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Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO

Why in News Recently, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the New Generation Akash Missile...

22 Jul 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Agni-P (Prime)

Why in News Recently, a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime) was successfully test-fired by the Defence Research and...

29 Jun 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Fast Radio Bursts

Why in News Recently, researchers from the Pune-based Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics...

11 Jun 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister chaired a meeting of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Society through video...

05 Jun 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
National Technology Day

Why in News India observes its National Technology Day on 11th May every year. Key Points About: The day, which was first observed on 11th...

12 May 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy

Why in News Recently, Astronomers have discovered a new active galaxy called Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) which has been identified as the farthest...

15 Apr 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
National Supercomputing Mission

Why in News The second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) will be completed by September 2021, taking India’s total...

13 Apr 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables

Why in News Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that power transmission cable can be monitored by using Raman thermometry on the...

15 Mar 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
International Cooperation: ISRO

Why in News Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) reviewed cooperation in earth...

12 Mar 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the test of the Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)...

06 Mar 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
National Science Day 2021

Why in News National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the ‘Raman Effect’ by...

01 Mar 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
India-China Hotline

Why in News Recently, India and China announced that both have agreed to establish a Hotline. Key Points Hotline: The decision to install a...

27 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
NASA's Mars 2020 Mission

Why in News National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA’s) Perseverance Rover has landed on Mars. This was one of the most crucial...

19 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Bhuvan Portal

Why in News Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and MapmyIndia have partnered to come up with an indigenious geospatial portal known...

16 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Arjun MBT MK-1A

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A to the Indian...

16 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Three New Fighter Jets

Why in News According to the Ministry of Defence, three new fighter jets will be flying by 2026, of which two will be for the Air Force and one for...

06 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

Important Schemes and Policies UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission Programmes UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission has been implemented by DBT with a...

06 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Aero India 2021

Why in News Recently, the 13th edition of the Aero India show began at Bengaluru’s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka). Key...

05 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Co-WIN App

Why in News Recently, the software of Co-WIN App (also called Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of...

23 Jan 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808

Why in News Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars in the massive intriguing globular cluster in the Milky Way...

