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Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake

Why in News Migratory birds in and around Chilika lake and Bhitarkanika National Park have started leaving earlier (in February) than other years,...

27 Feb 2021 Conservation
NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Ministry of Jal Shakti to devise an appropriate National River Rejuvenation...

27 Feb 2021 Conservation
National Hydrogen Energy Mission

Why in News The Union Budget for 2021-22 has announced a National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM) that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as...

25 Feb 2021 Conservation
Black-Necked Crane

Why in News Recently, a group of Buddhist monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government’s renewed push for hydropower...

24 Feb 2021 Conservation
Olive Ridley Turtles

Why in News The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 Olive Ridley sea turtles due to negligence by...

24 Feb 2021 Conservation
Carbon Watch App: Chandigarh

Why in News Chandigarh became the first state or Union Territory in India to launch Carbon Watch, a mobile application to assess the carbon...

23 Feb 2021 Conservation
Nature-Based Solutions

This article is based on “A climate-resilient future” which was published in The Indian Express on 20/02/2021. It talks about the...

22 Feb 2021 Conservation
Making Peace with Nature: UNEP Report

Why in News The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has released the 'Making Peace with Nature' report, ahead of the fifth session of the UN...

22 Feb 2021 Conservation
Sambhar Lake: Rajasthan

Why in News The State Government of Rajasthan will identify new tourist points at Sambhar Salt Lake. The Lake forms part of the desert circuit in...

20 Feb 2021 Conservation
Hyderabad: Tree City of the World

Why in News Hyderabad city (Telangana’s Capital) has been recognised as a ‘2020 Tree City of the World’ by the Arbor Day...

19 Feb 2021 Conservation
India Energy Outlook 2021: IEA

Why in News Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has released the India Energy Outlook 2021 Report which explores the opportunities and...

18 Feb 2021 Conservation
Gangetic River Dolphin

Why in News Recently, a Gangetic Dolphin was beaten to death in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Killing the Gangetic River Dolphin is a punishable...

18 Feb 2021 Conservation
World’s Smallest Reptile

Why in News Scientists believe they may have discovered the smallest reptile on earth - a Chameleon subspecies that is the size of a seed. Two of...

18 Feb 2021 Conservation
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha

Why in News Recently, six elephants died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) in Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary located in Odisha’s Kalahandi...

16 Feb 2021 Conservation
World Sustainable Development Summit 2021

Why in News Recently, the World Sustainable Development Summit, the annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was...

13 Feb 2021 Conservation
Climate Change Report on Hindukush Karakoram Ranges

Why in News According to the 'Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region' report, snowfall over the higher reaches of the Hindukush...

11 Feb 2021 Conservation
Eco-Sensitive Zone Around Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

Why in News The draft notification of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) on an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) which runs...

10 Feb 2021 Conservation
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Why in News Over a lakh migratory water birds arrived at the Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh in winter 2020-21. Key...

09 Feb 2021 Conservation
Mission Innovation 2.0

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Science & Technology addressed the Mission Innovation (MI) to mark the beginning of phase-2 of the...

09 Feb 2021 Conservation
Clean Fuel Hydrogen

Why in News Recently, researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D) have come up with a way to generate clean fuel hydrogen from...

