Mains Practice Questions

Introduction

Wetlands are critical ecosystems where water saturates the soil, supporting diverse plant and animal life. They provide essential ecological, economic, and social benefits. The Ramsar Convention was created (1971) to promote the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, focusing on those of international importance.

Ecological Significance of Wetlands:

• Biodiversity Hotspots: Wetlands support diverse ecosystems, hosting numerous species of flora and fauna, including migratory birds, aquatic plants, and amphibians contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity.
• Carbon Sequestration: Despite covering only about 5–8% of the Earth's land surface, wetlands store approximately 20–30% of the planet's soil carbon.
  • This high carbon sequestration rate is due to the waterlogged conditions that slow decomposition, allowing for the accumulation of organic matter.
    • For example, Peatlands cover about 3% of the Earth's surface, but store almost a third of the world's carbon, double the amount sequestered in all the world's forests.
• Water Filtration: Wetlands act as natural water filters, absorbing and breaking down pollutants such as excess nutrients, heavy metals, and sediments, thus improving water quality and protecting downstream ecosystems.
• Flood Regulation: Wetlands function as natural sponges by absorbing excess water during heavy rains, thus reducing the risk of flooding. This helps in groundwater recharge and in maintaining water cycles.
  • Wetlands are important for the livelihoods of many communities, particularly through activities such as fishing, farming, and tourism.

Ramsar Convention’s Approach:

• ‘Wise-Use’ Approach: The 'wise use' approach by Ramsar convention emphasizes the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetland resources, taking into account ecological, economic, cultural, and social aspects.

Wetland Conservation Efforts in India:

• As of February 2025, India has designated 89 Ramsar sites, covering over 1.5 million hectares.
  • Key sites like Sundarbans, Keoladeo, and Chilika highlight India’s rich wetland biodiversity.
• National Wetlands Conservation Programme, Wetlands Rules 2017, and State Wetland Authorities guide conservation and sustainable use.
  • The National Lake Conservation Plan focuses on restoring degraded wetlands through pollution control and habitat recovery.

Conclusion

India’s commitment to the Ramsar Convention, through its legal frameworks, community involvement, and restoration initiatives, demonstrates its dedication to safeguarding these invaluable ecosystems for future generations.