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South-Asian Speaker’s Summit

Recently, the 4th South-Asian Speaker’s Summit on achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concluded in Male, Maldives. India had a...

03 Sep 2019 Global Groupings
G7 Summit

The three days G7 summit was concluded on August 26, 2019, at Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. Although no joint communique was issued at the...

02 Sep 2019 Global Groupings
UNSC on Persecution of Minorities

China and Pakistan were targeted at Arria-Formula Meeting of the United Nation Security Council for their persecution of religious...

24 Aug 2019 Global Groupings
India as Non-Permanent Member of UNSC

This article is based on editorial “At the UNSC, a three-point agenda” that appeared in The Hindu on 17 July 2019. It talks about...

18 Jul 2019 Global Groupings
Significance of G-20 amidst a Geo-Economic Flux

This article is based on the editorial “Two and twenty at Osaka” that appeared in Indian Express on 28th June 2019. It talks about the...

28 Jun 2019 Global Groupings
India’s Non-permanent Seat at the UNSC

All the countries in the Asia-Pacific Group at the United Nations have unanimously supported India for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security...

27 Jun 2019 Global Groupings
G20 Ministerial Meeting

The G20 trade ministerial summit on Trade and Digital Economy was concluded on 9th June at Tsukuba, near Tokyo in Japan. The meeting focused on...

10 Jun 2019 Global Groupings
Global Trade War: The Apology of Protectionism

This editorial is based on the article "Seven likely outcomes of the US-China trade war" which appeared in "Livemint" on 16th May, 2019. The article...

16 May 2019 Global Groupings
Masood Azhar Listed as a Global Terrorist

Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) chief Masood Azhar was listed as a designated global terrorist by the UN Security Council 1267 Committee on 2nd May ’19....

02 May 2019 Global Groupings
An Opening in Abu Dhabi

(The editorial is based on the article “An opening in Abu Dhabi” which appeared in the Indian Express for 1st March 2019. In this...

01 Mar 2019 Global Groupings
India-Asean Expo and Summit

Recently the Minister of Commerce & Industry inaugurated the 4th India-ASEAN Expo and Summit 2019 in New Delhi. It is organised by the...

22 Feb 2019 Global Groupings
India Central Asia Relations

Why in News? Recently India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) participated in first India-Central Asia Dialogue in Samarkand, Republic of...

11 Feb 2019 Global Groupings
India Central Asia Relations

...

11 Feb 2019 Global Groupings
UNCTAD Report on Trade Wars

Recently the UN body has released a report on trade wars titled "Trade Wars: The Pain and the Gain". This dispute between China and the United...

06 Feb 2019 Global Groupings
Stormy Weather Awaits India in 2019

(The editorial is based on the article “Stormy weather awaits India in 2019” which appeared in The Hindu for 31st January 2019. In this...

02 Feb 2019 Global Groupings
E-comm Talks: India Must Stand Firm

(The editorial is based on the article “E-comm talks: India must stand firm” which appeared in Businessline for 26th January 2019. In...

30 Jan 2019 Global Groupings
G20

Why in News? Meeting of the Leaders’ of the G-20 Nations, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. What is G20? The G20 is an informal group...

15 Jan 2019 Global Groupings
Seabed 2030: Mapping of Seafloor

The U.N.-backed project, called Seabed 2030, is working to pool data to create a map of the entire ocean floor by 2030. The map will be freely...

07 Dec 2018 Global Groupings
Brexit Deal: What Lies Ahead?

After months of negotiation, the United Kingdom(UK) and European Union(EU) have come up with a draft withdrawal agreement. To buy more time, both...

27 Nov 2018 Global Groupings
World’s First Online Climate Summit

World leaders are set to participate in an innovative climate change summit that will take place entirely online which makes it a carbon neutral...