22 Jan 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

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		'article_id' => (int) 8941,
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		'title' => 'Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>successfully flight-tested the<strong> New Generation Akash Missile (Akash-NG)</strong> and the <strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2021</strong> a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agni-p-prime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agni-P (Prime)</strong> </a>was successfully test-fired by the DRDO.</li>
<li>In <strong>February 2021</strong> India also successfully test-fired indigenously-developed anti-tank guided missile systems<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> Research &amp; Development wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India,</strong> with a vision <strong>to empower India with cutting-edge defence technologies.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining the Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Akash Missile (Akash-NG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>surface-to-air Missile.</strong> It is a <strong>new variant of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boost-to-defence-exports" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Akash missile</a></strong> that can <strong>strike targets at a distance of around 60 km</strong> and fly at a <strong>speed of up to Mach 2.5.</strong></li>
<li>Once deployed, the Akash-NG weapon system will <strong>prove to be a force multiplier for the air defence capability of the Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development &amp; Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by <strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Laboratory (DRDL),</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with other<strong> DRDO laboratories.</strong></li>
<li>It is being produced by <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Akash Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Akash is <strong>India&rsquo;s first indigenously produced medium range Surface to Air missile</strong> that can engage multiple targets from multiple directions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The missile is unique in the way that it can be <strong>launched from mobile platforms</strong> like battle tanks or wheeled trucks. It has nearly 90% kill probability.</li>
<li>The missile is supported by the<strong> indigenously developed radar called 'Rajendra'.</strong></li>
<li>The missile is <strong>reportedly cheaper and more accurate than US&rsquo; Patriot missiles</strong> due to its solid-fuel technology and high-tech radars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can <strong>engage targets at a speed 2.5 times more than the speed of sound</strong> and can detect and destroy targets flying at low, medium and high altitudes.</li>
<li>The Akash missile system has been <strong>designed and developed as part of India&rsquo;s 30-year-old <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> indigenously-developed</strong> anti-tank guided missile.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Anti Tank guided missile</strong> is a <strong>medium or long-range missile</strong> whose primary purpose is <strong>to destroy tanks</strong> and other armoured vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>low weight, fire and forget</strong> missile. It is incorporated with state-of-the-art <strong>Miniaturized Infrared Imaging Seeker</strong> along with <strong>advanced avionics.</strong></li>
<li>It is launched using a tripod designed for a<strong> maximum range of 2.5 km</strong> with a launch <strong>weight of less than 15 Kg.</strong></li>
<li>Its successful test marked a major boost for the government&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a> campaign</strong> and would strengthen the Indian Army.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by <strong>Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</strong> to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. b</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A)</strong> developed under this program are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>P</strong>rithvi: Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>gni: Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>T</strong>rishul: Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>N</strong>ag: 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>kash: Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1737529" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8729,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Agni-P (Prime)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime)</strong> was successfully test-fired by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>from <strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam island</strong> off the coast of Odisha, Balasore.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image 0.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a>Agni-P is a new generation <strong>advanced variant of the Agni class</strong> (under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IGMDP - Integrated Guided Missile Development Program</strong></a>).</li>
<li>It is a <strong>canisterised missile</strong> with range capability between 1,000 and 2,000 km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Canisterisation of missiles reduces the time required to launch the missile while improving its storage and mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many<strong> advanced technologies</strong> including composites, propulsion systems, innovative guidance and control mechanisms and state-of-the-art navigation systems have been introduced. The Agni-P missile <strong>would further strengthen India's credible deterrence capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In comparison to other Agni class missiles, Agni-P has improved parameters including manoeuvring and accuracy.</li>
<li><strong>Agni Class of Missiles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are the mainstay of India&rsquo;s nuclear launch capability.</li>
<li>Range of other Agni Missiles:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Agni I:</strong> Range of 700-800 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni II:</strong> Range more than 2000 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni III:</strong> Range of more than 2,500 Km</li>
<li><strong>Agni IV:</strong> Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.</li>
<li><strong>Agni-V:</strong> The longest of the Agni series, <strong>an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)</strong> with a range of over 5,000 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. It was approved by the Government of India in 1983 and completed in March 2012.</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A) developed under this program</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prithvi:</strong> Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>Agni:</strong> Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>Trishul:</strong> Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>Nag:</strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>Akash:</strong> Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Canister Based Launch System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Canister based launch system- serves as a <strong>container for transportation;</strong> a housing during<strong> storage aboard</strong> a vessel; provides<strong> operational flexibility.</strong></li>
<li>A canister launch system can be either hot launch, where the missile ignites in the cell, or cold launch, where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a gas generator which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites.</li>
<li><strong>Cold launch</strong> is safer than hot launch as the ejection system will eject the missile by itself even if there is a missile failure. In case of <strong>Agni V, it will be a cold launch.</strong></li>
<li>In case of hot launches, the problem is the heat produced by the missile at the time of launch. The <strong>hot launch</strong> is better for small missiles as the ejection part itself will be done by using the missile's own engine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nuclear Triad:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nuclear triad, a three-sided military-force structure consisting of<strong> land-launched</strong> nuclear missiles, <strong>nuclear-missile-armed submarines,</strong> and strategic <strong>aircraft (e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brahmos</a>) with nuclear bombs</strong> and missiles.</li>
<li>DRDO had in January 2020 successfully test-fired a 3,500-km range <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-k-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>submarine-launched ballistic missile, K-4</strong></a>, from a submerged pontoon off the Visakhapatnam coast.</li>
<li>Once inducted, these missiles will be the mainstay of the <strong>Arihant class of indigenous ballistic missile nuclear submarines (SSBN)</strong> and will give India the stand-off capability to launch nuclear weapons submerged in Indian waters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>INS Arihant, the only SSBN in service, is armed with K-15 missiles with a range of 750 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the past few years, India has been able to complete its nuclear triad. This is especially important given India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-nuclear-triad-complete" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>No-First-Use policy</strong> </a>while reserving the right of massive retaliation if struck with nuclear weapons first.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-tests-new-generation-nuclear-capable-missile-agni-p/article35013208.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8585,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Fast Radio Bursts',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers from the <strong>Pune-based Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR)</strong> and the <strong>National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA),</strong> have assembled the largest collection of <strong>Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs)</strong> catalogue.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data is from <strong>Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME).</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> spotted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/radio-burst-in-milky-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRB for the first time in the Milky Way.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fast Radio Bursts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FRB are<strong> bright bursts of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ham-radio#:~:text=Radio%20waves%20have%20the%20longest,radio%20and%20television%20communication%20systems." target="_blank" rel="noopener">radio waves</a></strong> (radio waves can be produced by astronomical objects with changing magnetic fields) whose <strong>durations lie in the millisecond-scale,</strong> because of which it is difficult to detect them and determine their position in the sky.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was first<strong> discovered in 2007.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623408883_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623408883_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a>A defining property of these bursts is their <strong>dispersion</strong> (scattering or separation), the bursts <strong>produce a spectrum of radio waves,</strong> and as the waves travel through matter, they spread out or disperse with bursts at higher radio frequencies arriving at telescopes earlier than those at lower frequencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Dispersion</strong> can result in <strong>signal degradation in many applications, especially over large distances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This dispersion allows researchers to learn about two important things:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They can measure this dispersion to<strong> learn about the stuff that radio bursts pass through as they travel toward Earth</strong></li>
<li>They can indirectly <strong>determine how far apart things are.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>FRBs Catalogue &amp; Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new catalogue significantly<strong> expands the current library of known FRBs,</strong> and is already <strong>yielding clues as to their properties.</strong></li>
<li>For instance, the newly discovered bursts appear to fall in <strong>two distinct classes: those that repeat, and those that don&rsquo;t.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>repeaters looked different,</strong> with <strong>each burst lasting slightly longer</strong> and emitting more focused radio frequencies than bursts from single, non-repeating FRBs.</li>
<li>These differences strongly suggest that emission from repeaters and non-repeaters is generated either by different physical mechanisms or in different astrophysical environments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The bursts were <strong>evenly distributed in space, seeming to arise from any and all parts of the sky.</strong></li>
<li>Bright FRBs occur at a rate of about<strong> 800 per day</strong> across the entire sky - the most precise estimate of FRBs overall rate to date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin of FRBs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FRBs have been spotted in various and distant parts of the universe, as well as in our own galaxy. Their <strong>origins are unknown and their appearance is highly unpredictable.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>CHIME</strong> project has nearly quadrupled the number of fast radio bursts discovered to date. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The telescope has detected <strong>535 new FRBs</strong> in its first year of operation itself, <strong>between 2018 and 2019.</strong></li>