08 Feb 2021 Conservation

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		'title' => 'Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Migratory birds in and around Chilika lake and Bhitarkanika National Park have started leaving earlier (in February) than other years, as temperatures in Odisha (in and around <strong>Chillka lake</strong>) began to soar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The birds usually arrive in the region in November and migrate back around mid-March or early April when the temperature hovers around 39 degree Celsius.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migratory Species:</strong> Every year in winter, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-conservation-of-migratory-species" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migratory birds</strong></a> arrive at the water bodies around <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></a>, Asia&rsquo;s largest salt-water lagoon and <strong>Bhitarkanika,</strong> the second-largest mangrove forest in India (the <strong>largest being the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarban-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sunderbans</a></strong>, West Bengal). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They flew in from places as far off as <strong>Siberia, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, the Himalayan region and central Europe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Early Departure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Warming of the Region:</strong> The average temperature of Bhubaneswar (located 35 kilometers from Chilika) recorded for the month of February was 34-35 degrees Celsius between 2015 and 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Decreasing Water Levels:</strong> Rising temperature coupled with the <strong>decreasing water levels</strong> in the lake also contributed to this early migration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chilika Lake:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> largest wintering ground for migratory birds</strong> on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</li>
<li>In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the <strong>first Indian wetland of international importance</strong> under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ramsar Convention.</strong></a></li>
<li>Major attraction at Chilika is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irrawaddy-dolphins-in-the-chilika-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Irrawaddy dolphins</strong></a> which are often spotted off Satpada Island.</li>
<li>The<strong> large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds)</strong> covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared a bird sanctuary in 1987.</li>
<li><strong>Kalijai Temple -</strong> Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhitarkanika National Park:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bhitarkanika National Park is <strong>one of Odisha&rsquo;s finest biodiversity hotspots</strong> and is famous for its mangroves, migratory birds, turtles, estuarine crocodiles, and countless creeks.</li>
<li>The Bhitarkanika is <strong>represented by 3 Protected Areas,</strong> the Bhitarkanika National Park, the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary and the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary.</li>
<li>Bhitarkanika is<strong> located in the estuary of Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Mahanadi river systems.</strong></li>
<li>It is said to <strong>house 70% of the country&rsquo;s estuarine or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-crocodile-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">saltwater crocodiles</a></strong>, conservation of which was started way back in 1975.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Migratory Species in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a temporary home to several migratory animals and birds.</li>
<li>The important among these include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amur-falcon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amur Falcons</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bar-headed-goose-spotted-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bar-headed Geese</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Black-necked cranes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-turtle-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marine turtles</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-dugong-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dugongs</strong></a>, Humpback Whales, etc.</li>
<li>The Indian sub-continent is also part of the major bird flyway network, i.e, the <strong>Central Asian Flyway (CAF)</strong> that covers areas between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.</li>
<li>India has also <strong>launched the National Action Plan</strong> for the conservation of migratory species under the Central Asian Flyway as India is a party to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/migratory-birds-leave-chilika-early-as-summer-sets-in-75692#:~:text=Migratory%20birds%20in%20and%20around,Celsius%20on%20February%2025%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> directed the Ministry of <strong>Jal Shakti</strong> to devise an appropriate <strong>National River Rejuvenation Mechanism</strong> for effective monitoring of steps to curb pollution and for rejuvenation of all polluted river stretches across the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assessment of the CPCB:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the 2016-17 assessment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a>, the <strong>number of polluted stretches of the country's rivers has increased to 351</strong> from 302 two years ago, and the number of critically polluted stretches &mdash; where water quality indicators are the poorest&mdash;has gone up to 45 from 34.</li>
<li>Among them, <strong>117 such river stretches are in the States of Assam, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of the CPCB Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CPCB, since the 1990s, has a programme to monitor the quality of rivers primarily by measuring <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-improvement-in-ganga-water-quality#:~:text=BOD%20is%20the%20amount%20of,low%20DO%20content%20of%20water." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)</strong></a>, which is a proxy for organic pollution&mdash;the higher it is, the worse the river.</li>
<li>The CPCB considers a BOD <strong>less than 3 mg/l</strong> an indicator of a healthy river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>NGT had constituted a Central Monitoring Committee to prepare and enforce a national plan</strong> to make over 350 river stretches across the country pollution free as it has caused serious threat to safety of water and environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Latest Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been <strong>deterioration in the quality of water in rivers in spite of the Water Act</strong> which was enacted way back in 1974 which was intended to bring about improvement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NGT suggested the mechanism could be called <strong>&lsquo;National River Rejuvenation Mechanism (NRRM).</strong> NRRM may consider setting up a <strong>National, State or district environment data grid</strong> at appropriate levels as an effective monitoring strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expansion in the Scope of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of <strong>rejuvenation of rivers need not be confined to only 351 stretches</strong> but may be applicable to all small, medium and big polluted rivers, including those dried up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Effective measures should be taken by <strong>Chief Secretaries of all States and UTs</strong> in terms of action plans for abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of rivers.</li>
<li>The Chief Secretaries are also required to <strong>personally monitor progress at least once every month and the NRRM every quarter.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>accountability</strong> for failure to comply with the direction <strong>for payment of compensation</strong> will be <strong>of the Chief Secretaries concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Polluted River Stretches:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rapid <strong>urbanisation</strong> and lack of efficient <strong>waste disposal</strong> systems.</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Cities</strong> on the banks of rivers.</li>
<li>Run-off from <strong>agricultural activities</strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Bank estimates that the <strong>health costs of water pollution in India equal three percent of India's GDP.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also been suggested that <strong>eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The danger Ganga&rsquo;s polluted water poses is not only to the humans but also to <strong>the animals</strong>. Some of the important threatened species include, more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species, reptiles such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gharials</strong></a>, and mammals such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian River Dolphin.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 21:</strong> The <strong>fundamental right to clean the environment</strong>, and further, pollution-free water, has been protected under the broad rubric of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-rights-and-oci-cardholders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to life</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51-A (g):</strong> It mandates as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental duty</strong></a> of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, <strong>rivers and wildlife.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Tackle Water Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Water Policy (2012):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.</li>
<li>Started by the Ministry of Water Resources, it highlights the importance of water for human existence as well as for economic development related activities.</li>