22 Nov 2018 Global Groupings

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		'title' => 'South-Asian Speaker’s Summit',
		'description' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> South-Asian Speaker&rsquo;s Summit</strong> on achieving <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) concluded in Male, Maldives.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India had a heated discussion during the summit over the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kashmir</strong></a> issue with Pakistan, where India rejected the politicization of the forum by raising internal issues of a particular country.</li>
<li>The joint statement released by the leaders in Male unanimously supported India&rsquo;s bid regarding Kashmir, &amp; claimed it to be an internal matter of India, overlooking Pakistan&rsquo;s claims.</li>
<li>In the summit, the Indian delegation was led by the Speaker of Lok Sabha.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teenage-pregnancy-and-stunted-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)</strong></a> also participated in the summit in order to achieve SDGs 2 &amp; 3 targets: <strong>Nutrition and food security as drivers of maternal, child and adolescent health in the Asia-Pacific region.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>About Summit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Summit is intended for Speakers of the Parliaments of <strong>Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.</strong></li>
<li>Parliaments play a key role in ensuring a sustainable future for current and future generations- given their legislative oversight, &amp; representative and budgetary functions.</li>
<li>This forum allows Speakers of various Parliaments to continue to develop dialogue and parliamentary cooperation on achieving the SDGs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/south-asian-speakers-summit-overlooks-pakistan-claims-on-kashmir-maldives-5959620/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3022,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G7 Summit',
		'description' => '<p>The three days G7 summit was concluded on August 26, 2019, at Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although <strong>no joint communique</strong> was issued at the end of the summit, the French President released a statement stating that the seven industrialized nations were committed to open and fair world trade, and global economic stability.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Discussion on forest fires in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amazon rainforests</strong></a>. G7 countries pledged $20 million help to fight fires in the Amazon rainforests.</li>
<li>US trade conflicts with France over <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-protection-law-in-the-united-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GAFA tax</strong></a> &amp; other related issues, Iran over the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-reimposes-sanctions-on-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</strong></a>, US-China <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/trade-war-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>trade wars.</strong></a></li>
<li>G7 leaders backed the existence and importance of the <strong>Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984</strong> on Hong Kong and called for violence to be avoided.</li>
<li>The United States of America offered a better deal after UK&rsquo;s <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brexit.</strong></a></li>
<li>There was a call for <strong>reinstating Russia</strong> back into the group. Russia was removed from the group after it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elections-in-ukraine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>annexed Crimea in 2014.</strong></a> But the consensus for the same was not achieved.</li>
<li>As a reflection of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-france-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strong bilateral relations between India &amp; France</strong></a>, a <strong>special invitation</strong> was sent to India to become a part of this summit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On the sidelines of this summit, India highlighted its large-scale efforts to address various environmental issues like, reducing biodiversity, climate change, water stress &amp; ocean pollution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India highlighted the steps taken in this regard which include, vow to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/plastic-ban-incentivise-options-for-single-use-plastic-to-make-a-national-ban-possible" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eliminate single-use plastic</strong></a>, harnessing solar energy, saving water, and protecting flora and fauna.</li>
<li>On a session on <strong>Digital transformation</strong> at G7 Summit, Indian PM remarked, &ldquo;India&rsquo;s usage of technology for enhanced &amp; innovative digital payment initiatives.&rdquo; India is putting enormous efforts in leveraging digital technology to fight social inequalities through empowerment and inclusion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indian Prime Minister also had a brief discussion with the US President over the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kashmir</strong> </a>issue, reiterating that,<em> &lsquo;it is an internal matter of India &amp; any related issues on it will be resolved bilaterally with Pakistan&rsquo;.</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The need for a dedicated multilateral <strong>Green Bank was</strong> demanded. The purpose of this bank would solely be to finance the projects supporting renewable energies and mitigating environmental challenges. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This bank will complement and collaborate with other existing multilateral- regional &amp; national institutions in co-financing the projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G7</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Group of Seven (G7) is a forum of the <strong>world's seven largest developed economies</strong> whose government leaders <strong>meet annually</strong> to discuss international economic and monetary issues.</li>
<li>The G-7 has its roots in an <strong>informal meeting of the finance ministers</strong> of France, West Germany, the U.S, Great Britain, and Japan (the <strong>Group of Five</strong>) in the wake of the <strong>1973 oil crisis.</strong> That, in turn, inspired the French President to invite the leaders of those countries, and <strong>Italy,</strong> to Rambouillet in 1975 for further discussions on global oil.</li>
<li>The next year, <strong>Canada</strong> was also invited to join the group and the first meeting with all <strong>G-7 nations was hosted by the United States which was held in Puerto Rico in 1976.</strong></li>
<li>Summits are held annually and hosted on a rotation basis by the group's members.</li>
<li>The 2018 summit was hosted by Canada in Quebec from June 8-9.</li>
<li>The 45th G7 summit was hosted by France from August 24-26, 2019, in Biarritz in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Members</strong></p>
<p>The G7 members are recognized as the seven <strong>wealthiest</strong> and <strong>most advanced</strong> nations in the world. The members are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France,</li>
<li>Germany,</li>
<li>The United Kingdom,</li>
<li>Italy,</li>
<li>The United States of America,</li>
<li>Canada,</li>
<li>Japan</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> is sometimes considered an eighth member of the G-7, since it holds all the rights and responsibilities of full members except to chair or host the meeting.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Expansion to G-8 (the Group of Eight)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G-7 responded as the global economy evolved. In 1991, the Soviet Union pledged to create an economy with freer markets and held its first direct presidential election.</li>
<li>Following the 1994 G7 meeting in Naples, Russian President held meetings with G-7 member countries, in what became known as the P-8 <strong>(Political 8).</strong></li>
<li>In 1998, after urging from leaders including U.S. President, Russia was added to the G-7 group as a full-time member, creating a formal G-8.</li>
<li>However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from the group after the annexation of Crimea and tensions in Ukraine.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Purpose</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The major purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and deliberate on <strong>international economic issues.</strong> It sometimes acts in concert to help resolve other global problems, with a special focus on economic issues.</li>
<li>G7 fills out numerous global top lists:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Leading export countries,</li>
<li>Largest gold reserves,</li>
<li>Largest nuclear energy producers,</li>
<li>Top contributors to the UN budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/message-delivered/article29282081.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2942,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UNSC on Persecution of Minorities',
		'description' => '<p>China and Pakistan were targeted at <strong>Arria-Formula Meeting</strong> of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation Security Council</strong></a> for their persecution of religious minorities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many members of religious groups in China &mdash; including ethnic Uighur, Kazakhs and other Muslims, Tibetan Buddhists, Catholics, Protestants and Falun Gong &mdash; face severe persecution and repression.</li>
<li>In Pakistan, religious minorities like Christians, Hindu, Ahmadiyas and other ethinic groups continue to suffer from persecution, either at the hands of non-state actors or through discriminatory laws and practices.</li>
<li>Arria-Formula Meeting on<strong> 'Advancing the Safety and Security of Persons Belonging to Religious Minorities in Armed Conflict'</strong> was organised by Poland.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was organised to mark the <strong>first International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Arria Formula is an <strong>informal arrangement</strong> that allows the Security Council greater flexibility to be briefed about international peace and security issues. It has been used frequently and assumed growing importance since it was first implemented in March, 1992.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The General Assembly designated 22 August as<strong> &ldquo;International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief&rdquo;</strong> recognizing the importance of providing victims of acts of violence based on religion or belief and members of their families with appropriate support and assistance in accordance with applicable law.</li>
<li>The Day comes right after the <strong>&ldquo;International Day of Remembrance and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism&rdquo;,</strong> 21 August</li>
<li>Freedom of religion or belief, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to peaceful assembly and the right to freedom of association are interdependent, interrelated and mutually reinforcing. They are enshrined in <strong>Articles 18, 19 and 20</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights.</strong></a> Upholding these rights plays an important role in the fight against all forms of intolerance and of discrimination based on religion or belief.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-pakistan-targeted-on-persecution-of-religious-minorities-at-unsc-meet/article29229926.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2548,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'India as Non-Permanent Member of UNSC',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/at-the-unsc-a-three-point-agenda/article28524130.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;At the UNSC, a three-point agenda&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 17 July 2019. It talks about India&rsquo;s role as non permanent member of UNSC for establishing global order.</p>
</div>
<p>India has won the unanimous support of all countries in the 55-member Asia-Pacific Group for its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. India's inclusion as a non-permanent seat on the UNSC for eighth time should help build a stable and secure world order that recently has been in a turmoil.</p>
<h3>What is the status of the current world order?</h3>
<p>Henry Kissinger in his latest work, <em>World Order,</em> held that the world is in a greater state of disorder than at any time since the end of World War II.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the middle of chaos in both West and East Asia, India finds itself sandwiched in this troubled region.</li>
<li>Both the regions are suffering from insurgencies, terrorism, human and narcotics trafficking, and great power rivalries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>West Asia:</strong> US vs Iran, Israel vs Palestine, Syrian civil war, Resurgence of Taliban in Afghanistan and US withdrawal of forces, surviving and dispersed ISIS poses a bigger threat.</li>
<li><strong>East Asia:</strong> US-China Trade war, the nuclear and missile tests by North Korea.</li>
<li><strong>In South Asia</strong> itself, there lies strategic mistrust or misperception, unresolved borders and territorial disputes: India and China, India-Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The values on which Liberal world order was based, free trade and globalisation, are being crushed by the western world: <strong>Anti-globalisation wave</strong> (America first policy, Brexit). <strong>Due to this fear, populism, polarization, and ultra-nationalism have become the basis of international world order today.</strong></li>
<li>In this context, India's inclusion into UNSC as non- permanent member will promote its prosperity, regional and global security and growth, and rule-based world order. It could emerge as a partner of choice for developing and developed countries alike.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India and UNSC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has already held a non-permanent seat at the UNSC for seven terms: 1950-1951, 1967-1968, 1972-1973, 1977-1978, 1984-1985, 1991-1992 and 2011-2012.</li>
<li>India needs vote of two-thirds of the 193 UN General Assembly members to win a non-permanent seat on the UNSC.</li>
<li>It is to re-enter the Council after a gap of 10 years.</li>
<li>India is one of the founding members of UNSC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India as the Non Permanent Member of UNSC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Contribution:</strong> India will have to increase its financial contribution in United Nation Security Council, as its share of United Nation&rsquo;s expenses are lower than many of the P-5 (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even Germany and Japan&rsquo;s contribution is many times more than India.</li>
<li>Although India has been a leading provider of peacekeepers, its financial contribution to United Nation peacekeeping operations is abysmally low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Leadership:</strong> In the absence of international leadership on global issues, like security, migrant movement, poverty, and climate change, India has an opportunity to promote well-balanced, common solutions.</li>