<li>With more observations, astronomers hope soon to <strong>find the origins of the FRBs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chime:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> novel radio telescope that has no moving parts.</strong> Originally <strong>conceived to map the most abundant element in the universe - hydrogen -</strong> over a good fraction of the observable universe, this unusual telescope is <strong>optimized to have a high mapping speed.</strong></li>
<li>It is located at the<strong> Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory,</strong> operated by the <strong>National Research Council of Canada in British Columbia, Canada.</strong></li>
<li>The telescope <strong>receives radio signals each day from half of the sky as the Earth rotates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Studying FRBs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unique properties of fast radio bursts and their host galaxies combined with recent technological advancements have given researchers <strong>hope that these phenomena can be used to answer some long-standing questions </strong>about the <strong>universe.</strong></li>
<li>It can be <strong>used to understand the three&ndash;dimensional structure of matter</strong> in the universe and to learn about<strong> poorly understood early moments in the evolution of the universe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/science-technology/how-535-new-fast-radio-bursts-can-help-answer-deep-questions-about-the-universe-77380" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8535,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Council of Scientific and Industrial Research',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister chaired a meeting of the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</a> Society</strong> through video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/csir-floriculture-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CSIR Floriculture Mission</strong></a> was approved for implementation in 21 States and Union Territories of India.</li>
<li>It is also planning to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>undertake genome sequencing</strong> </a><strong>of</strong> a sample of nearly 1000 Indian<strong> rural youth to determine unique genetic traits, susceptibility (and resilience) to disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>largest research and development (R&amp;D) organisation in India.</strong> It has a <strong>pan-India presence</strong> and has a dynamic network of <strong>37 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes and 5 units.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> ranked 37<sup>th</sup> among 1587 government institutions worldwide</strong> and is the only Indian organization among the top 100 global government institutions, according to the <strong>Scimago Institutions Ranking World Report 2021.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSIR holds the<strong> 7<sup>th</sup> rank in Asia and leads the country at the first position.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> is the<strong> President</strong> (Ex-officio) and the <strong>Union Minister of Science and Technology</strong> is the <strong>Vice President</strong> (Ex-officio).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSIR is funded by the <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology</strong> and it operates as an autonomous body through the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fcra-clearance-of-6-ngos-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Societies Registration Act, 1860.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>September 1942.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Located:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific and industrial/applied research of national importance.</strong> It covers a wide spectrum of streams such as: Radio and space physics, oceanography, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biotechnology</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanotechnology</strong></a>, information technology, etc.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides significant technological intervention</strong> in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include the environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CSIR has set up <strong>five technology verticals</strong> for addressing the emerging situation due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Digital and Molecular Surveillance.</li>
<li>Rapid and Economical Diagnostics.</li>
<li>Repurposing of Drugs, Vaccine and Convalescent Plasma Therapy.</li>
<li>Hospital Assistive Devices and PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment).</li>
<li>Supply Chain and Logistics Support Systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Head-Up-Display (HUD):</strong> It developed indigenous Head-Up- display (HUD) for Indian Light Combat Aircraft, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a>. HUD <strong>aids the pilot in flying the aircraft and in critical flight maneuvers including weapon aiming. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy &amp; Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/annadata-to-urjadata#:~:text=The%20Solar%20Tree%20is%20much,as%20a%20horizontal%20solar%20plant." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Tree</strong></a>: It occupies <strong>minimum space to produce clean power.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lithium Ion Battery</strong></a>: India&rsquo;<strong>s first lithium ion battery fabrication facility</strong> based on indigenous novel materials for making 4.0 V/14 h standard cells has been established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Samba Mahsuri Rice Variety:</strong> It developed a <strong>Bacterial Blight Resistant Rice.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rice Cultivar (Muktashree):</strong> A rice variety has been developed which <strong>restricts assimilation of Arsenic within permissible limits.</strong></li>
<li><strong>White-fly resistant Cotton variety:</strong> Developed a <strong>transgenic cotton line</strong> which is resistant to whiteflies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Genomics and other omics technologies for Enabling Medical Decision &ndash; GOMED:</strong> It has been developed by the CSIR which provides a platform of disease genomics to solve clinical problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food &amp; Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ksheer-scanner:</strong> It detects the<strong> level of milk adulteration</strong> and adulterants in 45 seconds at the cost of 10 paise.</li>
<li><strong>Double-Fortified Salt:</strong> Salt <strong>fortified with iodine and iron</strong> having improved properties developed and tested for <strong>addressing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a> in people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1724359" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8358,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Technology Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India observes its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Technology Day</strong> </a><strong>on 11<sup>th</sup> May</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The day, which was<strong> first observed on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1999,</strong> aims<strong> to commemorate the scientific and technological achievements of Indian scientists, engineers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The day was <strong>named by the former Prime Minister <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Every year, the <strong>Technology Development Board of India</strong> celebrates the day by <strong>awarding individuals with the National Award for their contribution to science and technology in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Technology Development Board</strong> is a <strong>statutory body</strong> of Government of India functioning under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science of Technology.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>provides financial assistance</strong> to Indian industrial concerns and other agencies,<strong> for commercialization of indigenized technologies or adaptation of imported technologies</strong> for wider domestic applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Science and Technology for a Sustainable Future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the day India successfully <strong>tested nuclear bombs in Pokhran on 11<sup>th</sup> May, 1998.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India successfully test-fired its <strong>Shakti-1</strong> nuclear missile in an operation called <strong>Pokhran-II,</strong> also codenamed as <strong>Operation Shakti</strong> which was led by late president <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>The nuclear missile was tested at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. This was the second test which was conducted after Pokhran-I codenamed <strong>Operation Smiling Buddha,</strong> in May 1974.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the same day, India performed a successful test firing of the <strong>Trishul Missile (surface to air short range missile)</strong> and had test flown the <strong>first indigenous aircraft &ndash; &lsquo;Hansa &ndash; 3&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1717635#:~:text=The%20National%20Technology%20Day%20celebrations,develop%20cost%20effective%20indigenous%20solutions.&amp;text=These%20awards%20are%20conferred%20to,commercialization%20of%20innovative%20indigenous%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8150,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Astronomers have discovered a <strong>new active galaxy</strong> called <strong>Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1)</strong> which has been identified as the <strong>farthest gamma-ray emitting galaxy.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)</strong> in collaboration with researchers from other institutions, studied around 25,000 luminous <strong>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)</strong> from the <strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>AGN</strong> are the most <strong>powerful, long-lived objects and steady sources of luminosity in the Universe.</strong> The emission is spread widely across the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum</strong>, often peaking in the Ultra-Violet , but with significant luminosity in the x-ray and infrared bands.</li>
<li><strong>SDSS</strong> is a major <strong>multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redshift</a></strong> <strong>survey</strong> using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has created the <strong>most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe</strong> ever made, with deep multi-color images of one third of the sky, and spectra for more than three million astronomical objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They found <strong>a unique object that emits high-energy gamma rays</strong> located at a <strong>high redshift (more than 1)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was identified as a <strong>gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy</strong>, which is a rare entity in space.</li>
<li>The new gamma-ray emitting NLS1 was <strong>formed when the Universe was only about 4.7 billion years old</strong> as compared to its current age of about 13.8 billion years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Redshift</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>displacement of spectral lines towards longer wavelengths</strong> (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects.</li>
<li>It <strong>reveals how an object is moving in space and enables astronomers to discover otherwise-invisible planets and the movements of galaxies</strong>, and to uncover the beginnings of our universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers use redshifts <strong>to measure how the universe is expanding</strong>, and thus to <strong>determine the distance to our universe&rsquo;s most distant (and therefore oldest) objects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most accurate way to measure redshift is by using<strong> spectroscopy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When a beam of white light strikes a triangular prism it is separated into its various components <strong>(ROYGBIV)</strong>. This is known as a spectrum (plural: spectra).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Astronomers can look at the <strong>spectra created by different elements and compare these with the spectra of stars.</strong> If the absorption or emission lines they see in the star's spectra are shifted, they know the object is moving either towards us or away from us.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers calculate redshift in terms of the redshift parameter (z) which helps in calculating the distance of the object (galaxy,planet etc).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With <strong>increasing value of z the distance of the object increases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists used the Japanese <strong>8.2 m Subaru Telescope</strong> which is one of the <strong>largest ground-based telescopes in the world</strong>, located at Hawaii, USA.</li>
<li>Its powerful light collecting capability can capture weak light from celestial objects. A <strong>major feature</strong> of the Subaru Telescope is that its <strong>prime focus boasts an overwhelming wide field of view compared to other large telescopes</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Detection of gamma-ray emission from NLS1 <strong>challenges the idea of how relativistic jets</strong> are formed because <strong>NLS1s are a unique class of AGN</strong> that are powered by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes</strong> </a>of low mass and hosted in spiral galaxies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Relativistic Jets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supermassive black holes in the centers of some active galaxies that create <strong>powerful jets of radiation and particles travelling close to the speed of light</strong> are called relativistic jets.</li>