<li>It suggests frameworks to conserve water resources through optimal, economical, sustainable and equitable means.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Water Mission (2010)</strong></a>: It ensures integrated water resource management leading to water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution forming better policies.</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/about_nmcg.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></a> which envisages a <strong>five-tier</strong> <strong>structure at national, state and district level</strong> to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Namami Gange Project:</strong></a> It integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga River in a comprehensive manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/devise-plan-to-curb-pollution-of-river-stretches/article33936170.ece#:~:text=Share%20Article-,NGT%20order%20comes%20after%20The%20Hindu%27s%20report,river%20stretches%20across%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7773,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Hydrogen  Energy Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a<strong> National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.The initiative has the potential of transforming transportation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NHM</strong> initiative will capitalise on one of the most abundant elements on earth (Hydrogen) for a cleaner alternative fuel option.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Hydrogen Energy Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Focus on <strong>generation of hydrogen from green power resources.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>link India&rsquo;s growing renewable capacity with the hydrogen economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India's ambitious goal of 175 GW by 2022 got an impetus in the 2021-22 budget which allocated Rs. 1500 crore for renewable energy development and NHM.</li>
<li>The usage of hydrogen will not only help India in achieving its emission goals under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, but will also <strong>reduce import dependency on fossil fuels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>first element</strong> on the <strong>periodic table.</strong> Since the <strong>weight of hydrogen is less than air</strong>, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore <strong>rarely found in its pure form, H<sub>2</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and <strong>highly combustible diatomic gas.</strong></li>
<li>Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen. It can be <strong>used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines.</strong> It is also used as a <strong>fuel for spacecraft propulsion.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Type of Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Constitutes India&rsquo;s bulk Production.</li>
<li>Extracted from hydrocarbons (fossil fuels, natural gas).</li>
<li>By product: CO<sub>2</sub></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sourced from fossil fuels.</li>
<li>By product: CO, CO<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><strong>By products are Captured and Stored</strong>, so better than gey hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generated from renewable energy (like Solar, Wind).</li>
<li>Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.</li>
<li>By Products : Water, Water Vapor</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia-Pacific Stance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Asia-Pacific sub-continent, <strong>Japan</strong> and <strong>South Korea</strong> are on the <strong>front foot</strong> in terms of <strong>hydrogen policy making.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, <strong>Japan</strong> formulated the <strong>Basic Hydrogen Strategy</strong> which sets out the country&rsquo;s action plan till 2030, including the establishment of an international supply chain.</li>
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> is operating hydrogen projects and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Fuel Cell</strong></a> production units under the auspices of its <strong>Hydrogen Economy Development and Safe Management of Hydrogen Act, 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> has also passed the Economic Promotion and Safety Control of Hydrogen Act, which deals with three key areas - <strong>hydrogen vehicles, charging stations</strong> and <strong>fuel cells.</strong> This law is <strong>intended to bring transparency to the nation&rsquo;s hydrogen pricing system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Context:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>a huge edge in green hydrogen production</strong> owing to its <strong>favorable geographic conditions</strong> and presence of <strong>abundant natural elements.</strong></li>
<li>The government has given impetus in <strong>scaling up the gas pipeline infrastructure</strong> across the length and breadth of the country, and has introduced reforms for the power grid, including the <strong>introduction of smart grids.</strong> Such steps are being taken t<strong>o effectively integrate renewable energy in the present energy mix.</strong></li>
<li>Capacity addition to renewable power generation, storage and transmission, <strong>producing green hydrogen in India can become cost effective</strong> which will not only guarantee energy security, but also ensure self-sufficiency gradually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Challenges :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the biggest challenges faced by the industry for using hydrogen commercially is the <strong>economic sustainability of extracting green or blue hydrogen.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The technology used in production and use of hydrogen like <strong>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)</strong> and <strong>hydrogen fuel cell technology are at nascent stage</strong> and are expensive which in turn increases the cost of production of hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance costs</strong> for fuel cells post-completion of a plant can be costly.</li>
<li>The commercial usage of hydrogen as a fuel and in industries <strong>requires mammoth investment in R&amp;D of such technology and infrastructure</strong> for production, storage, transportation and demand creation for hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At this juncture, with a calibrated approach, India can uniquely position itself to take advantage <strong>with increasing investment in R&amp;D, capacity building, compatible legislation</strong>, and the <strong>opportunity for creation of demand</strong> among its vast population. Such initiatives can propel India to become the most favored nation by exporting hydrogen to its neighbors and beyond.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electric-vehicle-technology-hydrogen-car-national-hydrogen-mission-7193217/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7769,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7767,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles</strong> </a>due to negligence by Odisha&rsquo;s forest and fisheries departments.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of Olive Ridley Turtles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.</li>
<li>These turtles are carnivores and get their name from their olive colored carapace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" caption="false" width="600" height="747" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Scheduled 1</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a></strong>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>The Odisha&rsquo;s<strong> Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong> is known as the world&rsquo;s largest rookery (colony of breeding animals) of sea turtles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arribada (Mass Nesting):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are best known for their <strong>unique mass nesting called Arribada,</strong> where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.</li>
<li>They lay their eggs over a period of five to seven days in conical nests about one and a half feet deep which they dig with their hind flippers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Marine pollution and waste</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Consumption:</strong> They are extensively poached for their meat, shell and leather, and eggs.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Garbage:</strong> An ever-increasing debris of plastics, fishing nets, discarded nets, polythene and other garbage dumped by tourists and fishing workers.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing Trawlers:</strong> Overexploitation of marine resources by use of trawlers often violates the rule to not fish 20 kilometres within a marine sanctuary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were injury marks on many dead turtles indicating they could have been trapped under trawls or gill nets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gahirmatha is the mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest nesting beach</strong> of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha was declared a <strong>turtle sanctuary in 1997</strong> by the Odisha government after considering its ecological importance and as part of efforts to save the sea turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is one of the three parts of the Bhitarkanika National Park. The other two includes the area of Bhitarkanika National Park and the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/dte-impact-orissa-high-court-notices-to-officials-on-death-of-olive-ridley-turtles-75600#:~:text=Orissa%20High%20Court%20February%2023,Odisha's%20forest%20and%20fisheries%20departments.&amp;text=The%20state's%20Gahirmatha%20Marine%20Sanctuary,largest%20rookery%20of%20sea%20turtles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7754,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Carbon Watch App: Chandigarh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Chandigarh became the first state or Union Territory</strong> in India to launch<strong> Carbon Watch,</strong> a mobile application<strong> to assess the carbon footprint of an individual.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>carbon footprint</strong> is the <strong>total amount of <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gases</a>&mdash;</strong>primarily carbon dioxide&mdash;released into the atmosphere by a particular human activity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the App:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The app focuses on individuals&rsquo; actions and<strong> calculates carbon footprint on the basis of Transport, Energy, Waste and Water consumption.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>also provide information such as the national and world average of the emission,</strong> and the individual&rsquo;s level of emission generation.</li>
