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Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy

Why in News Recently, Astronomers have discovered a new active galaxy called Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) which has been identified as the farthest...

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National Supercomputing Mission

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New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables

Why in News Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that power transmission cable can be monitored by using Raman thermometry on the...

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International Cooperation: ISRO

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Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology

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National Science Day 2021

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India-China Hotline

Why in News Recently, India and China announced that both have agreed to establish a Hotline. Key Points Hotline: The decision to install a...

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NASA's Mars 2020 Mission

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Bhuvan Portal

Why in News Recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and MapmyIndia have partnered to come up with an indigenious geospatial portal known...

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Arjun MBT MK-1A

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A to the Indian...

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Three New Fighter Jets

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06 Feb 2021 Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

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Aero India 2021

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Co-WIN App

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UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808

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The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

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LCA Tejas

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Two Dimensional Electron Gas

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National Metrology Conclave 2021

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COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use

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		'title' => 'Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Astronomers have discovered a <strong>new active galaxy</strong> called <strong>Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1)</strong> which has been identified as the <strong>farthest gamma-ray emitting galaxy.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)</strong> in collaboration with researchers from other institutions, studied around 25,000 luminous <strong>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)</strong> from the <strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>AGN</strong> are the most <strong>powerful, long-lived objects and steady sources of luminosity in the Universe.</strong> The emission is spread widely across the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum</strong>, often peaking in the Ultra-Violet , but with significant luminosity in the x-ray and infrared bands.</li>
<li><strong>SDSS</strong> is a major <strong>multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redshift</a></strong> <strong>survey</strong> using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has created the <strong>most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe</strong> ever made, with deep multi-color images of one third of the sky, and spectra for more than three million astronomical objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They found <strong>a unique object that emits high-energy gamma rays</strong> located at a <strong>high redshift (more than 1)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was identified as a <strong>gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy</strong>, which is a rare entity in space.</li>
<li>The new gamma-ray emitting NLS1 was <strong>formed when the Universe was only about 4.7 billion years old</strong> as compared to its current age of about 13.8 billion years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Redshift</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>displacement of spectral lines towards longer wavelengths</strong> (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects.</li>
<li>It <strong>reveals how an object is moving in space and enables astronomers to discover otherwise-invisible planets and the movements of galaxies</strong>, and to uncover the beginnings of our universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers use redshifts <strong>to measure how the universe is expanding</strong>, and thus to <strong>determine the distance to our universe&rsquo;s most distant (and therefore oldest) objects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most accurate way to measure redshift is by using<strong> spectroscopy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When a beam of white light strikes a triangular prism it is separated into its various components <strong>(ROYGBIV)</strong>. This is known as a spectrum (plural: spectra).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Astronomers can look at the <strong>spectra created by different elements and compare these with the spectra of stars.</strong> If the absorption or emission lines they see in the star's spectra are shifted, they know the object is moving either towards us or away from us.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers calculate redshift in terms of the redshift parameter (z) which helps in calculating the distance of the object (galaxy,planet etc).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With <strong>increasing value of z the distance of the object increases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists used the Japanese <strong>8.2 m Subaru Telescope</strong> which is one of the <strong>largest ground-based telescopes in the world</strong>, located at Hawaii, USA.</li>
<li>Its powerful light collecting capability can capture weak light from celestial objects. A <strong>major feature</strong> of the Subaru Telescope is that its <strong>prime focus boasts an overwhelming wide field of view compared to other large telescopes</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Detection of gamma-ray emission from NLS1 <strong>challenges the idea of how relativistic jets</strong> are formed because <strong>NLS1s are a unique class of AGN</strong> that are powered by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes</strong> </a>of low mass and hosted in spiral galaxies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Relativistic Jets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supermassive black holes in the centers of some active galaxies that create <strong>powerful jets of radiation and particles travelling close to the speed of light</strong> are called relativistic jets.</li>
<li>These jets are believed to be the <strong>sources of the fastest-travelling particles in the Universe that are cosmic rays.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No method was present till date to find <strong>NLS1 at redshifts larger than one.</strong></li>
<li>This discovery <strong>opens up a new way to find gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxies</strong> in the early Universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARIES is one of the <strong>leading research Institutes</strong> which <strong>specializes in observational Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences </strong>situated in<strong> Nainital,</strong> Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1955</strong> and its primary objective has been <strong>to develop facilities for modern astrophysical research in stellar, solar &amp; theoretical branches of astrophysics.&nbsp;</strong>On some selected clear nights the visitors are also shown some celestial objects through the telescopes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galaxy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A galaxy is a <strong>huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held together by gravity.</strong></li>
<li>Earth is the part of the <strong>Milky Way Galaxy</strong>, which also has a super Massive Blackhole in the middle.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to a point in space where the <strong>matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</strong></li>
<li>The concept was <strong>theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915</strong> and the term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler.</li>
<li>All the black holes observed so far belong to <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One category ranges between a few solar masses and tens of solar masses. These are thought to form when massive stars die.</li>
<li>The other category is of <strong>supermassive black holes.</strong> These range from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun from the Solar system to which Earth belongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gamma Ray Astronomy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the study of astronomical objects and <strong>phenomena that emit gamma rays.</strong> Gamma-ray telescopes are designed to <strong>observe high-energy astrophysical systems.</strong></li>
<li>As Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere blocks most gamma rays, <strong>observations are generally conducted by high-altitude balloons or spacecraft.</strong></li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique <strong>opportunities to explore exotic objects.</strong> By exploring the universe at these high energies, <strong>scientists can search for new physics, testing theories and performing experiments which are not possible in earth-bound laboratories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8136,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Supercomputing Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) will be completed by September 2021,</strong> taking India&rsquo;s total computational capacity to <strong>16 Petaflops.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> NSM was<strong> announced in 2015,</strong> with an <strong>aim</strong> to connect national academic and R&amp;D institutions with a grid of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,500 crores <strong>over the period of seven years by 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> supports the government's vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Digital India'</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Make in India'</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> NSM is <strong>jointly steered by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology</strong> (DST - Ministry of Science and Technology) and implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)</strong></a>, Pune and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also an effort <strong>to improve the number of supercomputers</strong> owned by India.</li>
<li>These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the<strong> National Knowledge Network (NKN).</strong> The NKN connects academic institutions and R&amp;D labs over a high-speed network.</li>
<li>Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons over the next five years who will be equipped to handle the complexities of supercomputers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Progress of NSM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the first phase,<strong> PARAM Shivay, PARAM Shakti, PARAM Brahma, PARAM Yukti and PARAM Sanganak</strong> were deployed at IIT (BHU), IIT Kharagpur, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Research.</li>