<li>These jets are believed to be the <strong>sources of the fastest-travelling particles in the Universe that are cosmic rays.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No method was present till date to find <strong>NLS1 at redshifts larger than one.</strong></li>
<li>This discovery <strong>opens up a new way to find gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxies</strong> in the early Universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARIES is one of the <strong>leading research Institutes</strong> which <strong>specializes in observational Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences </strong>situated in<strong> Nainital,</strong> Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1955</strong> and its primary objective has been <strong>to develop facilities for modern astrophysical research in stellar, solar &amp; theoretical branches of astrophysics.&nbsp;</strong>On some selected clear nights the visitors are also shown some celestial objects through the telescopes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galaxy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A galaxy is a <strong>huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held together by gravity.</strong></li>
<li>Earth is the part of the <strong>Milky Way Galaxy</strong>, which also has a super Massive Blackhole in the middle.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to a point in space where the <strong>matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</strong></li>
<li>The concept was <strong>theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915</strong> and the term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler.</li>
<li>All the black holes observed so far belong to <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One category ranges between a few solar masses and tens of solar masses. These are thought to form when massive stars die.</li>
<li>The other category is of <strong>supermassive black holes.</strong> These range from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun from the Solar system to which Earth belongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gamma Ray Astronomy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the study of astronomical objects and <strong>phenomena that emit gamma rays.</strong> Gamma-ray telescopes are designed to <strong>observe high-energy astrophysical systems.</strong></li>
<li>As Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere blocks most gamma rays, <strong>observations are generally conducted by high-altitude balloons or spacecraft.</strong></li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique <strong>opportunities to explore exotic objects.</strong> By exploring the universe at these high energies, <strong>scientists can search for new physics, testing theories and performing experiments which are not possible in earth-bound laboratories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8136,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Supercomputing Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) will be completed by September 2021,</strong> taking India&rsquo;s total computational capacity to <strong>16 Petaflops.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> NSM was<strong> announced in 2015,</strong> with an <strong>aim</strong> to connect national academic and R&amp;D institutions with a grid of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,500 crores <strong>over the period of seven years by 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> supports the government's vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Digital India'</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Make in India'</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> NSM is <strong>jointly steered by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology</strong> (DST - Ministry of Science and Technology) and implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)</strong></a>, Pune and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also an effort <strong>to improve the number of supercomputers</strong> owned by India.</li>
<li>These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the<strong> National Knowledge Network (NKN).</strong> The NKN connects academic institutions and R&amp;D labs over a high-speed network.</li>
<li>Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons over the next five years who will be equipped to handle the complexities of supercomputers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Progress of NSM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the first phase,<strong> PARAM Shivay, PARAM Shakti, PARAM Brahma, PARAM Yukti and PARAM Sanganak</strong> were deployed at IIT (BHU), IIT Kharagpur, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Research.</li>
<li>Recently,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supercomputer-param-siddhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> PARAM-Siddhi AI</strong></a>, has been <strong>ranked 63<sup>rd</sup> in the Top 500 list of most powerful supercomputers</strong> in the world. It was developed under the NSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020, <strong>C-DAC had inked MoUs with IITs</strong> along with <strong>IISc, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute and NIT, Tiruchirapalli</strong> &mdash; where a High Power Computing (HPC) system in each institute is currently being installed.</li>
<li>So far, <strong>over 4,500 people have been trained in HPC</strong> and further training in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> will be held at specia<strong>l NSM nodal centres</strong> established at four IITs &mdash; <strong>Kharagpur, Madras, Goa and Palakkad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NSM envisages setting up a network of 70 high-performance computing facilities in the country but <strong>skewed funding for the mission</strong> during the initial years slowed down the overall pace of building supercomputers.</li>
<li><strong>Only 16.67% of the total budget of Rs. 4,500 crore,</strong> was utilised during the first four-and-a-half years for execution of the mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, <strong>China</strong> has the maximum number of supercomputers and maintains the <strong>top position</strong> in the world, <strong>followed</strong> by the <strong>US, Japan, France, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-supercomputing-mission-to-enter-final-phase-in-september-7270718/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7935,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that <strong>power transmission cable</strong> can be monitored by using <strong>Raman thermometry</strong> on the <strong>fibre optic cable.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They achieved this by <strong>using the optical fibres that are already embedded</strong> in the power cables for establishing optical communication.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raman Thermometry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> thermal characterization technique</strong> which makes use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures#:~:text=Raman%20effect%20is%20the%20inelastic,beam%20is%20deflected%20by%20molecules." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raman scattering phenomena</strong> </a>to <strong>determine the local temperature</strong> in microelectronics systems.</li>
<li><strong>When light is scattered off an object,</strong> say a molecule,<strong> two bands are observed,</strong> with higher and lower frequency than the original light, called the<strong> Stokes</strong> and <strong>anti-Stokes bands,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>By studying the<strong> relative intensity</strong> of the two bands, it is <strong>possible to estimate the temperature</strong> of the object which scatters the light. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>anti-Stokes</strong> component of Raman scattering is<strong> strongly dependent on the temperature</strong> that the material is subjected to. Thus, by <strong>measuring the intensity of the anti-Stokes scattered light we can estimate the temperature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Any current flowing through a conductor would cause a temperature rise due to the <strong>Joule heating effect.</strong> Hence the flow of current through the power cables results in heating of the power cables.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Joule heating</strong> (also referred to as resistive or ohmic heating) describes the process where the <strong>energy of an electric current is converted into heat</strong> as it flows through a resistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optical Fibre Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temperature measurement of wires is performed in not just one location, but in a distributed manner using an<strong> optical fibre.</strong> To achieve this, <strong>a pulse of light</strong> is launched into the optical fibre and the backscattered radiation is observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Optical fibres are <strong>fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz fibres.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each fibre consists of a<strong> core (denser)</strong> and <strong>cladding (rarer).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated <strong>total internal reflections</strong> along the length of the fibre and finally comes out at the other end.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Total internal reflection</strong> is<strong> complete reflection of a ray of light</strong> within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since light undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, <strong>there is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The time of flight of the <strong>backscattered radiation provides an estimate</strong> of the distance from which the light is backscattered.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Backscattering</strong> (or backscatter) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from.</li>
<li>This constitutes a distributed measurement as the pulse propagates all along the length of fibre.</li>
<li>This can go up to tens of kilometers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Actual Temperature Measurements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The use of Raman thermometry technique allows the operators to<strong> get the results for actual temperature measurements</strong> over tens of kilometres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic and Real-Time:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Alternative methods of measuring the temperature of power cables include using a <strong>thermal camera</strong> which is cumbersome. The present method devised by the team is both <strong>economical and provides real-time information.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Thermal cameras</strong> detect temperature by recognizing and capturing different levels of <strong>infrared light.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect or Raman Scattering is a<strong> phenomenon in spectroscopy</strong> discovered by the eminent physicist <strong>Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1930, he got a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize</strong> </a>for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a<strong> change in the wavelength of light</strong> that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam.</li>
<li>Most of this scattered light is of<strong> unchanged wavelength.</strong> A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cost-effective-light-based-monitoring-of-health-of-power-lines/article34062651.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7918,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Cooperation: ISRO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-plans-for-2020-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong> </a>and <strong>Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</strong> reviewed cooperation in <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earth-observation-satellite-eos-01-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earth observation</a>, lunar cooperation and satellite navigation.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also agreed to explore opportunities for cooperation in &ldquo;space situational awareness and professional exchange programme&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Both agencies signed an<strong> Implementing Arrangement</strong> for collaborative activities on<strong> rice crop area</strong> and <strong>air quality monitoring</strong> using satellite data.</li>
<li><strong>India and Japan</strong> are already working on a joint<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-draft-spacecom-policy-and-india-s-space-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> lunar polar exploration (LUPEX)</a> mission.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LUPEX aims to<strong> send a lander and rover to the Moon&rsquo;s south pole around 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agreements with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India and Italy</strong> have decided to explore opportunities in <strong>earth observation, space science and robotic and human exploration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India and Australia</strong> signed an amendment to the MoU which will build on the <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both countries are also in discussions for <strong>Australia to host vital tracking infrastructure</strong> to support the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaganyaan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gaganyaan</strong></a> manned space flight mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Few Achievements Through International Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chandrayaan-1:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO&rsquo;s maiden mission to Moon, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-1-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chandrayaan-1</a></strong>, has been an exemplary example of international cooperation with its international payloads.</li>