<li><strong>Global Order:</strong> Fragile and complex international system in terms of nativism, protectionism, insurgencies and mass migration can become even more <strong>unpredictable and conflictual</strong> in future so India should work towards a rule based global order that can promote the <strong>sustainable development</strong> and ensure the welfare of people instead of inclining towards the council&rsquo;s principles of humanitarian interventionism or &lsquo;responsibility to protect&rsquo; that promotes aggression and conflict like situation.</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Builder:</strong> India should act as a consensus builder and must lead the decisions and policies at council by having good relations with all the great powers, and by pursuing the principles of inclusion, the rule of law, constitutionalism, and rational internationalism at UNSC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As harmonised and collective response at UNSC could help in dealing with global problems of <strong>climate change, disarmament, terrorism, trade, and development</strong>.</li>
<li>For instance India should take the lead in activating the <strong>UNSC&rsquo;s Military Staff Committee</strong>&nbsp;(which was never set into motion following the UN&rsquo;s inception) without which UNSC&rsquo;s <strong>collective security</strong> and <strong>conflict-resolution roles</strong> will continue to remain limited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Finally, India cannot achieve the positive development at global stage with confidence in the absence of stable relations with its neighbours. Besides India&rsquo;s empowered position at international organizations like the UNSC, it must also play its crucial and democratic role in South Asia and its neighborhood. In order to become a great power, India must have a strong motive to embrace polycentrism.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #cdf3fa; border-color: #06788c; border-style: dashed; width: 0%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 961px;"><em><strong>Drishti input:</strong></em><br /><br />At Asia-Pacific Group India has won its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. Discuss India&rsquo;s role as UNSC non-permanent member for achieving the global order and stability.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 2342,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Significance of G-20 amidst a Geo-Economic Flux',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the editorial <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/two-and-twenty-at-osaka-g20-summit-india-china-us-japan-5803667/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Two and twenty at Osaka&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in Indian Express on 28th June 2019. It talks about the role that G-20 can play in the weak global economic scenario due to the US &lsquo;s America first policy and other events.</p>
</div>
<p>The economy has no borders-this was well certified when the subprime crisis that started from the USA spread to eurozone leading to eurozone crisis of 2008-09, which eventually culminated into the global financial meltdown of 2009. In the event of tackling this crisis, world leaders gathered in 2008 and reinvented&nbsp;<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G-20</a></strong> (Group of 20) forum.</p>
<p>Eleven years after its inception, the G-20 has emerged as an important forum of most of the world&rsquo;s systemically important economies. But once the global financial system stabilised, the G-20 summits lost steam and focus. Today's world is witnessing a global economic downturn. In this context, joint efforts by major economies should be made to help maintain global growth amid rising uncertainties and that should be the prime focus of G20 summit 2019 in Osaka, Japan.</p>
<h3>Why the global economy is witnessing a Geo-economic flux?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today the global economy is increasingly threatened by protectionism, heightening trade tensions worldwide rocking the foundation of the multilateral trading system.</li>
<li>The geo-political phenomenon like US-China trade war, American unilateralism in trade policy(America first policy) and China&rsquo;s opaque trade (Debt-trap diplomacy) and other economic policies have emerged as major threats to global economic growth and stability.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is America First policy?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>America First is the official foreign policy doctrine of the Trump administration</li>
<li>It refers to a foreign policy in the United States that emphasizes American nationalism and unilateralism.</li>
<li>In pursuance of America first policy, the US has waged a trade war on China and U.S. is increasingly undermining international trade law.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pillars of America first policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rebalance American trade relationships by supporting National Security.</li>
<li>Re-Negotiation of &ldquo;Outdated and Imbalanced&rdquo; Trade Agreements</li>
<li>Aggressive enforcement of U.S. Trade Law</li>
<li>Defending American interests at the WTO</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Debt Trap diplomacy?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Debt-trap diplomacy is a type of diplomacy based on debt carried out in the bilateral relations between countries.</li>
<li>It involves one creditor country intentionally extending excessive credit to another debtor country with the alleged intention of extracting economic or political concessions from the debtor country when it becomes unable to honour its debt obligations.</li>
<li>For example, China took Sri Lanka's Hambantota port on a 99-year lease, on account to Sri Lanka's failure to pay Chinese debt.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today uncertainty is not so much about integration but about disintegration. Multilateralism and free trade have come under pressure and moving towards isolationism and unilateralism which damages the G20 spirit.</li>
<li>This global economic downturn can be reflected in:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The latest World Trade Outlook Indicator reading of 96.3 remains at the weakest level since 2010, signalling continued falling trade growth in the first half of 2019, said the World Trade Organization (WTO).</li>
<li>According to a key UN report released earlier in June, global foreign direct investment (FDI) slid to 1.3 trillion dollars in 2018, in its third straight annual decline.</li>
<li>According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Economic prospects are now weaker in nearly all G20 countries than previously anticipated.</li>
<li>Besides, there are other major risks such as geopolitical tensions and climate crises. According to the World Bank, air pollution costs societies more than 5 trillion dollars every year</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>But there are many issues grappling G-20</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although many G20 economies have repeatedly called for coordination of economic policies over the past few years, the bloc is still divided on certain thorny issues, such as rising protectionism and climate change.</li>
<li>While the G20 has focused on trade policy issues since 2013, the G-20 has not been able to revive the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organisation</li>
<li>Everything from climate change to women&rsquo;s empowerment is now discussed at G-20 summits while the really important business gets done in bilaterals on the sidelines</li>
<li>G-20 meets in the midst of a crisis in world trade. It must not let US-China bilateral overshadow the summit. There is a fear that G-20 may remain focused on G-2(US and China).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Participating countries of the G20 summit should act positively to reach some agreement which would be beneficial to people across the world.</li>
<li>For this to happen, the world's two biggest economies, China and the United States should jointly play a leading role in pushing for positive outcomes at the G20 Osaka summit</li>
<li>Developing countries should take part in the effort to strengthen the role of the UN in world affairs and reform backbones institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the WTO</li>
<li>Japan, that is the host country, has laid down three key issues to be discussed at the Osaka Summit i.e. trade policy, environment and the digital economy. In this context it is important for G20 leaders to come up with more transparent rules, especially concerning trade tensions and the digital economy.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the post-war period, the multilateral system has delivered major economic and social progress. Globalization ushered in an unprecedented era of growth, lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Openness and partnership between countries played a critical part in this success.Thus, G 20 countries must act together to fight this anti-globalisation wave.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.172%;" height="67">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17px; border-style: none; background-color: #ff9e9e;">
<td style="width: 582.222px; height: 17px; background-color: #f1f5b5;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br />Discuss the role that global forums like G-20 can play in tackling the global economic downturn that has been caused by events like Trade war, America first policy etc.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 2323,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Non-permanent Seat at the UNSC',
		'description' => '<p>All the countries in the Asia-Pacific Group at the United Nations have unanimously supported India for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both Pakistan and China have supported India&rsquo;s candidature.</li>
<li>The Asia-Pacific Group consists of 55 members states, they get to nominate one of its members for the June 2020 elections to a non-permanent seat on the UNSC.</li>
<li>India has been a non-permanent member of the UNSC seven times, the most recent was for the year 2011-12.</li>
<li>Estonia, Niger, Tunisia, Vietnam and St. Vincent and the Grenadines were elected earlier this month.</li>
<li>India has been contending for permanent membership at the UNSC from many years and has been a part of G-4 grouping which is continuously lobbying for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNSC reforms.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>United Nation Security Council</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a>, including the Security Council. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It gives primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Security Council, which may meet whenever peace is threatened.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Permanent and Non-Permanent Members</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Council is composed of 15 Members:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Five permanent members: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.</li>
<li><strong>Ten non-permanent members</strong> elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with the end of term year):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Belgium (2020), C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire (2019), Dominican Republic (2020), Equatorial Guinea (2019), Germany (2020), Indonesia (2020), Kuwait (2019), Peru (2019), Poland (2019), South Africa (2020).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Selection of non-permanent members of the Security Council</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Each year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members (out of ten in total) for a two-year term. The ten non-permanent seats are distributed on a <strong>regional basis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>five for African and Asian countries;</li>
<li>one for Eastern European countries;</li>
<li>two for Latin American and Caribbean countries;</li>
<li>two for Western European and other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aspiring member needs the vote of two-thirds of the 193 UN General Assembly members to win a non-permanent seat on the UNSC.</li>
<li><strong>Article 23</strong> of the UN Charter concerns the composition of the Security Council.</li>
</ul>
<h3>United Nations Regional Groups</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Regional Groups are the geopolitical regional groups of member states of the United Nations. UN member states were unofficially grouped into <strong>five geopolitical regional groups.</strong></li>
<li>Many UN bodies are allocated on the basis of geographical representation. Top leadership positions, including <strong>Secretary-General and President of the General Assembly,</strong> are rotated among the regional groups.</li>
<li>The groups also coordinate substantive policy and form common fronts for negotiations and bloc voting.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 2150,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G20 Ministerial Meeting',
		'description' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> trade ministerial summit on Trade and Digital Economy was concluded on 9th June at Tsukuba, near Tokyo in Japan.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting focused on the ways to promote trade and cooperation among the G20 countries in order to harness the potential of the digital economy.</li>
<li>The G20 trade ministers' deliberations form part of the G20 summit leaders agenda in the formal discussions and will also be a part of the summit declaration.</li>
<li>Although there are no binding commitments in G20, it sets the agenda for multilateral trade relations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Raised by India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Greater participation of the medium and small scale enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries</strong> to boost the domestic as well as the global trade.</li>
<li><strong>Digital taxation:</strong> India has urged for the adoption of <strong>"significant economic presence"</strong> concept for taxing global digital companies.</li>
<li><strong>Fugitive economic offenders:</strong> It has asked for close cooperation among the G20 member nations to deal with fugitive economic offenders who flee their countries to escape the consequences of the law.</li>
<li><strong>Non-compliant tax:</strong> Also pitched for development of a <strong>common defensive toolkit</strong> of measures to deal with non-compliant tax jurisdictions that refuse to share tax-related information. The G20/Global Forum should further expand the network of <strong>automatic exchange of financial account information (AEOI)</strong>, by identifying jurisdictions, including developing countries and financial centres that are relevant but have not yet committed to any timeline</li>
</ul>
<h3>Digital Taxation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Internet heavyweights like Google and Facebook take advantage of low-tax jurisdictions in places like Ireland and pay next to nothing in other countries where they make huge profits. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an urgency to fix the issue of determining the right nexus and profit allocation solution for taxing the profits made by digital economy companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The G20 has tasked the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development to fix the system of proper tax distribution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fugitive Economic Offenders</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-fugitive-economic-offenders-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fugitive economic offender</a> is an individual who has committed some specified offence(s) involving an amount of 100 crore rupees or more and has absconded from India or refused to come back to India to avoid or face criminal prosecution in India.</li>