<li>Recently,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supercomputer-param-siddhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> PARAM-Siddhi AI</strong></a>, has been <strong>ranked 63<sup>rd</sup> in the Top 500 list of most powerful supercomputers</strong> in the world. It was developed under the NSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020, <strong>C-DAC had inked MoUs with IITs</strong> along with <strong>IISc, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute and NIT, Tiruchirapalli</strong> &mdash; where a High Power Computing (HPC) system in each institute is currently being installed.</li>
<li>So far, <strong>over 4,500 people have been trained in HPC</strong> and further training in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> will be held at specia<strong>l NSM nodal centres</strong> established at four IITs &mdash; <strong>Kharagpur, Madras, Goa and Palakkad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NSM envisages setting up a network of 70 high-performance computing facilities in the country but <strong>skewed funding for the mission</strong> during the initial years slowed down the overall pace of building supercomputers.</li>
<li><strong>Only 16.67% of the total budget of Rs. 4,500 crore,</strong> was utilised during the first four-and-a-half years for execution of the mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, <strong>China</strong> has the maximum number of supercomputers and maintains the <strong>top position</strong> in the world, <strong>followed</strong> by the <strong>US, Japan, France, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-supercomputing-mission-to-enter-final-phase-in-september-7270718/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7935,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Technique for Monitoring of Power Transmission Cables',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated that <strong>power transmission cable</strong> can be monitored by using <strong>Raman thermometry</strong> on the <strong>fibre optic cable.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They achieved this by <strong>using the optical fibres that are already embedded</strong> in the power cables for establishing optical communication.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raman Thermometry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> thermal characterization technique</strong> which makes use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures#:~:text=Raman%20effect%20is%20the%20inelastic,beam%20is%20deflected%20by%20molecules." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raman scattering phenomena</strong> </a>to <strong>determine the local temperature</strong> in microelectronics systems.</li>
<li><strong>When light is scattered off an object,</strong> say a molecule,<strong> two bands are observed,</strong> with higher and lower frequency than the original light, called the<strong> Stokes</strong> and <strong>anti-Stokes bands,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>By studying the<strong> relative intensity</strong> of the two bands, it is <strong>possible to estimate the temperature</strong> of the object which scatters the light. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>anti-Stokes</strong> component of Raman scattering is<strong> strongly dependent on the temperature</strong> that the material is subjected to. Thus, by <strong>measuring the intensity of the anti-Stokes scattered light we can estimate the temperature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Any current flowing through a conductor would cause a temperature rise due to the <strong>Joule heating effect.</strong> Hence the flow of current through the power cables results in heating of the power cables.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Joule heating</strong> (also referred to as resistive or ohmic heating) describes the process where the <strong>energy of an electric current is converted into heat</strong> as it flows through a resistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optical Fibre Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temperature measurement of wires is performed in not just one location, but in a distributed manner using an<strong> optical fibre.</strong> To achieve this, <strong>a pulse of light</strong> is launched into the optical fibre and the backscattered radiation is observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Optical fibres are <strong>fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz fibres.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each fibre consists of a<strong> core (denser)</strong> and <strong>cladding (rarer).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated <strong>total internal reflections</strong> along the length of the fibre and finally comes out at the other end.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Total internal reflection</strong> is<strong> complete reflection of a ray of light</strong> within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since light undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, <strong>there is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615804181_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The time of flight of the <strong>backscattered radiation provides an estimate</strong> of the distance from which the light is backscattered.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Backscattering</strong> (or backscatter) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from.</li>
<li>This constitutes a distributed measurement as the pulse propagates all along the length of fibre.</li>
<li>This can go up to tens of kilometers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Actual Temperature Measurements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The use of Raman thermometry technique allows the operators to<strong> get the results for actual temperature measurements</strong> over tens of kilometres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic and Real-Time:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Alternative methods of measuring the temperature of power cables include using a <strong>thermal camera</strong> which is cumbersome. The present method devised by the team is both <strong>economical and provides real-time information.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Thermal cameras</strong> detect temperature by recognizing and capturing different levels of <strong>infrared light.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect or Raman Scattering is a<strong> phenomenon in spectroscopy</strong> discovered by the eminent physicist <strong>Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1928.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1930, he got a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize</strong> </a>for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a<strong> change in the wavelength of light</strong> that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam.</li>
<li>Most of this scattered light is of<strong> unchanged wavelength.</strong> A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cost-effective-light-based-monitoring-of-health-of-power-lines/article34062651.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7918,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Cooperation: ISRO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-plans-for-2020-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong> </a>and <strong>Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</strong> reviewed cooperation in <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earth-observation-satellite-eos-01-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earth observation</a>, lunar cooperation and satellite navigation.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also agreed to explore opportunities for cooperation in &ldquo;space situational awareness and professional exchange programme&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Both agencies signed an<strong> Implementing Arrangement</strong> for collaborative activities on<strong> rice crop area</strong> and <strong>air quality monitoring</strong> using satellite data.</li>
<li><strong>India and Japan</strong> are already working on a joint<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-draft-spacecom-policy-and-india-s-space-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> lunar polar exploration (LUPEX)</a> mission.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LUPEX aims to<strong> send a lander and rover to the Moon&rsquo;s south pole around 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agreements with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India and Italy</strong> have decided to explore opportunities in <strong>earth observation, space science and robotic and human exploration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India and Australia</strong> signed an amendment to the MoU which will build on the <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both countries are also in discussions for <strong>Australia to host vital tracking infrastructure</strong> to support the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaganyaan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gaganyaan</strong></a> manned space flight mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Few Achievements Through International Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chandrayaan-1:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO&rsquo;s maiden mission to Moon, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-1-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chandrayaan-1</a></strong>, has been an exemplary example of international cooperation with its international payloads.</li>
<li>It has also earned several national and international laurels and was instrumental in the <strong>ISRO-NASA joint discovery of water molecules</strong> on the moon surface, unattained by any of the previous missions of such nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Megha-Tropiques:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Indo-French joint satellite mission</strong> called<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-on-maritime-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MEGHA-TROPIQUES</strong></a> was launched in 2011 for the study of the tropical atmosphere and climate related to aspects such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoons</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saral:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indo-French</strong> joint mission, named <strong>SARAL (Satellite for ALTIKA and ARGOS)</strong> for studying the ocean from space using altimetry was successfully launched in 2013.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NISAR:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ISRO and NASA</strong> are realizing a joint satellite mission called<strong> NISAR (NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar)</strong> for earth science studies.</li>
<li>The mission will observe Earth and measure its changing ecosystem and masses globally.</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s most expensive imaging-satellite and the two space agencies intend to launch the satellite by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNNATI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ISRO has launched capacity building programme on</strong> nano satellite development, named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unnati-by-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNNATI (UNispace Nanosatellite Assembly &amp; Training by ISRO)</strong></a> as an initiative of <strong>UNISPACE+50</strong> (the 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the first United Nations conference on the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRISHNA:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO and the French space agency<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-on-maritime-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CNES</strong></a> have partnered in developing advanced upgradation satellites like TRISHNA to <strong>monitor the water cycle</strong> to help in finding out proper ways to utilize it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-japan-space-agencies-review-cooperation/article34045001.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7864,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has successfully conducted the test of the <strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology,</strong> which is crucial for the indigenous development of long range air-to-air missiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SFDR technology is a missile propulsion system based on the concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramjet Engine</strong> </a>principle.</li>