<li>It has also earned several national and international laurels and was instrumental in the <strong>ISRO-NASA joint discovery of water molecules</strong> on the moon surface, unattained by any of the previous missions of such nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Megha-Tropiques:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Indo-French joint satellite mission</strong> called<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-on-maritime-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MEGHA-TROPIQUES</strong></a> was launched in 2011 for the study of the tropical atmosphere and climate related to aspects such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoons</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saral:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indo-French</strong> joint mission, named <strong>SARAL (Satellite for ALTIKA and ARGOS)</strong> for studying the ocean from space using altimetry was successfully launched in 2013.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NISAR:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ISRO and NASA</strong> are realizing a joint satellite mission called<strong> NISAR (NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar)</strong> for earth science studies.</li>
<li>The mission will observe Earth and measure its changing ecosystem and masses globally.</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s most expensive imaging-satellite and the two space agencies intend to launch the satellite by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNNATI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ISRO has launched capacity building programme on</strong> nano satellite development, named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unnati-by-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNNATI (UNispace Nanosatellite Assembly &amp; Training by ISRO)</strong></a> as an initiative of <strong>UNISPACE+50</strong> (the 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the first United Nations conference on the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRISHNA:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO and the French space agency<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-on-maritime-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CNES</strong></a> have partnered in developing advanced upgradation satellites like TRISHNA to <strong>monitor the water cycle</strong> to help in finding out proper ways to utilize it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-japan-space-agencies-review-cooperation/article34045001.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7864,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has successfully conducted the test of the <strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology,</strong> which is crucial for the indigenous development of long range air-to-air missiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SFDR technology is a missile propulsion system based on the concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramjet Engine</strong> </a>principle.</li>
<li>The system utilises a<strong> solid fuelled</strong> air-breathing ramjet engine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike solid-propellant rockets, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight. Thus, it is light in weight and can carry more fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DRDO began developing SFDR first in 2017 and had conducted successful tests in 2018 and 2019 as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Successful demonstration of SFDR technology will enable DRDO to <strong>develop indigenous long range air-to-air missiles.</strong></li>
<li>At present, such technology is available only with a <strong>handful of countries in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Air-to-air missiles which use SFDR technology can <strong>achieve longer ranges</strong> as they <strong>do not require oxidisers</strong> (take oxygen from the atmosphere).</li>
<li>The missile based on SFDR <strong>fly at supersonic speeds and high manoeuvrability ensures</strong> the target aircraft cannot get away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) works under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was established in 1958 after combining<strong> Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army</strong> and the<strong> Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP)</strong> with the <strong>Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</strong></li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></li>
<li>Some of the recent tests conducted by DRDO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Anti Airfield Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Army Variant of MRSAM</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhanced-version-of-pinaka-mk-1-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAG Missile: Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramjet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle&rsquo;s forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.</li>
<li>Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds but they are not efficient at hypersonic speeds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was intended to <strong>attain self-sufficiency</strong> in the field of missile technology.</li>
<li>After keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.</li>
<li>The IGMDP formally got the approval of Indian government on 26<sup>th</sup> July, 1983.</li>
<li>The missiles developed under IGMDP are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Prithvi</strong></li>
<li>Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Agni</strong></li>
<li>Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile &ndash;<strong> Trishul</strong></li>
<li>Medium-range surface-to-air missile &ndash; <strong>Akash</strong></li>
<li>Third generation anti-tank missile &ndash; <strong>Nag</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1702670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7810,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Science Day 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures#:~:text=Raman%20effect%20is%20the%20inelastic,beam%20is%20deflected%20by%20molecules." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;</strong></a> by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, for which he was awarded the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize</strong></a> in 1930. The first NSD was celebrated in1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the importance of science and its application among the people.</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong> &lsquo;Future of STI (Science, Technology and Innovations): Impacts on Education, Skills, and Work&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards Conferred:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National S&amp;T Communication Awards, <strong>Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR) awards,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women Excellence Awards</strong></a> and Rajendra Prabhu Memorial Appreciation Shield for outstanding work in science media and journalism.</li>
<li>The first-ever <strong>National S&amp;T Databases on S&amp;T Awards</strong> in India and Indian origin Academicians abroad, was released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AWSAR is an initiative that aims to disseminate Indian research stories among the masses in an easy to understand and interesting format.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To encourage youth pursuing higher studies to submit at least one story/article based on their research work.</li>
<li>Foster, strengthen and create scientific temper through popular science writing and creating a culture of science communication/popularisation among the scholars.</li>
<li>Recognize the initiative and output of researchers on the specific aspects of natural, physical, mathematical and information sciences, applied science, technology, engineering, and multi-disciplinary science.</li>
<li>Conduct training Workshops for Early Career Researchers (PhD Scholars and PDFs) in popular science writing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Research Foundation (NRF):</strong> It is to be set-up as an autonomous body envisaged under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020#:~:text=Conclusion,the%202030%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will look after funding, mentoring, and building &lsquo;quality of research&rsquo; in India. The NRF aims to fund researchers working across streams in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/draft-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raman is the inelastic scattering of a photon by molecules which are excited to higher vibrational or rotational energy levels. It is also called <strong>Raman scattering.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In simpler words, it is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light</strong> that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</li>
<li>When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam.</li>
<li>Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light and its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Raman effect forms the <strong>basis for Raman spectroscopy</strong> which is used by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-institutes-host-virtual-science-day-events-7208129/#:~:text=Observed%20on%20February%2028%20every,year%2C%20the%20celebrations%20are%20online." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7796,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-China Hotline',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India and China announced that both have agreed to establish a <strong>Hotline.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614413289_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614413289_image 1.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<p>Key Points</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hotline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision to install a <strong>Hotline</strong> between the two countries was taken over a telephonic meeting between India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister and China&rsquo;s Foreign Affairs Minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hotline is a<strong> direct telephone line</strong> in constant operational readiness so as to facilitate immediate communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Hotline will be helpful in timely communication and exchange of views between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterated the <strong>&lsquo;three mutuals&rsquo;</strong> (mutual respect, mutual sensitivity and mutual interests) as the approach to the relationship.</li>
<li>Disengagement, followed by de-escalation, will lead to peace along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a>, and eventually normalisation of ties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The boundary situation should not be placed at the front and centre of the relationship, but instead at a &ldquo;proper place&rdquo; in overall ties.</li>
<li>The indication was the <strong>two sides should return to business as usual</strong> while the issue is dealt with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>May 2020:</strong> Chinese and Indian forces clashed at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nathu-la-sikkim" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nathu La, Sikkim</strong></a> (India).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After the Sikkim scuffles, tensions between the two countries rose in Ladakh, with a multi-place mobilization of troops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>June 2020:</strong> Indian and Chinese armies were engaged in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>standoff in Pangong Tso, Galwan Valley</strong></a>, Demchok and Daulat Beg Oldie in eastern Ladakh which became the heart of the recent <strong>LAC tensions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>June 2020:</strong> India banned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/banning-of-chinese-mobile-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>59 apps originating from China.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>November 2020:</strong> India blocked 43 new mobile apps, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/43-more-mobile-apps-banned" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mostly Chinese.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ban has been enforced under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-it-rules-issued-by-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>February 2021: India and China decided to finally reach an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-china-disengagement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agreement on disengagement at Pangong Lake</strong></a><strong>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is imperative for the two sides to cherish the hard-won relaxation, and <strong>work together to consolidate the progress</strong>, keep up the consultation momentum, further <strong>ease the situation, and improve the border management and control mechanisms.</strong></li>
<li>As two big emerging economies, <strong>China and India need to pursue development alongside each other</strong>, move forward in partnership instead of hindrance, and work together for shared progress rather than erecting walls against each other.</li>