<li>A Fugitive Economic Offender is a person declared so by a 'Special Court' set up under the <strong>Prevention of Money-laundering Act (PMLA), 2002,</strong> against whom an arrest warrant has been issued in respect of any of the economic offences provided in the schedule to <a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-july-2018#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018</a> and who has left India so as to avoid criminal prosecution, or being abroad, refuses to return to India to face criminal prosecution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) provides for the exchange of non-resident financial account information with the tax authorities in the account holder's country of residence. It reduces the possibility of tax evasion.</li>
<li>AEOI will enable the discovery of formerly undetected tax evasion. It will enable governments to recover tax revenue lost to non-compliant taxpayers, and will further strengthen international efforts to increase transparency, cooperation, and accountability among financial institutions and tax administrations.</li>
<li>AEOI will generate secondary benefits by increasing voluntary disclosures of concealed assets and by encouraging taxpayers to report all relevant information.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1956,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Global Trade War: The Apology of Protectionism',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-seven-likely-outcomes-of-the-us-china-trade-war-1557830883697.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Seven likely outcomes of the US-China trade war"</a> which appeared in "Livemint" on 16<sup>th</sup> May, 2019. The article talks about implications of the global trade war.</p>
</div>
<p>With the collapse of trade talks, the US might soon charge a steep 25% import duty on almost all products from China, though a 25% tariff on the $325 billion of mostly consumer goods. It is yet to be imposed though.</p>
<p>The escalated tensions will affect more than just the trade with US which imports goods worth around $540 billion from China.</p>
<p>There are some likely outcomes of this phenomenon.</p>
<h3>Likely impact of the trade war on USA and the World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>On Manufacturing</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Labor charges are very high in USA, as such manufacturing will not return to USA.</strong></li>
<li>Though the USA leads in technology, but due to its earlier policy of outsourcing since 1975, China now leads in most high-tech industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On US based firms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Big US firms will now become vulnerable</strong> as many of these firms sell more items in China than at home.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Global value chain</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global value chains (GVCs) will get restructured.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Less demand from the US would mean China buying fewer components and sub-assembly units from Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Thailand.</li>
<li><strong>This will shrink trade and weaken the GVC model. India, with sizeable domestic consumption, may gain from this shift with appropriate incentives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour-intensive production could shift out of China</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The 25% tariff imposed by the US and rising wages in China will make the latter less competitive in manufacturing sectors.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A substantial part of production may shift to countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Bangladesh or India.</li>
<li>Most of the investment in these new plants may come from China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on other countries and multilateral institutions</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to threats of tariff, many countries are signing bilateral FTAs with USA.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If USA insists on &lsquo;no china deal policy&rsquo;, this could be the end of multilateralism.</li>
<li><strong>The US has withdrawn trade benefits for India under its Generalized System of Preferences; imposed tariffs on steel and aluminium and filed several cases against India at the World Trade Organization (WTO).</strong>
<ul>
<li>As of now, India has not retaliated, but in the long run it can pose a serious challenge for India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, USA is pushing for plurilateral deals on matters like e-commerce which are of interest to a few large US firms and this will weaken WTO to a significant extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing resentment against USA</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Position of the Dollar as world reserve currency can face a serious challenge.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, as of right now, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is facing a serious challenge from EU and others in the form of <strong>INSTEX &mdash; or "Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges" &mdash; by France, Germany, and the UK which will allow non-dollar trade with Iran</strong> and is being described as facilitating humanitarian goods-related transactions only, including food, medicine and medical equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reason for the trade war</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade Deficit</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>USA is suffering the world&rsquo;s largest trade deficit since 1975</strong> with deficit in goods and services amounting to $566 billion in 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The deficit with China alone amounted to 63%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Reasons</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trade war is just the economic aspect of this battle of hegemony</strong> between USA and China. There are finer, more subtle aspects of geopolitics and one-upmanship going on between the various world powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China, through its unfair technology transfer regime has acquired illegally vast troves of trade secrets.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>US Companies are often forced to partner with Chinese companies for establishing businesses in China and these Chinese partners after learning the technology emerge as competitors to the same US firms, resulting in huge financial losses for USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Made in China 2025</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Made in China 2025 was an official policy statement of China</strong> in which it aimed to transform itself into an advanced manufacturing powerhouse.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This was coupled with protectionist policies of China which were targeted on the US through the ongoing trade war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steel Sector</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Due to demand-supply constraints, China is not able to consume its own steel;</strong> <em>consequently it is dumping it in the international market</em>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Imposing 25% tariff by US on Chinese steel is an attempt to protect the domestic steel industry of US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lessons from history: how effective will be tariffs be in the realization of USA&rsquo;s goals?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For supporting the farmers who were impacted by the Dust Bowls, in June 1930, Smoot-Hawley raised the already high U.S. tariffs on foreign agricultural imports. It is known as the <strong>Smoot-Hawley Tariff War</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Rather than helping, it raised food prices for Americans who were already suffering from the Great Depression.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It also compelled other countries to retaliate with their own tariffs.</strong> That forced global trade down by 65%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Is a Smoot-Hawley effect possible this time?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exports today comprise 13 percent of U.S. GDP.</strong></li>
<li>The United States exports a lot of oil, commercial aircraft, food and automobiles.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are industries which will suffer a great deal from this trade war recreating the Smoot-Hawley effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Opportunities for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exports</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the Commerce Ministry, India can pump up its exports on at least 61 products.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of these products correspond to Agriculture (Soya, Grapes, Tobacco), Industrial products (Boilers) etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade Deficit</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>This trade war can help bring down India&rsquo;s trade deficit with China which has been a bone of contention between the two countries.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to the volatility in US, India&rsquo;s exports to China have been increasing.
<ul>
<li>The bilateral trade in 2017 rose by 18.63 per cent year-on-year to reach $84.44 billion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>With both US and China embroiled in a trade war and EU joining them too, India becomes the sole major emerging market economy which has skilled cheap labour, required infrastructure and positive demographic dividend for attracting the investment which is fleeing these markets due to lack of market-stability.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tourism</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trade war hurts tourism -</strong> Chinese air traffic to the US has been down by 42 per cent.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the Commerce Ministry, the trade war can help in attracting this share of tourists from China to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Closeness with China</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is attempting to woo India towards its side by giving concessions on tariffs by Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>For India, to take advantage of this Global Trade War, the following steps are needed:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inputs and Intermediate goods</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The trade between nations is nowadays dominated by inputs or intermediate goods through supply chains that are spread across the international borders. India has been unable to become active participant in these supply chains.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The recent surge in FDI in Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines points towards shift from China by American companies. India can benefit from this segment by providing the input or intermediate goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large Investment Projects</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India can attract large investment projects by having a comprehensive overlook at import tariffs, investment policy, ease of doing business and moving to a GST that encourages exports by zero rating them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skill development</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>China of today is no longer dependent solely on cheap labour for attracting business but more on the skilled component of its labour force which is not easily replaceable.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India therefore needs to work on its skill development, if it seeks to attract the investments that are fleeing or thinking to flee China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fcf4cf; border-color: #9e8100; border-style: dashed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em><br /><br />&ldquo;Multilateral and plurilateral institutions have outlived their utility, now is the time for bilateral institutions.&rdquo; Discuss this statement in the context of the global trade war.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1842,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Masood Azhar Listed as a Global Terrorist',
		'description' => '<p><strong>Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) chief Masood Azhar</strong> was listed as a designated global terrorist by the <strong>UN Security Council 1267 Committee</strong> on 2nd May &rsquo;19. Significantly, the reasons for listing did not mention the Pulwama attack of February 14, for which the JeM had claimed responsibility.</p>
<h3>Reasons for Sanctions against Azhar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>His support for the <strong>JeM</strong> since its founding.</li>
<li>Being associated with the <strong>Al-Qaeda</strong> by recruiting for them and participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating terror acts.</li>
<li>His role in recruiting fighters in <strong>Afghanistan. </strong></li>
<li>The terrorist organisation,<strong> Jaish-e-Mohammad,</strong> which was headed by Masood Azhar has itself been <strong>sanctioned by the 1267 Committee in 2001.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Previous Efforts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2009</strong>, India moved a proposal by itself to designate Azhar as a global terrorist.</li>
<li>In <strong>2016</strong> again, India moved the proposal with the <strong>P3 &ndash; the U.S., the U.K. and France</strong> in the UN's 1267 Sanctions Committee to ban Azhar, also the mastermind of the attack on the air base in Pathankot in January, 2016.</li>
<li>In <strong>2017</strong>, the P3 nations moved a similar proposal again. However, <strong>on all occasions China, a veto-wielding permanent member of the Security Council, blocked India's proposal</strong> from being adopted by the sanctions committee.</li>
<li>Recently, the P3 group, had co-sponsored a listing request at the 1267 Committee on Feb 27, after the <strong>Pulwama attack</strong> that killed over 40 security personnel. This attempt failed again because of China placing a hold on the request.</li>
<li>Thereafter, <strong>U.S. circulated a draft resolution directly among the UNSC members</strong>, i.e., outside the 1267 Committee, to pressure China into either supporting the listing or having to take a stand in open proceedings and risk being seen as supporting terror.</li>
<li>China, after this, did not raise any objections, thereby paving the way for successful sanctions against Masood Azhar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of the UNSC Listing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>victory for India</strong> in a decade-old diplomatic battle waged primarily by it and supported by U.S., UK and France at the UNSC towards continuous efforts on fight against terrorism.</li>
<li>A UNSC designation will <strong>subject Azhar to an asset freeze, travel ban and an arms embarg</strong>o, thereby restricting his activities globally.</li>
<li>An<strong> asset freeze</strong> under the sanctions committee requires that all states freeze without delay the funds and other financial assets or economic resources of designated individuals and entities.</li>
<li>It demonstrates the <strong>international community&rsquo;s resolve to fight against terrorism</strong> and &ldquo;its enablers&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The U.S. has <strong>further sought "sustained actions" from Pakistan</strong> against terrorism, consistent with its international obligations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>UNSC Committee 1267</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>1999</strong>, the UNSC Committee was established pursuant to <strong>Resolution 1267 (1999),</strong> which imposed a limited air embargo and asset freeze on the<strong> Taliban</strong>. Over time, measures became a targeted asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargo against designated individuals and entities.</li>