<li>It<strong> encourages people to be Climate-Smart Citizens</strong> while making them capable of accessing their carbon footprint, along with providing them with steps to reduce it.</li>
<li>It also <strong>sensitizes people about their lifestyle emissions,</strong> their impact and possible countermeasures to mitigate the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Footprint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a>, a carbon footprint is a measure of the impact people&rsquo;s activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) produced through the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed as a weight of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions produced in tonnes.</li>
<li>It is <strong>usually measured as tons of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted per year,</strong> a number that can be supplemented by tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent gases, including methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases.</li>
<li>It can be a broad measure or be applied to the actions of an individual, a family, an event, an organization, or even an entire nation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Footprint vs Ecological Footprint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Carbon footprint is <strong>different from ecological footprint.</strong> While the carbon footprint measures the emission of gases that contribute to global warming, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earth-overshoot-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecological footprint</strong> </a>focuses on measuring the use of bio-productive space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Higher Carbon Footprint: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Climate change</strong> is the ultimate effect of large carbon footprints. Greenhouse gases, whether natural or human-produced, contribute to the warming of the planet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 1990 to 2005, carbon dioxide emissions increased by 31%. By 2008, the emissions had contributed to a 35% increase in radiative warming, or a shift in Earth&rsquo;s energy balance toward warming, over 1990 levels.</li>
<li>According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong></a> records, 2011-2020 was the warmest decade on record, in a persistent long-term climate change trend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Depletion of Resources:</strong> Large carbon footprints deplete resources on large scales, from a country&rsquo;s deforestation activities to one home&rsquo;s increased use of air conditioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methods of Reducing Carbon Footprint: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Adopting the 4 R&rsquo;s-</strong> Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.</li>
<li>Driving <strong>more-efficient vehicles</strong> (or making sure that current vehicles are properly maintained), taking public transportation.</li>
<li>Individuals and companies can also offset some of their carbon dioxide emissions by <strong>purchasing carbon credits,</strong> the money from which can go into projects such as planting trees or investing in renewable energy.</li>
<li>Implementation of the Climate change conventions like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reducing-emissions-from-coal-based-power-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian initiatives</strong></a> for the same must be fast forwarded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian initiatives include <strong>Nation Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), National Wetland Conservation Programme,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-carbon-watch-indias-1st-app-to-assess-ones-carbon-footprint-7198710/#:~:text=Chandigarh%20became%20the%20first%20state,carbon%20footprint%20of%20an%20individual.&amp;text=Carbon%20footprint%20is%20the%20amount,by%20a%20particular%20human%20activity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7751,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Nature-Based Solutions',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-climate-resilient-future-7198487/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A climate-resilient future&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 20/02/2021. It talks about the concept of Nature-based solutions (NbS) that can help in climate resilience building and resource management.</p>
</div>
<p>Five years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the signatories are again in the process of revising their nationally determined contributions as they prepare for COP26 that is scheduled for later this year.</p>
<p>Also, with the beginning of the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration in 2021, an even wider scale of discussions of Nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate change adaptation strategy at COP26 is envisaged.</p>
<p>In this context, the concept of Nature-based solutions (NbS) can help in climate resilience building and resource management.</p>
<h3>What Are Nature-Based Solutions?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature-based solutions (NBS) refer to the sustainable management and use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges.</li>
<li>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.</li>
<li>It is further associated with other sector-specific terms like green infrastructure, natural infrastructure, ecological engineering, ecosystem-based mitigation, ecosystem-based adaptation, and ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction.</li>
<li>NbS creates harmony between people and nature, enables ecological development, and represents a holistic, people-centered response to climate change.</li>
<li>Also, NbS are an essential component of the overall global effort to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In its essence, Article 5.2 of the Paris Agreement recognizes the importance of natural resources in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.</li>
<li>Article 7 further promotes the idea of building the resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Example of Nature-Based Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Helping Local People:</strong> NbS has been very successful in helping local people to deal with the impacts of climate change, improving ecosystem services, and storing carbon. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the restoration project in the Lake District National Park, United Kingdom was successful in improving not just the local biodiversity but also brought with it revenue generation by way of increased tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NbS for Disaster Reduction:</strong> Restoration or protection of mangroves along coastlines utilizes a nature-based solution to accomplish several things.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mangroves moderate the impact of waves and wind on coastal settlements or cities and sequester CO<sub>2</sub>.</li>
<li>They also provide safe nurseries for marine life that can be the basis for sustaining populations of fish that local populations depend on.</li>
<li>Additionally, the mangrove forests can help control coastal erosion resulting from sea-level rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Urban Issues:</strong> In addition to NbS being used for restoring ecosystems, it can also be used in combination with man-made infrastructure in cities to benefit human health and urban biodiversity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, in cities, green roofs or walls are nature-based solutions that can be used to moderate the impact of high temperatures, capture stormwater, abate pollution, and act as carbon sinks, while enhancing biodiversity.</li>
<li>Creating permeable lesser concrete areas to help replenish groundwater in regions facing water scarcity.</li>
<li>Large hotels and resorts can effectively pioneer solutions such as artificial wetlands for water recycling, which would also add to the local landscape&rsquo;s aesthetics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need For NbS</h3>
<p>Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges to mankind today. Both cities and natural ecosystems have the most to lose as far as climate change impacts are concerned.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growing Vulnerabilities of Cities:</strong> The vulnerability of cities, in particular, is further aggravated by added complexities of land-use change, the density of population, increased concretization, social inequalities, poor air quality, and several other associated issues. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This poses a serious challenge to human health, social well-being, and quality of life, especially for the underprivileged classes of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk to Natural Ecosystem:</strong> Natural ecosystem losses such as loss of biodiversity, depletion of water resources, etc. have similarly been well documented.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To overcome or minimize the impacts of climate change, the idea of local-led adaptation has been widely discussed, which directs us to NbS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Local-led Adaptation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Local-led adaptation refers to local communities, local governments acting strong in taking effective decisions to tackle climate change.</li>
<li>Local-led adaptation is often characterized by indigenous solutions, which are often associated with nature.</li>