<li>The system utilises a<strong> solid fuelled</strong> air-breathing ramjet engine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike solid-propellant rockets, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight. Thus, it is light in weight and can carry more fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DRDO began developing SFDR first in 2017 and had conducted successful tests in 2018 and 2019 as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Successful demonstration of SFDR technology will enable DRDO to <strong>develop indigenous long range air-to-air missiles.</strong></li>
<li>At present, such technology is available only with a <strong>handful of countries in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Air-to-air missiles which use SFDR technology can <strong>achieve longer ranges</strong> as they <strong>do not require oxidisers</strong> (take oxygen from the atmosphere).</li>
<li>The missile based on SFDR <strong>fly at supersonic speeds and high manoeuvrability ensures</strong> the target aircraft cannot get away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) works under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was established in 1958 after combining<strong> Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army</strong> and the<strong> Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP)</strong> with the <strong>Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</strong></li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></li>
<li>Some of the recent tests conducted by DRDO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Anti Airfield Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Army Variant of MRSAM</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhanced-version-of-pinaka-mk-1-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAG Missile: Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramjet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle&rsquo;s forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.</li>
<li>Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds but they are not efficient at hypersonic speeds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was intended to <strong>attain self-sufficiency</strong> in the field of missile technology.</li>
<li>After keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.</li>
<li>The IGMDP formally got the approval of Indian government on 26<sup>th</sup> July, 1983.</li>
<li>The missiles developed under IGMDP are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Prithvi</strong></li>
<li>Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Agni</strong></li>
<li>Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile &ndash;<strong> Trishul</strong></li>
<li>Medium-range surface-to-air missile &ndash; <strong>Akash</strong></li>
<li>Third generation anti-tank missile &ndash; <strong>Nag</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1702670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7810,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Science Day 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures#:~:text=Raman%20effect%20is%20the%20inelastic,beam%20is%20deflected%20by%20molecules." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;</strong></a> by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, for which he was awarded the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize</strong></a> in 1930. The first NSD was celebrated in1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the importance of science and its application among the people.</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong> &lsquo;Future of STI (Science, Technology and Innovations): Impacts on Education, Skills, and Work&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards Conferred:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National S&amp;T Communication Awards, <strong>Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR) awards,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women Excellence Awards</strong></a> and Rajendra Prabhu Memorial Appreciation Shield for outstanding work in science media and journalism.</li>
<li>The first-ever <strong>National S&amp;T Databases on S&amp;T Awards</strong> in India and Indian origin Academicians abroad, was released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AWSAR is an initiative that aims to disseminate Indian research stories among the masses in an easy to understand and interesting format.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To encourage youth pursuing higher studies to submit at least one story/article based on their research work.</li>
<li>Foster, strengthen and create scientific temper through popular science writing and creating a culture of science communication/popularisation among the scholars.</li>
<li>Recognize the initiative and output of researchers on the specific aspects of natural, physical, mathematical and information sciences, applied science, technology, engineering, and multi-disciplinary science.</li>
<li>Conduct training Workshops for Early Career Researchers (PhD Scholars and PDFs) in popular science writing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Research Foundation (NRF):</strong> It is to be set-up as an autonomous body envisaged under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020#:~:text=Conclusion,the%202030%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will look after funding, mentoring, and building &lsquo;quality of research&rsquo; in India. The NRF aims to fund researchers working across streams in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/draft-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2020).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raman is the inelastic scattering of a photon by molecules which are excited to higher vibrational or rotational energy levels. It is also called <strong>Raman scattering.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In simpler words, it is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light</strong> that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</li>
<li>When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam.</li>
<li>Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light and its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Raman effect forms the <strong>basis for Raman spectroscopy</strong> which is used by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-institutes-host-virtual-science-day-events-7208129/#:~:text=Observed%20on%20February%2028%20every,year%2C%20the%20celebrations%20are%20online." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7796,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-China Hotline',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India and China announced that both have agreed to establish a <strong>Hotline.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614413289_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614413289_image 1.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<p>Key Points</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hotline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision to install a <strong>Hotline</strong> between the two countries was taken over a telephonic meeting between India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister and China&rsquo;s Foreign Affairs Minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hotline is a<strong> direct telephone line</strong> in constant operational readiness so as to facilitate immediate communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Hotline will be helpful in timely communication and exchange of views between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterated the <strong>&lsquo;three mutuals&rsquo;</strong> (mutual respect, mutual sensitivity and mutual interests) as the approach to the relationship.</li>
<li>Disengagement, followed by de-escalation, will lead to peace along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a>, and eventually normalisation of ties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The boundary situation should not be placed at the front and centre of the relationship, but instead at a &ldquo;proper place&rdquo; in overall ties.</li>
<li>The indication was the <strong>two sides should return to business as usual</strong> while the issue is dealt with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>May 2020:</strong> Chinese and Indian forces clashed at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nathu-la-sikkim" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nathu La, Sikkim</strong></a> (India).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After the Sikkim scuffles, tensions between the two countries rose in Ladakh, with a multi-place mobilization of troops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>June 2020:</strong> Indian and Chinese armies were engaged in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>standoff in Pangong Tso, Galwan Valley</strong></a>, Demchok and Daulat Beg Oldie in eastern Ladakh which became the heart of the recent <strong>LAC tensions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>June 2020:</strong> India banned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/banning-of-chinese-mobile-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>59 apps originating from China.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>November 2020:</strong> India blocked 43 new mobile apps, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/43-more-mobile-apps-banned" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mostly Chinese.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ban has been enforced under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-it-rules-issued-by-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>February 2021: India and China decided to finally reach an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-china-disengagement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agreement on disengagement at Pangong Lake</strong></a><strong>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is imperative for the two sides to cherish the hard-won relaxation, and <strong>work together to consolidate the progress</strong>, keep up the consultation momentum, further <strong>ease the situation, and improve the border management and control mechanisms.</strong></li>
<li>As two big emerging economies, <strong>China and India need to pursue development alongside each other</strong>, move forward in partnership instead of hindrance, and work together for shared progress rather than erecting walls against each other.</li>
<li>India and China also <strong>need to advance the boundary talks to build up mutual trust and realize peace and tranquility</strong> in the border areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-wang-jaishankar-talk-a-new-hotline-two-paths-to-peace-7206644/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7727,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NASA's Mars 2020 Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA&rsquo;s)</strong></a> <strong>Perseverance Rover</strong> has landed on Mars.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was one of the most crucial aspects of the<strong> Mars 2020 Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mission is designed to better understand the <strong>geology of Mars</strong> and seek <strong>signs of ancient life.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assess ancient habitability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Demonstrate technology</strong> for future robotic and human exploration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> At least one Mars year (about 687 Earth days).</li>