<li>On <strong>17th June 2011</strong>, after the adoption of<strong> resolution 1988 (2011)</strong>, the Committee split into two.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>1267 Committee</strong> was henceforth known as the <strong>Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee</strong>, mandated to oversee implementation of the measures against individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida.</li>
<li>A separate Committee was established pursuant to <strong>resolution 1988 (2011)</strong> to oversee implementation of the measures against individuals and entities associated with the <strong>Taliban.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On <strong>17th December 2015,</strong> the UNSC adopted <strong>resolution 2253 (2015)</strong> to expand the listing criteria to include individuals and entities supporting the <strong>Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).</strong></li>
<li>The Committee currently comprises all 15 members of the Security Council and makes its decision by consensus. The current Chair of the Committee, for the period ending 31st December 2019, is Indonesia. The two Vice-Chairs for 2019 are the Russian Federation and Peru.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1480,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'An Opening in Abu Dhabi',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;An opening in Abu Dhabi&rdquo; which appeared in the Indian Express for 1st March 2019. In this article, we will discuss the significance of Indian participation in <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">OIC</g> session as Guest of Honour.)</p>
</div>
<p>The 46th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is being held in Abu Dhabi. This is the f<strong>irst time after its inception in the past 50 years, that India has been invited to any OIC meeting as a guest of honor.</strong></p>
<p>The host member, <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE) has strongly defended the decision to invite India</strong> as a guest of <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">honour</g> to the meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) foreign ministers, despite Pakistan&rsquo;s strong objection and <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">threat</g> to boycott the event.</p>
<p>The first-time invitation to India to be a &lsquo;Guest of Honour&rsquo; at the plenary, especially at a time of heightened tensions with Pakistan following the Pulwama terrorist attack, is a <strong>significant diplomatic victory for New Delhi.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Engagement with OIC reflects the recent shift in India&rsquo;s foreign policy to have amicable ties with apparent adversaries</strong> &mdash; Saudi Arabia and Iran, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, Egypt and Turkey as well as Israel and Palestine.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A majority of the OIC member states are countries that have a majority Muslim population.</strong></li>
<li>However, some states such as Russia and Thailand that have a significant minority Muslim population are also present at the forum as observer states.</li>
<li><strong>While India is a country with one of the largest Muslim populations in the world,</strong> so far, New Delhi has never been able to join the OIC in any capacity. The news of India joining OIC as the guest of honor is significantly reflects upon its <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="97" data-gr-id="97">relation</g> with Pakistan.</li>
<li>In the past, the conservative Arab monarchies were happy to turn a blind eye to the dangers of encouraging political Islam and condoning the Pakistan army&rsquo;s support for terror and religious extremism in South Asia.</li>
<li>The threat from religious <g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="95" data-gr-id="95">destabilisation</g> to the Arab monarchies like Saudi Arabia and the UAE along with traditional republics like Egypt has created a new framework for India&rsquo;s engagement with the Muslim world and the Middle East.</li>
<li>P<strong>akistan had threatened to boycott the meeting if the invitation to India was not withdrawn. It claimed that Turkey was also opposed to Swaraj&rsquo;s speech at the plenary. However, Turkey has backed Bangladesh in demanding OIC reforms to seek India&rsquo;s participation.</strong></li>
<li>At present, Pakistan has skipped the inaugural function in opposition of India participating as Guest of Honour.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong><g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="94" data-gr-id="94"><g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="93" data-gr-id="93">Organisation</g></g> of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations with a membership of 57 states spread over four continents.</li>
<li>It endeavors to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the world.</li>
<li>The Organization was established upon a decision of the historical summit which took place in Rabat, <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="84" data-gr-id="84">Kingdom</g> of Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra (25 September 1969) following the criminal arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">United</g> Nations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><g class="gr_ gr_98 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="98" data-gr-id="98">Significance</g> of the Invitation (India-OIC relations)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Invitation for India is a welcome recognition of the presence of 185 million Muslims in India</strong> and of their contribution to its pluralistic ethos, and of India&rsquo;s contribution to the Islamic world.</li>
<li><strong>The OIC&rsquo;s invitation to India coincides with the recent visit of the Saudi Crown Prince, Mohammad Bin Salman, to Pakistan and India.</strong> Reportedly, the crown prince advocated restraint on a host of issues plaguing India-Pakistan relations.</li>
<li>In the wake of the Pulwama terror attack earlier this month, the role of Saudi Arabia in defusing tensions between the two countries has been termed significant. It&rsquo;s very much possible that the Saudi crown prince may have played an important role in setting up a backchannel effort between India and Pakistan following the Pulwama attack.</li>
<li><strong>The OIC offers a platform for Pakistan and India to play out their respective positions on a number of thorny issues and in the process involve the forum for de-escalation purposes.</strong></li>
<li>With Pakistan making all efforts to win over Riyadh&rsquo;s and the wider Gulf region&rsquo;s financial and diplomatic support, criticizing the decision to invite New Delhi would not sit well with Islamabad&rsquo;s interests.</li>
<li>Both India and the member countries of OIC have shared an interest in blunting the edge of religious extremism and terrorism.</li>
<li>Equally important has been the region&rsquo;s growing economic and energy interdependence with India, which is emerging as the world&rsquo;s third-largest economy and one of the biggest hydrocarbon importers and <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">labour</g> exporters.</li>
<li>As the region&rsquo;s geopolitics enters a turbulent period, the potential for India as a military partner is also coming into view.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges within OIC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Like the NAM and the Arab League, OIC has always struggled to overcome the multiple political contradictions within it.</strong> While the OIC raises concerns about Muslim minorities in non-member states, it could never take up the problems that Shia or Sunni minorities face in countries across the Middle East.</li>
<li><strong>Few OIC member states have the time and energy to argue with Islamabad over the merits of the formulations on India</strong> that it brings to the OIC table. Some of New Delhi's friends are trying to block some of Pakistan&rsquo;s anti-India excesses at the OIC<g class="gr_ gr_103 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="103" data-gr-id="103">.But</g>, things change accordingly.</li>
<li><strong>Like Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) again, the OIC is a toothless tiger</strong> when it comes to dealing with squabbles among member states. Since everyone has a veto on what is said, nothing serious can be said, let alone done, about the many serious disputes between the member states that are now shaping the Middle East.</li>
<li>Except for the Islamic identity, there are very few cohesive factors that bind the member countries to each other.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>With better engagement with the Arab countries, India should aim to</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>expand areas of mutually beneficial cooperation,</li>
<li>minimize areas of misperception or divergence of interests, and</li>
<li>maximize advantages that may accrue to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has good reason to be pleased that Pakistan can no longer veto India&rsquo;s engagement with critical states of the Middle East. For the emerging forces of political moderation and social modernization in the Middle East, India is a more attractive partner than Pakistan.</li>
<li><strong>However, India has to carefully balance its strategy towards the Islamic world by openly form stronger and better diplomatic ties with an overtly religion-based organization.</strong></li>
<li>But here is a paradox: In embracing OIC, an overtly religion-based organization, Delhi reduces the salience of faith in India&rsquo;s strategy towards the Islamic world.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1432,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-Asean Expo and Summit',
		'description' => '<p>Recently the Minister of Commerce &amp; Industry inaugurated the<strong> 4<sup>th</sup> India-<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> Expo and Summit</strong> 2019 in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is organised by the <strong>Department of Commerce</strong> in collaboration with industry body <strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (FICCI).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (FICCI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FICCI is a <strong>non-government, not-for-profit organisation established in 1927.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest and oldest apex business organisation</strong> in India whose history is closely interwoven with India's struggle for independence, its industrialization, and its emergence as one of the most rapidly growing global economies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Summit is a platform for the policy makers, industry captains and business leaders to come together and forge a common vision for India and ASEAN&rsquo;s mutual growth and progress.</li>
<li>The exposition will showcase the best initiatives of the business and industry from India and ASEAN countries across various sectors of mutual cooperation such as Infrastructure, Manufacturing, Manufacturing &amp; Engineering, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), healthcare, etc.</li>
<li>The Summit is a testimony of India&rsquo;s dedicated efforts towards <strong>Act East policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>India and ASEAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India-ASEAN trade and investment relations have been growing steadily, with <strong>ASEAN being the second largest trading partner</strong> of India,after China,with a total bilateral merchandise trade of USD 81.33 billion, i.e. <strong>10.58% in India&rsquo;s overall trade.</strong></li>
<li>India and ASEAN represent<strong> fast moving economies.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the recently published <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-wesp-2019-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations&rsquo; World Economic Situation and Prospects Report 2019</strong></a>, India and ASEAN are set to<strong> outpace the global growth (3.0 % in 2019).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India continues to be the fastest growing major economy and is expected to grow at 7.2% in 2019 and ASEAN at 5.2%.</li>
<li>This is a manifestation of the<strong> new emerging world economic order</strong>, wherein India and ASEAN have a significant place.</li>
<li>India currently is working with ASEAN on<strong> multiple connectivity projects, through land, water, and air. E.g.:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India-Myanmar-Thailand Highway, Kaladan Multinational Transit Transport Project,</li>
<li>Project Development Fund for <strong>CLMV countries ( Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ASEAN remains central to the economic integration of the Indo-Pacific region through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rcep-ministerial-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both sides need to<strong> explore opportunities through connectivity projects</strong> in order to remove physical impediments to trade and further<strong> integrate the two regions for better economic and trade relations.</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the<strong> rate of technology adoption and providing financing mechanisms</strong> is another challenge to expand growth.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1363,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'India Central Asia Relations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister (EAM) participated in first <strong>India-Central Asia Dialogue</strong> in Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>Five countries from Central Asia participated in the dialogue- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.</li>
<li>All the countries participating in the dialogue are also members of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organization</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Central Asia Dialogue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the first ministerial level India-Central Asia dialogue.</li>
<li>Dialogue focused on a number of issues <strong>including ways to improve connectivity and stabilize war-ravaged Afghanistan</strong>.</li>
<li>India has proposed setting up of <strong>&lsquo;India-Central Asia Development Group&rsquo;</strong> to take forward development partnership between India &amp; Central Asian countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group may enable New Delhi to expand its footprints in the resource-rich region amid China&rsquo;s massive inroads and to fight terror effectively, including in Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India will host the next India-Central Asia Dialogue in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical ties with Central Asia</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has had relations with Central Asia since the 3rd century B.C as the nations fell on route to the <strong>Legendary Silk Route</strong>.</li>
<li>The Silk Route not only served as the medium for transportation of goods, silk, textiles, spices etc but also facilitated dispersion of thoughts, ideas, religion and philosophy.</li>
<li>Buddhism found inroads in several of Central Asian cities such as Merv, Khalachayan, Tirmiz and Bokhara etc in form of Stupas and Monasteries.</li>
<li>Babur in 1526 came from the fertile valley of Fergana (food bowl of Central Asia) to the dusty town of Panipat and established the mighty rule of Mughals in India.</li>
<li>Men of prominence such as Amir Khusrau, Dehlawi, Al-Biruni, Abdur Rahim Khan i Khanan etc having Central Asian routes came and made their name in India.</li>
<li>During the Soviet period- culture, music, dance, movies and literature bound the Soviet Republics closely with India. Popularity of iconic stars like Raj Kapoor, Nargis, and others brought India into the homes and hearts of common people of this region.</li>