<li>Given that the most vulnerable populations are the ones that are more dependent on natural resources, it is, therefore, to be expected that coping solutions also often germinate from the same source.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenge to NBs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly Context-Specific:</strong> NbS are highly contexted specific, and their effectiveness is also uncertain under changing climatic conditions. While natural ecosystems are affected by changing climate, their effectiveness in future climate scenarios is questionable.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Huge Finances:</strong> Apart from the uncertainties revolving around the NbS, securing a continuous flow of investments is an added challenge. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a report by United Nations Environment Programme (2020), an investment of $140 billion to $300 billion annually by 2030, rising to between $280 billion and $500 billion by 2050 might be required to finance NbS globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing NbS</h3>
<p>IUCN released a global standard including a set of criteria and associated indicators for implementing NbS, addressing sustainable development goals and resilient project management.</p>
<p>To illustrate these criteria for decision-making prior to implementation, we take the example of the restoration of a hilly area using NbS. This area once mined excessively for mineral resources; is now susceptible to soil erosion, landslides, and increased climate risk.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restoring such an area would address more than one societal challenge.</li>
<li>The scale of the design of the restoration program needs to be estimated.</li>
<li>Further, whether or not the planned restoration will improve the biodiversity of the region and is economically workable needs to be checked as well.</li>
<li>For inclusive governance, the plantation of plant species must be carried out in consultation with local stakeholders as they are the ultimate caretakers of the plantation.</li>
<li>While we&rsquo;re restoring the area, it might cause an improvement in the region&rsquo;s biodiversity, it may also result in the loss of playgrounds for children.</li>
<li>However, such trade-offs must be thought of in advance, mutually agreed upon and maintained throughout the time. To meet the seventh criterion, the restored area must be maintained, studied, and effectively documented to support future decision-making.</li>
<li>The global NbS standards should highlight the importance of replicating workable solutions in similar environments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>If we can address the complexities revolving around NbS along with securing sustainable investment, we might develop a climate-resilient future in addition to protecting, conserving, and restoring our natural environment.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Nature-based solutions can help in protecting, conserving, and restoring our natural environment. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7750,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Making Peace with Nature: UNEP Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> has released the<strong> 'Making Peace with Nature'</strong> report, <strong>ahead of the fifth session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report explains how <strong>climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution add up to three self-inflicted planetary emergencies</strong> that are closely interconnected and put the well-being of current and future generations at unacceptable risk.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Planetary Emergencies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> Climate change is<strong> increasing the chances of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arctic-concerns-opportunities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arctic Ocean</a> being ice-free</strong> in summer, further disrupting ocean circulation and Arctic ecosystems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Climate change <strong>drives changes in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wildfires</a></strong> and water stress and combines with biodiversity loss to <strong>degrade land and enhance drought</strong> in some regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity Loss:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than one million of the estimated 8 million plant and animal species are increasingly at risk of extinction.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/significance-of-dead-coral-reef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coral reefs</a> are particularly vulnerable to climate change</strong> and are projected to decline to 10-30% of their former cover at 1.5&deg;C of warming and to less than 1% at 2&deg;C of warming, compromising food provision, tourism and coastal protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every year, nine million people die prematurely due to pollution.</li>
<li>Up to <strong>400 million tons of heavy metals,</strong> solvents, toxic sludge and other industrial wastes enter the world&rsquo;s waters annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Widening Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Human prosperity is strained by widening inequalities, whereby the<strong> burden of environmental decline weighs heaviest on the poor and vulnerable</strong> and looms even larger over<strong> today&rsquo;s youth and future generations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inequity in economic growth has left 1.3 billion people poor. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance over SDGs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Current and projected changes in climate, biodiversity loss and pollution make achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> </a>even more challenging.</li>
<li>The current mode of development <strong>degrades the Earth&rsquo;s finite capacity</strong> to sustain human well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance over Different Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Society is <strong>failing to meet most of its commitments to limit environmental damage.</strong></li>
<li>Society is not on course to achieve<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> land degradation neutrality</strong></a>, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/31-12-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aichi Targets</strong></a> and targets of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Human knowledge, ingenuity, technology and cooperation</strong> can transform societies and economies and secure a sustainable future.</li>
<li>Given the interconnected nature of climate change, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, and air and water pollution, it is essential that these problems are <strong>tackled together.</strong></li>
<li>Governments must<strong> scale up and accelerate</strong> action to meet the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> goals and limit dangerous climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Economic and financial systems</strong> can and must be transformed to lead and power the shift toward sustainability.</li>
<li><strong>Moving to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-australia-circular-economy-hackathon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> circular economic systems</a></strong> that reuse resources, reduce emissions and weed out the chemicals and toxins that are causing millions of premature deaths &ndash; all while creating jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on 5th June 1972.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the sustainable development within the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emission Gap Report</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/adaptation-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adaptation Gap Report</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Environment Outlook</a></strong>, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Assembly</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is the <strong>governing body of the UN Environment Programme.</strong></li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s highest-level decision-making body on the environment.</li>
<li>It <strong>meets biennially</strong> to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</li>
<li>It was <strong>created in June 2012,</strong> during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/time-to-reset-our-relationship-with-nature-un-ahead-of-5th-environment-assembly-75613" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7733,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sambhar Lake: Rajasthan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The State Government of<strong> Rajasthan</strong> will identify new tourist points at<strong> Sambhar Salt Lake.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lake forms<strong> part of the desert circuit</strong> in the Centre&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/promotion-of-buddhist-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></a>. The <strong>Scheme</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Tourism</strong> in 2014 -15 for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613807515_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613807515_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="286" height="278" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Situated about 80 km southwest of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur</strong></a>, in east-central <strong>Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Salt Lake:</strong> It is the <strong>largest inland salt lake in India.</strong> It represents the <strong>depression of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aravallis-a-mountain-lost" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aravalli Range</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The lake&rsquo;s <strong>salt supply was worked by the Mughal dynasty</strong> (1526&ndash;1857) and it was <strong>later owned jointly by the Jaipur and Jodhpur princely states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ramsar Site:</strong> It is a <strong>wetland</strong> of <strong>&lsquo;international importance&rsquo;</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramsar Convention</strong></a>, declared in <strong>1990.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Size and Depth:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> area occupied</strong> by this lake <strong>differs from season to season,</strong> so roughly it is between 190 and 230 sq km.</li>
