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traceability not Effective in Finding Originator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Traceability would not be effective in finding the originator of a particular message because <strong>people commonly see content on websites or social media platforms and then copy and paste them into chats.</strong></li>
<li>It would also be <strong>impossible to understand the context</strong> of how it was originally shared.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 79 of the IT Act 2000</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It says any <strong>intermediary shall not be held legally</strong> <strong>or otherwise liable for any third party information, data, or communication link</strong> made available or hosted on its platform. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Third party information</strong> means any information dealt with by a network service provider in his capacity as an intermediary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This <strong>protection shall be applicable if the said intermediary does not</strong> in any way <strong>initiate the transmission</strong> of the message in question, <strong>select the receiver of the transmitted message</strong> and <strong>does not modify any information</strong> contained in the transmission.</li>
<li>It is <strong>not granted if the intermediary, despite being informed or notified by the government or its agencies, does not immediately disable access</strong> to the material under question.</li>
<li>The intermediary <strong>must not tamper with any evidence of these messages or content</strong> present on its platform, failing which it loses its protection under the Act.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>End-to-End Encryption vs Traceability</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>End-to-end encryption was <strong>designed to help ensure that nobody other than the person you are talking to can know that you sent a particular message.</strong> This is the exact opposite of traceability, which would reveal who sent what to whom.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>End-to-end encryption</strong> is a system of communication where only the communicating users can read the messages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Traceability would force private companies to collect and store who-said-what and who-shared-what for billions of messages sent each day.</strong> This will require platforms to collect more data than they need, solely for the purpose of turning it over to law enforcement agencies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/tracing-messages-will-violate-privacy-chill-free-speech-whatsapp-7331846/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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