<li>India and China also <strong>need to advance the boundary talks to build up mutual trust and realize peace and tranquility</strong> in the border areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-wang-jaishankar-talk-a-new-hotline-two-paths-to-peace-7206644/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7727,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NASA's Mars 2020 Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA&rsquo;s)</strong></a> <strong>Perseverance Rover</strong> has landed on Mars.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was one of the most crucial aspects of the<strong> Mars 2020 Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mission is designed to better understand the <strong>geology of Mars</strong> and seek <strong>signs of ancient life.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assess ancient habitability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Demonstrate technology</strong> for future robotic and human exploration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> At least one Mars year (about 687 Earth days).</li>
<li><strong>Mission Steps:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Collect:</strong> Perseverance will collect rock and soil samples in cigar-sized tubes. The samples will be collected, the canisters will be sealed, and left on the ground.</li>
<li><strong>Fetch:</strong> A<strong> Mars Fetch Rover (provided by the European Space Agency)</strong> will land, drive, and collect all samples from the different locations, and return to the lander.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer:</strong> These samples will be transferred to the <strong>Mars Ascent Vehicle</strong> which will meet with an Orbiter.</li>
<li><strong>Return:</strong> The<strong> Orbiter</strong> will carry the samples back to Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Perseverance Rover</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613727755_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613727755_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="454" height="250" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perseverance is the most advanced, most expensive and most sophisticated mobile laboratory sent to Mars.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from previous missions</strong> because it is capable of drilling and collecting core samples of the most promising rocks and soils, and setting them aside in a "cache" on the surface of Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> 30<sup>th</sup> July, 2020</li>
<li><strong>Landing:</strong> 18<sup>th</sup> February, 2021</li>
<li><strong>Landing Site: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Jezero Crater</strong> (an ancient river delta that has rocks and minerals that could only form in water).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Source:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) which converts heat from the natural <strong>radioactive decay of plutonium (Plutonium Dioxide) into electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instruments:</strong> It carries seven instruments, two microphones and 23 cameras in total in order to conduct unprecedented science and test new technology on Mars. Few important <strong>instruments</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilisation Experiment (MOXIE):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will use power to produce oxygen using atmospheric carbon dioxide.</li>
<li>If successful, it can be scaled up to provide the <strong>two very critical needs</strong> of humans: oxygen for breathing, and rocket fuel for the trip back to Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Radar Imager for Mars&rsquo; Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RIMFAX will provide high resolution mapping and also look for subsurface water on Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mars Helicopter:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is actually a small drone to test whether the helicopter can fly in the sparse atmosphere on Mars. The low density of the Martian atmosphere makes the odds of actually flying a helicopter or an aircraft on Mars very low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mastcam-Z:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An advanced camera system with panoramic and stereoscopic imaging capability will help determine mineralogy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SuperCam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can provide imaging, chemical composition analysis, and mineralogy at a distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and high-resolution imager that will provide capabilities that permit more detailed detection and analysis of chemical elements than ever before.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman &amp; Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A spectrometer that will provide fine-scale imaging and uses an ultraviolet (UV) laser to map mineralogy and organic compounds.</li>
<li>SHERLOC will be the<strong> first UV <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Raman spectrometer</a></strong> to fly to the surface of Mars and will provide complementary measurements with other instruments in the payload.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sensors that will provide measurements of temperature, wind speed and direction, pressure, relative humidity, and dust size and shape.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mars</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Size and Distance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth planet from the Sun</strong> and the <strong>second-smallest planet</strong> in the Solar System.</li>
<li>Mars is about half the size of Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similarity to the Earth (Orbit and Rotation):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As Mars orbits the Sun, it completes one rotation every 24.6 hours, which is very similar to one day on Earth (23.9 hours).</li>
<li>Mars' axis of <strong>rotation is tilted 25 degrees</strong> with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. This is similar with Earth, which has an axial tilt of 23.4 degrees.</li>
<li>Like Earth, Mars has distinct seasons, but they last longer than seasons on Earth since Mars takes longer to orbit the Sun (because it's farther away).</li>
<li>Martian days are called sols&mdash;short for <strong>&lsquo;solar day&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Surface:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has colors such as brown, gold and tan. The reason Mars looks reddish is due to oxidation or rusting of iron in the rocks, and dust of Mars. Hence it is also called <strong>Red Planet.</strong></li>
<li>Mars has the <strong>largest volcano in the solar system i.e. Olympus Mons.</strong> It's three times taller than Earth's Mt. Everest with a base the size of the state of New Mexico.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atmosphere:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has a thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon gases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Magnetosphere:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has no magnetic field till date, but areas of the Martian crust in the southern hemisphere are highly magnetized, indicating traces of a magnetic field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Moons:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has two small moons, <strong>Phobos and Deimos,</strong> that may be captured asteroids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Mars Missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Soviet Union in 1971</strong> became the first country to carry out a Mars landing, Mars 3.</li>
<li>The second country to reach Mars&rsquo;s surface is the <strong>United State of America (USA).</strong> Since 1976, it has achieved 8 successful Mars landings, the latest being the<strong> &lsquo;InSight&rsquo;</strong> in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>European Space Agency</strong> has been able to place their spacecraft in Mars&rsquo;s orbit through the <strong>Mars Express Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or Mangalyaan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> in November 2013.</li>
<li>It was launched on board a PSLV C-25 rocket with aim of studying Martian surface and mineral composition as well as scan its atmosphere for methane (an indicator of life on Mars).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Frequent Missions to Mars: </strong>There are<strong> two primary </strong>reasons<strong>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Similar to Earth:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, Mars is a planet where life may have evolved in the past. Conditions on early Mars roughly around 4 billion years ago were very similar to that of Earth.</li>
<li>It had a thick atmosphere, which enabled the stability of water on the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>If indeed conditions on Mars were similar to those on Earth, there is a real possibility that microscopic life evolved on Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Most Suitable among Other Planets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mars is the only planet that humans can visit or inhabit in the long term. Venus and Mercury have extreme temperatures &ndash; the average temperature is greater than 400 degree C. All planets in the outer solar system starting with Jupiter are made of gas &ndash; not silicates or rocks &ndash; and are very cold.</li>
<li>Mars is comparatively hospitable in terms of temperature, with an approximate range between 20 degrees C at the Equator to minus 125 degrees C at the poles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-is-mars-so-interesting-to-scientists-and-to-the-adventurer-7194898/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7702,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bhuvan Portal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> and <strong>MapmyIndia</strong> have partnered to come up with an<strong> indigenious geospatial portal</strong> known as <strong>&lsquo;Bhuvan&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is in line with the above discussed new<strong> guidelines for the Geo-Spatial Sector</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geospatial Portal (Bhuvan):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a type of web portal<strong> used to find and access geographic information</strong> (geospatial information) <strong>and associated geographic services</strong> (display, editing, analysis, etc.) <strong>via the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MapmyIndia&rsquo;s database</strong> will be connected with <strong>ISRO&rsquo;s high-end satellite catalogue and earth observation data,</strong> which it generates through a constellation of its satellites.</li>
<li>The collaboration will enable them to jointly identify and build a holistic <strong>geospatial portal</strong> utilising earth observation datasets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Navigation in Indian Constellation (NavIC)</strong></a>, Web Services and <strong>APIs</strong> (application programming interface) available in MapmyIndia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>API</strong> is a <strong>software intermediary</strong> that allows two applications to talk to each other.</li>
<li>It is a computing interface that defines <strong>interactions between multiple software intermediaries</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>True Maps:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its services will<strong> reflect the true borders of the country</strong> as per the information available from Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protects Privacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By using MapmyIndia maps and applications instead of the foreign map apps, <strong>users can better protect their privacy.</strong></li>
<li>As foreign search engines and companies claim to offer &lsquo;free&rsquo; maps, but in reality, they make money by targeting the same users with advertising, by <strong>invading the user&rsquo;s privacy and auctioning private location and movement data.</strong> However there is no such provision of advertisement in MapmyIndia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat:</strong> Being an Indian platform, it is well aligned with the government's Mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MapmyIndia: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an <strong>Indian technology company</strong> that builds digital map data, telematics services, Global Information System and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> services.</li>
<li>It is an alternative to <strong>Google Map,</strong> which covers as many as 7.5 lakh Indian villages and 7,500 cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The database has a road network connected by 63 lakh km and the organisation claims to consist of the most exhaustive digital map database of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost all the vehicle manufacturers in India who come with built-in navigation systems are using MapmyIndia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Products:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>App called <strong>&lsquo;Move&rsquo;</strong> that provides <strong>real-time traffic updates and navigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Navigation in Indian Constellation (NavIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IRNSS<strong> consists of eight satellites,</strong> three satellites in geostationary orbit and five satellites in geosynchronous orbit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works just like the established and popular<strong> U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS)</strong> but within a 1,500-km radius over the sub-continent.</li>
<li>It has been<strong> certified by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a global body for coordinating mobile telephony standards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main objective is to <strong>provide reliable position, navigation and timing services</strong> over India and its neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation;</li>
<li>Disaster management;</li>
<li>Vehicle tracking and fleet management (especially for mining and transportation sector);</li>
<li>Integration with mobile phones;</li>
<li>Precise timing (as for ATMs and power grids);</li>
<li>Mapping and geodetic data capture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Global Navigational Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BeiDou/BDS</strong> (China)</li>