<li>Also, being <strong>an extensive saline wetland,</strong> the <strong>depth</strong> of the lake also <strong>fluctuates from season to season.</strong> During peak summers (dry time), the depth measures as low as 60 cm but during the monsoons, it goes up to 3 m.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> It receives water from<strong> six rivers,</strong> namely Samaod, Khari, Mantha, Khandela, Medtha, and Roopangarh.</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong> The vegetation present in the catchment area is <strong>mostly xerophytic type.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Xerophyte is <strong>a plant adapted for growth under dry conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-5th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Flamingoes</a>, pelicans and the waterfowls</strong> are commonly sighted at the Sambhar Lake.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2019, almost <strong>22,000 migratory birds died</strong> at the Lake due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/avian-botulism-at-sambhar-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>avian botulism</strong></a>, a neuromuscular illness.</li>
<li>Before 2020&rsquo;s winter season, the Rajasthan government <strong>decided to build <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/temporary-shelters-for-migratory-birds-sambhar-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">temporary shelters for migratory birds</a></strong> near the Lake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production of Salt:</strong> It is known for the <strong>production of brine/salt</strong> and also houses one of the largest salt manufacturing units in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Other Nearby Places:</strong> Shakambari Devi temple, Sambhar Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rajasthan Government&rsquo;s Latest Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New tourist points for <strong>witnessing the flora and fauna and having a glimpse of salt harvesting</strong> will be identified at Lake.</li>
<li>A <strong>&ldquo;salt train&rdquo;,</strong> which transported salt from the pans to a nearby refinery, will also be restarted.</li>
<li>New destinations around the lake, including<strong> salt museum, caravan park, bicycle track and gardens,</strong> will be finalised.</li>
<li>The <strong>illegal salt production in the lake will be stopped</strong> through action against unauthorised borewells and pipelines laid in the region, while <strong>encroachments on the land will be removed</strong> with the help of police.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-tourist-points-to-be-identified-at-sambhar-lake/article33883824.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7728,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hyderabad: Tree City of the World',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Hyderabad city</strong> (Telangana&rsquo;s Capital) has been recognised as a <strong>&lsquo;2020 Tree City of the World&rsquo;</strong> by the <strong>Arbor Day Foundation</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-price-index-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</strong></a> of the United Nations (FAO).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hyderabad has <strong>earned recognition in the Foundation's second year of the programme along with 51 other cities</strong> in the world (during 2020 &amp; cumulative 120 cities from 63 countries).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the cities were from countries &ndash; USA, UK, Canada, Australia etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>only City in India to get this recognition so far.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tree Cities of the World Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an international effort to<strong> recognize cities and towns</strong> committed to ensuring that their<strong> urban forests and trees are properly maintained,</strong> sustainably managed, and duly celebrated.</li>
<li>At the <strong>2018 World Forum on Urban Forests in Mantova, Italy,</strong> world leaders issued the <strong>Mantova Green Cities Challenge</strong> and a call-for-action that included joining the Tree Cities of the World programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The programme intends to connect cities around the world in a new network dedicated to sharing and adopting the most successful approaches to managing community trees and forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a programme <strong>partnership between the Arbor Day Foundation and the FAO.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5 Standards for Evaluation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A city is evaluated on five standards - <strong>Establish Responsibility, Set the Rules, Know What You Have, Allocate the Resources,</strong> and<strong> Celebrate the Achievements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hyderabad&rsquo;s Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hyderabad is the <strong>only city in India</strong> to have been selected for this recognition in response to its commitment to growing and maintaining<strong> urban forestry</strong> through <strong>Haritha Haram programme</strong> and <strong>Urban Forest Parks.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Haritha Haram programme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> Haritha Haram is a<strong> flagship programme</strong> of the Telangana government to increase the <strong>green cover</strong> of the State from the present 25.16 to 33% of the total geographical area.</li>
<li><strong>Approach:</strong> The objective is sought to be achieved by a multi-pronged approach of rejuvenating degraded forests, ensuring more effective protection of forests <strong>against smuggling, encroachment, fire, grazing and intensive soil</strong> and <strong>moisture conservation</strong> measures following the<strong> watershed approach.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Urban Forest Parks (UFP):</strong> The Forest blocks in and around cities are developed into Urban Forest Parks (UFP) under this programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Urban Forest Parks will not only provide the whole some healthy living environment but also contribute to the growth of smart, clean, green, sustainable and healthy cities in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Arbor Day Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Arbor Day Foundation is a nonprofit conservation and education organization founded in 1972 in Nebraska, United States, by John Rosenow.</li>
<li>It is the largest nonprofit membership organization dedicated to tree planting.</li>
<li>Its vision is to help others understand and use trees as a solution to many of the global issues we face today, including air quality, water quality, a changing climate, deforestation, poverty, and hunger.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-the-only-tree-city-of-the-world-from-india/article33872974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7722,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Energy Outlook 2021: IEA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Energy Agency (IEA)</strong></a> has released the <strong>India Energy Outlook 2021 Report</strong> which explores the opportunities and challenges ahead for India as it seeks to ensure reliable, affordable and sustainable energy for a growing population.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India Energy Outlook 2021 is<strong> a new special report from the IEA&rsquo;s World Energy Outlook series.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Third Largest Energy Consumer by 2030:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will <strong>make up the biggest share of energy demand growth at 25%</strong> over the next two decades, as it <strong>overtakes the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a> as the world's third-biggest energy consumer by 2030.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Presently, <strong>India is the fourth-largest</strong> global energy consumer <strong>behind China,</strong> the <strong>United States</strong> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India's <strong>energy consumption is expected to nearly double</strong> as the nation's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> expands to an estimated USD 8.6 trillion by 2040 under its current national policy scenario.</li>
<li><strong>Prior</strong> to the global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s energy demand was <strong>projected to increase</strong> by almost <strong>50% between 2019 and 2030,</strong> but growth over this period is <strong>now closer to 35%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrialisation is a Major Driving Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the last three decades, India accounted for about <strong>10% of World Growth </strong>in<strong> Industrial Value-added</strong> [in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-purchasing-power-parities-icp-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)</strong> </a>terms].</li>
<li><strong>By 2040,</strong> India is set to account for almost <strong>20% of Global Growth </strong>in<strong> Industrial value-added,</strong> and to lead global growth in industrial final energy consumption, especially in steelmaking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reliance on Imports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's growing energy needs will make it<strong> more reliant on fossil fuel imports</strong> as its <strong>domestic oil and gas production has been stagnant</strong> for years despite government policies to promote petroleum exploration and production and renewable energy.</li>
<li>Rising oil demand <strong>could double India's oil import bill</strong> to about USD 181 billion by 2030 and nearly treble it to USD 255 billion by 2040 compared with 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oil Demand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>oil demand</strong> is seen<strong> rising by 74% to 8.7 million</strong> barrels per day <strong>by 2040</strong> under the existing policies scenario.</li>
<li>A <strong>five-fold increase in per capita car ownership</strong> will result in India leading the oil demand growth in the world.</li>