<li>Bilateral relations however suffered considerable neglect in the 25 years after emergence of these countries as independent States in 1991.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Time</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has registered significant progress recently through renovation of <strong>Chabahar port,</strong> development of the <strong>International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)</strong> and becoming a member of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-central-asia-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ashgabat Agreement</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), is multi-modal transportation established in 12 Sep 2000 in St. Petersburg, by Iran, Russia and India for the purpose of promoting transportation cooperation among the Member States.</li>
<li>This corridor connects India Ocean and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via the Islamic Republic of Iran and then is connected to St. Petersburg and North Europe via the Russian Federation.</li>
<li>The INSTC was expanded to include eleven new members, namely: the Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Turkey, Republic of Ukraine, Republic of Belarus, Oman, Syria, Bulgaria (Observer).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India uses the instrumentality of soft power and its ready acceptability in Central Asia to strengthen bilateral ties.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India through cultural events- classical dance, music, Bollywood films, yoga, literature and educational programs reinforces the historical ties with the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC)</strong> Program provides technical assistance and training in areas such as banking, remote sensing and information technology etc in the premier institutions in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Central Asia for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a very wide array of interests in Central Asia covering security, energy, economic opportunities etc.</li>
<li>Central Asia serves as a land bridge between Asia and Europe, making it geopolitically axial for India.</li>
<li>Security, stability and prosperity of Central Asia is imperative for peace and economic development of India.</li>
<li>The region is rich in natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, antimony, aluminum, gold, silver, coal and uranium which can be best utilized by Indian energy requirement.</li>
<li>Central Asia has huge cultivable areas lying barren and without being put to any productive use, offering enormous opportunity for cultivation of pulses. Indian agribusiness companies can setup commercial agro-industrial complexes in Central Asia.</li>
<li>Owing to higher economic growth, several areas have become attractive for construction business, providing huge scopes to Indian companies engaging in financial services, contractors, engineers, and management specialists.</li>
<li>Both India and <strong>Central Asian Republics (CARs)</strong> share many commonalities and perceptions on various regional and world issues and can play crucial role in providing regional stability.</li>
<li>For India to use Chabahar as a vital gateway to access Eurasian markets and optimally operationalize its use, requires a Central Asian state joining the project as a direct stakeholder.</li>
<li>Central Asian Regions are fast getting linked to the global market for production, supplies of raw materials and services. They are also increasingly getting integrated into the <strong>East-West Trans-Eurasian transit economic corridors</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Synergy in Central Asian Region</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Asia is facing many challenges in food security; Indian expertise in the field can be a game changer in the region.</li>
<li>Commercial farming is another important area where India and CARs can cooperate.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s experience in boosting food and milk production and modernizing agro-techniques under the green and white revolution can prove panacea for Central Asia.</li>
<li>Good relations with India will provide an assured market to these countries for their energy, raw materials, oil and gas, uranium, minerals, hydro electric power etc.</li>
<li>India can significantly bring in lots of foreign investment along with technical expertise in field of infrastructure, hospitality, medical etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are obstructions of physical connectivity due to Pakistan&rsquo;s hostility and Afghan instability for its desultory attitude towards Central Asia.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s current trade volume with Central Asia is minimal, and cannot be increased without substantially improving transport connectivity.</li>
<li>Politically, the Central Asian republics are highly fragile and also face threats like terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism etc making the region a volatile and unstable market.</li>
<li>There are several administrative laggards in the region such as non-availability of hard currency, banking services, and prevailing corruption creating roadblocks in smooth bilateral relations.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>"Look East"</strong> policy has resulted in concentrating its economic and diplomatic resources in Southeast and East Asia.</li>
<li>Involvement of China in Central Asia in form of Belt and Road Initiative while posing opportunity by giving easy access to India in the region, it can significantly undermine India&rsquo;s influence in the region.</li>
<li>Porous border and unbridled corruption along with the proximity with regions of soaring opium production (Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle) makes the region a powerhouse for drug and money trafficking.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is fairly understood that both the CAR and India both have not optimally utilized each other&rsquo;s resources present in diverse sectors.</li>
<li>India is rapidly moving towards its goal of becoming a regional power which continuously requires uninterrupted supply of fuel and energy which can easily be provided by the CAR.</li>
<li>There is a need to realize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the <strong>Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</strong> which has a potential of spurring the trade to 170 billion dollars from paltry 10 Billion Dollars.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Eurasian Economic Union</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Eurasian Economic Union was started in 2015 based on the Customs Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus.</li>
<li>The bloc was launched to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and workforce within its borders.</li>
<li>Members: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should be fully mindful of its historic Silk Route ties with Central Asia, and try to make an entry into the largely untapped energy potential of the region.</li>
<li>India needs to use its instrument of <strong>economic leverages more efficiently</strong> to build closer ties with Central Asia.</li>
<li><strong>'Connect Central Asia'</strong> Policy is a very comprehensive policy which includes political, security, economic and cultural cooperation.</li>
<li>India should make <strong>efforts to step up multilateral engagement</strong> with Central Asian partners using the synergy of existing forums like the SCO, Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) etc.</li>
<li>Measures such as <strong>relaxing of visa regimes, establishing schools and universities; strengthening tourism; Investment in agriculture sector</strong> can significantly improve India&rsquo;s position in the region.</li>
<li>Growing synergies between the India and CAR will promote security, stability, economic growth and development of all countries.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1365,
		'category_id' => (int) 32,
		'title' => 'India Central Asia Relations',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1331,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UNCTAD Report on Trade Wars',
		'description' => '<p>Recently the UN body has released a report on trade wars titled <strong>"Trade Wars: The Pain and the Gain".</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This dispute between China and the United States will <strong>not benefit domestic producers in either country</strong> but could have <strong>"massive" implications on the global economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/t9i2KyY9CfA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><strong></strong></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ongoing trade tensions initially came out in <strong>early 2018 when China and the United States</strong> imposed tariffs on about $50 billion of each other&rsquo;s goods.</li>
<li>The confrontation quickly escalated, and in<strong> September 2018 the United States imposed 10% tariffs</strong> covering about $200 billion of Chinese imports, to which <strong>China retaliated by imposing tariffs</strong> on imports from the United States worth an additional $60 billion.</li>
<li>The 10% tariffs were initially due to rise to 25% in January 2019. However, in early December 2018 the parties agreed to freeze the tariff increase until 1 March 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impacts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amid tit for tat tariff hikes between Washington and Beijing, <strong>trade is being diverted</strong> and a handful of countries stand to benefit from the ongoing trade tensions.</li>
<li>The trade war between the US and China is expected to<strong> boost the Indian economy with a rise of 3.5% in exports.</strong></li>
<li>The countries that are expected to benefit the most from the trade war are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>EU members</strong> as exports in the bloc are likely to grow by USD 70 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Japan and Canada</strong> will see exports increase by more than USD 20 billion each.</li>
<li>Other countries set to benefit from the trade tensions include <strong>Australia, with 4.6% export gains, Brazil (3.8) India (3.5), Philippines (3.2) and Vietnam (5).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the study also underscores that even for countries whose exports are set to increase because of the trade disrutptions, not all the results will be positive.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Negative Impacts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One major concern is the risk that trade tensions<strong> could spiral into currency wars, disturbances in commodity prices, financial markets, etc.</strong> all which will have important repercussions for developing countries.</li>
<li>The <strong>magnitude and duration of tariffs is unclear,</strong> because of which producers have been reluctant to make investment decisions that may turn out to be unprofitable if the tariffs are revoked.</li>
<li>More countries may join the fray and that protectionist policies could escalate to a global level, which is against the rule based order, thus hurting weaker countries the most.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNCTAD</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1964, UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) promotes development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.</li>
<li>UNCTAD is a <strong>permanent intergovernmental body established in 1964.</strong></li>
<li>Headquarters - <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the reports published by it are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade and Development Report</li>
<li>World Investment Report</li>
<li>The Least Developed Countries Report</li>
<li>Information and Economy Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Commodities and Development Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 1316,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Stormy Weather Awaits India in 2019',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Stormy weather awaits India in 2019&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu for 31st January 2019. In this editorial, we&rsquo;ll see fast-changing global orders and mixed challenges for India.)</p>
</div>
<p><strong>As the world enters 2019, the global outlook looks gloomy</strong> on the front of changing diplomatic contours in the world. Amid these rapid changes, India prepares for the general election this year, and all signs point to 2019 being a difficult year. Whether this would directly impact the poll outcome is uncertain, but the country needs to remain alert to unexpected developments. The country already faces a difficult external and internal situation and there is also a need to show more proficiency on the diplomatic front.</p>
<p><strong>Global Disorder has become a Dominant Imperative of Unsteady Developments across the world.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nations are today working at cross-purposes across the globe.</li>
<li><strong>A global leadership vacuum is leading to chaos</strong> concerning rules governing the international order.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Example, <strong>U.S. President Donald Trump&rsquo;s utterances and actions are provoking strong counter-reactions,</strong> especially from China and Russia.</li>
<li>Mr. Trump has threatened to pull out of a major arms control treaty with Russia. Russia has also been talking of building stronger deterrence. <strong>Cold War 2 seems for real now.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Diplomacy On different Dimensions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Russia</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Russia is vigorously pursuing its focal point to Asia</strong> and for greater influence in Eurasia.</li>
<li>It has deepened its partnership with China, and enhanced relations with Japan and South Korea. <strong>Growing tensions in the Sea of Azov <em>(following Russia&rsquo;s seizure of Ukraine&rsquo;s ships)</em> could well lead to a major conflagration</strong> between Russia and the West.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>China is consolidating its position in Asia.</strong> In addition to its strategic partnership with Russia, China has mended fences with Japan as well(<em>China-Japan relationship became better</em>).</li>
<li>Its Belt and Road Initiative has become the most potent weapon in China&rsquo;s armory, with Vietnam and Japan endorsing this concept. <strong>India finds itself increasingly isolated in Asia as a result.</strong></li>
<li>Economic portents during 2018 for most of the world proved highly daunting. The most challenging was the specter of an all-embracing U.S.-China trade war.</li>
<li>This had triggered highly unsettled conditions, and the situation was further aggravated by signs of a weakening Chinese economy.</li>
<li><strong>In 2018, China had initiated certain moves to create a China-Myanmar Economic Corridor on the lines of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>U.S</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The likelihood of the U.S. moving into a period of slower long-term growth</strong>, one that is likely to continue for a fairly long time, is aggravating this situation. India cannot hope to remain insulated from these trends.</li>
<li><strong>At the beginning of 2019, it is amply evident that politics is conflicting with business across the world.</strong> Hence, normal economic calculations are getting disrupted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>This year could see a further consolidation of the &lsquo;all weather friendship&rsquo; of China-Pakistan.</strong> During 2018, Pakistan facilitated China&rsquo;s involvement in Afghanistan (and also succeeded in co-opting Russia to be a party to talks with the Afghan Taliban). The CPEC having weathered quite a few storms in 2018, seems well set to progress this further in 2019.</li>