<li><strong>Mission Steps:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Collect:</strong> Perseverance will collect rock and soil samples in cigar-sized tubes. The samples will be collected, the canisters will be sealed, and left on the ground.</li>
<li><strong>Fetch:</strong> A<strong> Mars Fetch Rover (provided by the European Space Agency)</strong> will land, drive, and collect all samples from the different locations, and return to the lander.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer:</strong> These samples will be transferred to the <strong>Mars Ascent Vehicle</strong> which will meet with an Orbiter.</li>
<li><strong>Return:</strong> The<strong> Orbiter</strong> will carry the samples back to Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Perseverance Rover</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613727755_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613727755_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="454" height="250" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perseverance is the most advanced, most expensive and most sophisticated mobile laboratory sent to Mars.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from previous missions</strong> because it is capable of drilling and collecting core samples of the most promising rocks and soils, and setting them aside in a "cache" on the surface of Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> 30<sup>th</sup> July, 2020</li>
<li><strong>Landing:</strong> 18<sup>th</sup> February, 2021</li>
<li><strong>Landing Site: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Jezero Crater</strong> (an ancient river delta that has rocks and minerals that could only form in water).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Source:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) which converts heat from the natural <strong>radioactive decay of plutonium (Plutonium Dioxide) into electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instruments:</strong> It carries seven instruments, two microphones and 23 cameras in total in order to conduct unprecedented science and test new technology on Mars. Few important <strong>instruments</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilisation Experiment (MOXIE):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will use power to produce oxygen using atmospheric carbon dioxide.</li>
<li>If successful, it can be scaled up to provide the <strong>two very critical needs</strong> of humans: oxygen for breathing, and rocket fuel for the trip back to Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Radar Imager for Mars&rsquo; Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RIMFAX will provide high resolution mapping and also look for subsurface water on Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mars Helicopter:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is actually a small drone to test whether the helicopter can fly in the sparse atmosphere on Mars. The low density of the Martian atmosphere makes the odds of actually flying a helicopter or an aircraft on Mars very low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mastcam-Z:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An advanced camera system with panoramic and stereoscopic imaging capability will help determine mineralogy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SuperCam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can provide imaging, chemical composition analysis, and mineralogy at a distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and high-resolution imager that will provide capabilities that permit more detailed detection and analysis of chemical elements than ever before.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman &amp; Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A spectrometer that will provide fine-scale imaging and uses an ultraviolet (UV) laser to map mineralogy and organic compounds.</li>
<li>SHERLOC will be the<strong> first UV <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fabrication-of-controlled-nanostructures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Raman spectrometer</a></strong> to fly to the surface of Mars and will provide complementary measurements with other instruments in the payload.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sensors that will provide measurements of temperature, wind speed and direction, pressure, relative humidity, and dust size and shape.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mars</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Size and Distance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth planet from the Sun</strong> and the <strong>second-smallest planet</strong> in the Solar System.</li>
<li>Mars is about half the size of Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similarity to the Earth (Orbit and Rotation):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As Mars orbits the Sun, it completes one rotation every 24.6 hours, which is very similar to one day on Earth (23.9 hours).</li>
<li>Mars' axis of <strong>rotation is tilted 25 degrees</strong> with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. This is similar with Earth, which has an axial tilt of 23.4 degrees.</li>
<li>Like Earth, Mars has distinct seasons, but they last longer than seasons on Earth since Mars takes longer to orbit the Sun (because it's farther away).</li>
<li>Martian days are called sols&mdash;short for <strong>&lsquo;solar day&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Surface:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has colors such as brown, gold and tan. The reason Mars looks reddish is due to oxidation or rusting of iron in the rocks, and dust of Mars. Hence it is also called <strong>Red Planet.</strong></li>
<li>Mars has the <strong>largest volcano in the solar system i.e. Olympus Mons.</strong> It's three times taller than Earth's Mt. Everest with a base the size of the state of New Mexico.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atmosphere:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has a thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon gases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Magnetosphere:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has no magnetic field till date, but areas of the Martian crust in the southern hemisphere are highly magnetized, indicating traces of a magnetic field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Moons:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mars has two small moons, <strong>Phobos and Deimos,</strong> that may be captured asteroids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Mars Missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Soviet Union in 1971</strong> became the first country to carry out a Mars landing, Mars 3.</li>
<li>The second country to reach Mars&rsquo;s surface is the <strong>United State of America (USA).</strong> Since 1976, it has achieved 8 successful Mars landings, the latest being the<strong> &lsquo;InSight&rsquo;</strong> in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>European Space Agency</strong> has been able to place their spacecraft in Mars&rsquo;s orbit through the <strong>Mars Express Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or Mangalyaan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> in November 2013.</li>
<li>It was launched on board a PSLV C-25 rocket with aim of studying Martian surface and mineral composition as well as scan its atmosphere for methane (an indicator of life on Mars).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Frequent Missions to Mars: </strong>There are<strong> two primary </strong>reasons<strong>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Similar to Earth:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, Mars is a planet where life may have evolved in the past. Conditions on early Mars roughly around 4 billion years ago were very similar to that of Earth.</li>
<li>It had a thick atmosphere, which enabled the stability of water on the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>If indeed conditions on Mars were similar to those on Earth, there is a real possibility that microscopic life evolved on Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Most Suitable among Other Planets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mars is the only planet that humans can visit or inhabit in the long term. Venus and Mercury have extreme temperatures &ndash; the average temperature is greater than 400 degree C. All planets in the outer solar system starting with Jupiter are made of gas &ndash; not silicates or rocks &ndash; and are very cold.</li>
<li>Mars is comparatively hospitable in terms of temperature, with an approximate range between 20 degrees C at the Equator to minus 125 degrees C at the poles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-is-mars-so-interesting-to-scientists-and-to-the-adventurer-7194898/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7702,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bhuvan Portal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> and <strong>MapmyIndia</strong> have partnered to come up with an<strong> indigenious geospatial portal</strong> known as <strong>&lsquo;Bhuvan&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is in line with the above discussed new<strong> guidelines for the Geo-Spatial Sector</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geospatial Portal (Bhuvan):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a type of web portal<strong> used to find and access geographic information</strong> (geospatial information) <strong>and associated geographic services</strong> (display, editing, analysis, etc.) <strong>via the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MapmyIndia&rsquo;s database</strong> will be connected with <strong>ISRO&rsquo;s high-end satellite catalogue and earth observation data,</strong> which it generates through a constellation of its satellites.</li>
<li>The collaboration will enable them to jointly identify and build a holistic <strong>geospatial portal</strong> utilising earth observation datasets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Navigation in Indian Constellation (NavIC)</strong></a>, Web Services and <strong>APIs</strong> (application programming interface) available in MapmyIndia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>API</strong> is a <strong>software intermediary</strong> that allows two applications to talk to each other.</li>
<li>It is a computing interface that defines <strong>interactions between multiple software intermediaries</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>True Maps:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its services will<strong> reflect the true borders of the country</strong> as per the information available from Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protects Privacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By using MapmyIndia maps and applications instead of the foreign map apps, <strong>users can better protect their privacy.</strong></li>
<li>As foreign search engines and companies claim to offer &lsquo;free&rsquo; maps, but in reality, they make money by targeting the same users with advertising, by <strong>invading the user&rsquo;s privacy and auctioning private location and movement data.</strong> However there is no such provision of advertisement in MapmyIndia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat:</strong> Being an Indian platform, it is well aligned with the government's Mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MapmyIndia: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an <strong>Indian technology company</strong> that builds digital map data, telematics services, Global Information System and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> services.</li>