<li>Its <strong>net dependence on oil imports -</strong> taking into account both the import of crude oil and the export of oil products - <strong>increases to more than 90% by 2040 from the current 75%</strong> as domestic consumption rises much more than production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gas Demand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will become the <strong>fastest-growing market for Natural gas,</strong> with demand <strong>more than tripling by 2040.</strong></li>
<li>Natural gas<strong> import dependency</strong> increased from<strong> 20% in 2010</strong> to almost<strong> 50% in 2019</strong> and is set to grow further to <strong>more than 60% in 2040.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal Demand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coal currently dominates India's electricity sector,</strong> accounting for over 70% of overall generation.</li>
<li><strong>Coal demand</strong> is seen <strong>rising to 772 million tonnes </strong>in<strong> 2040</strong> from the <strong>current 590.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewables Energy Resources Demand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's share in the<strong> growth</strong> in <strong>renewable energy</strong> is the <strong>second-largest</strong> in the world, <strong>after China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Energy Agency is an <strong>autonomous Intergovernmental Organisation</strong> established in 1974 in Paris, France.</li>
<li>IEA mainly focuses on its energy policies which include <strong>economic development, energy security and environmental protection.</strong> These policies are also known as the 3 E&rsquo;s of IEA.</li>
<li>India became an<strong> Associate member of IEA in March 2017</strong> but it was in engagement with IEA long before its association with the organization.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, India has<strong> inked a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Strategic Partnership Agreement with the IEA</a></strong> to strengthen cooperation in global energy security, stability and sustainability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The World Energy Outlook Report</strong> is released by the IEA annually.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pollution-from-coal-burning-ieaccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IEA Clean Coal Centre</strong></a> is dedicated to providing independent information and analysis on how coal can become a cleaner source of energy, compatible with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the world seeks ways to accelerate the pace of transformation in the energy sector, <strong>India is in a unique position to pioneer a new model for low-carbon, inclusive growth.</strong> If this can be done, it will show the way for a whole group of energy-hungry developing economies, by demonstrating that <strong>robust economic expansion is fully compatible with an increasing pace of emissions reductions</strong> and the achievement of other development goals.</li>
<li>India is already a global leader in solar power, and <strong>solar combined with batteries will play a massive part in India&rsquo;s energy future.</strong> But India will need a whole host of technologies and policies to chart this new path.</li>
<li>As new industrial sectors emerge and clean energy jobs grow, India will also need to ensure that <strong>no one is left behind, including in those regions that are heavily dependent on coal today.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/india-to-overtake-eu-as-worlds-third-largest-energy-consumer-by-2030-iea-7181433/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7720,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gangetic River Dolphin',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphin-annual-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangetic Dolphin</strong> </a>was beaten to death in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Killing the Gangetic River Dolphin is a punishable offence under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613640671_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613640671_image5.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="301" height="167" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Platanista gangetica</em></li>
<li>The Ganges River Dolphin was <strong>officially discovered in 1801.</strong></li>
<li>Ganges river dolphins live in the <strong>Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna</strong> and <strong>Karnaphuli-Sangu river</strong> systems of <strong>Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ganges river dolphin can <strong>only live in freshwater</strong> and is essentially blind.</li>
<li>They hunt by emitting ultrasonic sounds, which bounces off of fish and other prey, enabling them to &ldquo;see&rdquo; an image in their mind. They are also called <em>&lsquo;susu&rsquo;.</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population of Gangetic river Dolphin is <strong>1200-1800.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>reliable indicator</strong> of the <strong>health of</strong> the entire <strong>river ecosystem.</strong></li>
<li>It was recognised as the <strong>National Aquatic Animal</strong> in 2009, by the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bycatch:</strong> These dolphins and people both favor areas of the river where fish are plentiful and the water current is slower. This has led to fewer fish for people and more dolphins dying as a result of accidentally being caught in fishing nets, also known as bycatch.</li>
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong> Industrial, agricultural, and human pollution is another serious cause of habitat degradation.</li>
<li><strong>Dams:</strong> Construction of dams and other irrigation-related projects make them susceptible to inbreeding and more vulnerable to other threats because they cannot move to new areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dolphins below a dam are threatened by heavy pollution, increased fishing activities and vessel traffic. They also have less food because dams disturb the migration, breeding cycles and habitat of fish and other prey.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Wildlife (Protection), Act 1972</a>: Schedule I.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Union for the Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN): Endangered.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites#:~:text=The%20Convention%20on%20International%20Trade,economic%20integration%20organizations%20adhere%20voluntarily.&amp;text=The%20IUCN%20is%20a%20membership,government%20and%20civil%20society%20organisations." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES): Appendix I </strong>(most endangered).</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13#:~:text=Also%20referred%20to%20as%20the,foundation%20for%20internationally%20coordinated%20conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on Migratory Species</a> (CMS): Appendix II</strong> (migratory species that need conservation and management or would significantly benefit from international co-operation).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Project Dolphin:</strong> The Prime Minister announced the government&rsquo;s plan to launch a Project Dolphin in his Independence Day Speech 2020. It will be on the lines of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger</strong></a>, which has helped increase the tiger population.</li>
<li><strong>Dolphin Sanctuary: Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary</strong> has been established in<strong> Bihar.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Plan:</strong> The Conservation Action Plan for the Ganges River Dolphin 2010-2020, which &ldquo;identified threats to Gangetic Dolphins and impact of river traffic, irrigation canals and depletion of prey-base on Dolphins populations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>National Ganga River Dolphin Day:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga#:~:text=National%20River%20Ganga%20Basin%20Authority,'National%20River'%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong></a> celebrates <strong>5<sup>th</sup> October</strong> as National Ganga River Dolphin Day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Act provides for the<strong> protection of the country&rsquo;s wild animals, birds, and plant species,</strong> in order to ensure environmental and ecological security. Among other things, the Act lays down restrictions on hunting many animal species. The<strong> Act was last amended in the year 2006.</strong></li>
<li>The Act <strong>created six schedules</strong> which gave varying degrees of protection to classes of flora and fauna.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schedule I and Schedule II</strong> get absolute protection, and offences under these schedules attract the maximum penalties.</li>
<li><strong>Schedule 5</strong> includes <strong>species that may be hunted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 48A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard wildlife and forests. This Article was added to the Constitution by the <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> amendment</strong> in 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 51A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 51A imposes certain <strong>fundamental duties</strong> for the people of India. One of them is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-youth-beat-endangered-gangetic-dolphin-to-death/article33528905.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source-TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7719,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World’s Smallest Reptile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists believe they may have discovered the<strong> smallest reptile on earth - a Chameleon subspecies</strong> that is the size<strong> of a seed.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Two of the tiny lizards were discovered by a <strong>German-Madagascan</strong> expedition team in <strong>Madagascar.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613636558_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613636558_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Discovery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The team found<strong> one male and one female of the species, named <em>Brookesia</em> nana,</strong> during an expedition in 2012.</li>