<li><strong>Galileo</strong> (Europe)</li>
<li><strong>GLONASS</strong> (Russia)</li>
<li><strong>Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)</strong> (Japan)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/with-isro-partnership-and-new-rules-mapmyindia-hopes-to-take-on-google-maps-7190796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7697,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arjun MBT MK-1A',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed <strong>Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A</strong> to the Indian Army.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The Arjun MBT Project was initiated by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a><strong>(DRDO)</strong> in 1972 with the <strong>Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE)</strong> as its lead laboratory.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To create a &ldquo;state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Arjun Tank:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arjun MBT is equipped with an indigenously developed <strong>120mm main rifled gun</strong> with <strong>Fin Stabilised Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)</strong> ammunition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>FSAPDS</strong> is capable of destroying all known tank armour up to direct shooting range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also has a <strong>computer-controlled integrated fire control system</strong> with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions.</li>
<li>The secondary weapons include a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun for anti-personnel and a 12.7-mm machine gun for anti-aircraft and ground targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mk1A and MkII:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of Arjun Mk1 was followed by improved variants - Mk1A and MkII.</li>
<li>Arjun Mk1A, which features improved<strong> firepower and transmission systems,</strong> completed the final integration tests in 2019 and was cleared for production.</li>
<li>The Arjun MkII variant is a light-weight <strong>Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT)</strong> with electro-optical sensors and high-power lasers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Mk-1A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have<strong> missile firing capability</strong> as per the design.</li>
<li>However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is<strong> 54.3% indeginous content</strong> against the <strong>41% in the earlier model.</strong></li>
<li>The newly developed <strong>Kanchan</strong> modular composite armour gives all-round protection to the tank from anti-tank ammunition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kanchan has been manufactured by <strong>Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)</strong> - a DRDO Laboratory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides India&rsquo;s Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>DRDO was established in 1958 after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>DRDO works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7627,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission Programmes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission has been implemented by DBT with a major focus on improved agriculture, affordable healthcare, clean energy and cutting-edge frontier science as per details given below:</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>GARBH-ini (interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research in BirtH outcomes- DBT India Initiative) study</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to discover molecular risk-markers and generate a risk-prediction algorithm for preterm birth which will facilitate timely referral and care for at-risk mothers, thus saving children&rsquo;s lives and reducing morbidity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This programme has established a unique pregnancy cohort comprising more than 8000 women to study Pre Term Birth (PTB). </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The GARBH-ini platform comprises a bio-repository (Rakshita) of well characterized clinical phenotypes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will focus on development of new antibiotics, alternatives to antibiotics and diagnostics. </li>
<li>To address the rising threat of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</strong></a> with a holistic and multi-sectoral (One Health) approach, &ldquo;India&rsquo;s One Health Initiative&rdquo; to combat problems associated with AMR was launched.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ind-CEPI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an India centric collaborative mission of DBT aligned to the global initiatives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thsti-part-of-vaccine-assessment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CEPI (Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPIs mission &ldquo;Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development.</li>
<li>Support of Indian vaccine development is aligned with the global initiative of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)&rdquo;, at BIRAC, PSU of DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNATI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Clean Technologies for Swachh Bharat:</strong> DBT has developed various technology platforms designed to convert different solid, liquid and gaseous wastes into renewable fuels, energy and useful products such as food, feed, polymers and chemicals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the UNATI Mission, 10 promising clean technologies have been identified for demonstration with DBT support at different sites across India, in collaboration with local stakeholders such as municipalities and other urban local bodies. </li>
<li>The identified technologies include<strong> bio-methanation, constructed wetland, bio-toilets, chemical &amp; membrane free water purification</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-covid-suraksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong></a> is India&rsquo;s targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials (PACT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>PACT (Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials)</strong> programme has been launched for supporting COVID-19 vaccine development activities in partnering countries. </li>
<li>The initiative is being implemented by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/making-india-a-biotech-hub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)</strong> </a>and Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA) under the aegis of the National Biopharma Mission and Ind-CEPI Mission of DBT.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the first ever Industry-Academia mission &ldquo;Industry-Academia Collaboration <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma mission</strong></a>. The mission aims for Accelerating Discovery Research to Early Development for Biopharmaceuticals.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Innovate in India (i3) Empowering biotech entrepreneurs &amp; accelerating inclusive innovation &ldquo; to accelerate biopharmaceutical development in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders (UMMID) Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Department launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ummid-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;UMMID&rsquo; initiative</strong></a> to tackle inherited genetic diseases in newborns.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Pan India Genome India</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome India</strong></a> was initiated for cataloguing the genetic variation in Indian population with a goal for whole genome sequencing and subsequent data analysis of 10,000 individuals representing the country&rsquo;s diverse population to help build an exhaustive catalogue of genetic variations in Indian population, and to aid in the design of a genome wide association chip for Indian population.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LOTUS HR Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-netherlands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LOTUS HR project</a>:</strong> In collaboration with Netherlands, a toolbox of wastewater treatment technologies has been established on site at Barapullah drain to facilitate selection of treatment combinations for optimum treatment of wastewater.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created to bring together all the available databases and information on the bio-resources and biodiversity of the country in one platform. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>satellite telemetry tracking of Jacobin Cuckoo</strong> is a part of IBIN project in collaboration with Wildlife Institute of India to monitor the changes in Indian monsoon patterns and could help in planning the conservation and climate monitoring programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by DBT for deposition, storage, annotation and sharing of biological data generated in the country through extensive funding from various Government Organizations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IBDC will enable life science researchers to deposit biological data in a central repository and thus safeguard data generated using public resources from loss. It will perform quality control, curation, and annotation of data. </li>
<li>These efforts will help establish benchmarks for the quality of data deposited and thus improve the quality of experimental research conducted in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image%203.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image 3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>GenoVault</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GenoVault (Cloud based Genomics Repository) was launched in the Accelerating Biology 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This cloud-based genomic repository enables quick archival and retrieval tools along with extremely powerful analytical engines. </li>
<li>GenoVault is a first India&rsquo;s Genomics Repository based on OpenStack cloud. This centralized repository would be of enormous importance for healthcare and would have great use in personalized medicine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bio-liposome mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A novel bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier system for efficient intracellular delivery of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CRISPR-Cas9</strong> </a>based genome editing tools has been developed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier delivery systems would open new vistas for devising novel gene therapy-based therapeutic solutions for various rare and genetic diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biotech-kisan-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong></a> has created a platform in each of <strong>15 agro-climatic zones of the country,</strong> which aims to connect farmers and scientists to promote Agriculture Innovation and take the new interventions to the farmers and farms.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The department of biotechnology has strengthened its partnership with the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS), UK to launch the AMS-DBT Newton International Fellowship (NIF). </li>
<li>Focusing on the threat of climate change, the department collaborated with European Union for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Green Deal&rdquo;</strong> </a>under the <strong>Horizon 2020 framework</strong> to help build a low-carbon, climate-resilient future.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistant Council (BIRAC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIRAC launched i4 (Intensifying the Impact of Industrial Innovation) to support biotechnological product/technology development by strengthening R&amp;D capabilities of start-ups/companies/LLPs. The programme provides impetus for pulling the translational ideas past PoC and taking them further along the innovation chain for validation, scale-up, demonstration and pre-commercialization of products and technologies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wheat Straw Polysaccharide</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DBT-National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (DBT-NABI)</strong> has developed a <strong>wheat straw polysaccharide</strong> derived novel edible coating formulation to prevent the <strong>post-harvest shelf-life</strong> of perishable fruit crops such as Apple, Peach and Banana. </li>
<li>In addition to that,<strong> antibody assisted graphene oxide coated gold nanoparticles</strong> for rapid bacterial detection and near infrared light enhanced antibacterial activity has been developed which detects food borne pathogens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>DBT-National Brain Research Institute (DBT-NBRC) Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV)</strong></a> infection was found to induce classical activation (M1) of microglia that drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while suppressing alternative activation (M2) that could serve to dampen the inflammatory response, thereby inducing inflammatory response, microglial activation, and neuronal apoptosis.</li>
<li>&lsquo;DALI&rsquo; a tool in Indian languages for dyslexia assessment in children developed at NBRC remains in high demand and is being increasingly adopted countrywide.</li>