<li>It is an alternative to <strong>Google Map,</strong> which covers as many as 7.5 lakh Indian villages and 7,500 cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The database has a road network connected by 63 lakh km and the organisation claims to consist of the most exhaustive digital map database of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost all the vehicle manufacturers in India who come with built-in navigation systems are using MapmyIndia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Products:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>App called <strong>&lsquo;Move&rsquo;</strong> that provides <strong>real-time traffic updates and navigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Navigation in Indian Constellation (NavIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IRNSS<strong> consists of eight satellites,</strong> three satellites in geostationary orbit and five satellites in geosynchronous orbit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works just like the established and popular<strong> U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS)</strong> but within a 1,500-km radius over the sub-continent.</li>
<li>It has been<strong> certified by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a global body for coordinating mobile telephony standards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main objective is to <strong>provide reliable position, navigation and timing services</strong> over India and its neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation;</li>
<li>Disaster management;</li>
<li>Vehicle tracking and fleet management (especially for mining and transportation sector);</li>
<li>Integration with mobile phones;</li>
<li>Precise timing (as for ATMs and power grids);</li>
<li>Mapping and geodetic data capture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Global Navigational Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BeiDou/BDS</strong> (China)</li>
<li><strong>Galileo</strong> (Europe)</li>
<li><strong>GLONASS</strong> (Russia)</li>
<li><strong>Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)</strong> (Japan)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/with-isro-partnership-and-new-rules-mapmyindia-hopes-to-take-on-google-maps-7190796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7697,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arjun MBT MK-1A',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed <strong>Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A</strong> to the Indian Army.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The Arjun MBT Project was initiated by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a><strong>(DRDO)</strong> in 1972 with the <strong>Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE)</strong> as its lead laboratory.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To create a &ldquo;state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Arjun Tank:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arjun MBT is equipped with an indigenously developed <strong>120mm main rifled gun</strong> with <strong>Fin Stabilised Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)</strong> ammunition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>FSAPDS</strong> is capable of destroying all known tank armour up to direct shooting range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also has a <strong>computer-controlled integrated fire control system</strong> with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions.</li>
<li>The secondary weapons include a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun for anti-personnel and a 12.7-mm machine gun for anti-aircraft and ground targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mk1A and MkII:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of Arjun Mk1 was followed by improved variants - Mk1A and MkII.</li>
<li>Arjun Mk1A, which features improved<strong> firepower and transmission systems,</strong> completed the final integration tests in 2019 and was cleared for production.</li>
<li>The Arjun MkII variant is a light-weight <strong>Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT)</strong> with electro-optical sensors and high-power lasers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Mk-1A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have<strong> missile firing capability</strong> as per the design.</li>
<li>However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is<strong> 54.3% indeginous content</strong> against the <strong>41% in the earlier model.</strong></li>
<li>The newly developed <strong>Kanchan</strong> modular composite armour gives all-round protection to the tank from anti-tank ammunition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kanchan has been manufactured by <strong>Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)</strong> - a DRDO Laboratory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides India&rsquo;s Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>DRDO was established in 1958 after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>DRDO works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7627,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Year End Review: Department of Biotechnology (DBT)',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission Programmes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNATI Atal Jai Anusandhan Mission has been implemented by DBT with a major focus on improved agriculture, affordable healthcare, clean energy and cutting-edge frontier science as per details given below:</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>GARBH-ini (interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research in BirtH outcomes- DBT India Initiative) study</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to discover molecular risk-markers and generate a risk-prediction algorithm for preterm birth which will facilitate timely referral and care for at-risk mothers, thus saving children&rsquo;s lives and reducing morbidity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This programme has established a unique pregnancy cohort comprising more than 8000 women to study Pre Term Birth (PTB). </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The GARBH-ini platform comprises a bio-repository (Rakshita) of well characterized clinical phenotypes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will focus on development of new antibiotics, alternatives to antibiotics and diagnostics. </li>
<li>To address the rising threat of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</strong></a> with a holistic and multi-sectoral (One Health) approach, &ldquo;India&rsquo;s One Health Initiative&rdquo; to combat problems associated with AMR was launched.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ind-CEPI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an India centric collaborative mission of DBT aligned to the global initiatives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thsti-part-of-vaccine-assessment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CEPI (Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPIs mission &ldquo;Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development.</li>
<li>Support of Indian vaccine development is aligned with the global initiative of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)&rdquo;, at BIRAC, PSU of DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNATI Mission</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Clean Technologies for Swachh Bharat:</strong> DBT has developed various technology platforms designed to convert different solid, liquid and gaseous wastes into renewable fuels, energy and useful products such as food, feed, polymers and chemicals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the UNATI Mission, 10 promising clean technologies have been identified for demonstration with DBT support at different sites across India, in collaboration with local stakeholders such as municipalities and other urban local bodies. </li>
<li>The identified technologies include<strong> bio-methanation, constructed wetland, bio-toilets, chemical &amp; membrane free water purification</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-covid-suraksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission COVID Suraksha</strong></a> is India&rsquo;s targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials (PACT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>PACT (Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials)</strong> programme has been launched for supporting COVID-19 vaccine development activities in partnering countries. </li>
<li>The initiative is being implemented by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/making-india-a-biotech-hub" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)</strong> </a>and Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA) under the aegis of the National Biopharma Mission and Ind-CEPI Mission of DBT.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the first ever Industry-Academia mission &ldquo;Industry-Academia Collaboration <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma mission</strong></a>. The mission aims for Accelerating Discovery Research to Early Development for Biopharmaceuticals.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Innovate in India (i3) Empowering biotech entrepreneurs &amp; accelerating inclusive innovation &ldquo; to accelerate biopharmaceutical development in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders (UMMID) Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Department launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ummid-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;UMMID&rsquo; initiative</strong></a> to tackle inherited genetic diseases in newborns.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594025_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Pan India Genome India</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome India</strong></a> was initiated for cataloguing the genetic variation in Indian population with a goal for whole genome sequencing and subsequent data analysis of 10,000 individuals representing the country&rsquo;s diverse population to help build an exhaustive catalogue of genetic variations in Indian population, and to aid in the design of a genome wide association chip for Indian population.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LOTUS HR Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-netherlands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LOTUS HR project</a>:</strong> In collaboration with Netherlands, a toolbox of wastewater treatment technologies has been established on site at Barapullah drain to facilitate selection of treatment combinations for optimum treatment of wastewater.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created to bring together all the available databases and information on the bio-resources and biodiversity of the country in one platform. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>satellite telemetry tracking of Jacobin Cuckoo</strong> is a part of IBIN project in collaboration with Wildlife Institute of India to monitor the changes in Indian monsoon patterns and could help in planning the conservation and climate monitoring programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by DBT for deposition, storage, annotation and sharing of biological data generated in the country through extensive funding from various Government Organizations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IBDC will enable life science researchers to deposit biological data in a central repository and thus safeguard data generated using public resources from loss. It will perform quality control, curation, and annotation of data. </li>