<li>The prospects of India-Pakistan relations improving, on the other hand, are extremely limited. Cross-border terror attacks are likely to continue, as also sponsorship of terror groups like the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Jaish-e-Mohammed. Where India will face even rougher weather, is in Afghanistan, where the Afghan state is perilously close to imploding. India has been kept out of talks with the Afghan Taliban by all countries concerned, including the U.S., China, and Russia, apart from Pakistan. This is making India&rsquo;s position here highly invidious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mixed challenges for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The strengthening of the <strong>Russia-China strategic relationship</strong> and the recent warmth in China-Japan relations could impact India&rsquo;s relations with both countries.</li>
<li>Notwithstanding the warmth displayed in public by the leaders of <strong>India and Russia, and India and Japan,</strong> the character of our relations with these two countries could <strong>undergo a change.</strong></li>
<li>The outlook for India in the rest of South Asia is also mixed. India will need to work harder in 2019 to check China from weaning away its neighbors, including Nepal and Bangladesh, with offers of economic and military aid.</li>
<li><strong>The return of Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister after the general elections in Bangladesh has been a welcome relief.</strong></li>
<li>India retrieved its position in the Maldives. It also succeeded in re-establishing its influence in Bhutan.</li>
<li>The more challenging internal security problems ahead will be Kashmir and the Northeast. In 2018, the situation in Kashmir sharply deteriorated, and the year witnessed some of the highest levels of violence since 1989.</li>
<li><strong>The deadlock between the Jammu and Kashmir administration and militants is unlikely to be resolved.</strong> President&rsquo;s rule has made little headway in sorting out the conflict-prone situation.</li>
<li><strong>Left extremist violence went up marginally in 2018, but the movement remained circumscribed within a core area in Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Jharkhand.</strong> Ideologically, the movement has remained vibrant, and in 2019, both ideological and militant aspects will need deft handling.</li>
<li>The Chinese Navy is also poised to challenge India&rsquo;s position in the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>China is preparing to outflank India by seeking control of the Kyaukpyu Port on the Arakan Coast in Myanmar,</strong> and planning a canal (the Kra canal), connecting the Andaman Sea with the Gulf of Thailand.</li>
</ul>
<p>Considering these difficult external and internal situation, peace in 2019 may prove elusive. On the diplomatic front, India will need to be more capable. 2019 will not only be about India&rsquo;s elections &ndash; the world is changing even as we speak. India needs to step off the treadmill and on to the escalator.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1294,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'E-comm Talks: India Must Stand Firm',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;E-comm talks: India must stand firm&rdquo; which appeared in Businessline for 26th January 2019. In this editorial, we&rsquo;ll discuss India&rsquo;s decision to keep off the recent plurilateral talks at the WTO that is seeking to regulate the global digital economy.)</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Recently, a group of 75 countries announced its decision to launch negotiations on the trade-related aspects of e-commerce at the WTO, but India has decided to stay away from plurilateral talks.</strong></p>
<p><strong>What is a P<g class="gr_ gr_247 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="247" data-gr-id="247">lurilater</g>al Agreement in WTO?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>I<strong>t refers to an agreement which member countries can be party to on a voluntary basis.</strong> On the other hand, all the member countries are party to a multilateral agreement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the past three years, there has been an aggressive <strong>push by the developed countries to initiate negotiations</strong> aimed at finalizing binding rules on different dimensions of the digital economy.</li>
<li><strong>The announcement of the plan to start the e-commerce negotiations was made at the World Economic Forum (WEF)</strong> <strong>meet in Davos.</strong></li>
<li>A joint statement of the 75 countries that include EU members, the US, China, Japan, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Turkey, Peru, Myanmar, Nigeria, and New Zealand confirmed their intention to commence WTO negotiations on the trade-related aspects of e-commerce.</li>
<li>Countries seek to achieve a high standard outcome that builds on existing WTO agreements and frameworks with the participation of as many WTO members as possible.</li>
<li><strong>70 countries, including China, issued a joint statement confirming their intention to commence WTO negotiations on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce.</strong></li>
<li>Speaking at the same platform a day earlier, Shinzo Abe, Japan&rsquo;s Prime Minister, announced that he would &ldquo;set in train a new track for looking at data governance &mdash; call it the Osaka Track &mdash; under the roof of the WTO&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What the developed countries of the digital world are seeking through the WTO negotiations on digital economy and e-commerce?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First, they want to have access to the free and unrestricted flow of data</strong> &mdash; the raw material that fuels their business. Their principal targets are large developing countries, such as China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and South Africa, which generate large volumes of digital data.</li>
<li><strong>Second, they seek to curtail the role of governments in regulating almost all key aspects of the digital economy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Third, they want to leverage the negotiation to reduce their cost of doing business</strong> and enhance their incomes, including, by prohibiting countries from imposing taxes on them and on their products.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India did not even be an observer at the plurilateral negotiations at the moment as India thinks as it thinks it is not the right time to take on multilateral obligations in the area of e-commerce rules.</li>
<li>India, which was earlie<g class="gr_ gr_380 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="380" data-gr-id="380">r conside</g>ring the possibility of becoming an observer if the e-commerce negotiations were launched, has decided against it now as it could lead to more pressure for participation.</li>
<li>More than half of the 164 WTO members, including large developing countries such as India, South Africa <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="86" data-gr-id="86">and</g> Argentina, have decided not to be part of the talks.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications on India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The digital giants have managed to disguise their deep commercial interests and have succeeded in projecting these negotiations as being beneficial for developing countries.</strong></li>
<li>Prominent countries including India, Indonesia and most of the countries in Africa are firmly opposed to these negotiations, especially on the issue of cross-border data flows.</li>
<li><strong>With the weight of more than 70 countries behind the plurilateral initiative and the joint statement at Davos, India is likely to come under intense pressure from different directions to join the e-commerce negotiations.</strong></li>
<li>Given Abe&rsquo;s statement about Osaka Track on data governance, negotiations on e-commerce at the WTO is likely to be the foremost item on the agenda of the leaders, when they meet later this year, during the last week of June, in Osaka for the G20 Summit. At this meeting, Abe and leaders of some developed countries would seek to persuade India&rsquo;s Prime Minister to join the WTO negotiations.</li>
<li><strong>In e-commerce, India already has a multilateral work programme agreed to by ministers, which will be undermined by the plurilateral initiative.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian delegation to the WTO had reportedly stated that developing countries needed policy space in areas such as ownership and use and flow of data in sunrise sectors like cloud computing and data storage.</li>
<li><strong>The recent tightening of e-commerce marketplace rules by the government has led to protests from companies such as Amazon and Flipkart and also rumblings in Davos, where many countries have called for a stable e-commerce policy environment in India.</strong></li>
<li>Joining forces against the proposed e-commerce negotiations at the WTO, a group of civil society <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">organisations</g> from various countries issued a statement opposing the talks on the grounds that it would constrain policy space for development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, even for a plurilateral agreement on e-commerce to become a part of the WTO,<strong> it would require the consensus of the entire membership, including countries not part of the plurilateral group.</strong></li>
<li>At the core of India&rsquo;s approach <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar multiReplace" id="107" data-gr-id="107">on</g> this issue lies the reality that the country would be one of the largest creators of data in the world. <strong>This advantage can be leveraged to nurture its domestic digital economy so that it acquires a share in the digital economy commensurate with its status as a significant global source of data.</strong></li>
<li>If India is compelled by any future agreement at the WTO to allow unrestricted free flow of data across borders, then its ambition in the high-value digital segment would take a hit. In such a scenario, the country would be unable to monetize the raw material of the digital economy and would be reduced to becoming merely a consumer of digital products.</li>
<li>Domestically, India is likely to see lobby groups and experts lament that by staying out of the negotiations on e-commerce, India is missing out an opportunity to influence the rules that may get finalized. This commonly heard sentiment totally ignores the reality, and past experience, at the negotiating table.</li>
<li><strong>On issues of their deep interest, it is the developed countries that inevitably write the core rules.</strong> The influence of developing countries has been limited to fighting for some exceptions. Even if we do not like it, this stark reality needs to be acknowledged.</li>
<li>Further, there is hardly any issue in e-commerce negotiations, on which India may stand to gain. Instead, its participation would be more about limiting the damage that might arise from binding rules in this area. Given the mood of the proponents, it is unlikely that they will accommodate any development concerns of India. In short, even if the country is inside the negotiating room, it is unlikely to wield any meaningful influence on the final rules.</li>
<li><strong>No nation can prosper if it hands over its raw material to other countries for free. This is precisely what would be required of India if it becomes a party to an agreement on e-commerce at the WTO. If the country has to benefit from opportunities in the digital world, then the entire government must speak in one voice and act coherently at multiple international platforms and protect the national interest. Failure to do so would compromise our digital future.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1213,
		'category_id' => (int) 60,
		'title' => 'G20',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?&nbsp;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meeting of the Leaders&rsquo; of the G-20 Nations, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is G20?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 is an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85%&nbsp;of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75%&nbsp;of global trade.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Origin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1997-1999 ASIAN Financial Crisis:</strong> This was a ministerial-level forum which emerged after G7 invited both developed and developing economies. The finance ministers and central bank governors began meeting in 1999.</li>
<li><strong>Amid 2008 Financial Crisis</strong> the world saw the need for a new consensus building at the highest political level. It was decided that the <strong>G20 leaders</strong> would begin meeting once annually.</li>
<li>To help prepare these summits, the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors continue to meet on their own twice a year. They meet at the same time as the International Monetary Fund and The World Bank.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How G20 Works?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The work of G20 is divided into two tracks:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The finance track</strong> comprises all meetings with G20 finance ministers and central bank governors and their deputies. Meeting several times throughout the year they focus on monetary and fiscal issues, financial regulations, etc.</li>
<li>The Sherpa track focuses on broader issues such as political engagement, anti-corruption, development, energy, etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each G20 country is represented by its Sherpa; who plans, guides, implements, etc. on behalf of the leader of their respective country. (Indian Sherpa, at the G20 in Argentina, 2018 was Shri Shaktikanta Das)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>G20 Members</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.</li>
<li>Spain as a permanent, non-member invitee, also attends leader summits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Structure and Functioning of G20</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 Presidency rotates annually according to a system that ensures a regional balance over time.</li>
<li>For the selection of <g class="gr_ gr_1049 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="1049" data-gr-id="1049">presidency</g>, the 19 countries are divided into 5 groups, each having no more than 4 countries. The presidency rotates between each group. Every year the G20 selects a country from another group to be president.<br />India is in Group 2 which also has Russia, South Africa, and Turkey.</li>
<li>The G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters. Instead, the G20 president is responsible for bringing together the G20 agenda in consultation with other members and in response to developments in the global economy.</li>
<li>TROIKA: Every year when a new country takes on the presidency (in this case Argentina 2018), it <g class="gr_ gr_140 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="140" data-gr-id="140">works</g> hand in hand with the previous presidency (Germany, 2017) and the next presidency (Japan, 2019) and this is collectively known as TROIKA. This ensures continuity and consistency of the group&rsquo;s agenda.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Toronto in 2010, leaders declared it to be the premier forum for global economic co-operation.</li>
<li>The work of G20 members is supported by several international <g class="gr_ gr_135 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="135" data-gr-id="135">organisations</g> that provide policy advice. These <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="164" data-gr-id="164">organisations</g> include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Financial Stability Board (FSB). The FSB, which was established by G20 leaders following the onset of the global financial crisis,</li>
<li>The International Labour Organization (ILO).</li>
<li>The International Monetary Fund (IMF).</li>
<li>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</li>
<li>United Nations (UN)</li>