<li><strong>BRAHMA and ANSH:</strong> NBRC scientists have developed specialized tools named BRAHMA and ANSH for integrating inputs from neuroimaging data and the clinical information to help in diagnosis of various brain diseases such as Alzheimer&rsquo;s and Parkinson&rsquo;s. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tool is standardized on a robust Indian brain template that is representative of the Indian population-specific brain anatomy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Further Reading</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotechnology and its Applications</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bradykinin-storm-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bradykinin Storm</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-specific-memory-t-cells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Specific Memory T Cells</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Seeds</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microrna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>microRNA</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bbx11-gene-greening-of-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BBX11 Gene</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intentional Genomic Alteration</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-cancer-genome-atlas-2020-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cancer Genome Atlas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saviour-sibling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saviour Sibling</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/production-of-saffron-and-heeng-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayan Bioresources Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the <strong>Aero India show</strong> began at Bengaluru&rsquo;s <strong>Yelahanka Air Force Station</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Aero India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru based Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre, <strong>has been hosting the air show in February</strong> since it was started in Bengaluru in 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-of-its-kind &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; air show,</strong> which means people can also attend it digitally.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus region</strong> for Aero India 2021 is the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong>.</li>
<li>It has been organised by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)</strong>.</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 has seen the participation of top aviation firms, while India is showcasing its indigenous defence capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from global aviation giants such as Boeing (USA), Lockheed Martin (USA), Dassault (France) and Airbus (Europe), the show will also see the participation of top defence firms involved in the aviation sector including Thales (France), BAE Systems (UK) and missile manufacturer MBDA (Europe).</li>
<li>India has been purchasing products from these major giants such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boeing P8-I</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale jets</a></strong> from Dassault, other aircraft, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the Aero show, the government has also formally sealed the Rs. 48,000 crore deal to procure <strong>83 Tejas light combat aircraft</strong> from state-run aerospace company <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas,</strong> manufactured by the HAL, is a <strong>single engine</strong> and highly agile multi-role <strong>supersonic fighter aircraft</strong> capable of operating in high-threat air environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India offers a unique opportunity in <strong>defence and aerospace manufacturing</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, domestic manufacturing of bigger and complex defence platforms has become the focus of the country&rsquo;s defence policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 will <strong>boost investment, expand manufacturing ecosystem, support enterprises, appreciate</strong> and <strong>enhance the technology levels and propel the economic growth</strong> for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7541,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Co-WIN App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the software of<strong> Co-WIN App</strong> (also called<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong>) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Vaccination programme.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN, <strong>a cloud-based IT platform,</strong> is supposed to<strong> handle minute details for India&rsquo;s Covid-19 immunisation programme,</strong> including registering beneficiaries, allocating vaccination centres, sending text messages with name of their vaccinator to beneficiaries and live monitoring of vials in cold storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agencies Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Co-WIN platform is <strong>owned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> and<strong> was earlier the platform used for conducting Pulse <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day#:~:text=World%20Polio%20Day%20(2019)%20marked,and%20wild%20poliovirus%20type%202." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polio</a></strong> and <strong>other crucial immunisation programmes</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>The same platform has been expanded for doling out Covid-19 vaccines and the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and IT</strong> along with the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> </a>are handling the backend and the tech infrastructure for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and tracking:</strong> This app enables monitoring the inoculation drive and tracking the listed beneficiaries for vaccination on a real-time basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it also helps to <strong>counter proxy vaccinations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar enabled:</strong> This app would enable beneficiaries to be <strong>identified efficiently</strong> through use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/co-win-software-enhanced-for-vaccine-roll-out/article33628284.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot <strong>Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars</strong> in the <strong>massive intriguing globular cluster</strong> in the<strong> Milky Way Galaxy</strong> called <strong>NGC 2808.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's first multi-wavelength space satellite AstroSat</strong> helped astronomers in this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists combined data of <strong>Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (on board AstroSat)</strong> with observations made using other space missions such as the <strong>Hubble Space Telescope</strong> and the<strong> Gaia telescope</strong> along with<strong> ground-based optical observations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hubble Space Telescope:</strong> The HST or Hubble <strong>(NASA)</strong> is a space telescope that was launched into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth orbit</strong> </a>in 1990 and remains in operation. It is one of the <strong>largest and most versatile space telescopes</strong> till date.</li>
<li><strong>Gaia</strong> is a space observatory of the<strong> European Space Agency,</strong> launched in <strong>2013 and expected to operate until 2022.</strong> The spacecraft is designed for astrometry: measuring the positions, distances and motions of stars with unprecedented precision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>34 UV-bright stars</strong> were found to be members of the globular cluster (NGC 2808). One of the UV-bright stars was found to be about<strong> 3000 times brighter</strong> than the Sun with a surface temperature of about <strong>1,00,000 K.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hot UV-bright stars</strong> have been distinguished from the<strong> relatively cooler red giant and main-sequence stars.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the stars were found to have evolved from a solar stage called the <strong>horizontal branch stars</strong> with hardly any outer envelope. Thus, they were bound to skip the last major phase of life called the <strong>asymptotic giant phase (it is one of the last major phases in the life of stars)</strong> and directly become dead remnants or white dwarfs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> horizontal branch</strong> (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the<strong> red giant branch</strong> in stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Properties of Stars:</strong> The findings will help in determining properties of these stars such as their surface temperatures, luminosities and radii.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of Stars:</strong> These present <strong>excellent laboratories</strong> where astronomers can understand<strong> how stars evolve through various phases</strong> between their birth and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Death of star:</strong> It is not clear how these stars end their lives as not many of them are detected in these fast-evolving phases, making their study crucial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UV radiations:</strong> UV-bright stars are speculated to be the reason for the ultraviolet radiation coming from old stellar systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NGC 2808:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NGC 2808 is a <strong>globular cluster in the constellation Carina.</strong> The cluster belongs to the <strong>Milky Way,</strong> and is one of our home galaxy's <strong>most massive clusters,</strong> millions of stars. It is estimated to be 12.5-billion years old.</li>
<li>It is said to have at least <strong>five generations of stars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stellar Evolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A nebula is a cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) and dust in space.</li>
<li>Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Sequence Stars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Main sequence stars are stars that are fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores.</li>
<li>Most of the stars in the universe i.e. about 90% of them are main sequence stars. The<strong> sun</strong> is a main sequence star.</li>
<li>Towards the end of its life, a star like the Sun <strong>swells up into a red giant,</strong> before losing its <strong>outer layers</strong> as a<strong> planetary nebula and finally shrinking to become a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>faintest (less than 1/1000th the brightness of the Sun) main sequence stars</strong> are called the red dwarfs.</li>
<li><strong>Proxima Centauri,</strong> the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Giant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Red giants have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>They are very bright, although their surface temperature is lower than that of the Sun.</li>
<li>A red giant is formed during the<strong> later stages of the evolution as it runs out of hydrogen fuel at its centre.</strong></li>
<li>A very large red giant is often called <strong>Red Supergiant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planetary nebula is an outer layer of gas and dust that are lost <strong>when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>White Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A white dwarf is a <strong>very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarfs are the remains of normal stars, whose nuclear energy supplies <strong>have been used up.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarf consists of degenerate matter with a <strong>very high density</strong> due to gravitational effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Novae occur on the surface of a <strong>white dwarf</strong> in a binary system.</li>
<li>If the two stars of the system are sufficiently near to one another, material (hydrogen) can be pulled from the companion star&rsquo;s surface onto the white dwarf.</li>
<li>When enough material builds up on the surface of the white dwarf, it triggers a nuclear fusion on a white dwarf which causes a sudden brightening of the star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supernova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A supernova is the<strong> explosive death of a star</strong> and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of <strong>100 million suns for a short time.</strong></li>
<li>The extremely luminous burst of radiation expels much or all of a<strong> star&rsquo;s material at a great velocity,</strong> driving a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium.</li>
<li>These shock waves trigger condensation which is a nebula paving the way for the birth of a new star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>neutron star</strong> is the <strong>collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-wavelength astronomy mission</strong> on an IRS-class (Indian Remote Sensing-Class) satellite in a<strong> 650-km, near-equatorial orbit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was launched by the Indian launch vehicle <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PSLV</strong></a> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in 2015 by ISRO.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands</strong> simultaneously with its five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem.</li>
<li>One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the <strong>simultaneous multi-wavelength observations</strong> of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.</li>
<li>The Ground Command and Control Centre for ASTROSAT is located at <strong>ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</strong> (ISTRAC), <strong>Bangalore, India.</strong></li>
<li>This has put India in an exclusive club of countries which have multi wavelength space observatories.</li>
<li>The minimum life of the AstroSat mission was expected to be <strong>5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1690854#:~:text=With%20spectacular%20ultraviolet%20images%20of,appear%20dim%20in%20these%20images." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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