<li>These efforts will help establish benchmarks for the quality of data deposited and thus improve the quality of experimental research conducted in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image%203.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612594052_image 3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>GenoVault</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GenoVault (Cloud based Genomics Repository) was launched in the Accelerating Biology 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This cloud-based genomic repository enables quick archival and retrieval tools along with extremely powerful analytical engines. </li>
<li>GenoVault is a first India&rsquo;s Genomics Repository based on OpenStack cloud. This centralized repository would be of enormous importance for healthcare and would have great use in personalized medicine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bio-liposome mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A novel bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier system for efficient intracellular delivery of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CRISPR-Cas9</strong> </a>based genome editing tools has been developed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of bio-inspired lipid nanocarrier delivery systems would open new vistas for devising novel gene therapy-based therapeutic solutions for various rare and genetic diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong> </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biotech-kisan-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotech-KISAN</strong></a> has created a platform in each of <strong>15 agro-climatic zones of the country,</strong> which aims to connect farmers and scientists to promote Agriculture Innovation and take the new interventions to the farmers and farms.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The department of biotechnology has strengthened its partnership with the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS), UK to launch the AMS-DBT Newton International Fellowship (NIF). </li>
<li>Focusing on the threat of climate change, the department collaborated with European Union for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Green Deal&rdquo;</strong> </a>under the <strong>Horizon 2020 framework</strong> to help build a low-carbon, climate-resilient future.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistant Council (BIRAC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIRAC launched i4 (Intensifying the Impact of Industrial Innovation) to support biotechnological product/technology development by strengthening R&amp;D capabilities of start-ups/companies/LLPs. The programme provides impetus for pulling the translational ideas past PoC and taking them further along the innovation chain for validation, scale-up, demonstration and pre-commercialization of products and technologies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wheat Straw Polysaccharide</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DBT-National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (DBT-NABI)</strong> has developed a <strong>wheat straw polysaccharide</strong> derived novel edible coating formulation to prevent the <strong>post-harvest shelf-life</strong> of perishable fruit crops such as Apple, Peach and Banana. </li>
<li>In addition to that,<strong> antibody assisted graphene oxide coated gold nanoparticles</strong> for rapid bacterial detection and near infrared light enhanced antibacterial activity has been developed which detects food borne pathogens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>DBT-National Brain Research Institute (DBT-NBRC) Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV)</strong></a> infection was found to induce classical activation (M1) of microglia that drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while suppressing alternative activation (M2) that could serve to dampen the inflammatory response, thereby inducing inflammatory response, microglial activation, and neuronal apoptosis.</li>
<li>&lsquo;DALI&rsquo; a tool in Indian languages for dyslexia assessment in children developed at NBRC remains in high demand and is being increasingly adopted countrywide.</li>
<li><strong>BRAHMA and ANSH:</strong> NBRC scientists have developed specialized tools named BRAHMA and ANSH for integrating inputs from neuroimaging data and the clinical information to help in diagnosis of various brain diseases such as Alzheimer&rsquo;s and Parkinson&rsquo;s. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tool is standardized on a robust Indian brain template that is representative of the Indian population-specific brain anatomy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Further Reading</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biotechnology and its Applications</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bradykinin-storm-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bradykinin Storm</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-specific-memory-t-cells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Specific Memory T Cells</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Seeds</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microrna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>microRNA</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bbx11-gene-greening-of-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BBX11 Gene</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intentional Genomic Alteration</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-cancer-genome-atlas-2020-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cancer Genome Atlas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saviour-sibling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saviour Sibling</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/production-of-saffron-and-heeng-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayan Bioresources Mission</strong></a></li>
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition</strong> of the <strong>Aero India show</strong> began at Bengaluru&rsquo;s <strong>Yelahanka Air Force Station</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Aero India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru based Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre, <strong>has been hosting the air show in February</strong> since it was started in Bengaluru in 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-of-its-kind &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; air show,</strong> which means people can also attend it digitally.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus region</strong> for Aero India 2021 is the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong>.</li>
<li>It has been organised by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)</strong>.</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 has seen the participation of top aviation firms, while India is showcasing its indigenous defence capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from global aviation giants such as Boeing (USA), Lockheed Martin (USA), Dassault (France) and Airbus (Europe), the show will also see the participation of top defence firms involved in the aviation sector including Thales (France), BAE Systems (UK) and missile manufacturer MBDA (Europe).</li>
<li>India has been purchasing products from these major giants such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Boeing P8-I</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale jets</a></strong> from Dassault, other aircraft, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the Aero show, the government has also formally sealed the Rs. 48,000 crore deal to procure <strong>83 Tejas light combat aircraft</strong> from state-run aerospace company <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas,</strong> manufactured by the HAL, is a <strong>single engine</strong> and highly agile multi-role <strong>supersonic fighter aircraft</strong> capable of operating in high-threat air environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India offers a unique opportunity in <strong>defence and aerospace manufacturing</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, domestic manufacturing of bigger and complex defence platforms has become the focus of the country&rsquo;s defence policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aero India 2021 will <strong>boost investment, expand manufacturing ecosystem, support enterprises, appreciate</strong> and <strong>enhance the technology levels and propel the economic growth</strong> for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7541,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Co-WIN App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the software of<strong> Co-WIN App</strong> (also called<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network</strong>) was upgraded to improve monitoring and managing of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Vaccination programme.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN, <strong>a cloud-based IT platform,</strong> is supposed to<strong> handle minute details for India&rsquo;s Covid-19 immunisation programme,</strong> including registering beneficiaries, allocating vaccination centres, sending text messages with name of their vaccinator to beneficiaries and live monitoring of vials in cold storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agencies Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Co-WIN platform is <strong>owned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> and<strong> was earlier the platform used for conducting Pulse <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day#:~:text=World%20Polio%20Day%20(2019)%20marked,and%20wild%20poliovirus%20type%202." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polio</a></strong> and <strong>other crucial immunisation programmes</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>The same platform has been expanded for doling out Covid-19 vaccines and the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and IT</strong> along with the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> </a>are handling the backend and the tech infrastructure for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and tracking:</strong> This app enables monitoring the inoculation drive and tracking the listed beneficiaries for vaccination on a real-time basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it also helps to <strong>counter proxy vaccinations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar enabled:</strong> This app would enable beneficiaries to be <strong>identified efficiently</strong> through use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/co-win-software-enhanced-for-vaccine-roll-out/article33628284.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7528,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot <strong>Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars</strong> in the <strong>massive intriguing globular cluster</strong> in the<strong> Milky Way Galaxy</strong> called <strong>NGC 2808.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's first multi-wavelength space satellite AstroSat</strong> helped astronomers in this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists combined data of <strong>Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (on board AstroSat)</strong> with observations made using other space missions such as the <strong>Hubble Space Telescope</strong> and the<strong> Gaia telescope</strong> along with<strong> ground-based optical observations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hubble Space Telescope:</strong> The HST or Hubble <strong>(NASA)</strong> is a space telescope that was launched into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth orbit</strong> </a>in 1990 and remains in operation. It is one of the <strong>largest and most versatile space telescopes</strong> till date.</li>