<li>World Bank</li>
<li>The World Trade Organization (WTO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The G20 also regularly engages with non-government sectors. Engagement groups from business (B20), civil society (C20), <g class="gr_ gr_166 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="166" data-gr-id="166">labour</g> (L20), think tanks (T20) and youth (Y20) are holding major events during the year, the outcomes of which will contribute to the deliberations of G20 leaders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Addressed by G20</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 focuses on a broad agenda of issues of global importance, although, issues pertaining to the global economy dominate the agenda, additional items have become more important in recent years, like:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial markets</li>
<li>Tax and fiscal policy</li>
<li>Trade</li>
<li>Agriculture</li>
<li>Employment</li>
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Fight against corruption</li>
<li>Advancement of women in job market</li>
<li>2030 agenda for Sustainable development</li>
<li>Climate Change</li>
<li>Global Health</li>
<li>Anti-terrorism</li>
<li>Inclusive entrepreneurship</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India's Priorities in G20 Summits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Checking tax evasion to fight corruption</li>
<li>Choking terror funds</li>
<li>Cutting the cost of remittances</li>
<li>Market access for key drugs</li>
<li>Reforms in the World Trade Organisation to improve its functioning</li>
<li>&ldquo;Full implementation&rdquo; of the Paris Agreement</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Flexible:</strong> With only 20 members, the G20 is agile enough to make prompt decisions and to adapt to new challenges.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive:</strong> The inclusion every year of invited countries, international organizations and civil society organization through engagement groups allow for a broader and more comprehensive perspective when assessing global challenges and building consensus to address them.</li>
<li><strong>Coordinated action:</strong> The G-20 has also played a crucial role in strengthening the international financial regulatory system, including better coordination across countries.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitated an increase in lending</strong> from multilateral development banks of US$235 billion at a time when private sector sources of finance were diminished.</li>
<li>Major achievements of the G20 include <strong>quick deployment of emergency funding</strong> during the 2008 global financial crisis.</li>
<li>It also works for <strong>reforms in international financial institutions</strong> by improving oversight of national financial institutions. Such as G20 driven reforms to the international tax system, through the G20/OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project and implementation of tax transparency standards.</li>
<li>G20 played a critical role in the <strong>ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement</strong>, with the WTO estimating it could contribute up to somewhere between 5.4 and 8.7%&nbsp;to global GDP by 2030 if the agreement were fully implemented.</li>
<li><strong>Better Communication:</strong> G20 bring World&rsquo;s top developed and developing countries together to bring consensus and reasoning into decision making through discussion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Enforcement mechanism:</strong> The G20&rsquo;s toolkit ranges from simple exchanges of information and best practices to agreeing common, measurable targets, to coordinated action. None of this is achieved without consensus, nor is it enforceable, except for the incentive of peer review and public accountability.</li>
<li><strong>Not legally binding:</strong> the decisions are based on discussions and consensus which culminates in the form of declarations. These declarations are not legally binding. It&rsquo;s just an advisory or consultative group of 20 members.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 cannot be a panacea for the world&rsquo;s problems. But over the past 10 years, the G20 has been an important forum for international cooperation.</li>
<li>Effective global governance, like the G20, is essential as rising powers seek opportunities to influence and contribute to the global order.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1010,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Seabed 2030: Mapping of Seafloor',
		'description' => '<p>The <strong>U.N.-backed project, called Seabed 2030</strong>, is working to pool data to create a map of the <strong>entire ocean floor by 2030</strong>. The map will be freely available to all.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was<strong> launched in 2017</strong> is a collaboration between the Nippon Foundation (Japanese philanthropic organisation) and Gebco (non-profit association of experts).</li>
<li>So far, the biggest data contributors to Seabed 2030 have been Dutch energy prospector Fugro and deep-sea mapping firm Ocean Infinity which were also involved in the search for Malaysia Airlines jet MH370, which disappeared in 2014.</li>
<li>The advanced <strong>sonar technology</strong> and advent of new technology such as <strong>underwater drones and robots</strong> is also speeding up the mapping process.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> More than 90% of the world's trade is carried by sea, making safe navigation a key motivator for mapping.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>help the "blue economy",</strong> as countries and companies seek to protect or exploit deep-sea resources - from exploring for oil and gas to installing wind farms or laying fibre-optic cables for the Internet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental:</strong> it would provide a<strong> better idea of sea levels as ice melts</strong> and warn about <strong>impending tsunamis</strong> that could devastate coastal communities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even after collaboration at a scientific and technical level to share data, countries may use that knowledge <strong>against one another in geopolitical spats.</strong></li>
<li>Few countries are<strong> reluctant to give up strategic proprietary data to the Seabed 2030 project</strong>, largely due to national security concerns or in areas with sensitive geopolitical tensions, such as the South China Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project gains importance in the <strong>context of negotiations over UN Sustainable Development Goal ( Goal 14 - to conserve and sustainably use the oceans )</strong> due to be completed by 2020.</li>
<li>Moreover, the next phase of the project will also<strong> encourage data donors and crowdsourcing</strong> - not just from exploration vessels, but also from cargo ships, recreational sea-users and fishing boats.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 941,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'Brexit Deal: What Lies Ahead?',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: left;">After months of negotiation,<strong> the United Kingdom(UK) and European Union(EU) have come up with a draft withdrawal agreement.</strong> To buy more time, both have agreed on a <strong>21-month "transition" period to smooth the way towards post-Brexit relations.</strong> However, Eurosceptics in Theresa May's (British P.M) own Conservative Party and opposition lawmakers expressed dissatisfaction over the way deal has evolved. It is now up to the UK parliament and EU member states to each <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">ratify</g> the agreement, before Brexit day next March.</p>
<h3>Withdrawal Agreement and Transition Period</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The UK and EU are currently finalizing a withdrawal agreement&mdash;</strong>the draft text was agreed by UK and EU negotiators in November 2018.</li>
<li>A key part of the withdrawal agreement is, <strong>there will be a transition period, until the end of 2020.</strong></li>
<li>This agreement sets out the exact terms of the UK and EU relationship immediately after exit-<strong> but it is not clear, on what terms the UK and EU&rsquo;s future relationship will be.</strong></li>
<li>Rather, it is a transitional arrangement, designed to make the separation process smoother.<strong> It covers things like trade, law, and immigration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>During the transition, the UK will be officially out of the EU and not be represented on EU bodies, but would still have the same obligations as an EU member.</strong> That includes remaining in the EU customs union and the single market, contributing to the EU&rsquo;s budget, and following EU law.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Transition Period?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main reason for the transition period is that the UK and EU don&rsquo;t think they have enough time to agree to all the terms of their future relationship by 29 March 2019.</li>
<li>The transition period is designed to give them more time to iron out all the details of their future relationship, including a possible free trade deal.</li>
<li><strong>So, withdrawal agreement could be signed soon and will come into effect on 29 March 2019. That leads to a transition period until the end of 2020, and from 2021 the UK and EU enter a new relationship, possibly underpinned by a free trade deal.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After a long arduous journey, <strong>the UK Cabinet has accepted the draft withdrawal agreement along with EU. Now the UK Parliament would vote on the contents of the agreement.</strong></li>
<li>It was a difficult agreement, nonetheless, a middle ground was found to appease some of the stakeholders in the deal. However, the deal has faced criticism in the UK.</li>
<li><strong>The ruling government may even have to face no-confidence motion over this.</strong> The opposition has called the draft a huge and a damaging failure.</li>
<li>There are many elements in the draft that have raised many eyebrows. However, the most contentious of them is the border settlement between the Northern Ireland and Ireland.</li>
<li>Besides the UK parliament, the draft deal has to be finalized by the EU Parliament before it is finalized. In the negotiation process, the EU would engage in a hard bargain so as to minimize the aftershocks of Brexit.</li>
<li><strong>The EU members have denied renegotiating the draft Brexit deal.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Effect of BREXIT on the EU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brexit will weaken those forces in the EU that </strong><g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">favour</g><strong> greater integration.</strong> It has been a long difficult task to bring together warring nations who were up against each other&rsquo;s throat in not one but two world wars. Brexit will strengthen the claim of countries like Greece and Spain which want greater autonomy in their internal functioning.</li>
<li><strong>An impending fear of greater German dominance would be a reality.</strong> Britain&rsquo;s presence somewhat balanced the power of Germany. With Brexit, Germany would become the vortex around whom everything would revolve.</li>
<li><strong>The Brexit is termed as a major ideological shift, characterized by strong immigration laws, strict borders, and inward-looking economy.</strong> This is against the major strain of globalization. Its effect might be far-reaching.</li>
<li>While the trade impact of Brexit on the UK is likely to be significantly negative, its impact on the EU is also expected to be negative, but small. The UK and the EU would become each other's biggest trading partner but some member states, notably Belgium, Cyprus, Ireland, Germany, and the Netherlands, are more exposed to a Brexit-induced economic shock.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Experts believe that if the draft gets turned down by the UK parliament, then it would pose a huge economic burden on the UK. A stopgap approach would disturb the fabric that has stood strong since the Second World War.</li>
<li><strong>Most experts believe that there should be a second referendum. The first referendum was based on lies, deceit, and misinformation.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 915,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World’s First Online Climate Summit',
		'description' => '<p>World leaders are set to participate in an innovative climate change summit that will take place entirely online which makes it a <strong>carbon neutral summit.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By contrast, the <strong>UN's COP21 climate talks in Paris in 2015</strong> generated about <strong>43,000 tons of carbon dioxide</strong>, although much of this was later offset through carbon-credit schemes.</li>
<li>The Virtual Climate Summit is the<strong> brainchild of Marshall Islands President</strong>, whose nation is facing the worst impacts of climate change.</li>
<li>With participants including French President Emmanuel Macron and UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres this will be the<strong> first global political meeting to be held online.</strong></li>
<li>It will consist of a rolling,<strong> 24-hour livestream</strong> that will begin in the Marshalls' capital Majuro, then include addresses from leaders and panel discussions before delivering a declaration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virtual summit's main aim is to<strong> encourage the international community</strong> to restrict global warming to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li><strong>Immediate objective is to cut carbon emissions</strong> since flying is among the most harmful activities for the climate, accounting for about 2.5% of the world&rsquo;s carbon emissions. Also, the online platform will<strong> not put additional pressure</strong> on already resource constraint nation.</li>
<li>A virtual summit also<strong> flattens the playing field,</strong> removes barriers like plane tickets and conference passes that inevitably leave out those most impacted by climate change<strong>. It is more participative.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>first time</strong> that leaders from the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF), have come together, and therefore it is also a chance for those on the front line of climate change to make their voices heard.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Climate Vulnerable Forum</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an international partnership of countries <strong>highly vulnerable</strong> to a warming planet. The forum serves as a <strong>South-South cooperation</strong> platform for participating governments to act together to deal with global climate change.</li>
<li>The Forum first met in <strong>Maldives in November 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Other <strong>initiatives taken by CVF</strong> to deal with climate change:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable Twenty (V20)</strong> Group of<strong> Ministers of Finance</strong> of the Climate Vulnerable Forum is a <strong>dedicated cooperation initiative of economies</strong> systemically vulnerable to climate change.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was established on 08 October <strong>2015 at Lima, Peru.</strong></li>
<li>It&rsquo;s primary objective is to promote the mobilisation of<strong> climate finance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Survive Thrive #1.5C</strong> aims to promote actions to keep warming below 1.5&deg;C and urges people to get involved and keep updated on limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> UN report</a> warned that threshold could be reached as early as 2030 unless there was unprecedented global action to rein in emissions.</li>
</ul>',
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