<li><strong>Gaia</strong> is a space observatory of the<strong> European Space Agency,</strong> launched in <strong>2013 and expected to operate until 2022.</strong> The spacecraft is designed for astrometry: measuring the positions, distances and motions of stars with unprecedented precision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>34 UV-bright stars</strong> were found to be members of the globular cluster (NGC 2808). One of the UV-bright stars was found to be about<strong> 3000 times brighter</strong> than the Sun with a surface temperature of about <strong>1,00,000 K.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hot UV-bright stars</strong> have been distinguished from the<strong> relatively cooler red giant and main-sequence stars.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the stars were found to have evolved from a solar stage called the <strong>horizontal branch stars</strong> with hardly any outer envelope. Thus, they were bound to skip the last major phase of life called the <strong>asymptotic giant phase (it is one of the last major phases in the life of stars)</strong> and directly become dead remnants or white dwarfs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> horizontal branch</strong> (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the<strong> red giant branch</strong> in stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Properties of Stars:</strong> The findings will help in determining properties of these stars such as their surface temperatures, luminosities and radii.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of Stars:</strong> These present <strong>excellent laboratories</strong> where astronomers can understand<strong> how stars evolve through various phases</strong> between their birth and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Death of star:</strong> It is not clear how these stars end their lives as not many of them are detected in these fast-evolving phases, making their study crucial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UV radiations:</strong> UV-bright stars are speculated to be the reason for the ultraviolet radiation coming from old stellar systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NGC 2808:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NGC 2808 is a <strong>globular cluster in the constellation Carina.</strong> The cluster belongs to the <strong>Milky Way,</strong> and is one of our home galaxy's <strong>most massive clusters,</strong> millions of stars. It is estimated to be 12.5-billion years old.</li>
<li>It is said to have at least <strong>five generations of stars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stellar Evolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A nebula is a cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) and dust in space.</li>
<li>Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Sequence Stars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Main sequence stars are stars that are fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores.</li>
<li>Most of the stars in the universe i.e. about 90% of them are main sequence stars. The<strong> sun</strong> is a main sequence star.</li>
<li>Towards the end of its life, a star like the Sun <strong>swells up into a red giant,</strong> before losing its <strong>outer layers</strong> as a<strong> planetary nebula and finally shrinking to become a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>faintest (less than 1/1000th the brightness of the Sun) main sequence stars</strong> are called the red dwarfs.</li>
<li><strong>Proxima Centauri,</strong> the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Giant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Red giants have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>They are very bright, although their surface temperature is lower than that of the Sun.</li>
<li>A red giant is formed during the<strong> later stages of the evolution as it runs out of hydrogen fuel at its centre.</strong></li>
<li>A very large red giant is often called <strong>Red Supergiant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planetary nebula is an outer layer of gas and dust that are lost <strong>when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>White Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A white dwarf is a <strong>very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarfs are the remains of normal stars, whose nuclear energy supplies <strong>have been used up.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarf consists of degenerate matter with a <strong>very high density</strong> due to gravitational effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Novae occur on the surface of a <strong>white dwarf</strong> in a binary system.</li>
<li>If the two stars of the system are sufficiently near to one another, material (hydrogen) can be pulled from the companion star&rsquo;s surface onto the white dwarf.</li>
<li>When enough material builds up on the surface of the white dwarf, it triggers a nuclear fusion on a white dwarf which causes a sudden brightening of the star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supernova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A supernova is the<strong> explosive death of a star</strong> and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of <strong>100 million suns for a short time.</strong></li>
<li>The extremely luminous burst of radiation expels much or all of a<strong> star&rsquo;s material at a great velocity,</strong> driving a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium.</li>
<li>These shock waves trigger condensation which is a nebula paving the way for the birth of a new star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>neutron star</strong> is the <strong>collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-wavelength astronomy mission</strong> on an IRS-class (Indian Remote Sensing-Class) satellite in a<strong> 650-km, near-equatorial orbit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was launched by the Indian launch vehicle <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PSLV</strong></a> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in 2015 by ISRO.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands</strong> simultaneously with its five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem.</li>
<li>One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the <strong>simultaneous multi-wavelength observations</strong> of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.</li>
<li>The Ground Command and Control Centre for ASTROSAT is located at <strong>ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</strong> (ISTRAC), <strong>Bangalore, India.</strong></li>
<li>This has put India in an exclusive club of countries which have multi wavelength space observatories.</li>
<li>The minimum life of the AstroSat mission was expected to be <strong>5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1690854#:~:text=With%20spectacular%20ultraviolet%20images%20of,appear%20dim%20in%20these%20images." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7456,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'LCA Tejas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></a> (CCS) has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of<strong> 83 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong> for the Indian Air Force.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>83 Tejas includes <strong>73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft</strong> and <strong>10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 trainer aircraft. MK-1A variant</strong> is a improved version of MK-1 with an <strong>electronic warfare system, advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, beyond visual range (BVR) missiles and</strong> a network warfare system comprising<strong> software defined radio</strong> (SDR)</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCS is chaired by the <strong>Prime Minister</strong> of India.</li>
<li>Major decisions with respect to the <strong>significant appointments, issues of national security, defence expenditure of India are taken by the Cabinet Committee on Security</strong> (CCS).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (LCA) programme was started by the<strong> Government of India in 1984</strong> when they established the <strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> (ADA) to manage the <strong>LCA programme.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the ageing <strong>Mig 21 fighter planes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Designed by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> under the <strong>Department of Defence Research and Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State-owned <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</strong> </a>(HAL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter</strong> aircraft in its class.</li>
<li>Designed to <strong>carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided,</strong> weapons.</li>
<li><strong>Air to air refuelling capability.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum <strong>payload capacity of 4000 kg.</strong></li>
<li>It can attend the maximum speed of <strong>Mach 1.8.</strong></li>
<li>The range of the aircraft is <strong>3,000km</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants of Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas Trainer:</strong> 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LCA Navy</strong></a>: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Navy MK2:</strong> This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Mk-1A:</strong> This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=GGT85USP4.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7450,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Two Dimensional Electron Gas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists at <strong>Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST),</strong> Mohali, Punjab have produced an <strong>ultra-high mobility Two dimensional (2D)-electron gas</strong> (2DEG).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Two Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an electron gas that is free to move in<strong> two dimensions,</strong> but tightly<strong> confined in the third.</strong> This tight confinement leads to <strong>quantized energy levels for motion in the third direction.</strong> Thus the electrons appear to be a<strong> 2D sheet embedded in a 3D world.</strong></li>
<li>One of the most important recent developments in<strong> semiconductors,</strong> has been the achievement of structures in which the electronic behavior is essentially <strong>two-dimensional</strong> (2D).</li>
<li>Most 2DEGs are found in <strong>transistor-like structures</strong> made from <strong>semiconductors.</strong></li>
<li>2DEG is a valuable system for exploring the physics of <strong>superconductivity magnetism and their coexistence.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Superconductivity is a phenomenon whereby a <strong>charge moves through a material without resistance.</strong> In theory this <strong>allows electrical energy to be transferred between two points</strong> with perfect efficiency, losing<strong> nothing to heat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause for Development of 2DEG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The need for attaining new functionalities in modern electronic devices has led to the <strong>manipulation of property of an electron</strong> called<strong> spin degree of freedom along with its charge.</strong> This has given rise to an altogether new field of spin-electronics or <strong>&lsquo;spintronics&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The manipulation of<strong> electron spin</strong> offers<strong> new dimensions for basic and applied research,</strong> and the potential for <strong>new capabilities for electronics technology.</strong> This motivates studies of spin polarized electrons in a<strong> high mobility two dimensional electron gas</strong> (2DEG).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spintronics is the study of the <strong>intrinsic spin of the electron</strong> and its associated <strong>magnetic moment,</strong> in addition to its fundamental electric charge, in solid-state devices.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610618735_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610618735_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been realized that a phenomenon called the <strong>&lsquo;Rashba effect&rsquo;,</strong> which consists of splitting of spin-bands in an electronic system, might play a key role in spintronic devices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rashba Effect:</strong> Also called <strong>Bychkov&ndash;Rashba effect,</strong> it is a <strong>momentum-dependent splitting of spin bands</strong> in bulk crystals and low-dimensional condensed matter systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism and Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the <strong>high mobility of the electron gas,</strong> electrons <strong>do not collide</strong> inside the medium for a<strong> long distance</strong> and hence <strong>do not lose the memory and information.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hence, it can speed up transfer of quantum information and signal from one part of a device to another and increase data storage and memory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since they collide<strong> less during their flow, their resistance is very low, and hence they don&rsquo;t dissipate energy as heat.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>So, such devices <strong>do not heat up easily and need less input energy</strong> to operate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1687916" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7366,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Metrology Conclave 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated the<strong> National Metrology Conclave 2021</strong> and also laid the foundation stone of <strong>National Environmental Standards Laboratory</strong> through a video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conclave was organised by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/csir-national-physical-laboratory" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory</strong> </a>(CSIR-NPL), New Delhi, on its<strong> 75<sup>th</sup> year of inception.</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Atomic Time Scale</strong> and <strong>Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya Pranali</strong> were dedicated to the nation on the occasion.</li>
<li>Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as <strong>"the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology".</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Atomic Time Scale:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Atomic Time Scale generates<strong> Indian Standard Time</strong> with an accuracy of <strong>2.8 nanoseconds.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>longitude of 82&deg;30' E</strong> has been selected as the &lsquo;standard meridian&rsquo; of India against which the Indian Standard Time is set.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now <strong>Indian Standard Time</strong> is matching the <strong>International Standard Time</strong> with the accuracy range of less than<strong> 3 nanoseconds.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CSIR-NPL</strong> is the <strong>National Measurement Institute of India</strong> and authorized (by an act of Parliament) to realize and <strong>maintain the Indian Standard Time</strong> (IST).</li>
<li>IST is realized at CSIR-NPL through the<strong> National Primary Time Scale</strong> consisting of a bank of <strong>ultra-stable atomic clocks.</strong></li>
<li>CSIR-NPL is on a <strong>mission to synchronize all the clocks in the nation to IST for securing digital infrastructure and reducing cyber crime.</strong></li>
<li>CSIR-NPL is strengthening the <strong>national timing infrastructure of India,</strong> where a very rough estimate shows an economic impact of more than <strong>10% of GDP.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will be a big help for organizations like <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong> </a>who are working with cutting edge technology. <strong>Banking, railways, defense, health, telecom, weather forecast, disaster management , Industry4.0</strong> and many similar sectors will be benefited greatly from this achievement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Pranali (BND):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are Indian reference materials developed by CSIR-NPL. It is committed to ensure the <strong>quality of products in every manufacturing and consumer sector</strong> by providing <strong>SI traceable measurements</strong> and enhancing quality life of citizens through metrology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SI system is used to describe units of measurement in the International System (from French &lsquo;Syst&egrave;me International&rsquo;).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Reference materials (RM) play a pivotal role in maintaining the <strong>quality infrastructure</strong> of any economy through<strong> testing and calibration</strong> with precise measurements traceable to SI units. NPLI has recently released two very important certified RMs as Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravyas (BNDs)<strong> for purity of gold and for Bituminous coal.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Govt of India (GoI) has supported NPLI to strengthen its BND program by developing BNDs in the area of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AYUSH</a>, Materials, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nanotechnology</a>, Medicine, Food &amp; Agriculture and Biologics.</strong></li>
<li>The availability of SI traceable BNDs are poised to <strong>boost the<a href="/printpdf/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</a> program</strong> and harmonize the<strong> quality infrastructure of the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1685949#:~:text=The%20Prime%20Minister%20Shri%20Narendra,today%20through%20a%20video%20conference." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7360,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'COVISHIELD and COVAXIN Approved for Restricted Use',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India&rsquo;s (DCGI)</strong></a> approved <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> vaccines for <strong>restricted use</strong> against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>COVISHIELD, COVAXIN</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-candidate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BNT162b2</strong></a> applied to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)</strong></a>, seeking<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-use-approval-covid-19-vaccines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> emergency use approval.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Type of Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both vaccines have received a<strong> restricted use approval</strong> in an <strong>emergency situation.</strong></li>
<li>This means the <strong>vaccines have been approved</strong> for use <strong>despite the companies not having completed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener">clinical trials.</a></strong></li>
<li>This approval is, however, subject to regular submission of<strong> safety, efficacy and immunogenicity data</strong> from their ongoing trials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>immunogenicity</strong> of a vaccine is its ability to prompt an immune response.</li>
<li>The efficacy, in this case, is a measure of its ability to bring down the number of symptomatic Covid-19 cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the Emergency Approval:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the pandemic, the government wanted a <strong>vaccine ready to use at the earliest.</strong></li>
<li>Another growing concern is the <strong>mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mutated-novel-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>countries like the UK</strong> </a>which are now starting to spread to other parts of the world, including India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVISHIELD:</strong> It is the name given to an <strong>Oxford-AstraZeneca</strong> Covid-19 vaccine candidate which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222 or ChAdOx 1 nCoV19.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a version of the vaccine<strong> developed by the University of Oxford</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Swedish-British drugmaker AstraZeneca.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Serum Institute of India (SII)</strong> is the manufacturing partner in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>based on a weakened version of a common cold virus</strong> or the adenovirus that is found in chimpanzees.</li>
<li>This viral vector <strong>contains the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein</strong> (protrusions) present on the outer surface of the virus that help it bind with the human cell.</li>
<li>The <strong>body&rsquo;s immune system</strong> is supposed to <strong>recognise this protein</strong> as a threat, and work on <strong>building antibodies against it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had triggered an immune response in humans against the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> novel coronavirus</strong> </a>in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>COVAXIN:</strong> It is India&rsquo;s only indigenous <strong>Covid-19</strong> vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Produced By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by<strong> Bharat Biotech,</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with the<strong> Indian Council of Medical Research&rsquo;s National Institute of Virology,</strong> Pune</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents and Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an<strong> inactivated vaccine</strong> which is <strong>developed by inactivating (killing) the live microorganisms</strong> that cause the disease.</li>
<li>This <strong>destroys the ability of the pathogen to replicate,</strong> but keeps it intact so that the immune system can still recognise it and produce an immune response.</li>
<li>It is expected to <strong>target more than just the spike protein.</strong></li>
<li>It also<strong> aims to develop an immune response to the nucleocapsid protein</strong> (the shell of the virus that encloses its genetic material).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>COVAXIN</strong> is more likely to work against newer variants of the virus, <strong>including the UK variant,</strong> as it contains <strong>immunogens (epitopes)</strong> from other genes in addition to those from Spike protein.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Immunogen</strong> is a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, whereas antigens are any substance that binds specifically to an antibody.</li>
<li>All immunogens are antigens, but all antigens may not be immunogens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Approval of <strong>COVAXIN</strong> ensures India has an additional vaccine shield especially against potential <strong>mutant strains</strong> in a dynamic pandemic situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609833450_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="456" height="582" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-vaccine-approval-dcgi-coronavirus-emergency-use-covaxin-7131577/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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