<li>The<em><strong> Male Brookesia Nana</strong></em>, or <em><strong>Nano-Chameleon</strong></em>, has a body of just <strong>13.5 mm.</strong> Its length from top to tail is 22 mm. The <strong>female</strong> is far <strong>bigger</strong> at around <strong>29 mm.</strong></li>
<li>According to the<strong> Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich, <em>Nano-Chameleon</em></strong> is the<strong> smallest of about 11,500 known species</strong> of reptiles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Previously, the chameleon species<em><strong> Brookesia micra</strong> </em>was thought to be the smallest. The average length of adults of this species is <strong>16 mm (29 mm with tail),</strong> while the <strong>smallest adult male</strong> has been recorded at <strong>15.3 mm.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> longest,</strong> the <strong>reticulated python,</strong> at 6.25 m is almost as long as 289 Brookesia nanas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The New Chameleon is only known from a degraded <strong>Montane Rainforest in Northern Madagascar</strong> and might be threatened by extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nano-chameleons have <strong>previously suffered deforestation,</strong> but their habitat is now protected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In their report, scientists recommended that the chameleon be listed as Critically endangered in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature's</a> (IUCN)</strong> Red List of Threatened Species to help protect it and its habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Chameleons: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae)</strong> are a distinctive and highly specialized <strong>Clade</strong> of <strong>Old World Lizard</strong> with 202 species described as of June 2015. <strong>Madagascar is home to nearly two-thirds</strong> of all chameleon species.</li>
<li>Chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting. They live in warm habitats that range from <strong>Rainforest</strong> and<strong> Desert</strong> Condition. They are best known for their ability to change body colour.</li>
<li>The Indian chameleon is found in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/worlds-smallest-reptile-chameleon-madagascar-it-compares-to-other-reptiles-7180293/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source-IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>six elephants died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) in Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> located in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a disease which infects animals that come in contact with contaminated water or soil by a <strong>contagious bacteria <em>(Pasteurella multocida).</em></strong></li>
<li>In this disease the respiratory tract and lungs of the animals are affected, leading to <strong>severe pneumonia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affected Animals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It mainly affects water buffalo, cattle and bison with a high mortality rate in infected animals.</li>
<li>Recently, around 40 buffaloes had succumbed to the infection in Odisha&rsquo;s Kendrapara.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Season:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The disease generally spreads in the period right before and after the <strong>monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is spread over 175 square kilometre area in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong> Dry Deciduous Forest.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mammals: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elephant</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-bison-gaur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gaur</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/avian-botulism-at-sambhar-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sambar</a>,</strong> Barking deer, Indian wolf, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malayan-giant-squirrel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malbar giant squirrel</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-pangolin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pangolin</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Birds:</strong> Peacock, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hornbill-habitat-loss" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hornbill</strong></a>, Red jungle fowl, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Reptilians: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mugger</a></strong>, crocodile, monitor lizard etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> Sal, Bija, Bamboo, medicinal plants, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Water Body: Phurlijharan waterfall</strong> is located within the sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Protected Areas in Odisha: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika National Park</strong></a>: It is home to the largest congregation of the endangered <strong>SaltWater Crocodile</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Simlipal National Park</strong></a>: It derives its name from the <strong>abundance of Semul or red silk cotton trees</strong> that bloom abundantly in the locality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Badrama WLS:</strong> It is characterized by the presence of <strong>Moist Sal Forests. </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irrawaddy-dolphins-in-the-chilika-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a> (Nalaban island) WLS:</strong> Asia's largest and world's second-largest lagoon. Recently, direct sightings of school of Irrawaddy dolphins has been reported here.</li>
<li><strong>Hadgarh WLS: Salandi river passes</strong> through it which is home to mugger crocodiles.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satkosia-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Baisipalli WLS</strong></a>: It is a sal dominated forest with a significant number of tigers, leopards, elephants, herbivores like<strong> Chousingha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kotagarh WLS:</strong> It consists of dense deciduous forests with grasslands.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nandankanan WLS</strong></a>: First in the world to breed White tiger and Melanistic tiger.</li>
<li><strong>Lakhari Valley WLS</strong>: The Lakhari Valley Sanctuary is a dwelling place of a large number of elephants.</li>
<li><strong>Gahirmatha (Marine) WLS</strong>: It is a mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Olive Ridley turtles</strong></a> travel across the South Pacific to breed on the coast of Gahirmatha</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-karlapat-wildlife-sanctuary-elephant-deaths-7190622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7682,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Sustainable Development Summit 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>World Sustainable Development Summit,</strong> the<strong> annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong> was held.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the 2021 Summit was<strong> &lsquo;Redefining our common future: Safe and secure environment for all&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>TERI is a <strong>non-profit research institute,</strong> established in 1974. It conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development for India and the Global South.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Event:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emphasis on Climate Justice:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&ldquo;Climate justice&rdquo; is a term, and more than that a movement that <strong>acknowledges climate change can have differing social, economic, public health, and other adverse impacts</strong> on underprivileged populations.</li>
<li>As per India, &lsquo;climate justice&rsquo; is inspired by a <strong>vision of trusteeship -</strong> where growth comes with greater compassion to the poorest. It also means giving the developing countries enough space to grow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reassurance to Climate Mitigation Efforts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India reassured <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>commitments</strong> </a>to its targets under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris deal</strong> </a>to reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33 to 35 percent from 2005 levels.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s steady progress on its commitment to <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/17-06-2020#:~:text=Restore%20and%20Rehabilitate%3A%20To%20achieve,25%25%20in%20the%20year%202030." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land Degradation Neutrality</strong></a> and setting up of <strong>450 gigawatts of Renewable Energy generating capacity</strong> till 2030 was also highlighted.</li>
<li>Initiatives of India under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> were also discussed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commitment to Enhancing Disaster Resilience:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enhance India&rsquo;s disaster management capabilities, commitments to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong></a> were assured. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CDRI:</strong> A multi-stakeholder global partnership of country governments, UN agencies, multilateral banks, private sector and knowledge institutions that aims to build resilience into infrastructure systems to ensure sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Efforts Towards Sustainable Development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 2019, <strong>India achieved nearly 100% electrification</strong> through sustainable technologies and innovative models.</li>
<li>Through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ujala Programme</strong></a>, 367 million LED bulbs were distributed which reduced over 38 million tonnes carbon dioxide per year.</li>
<li>Through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Ujjwala Yojna</strong></a>, more than 80 million households below the poverty line have access to clean cooking fuel. India is working to<strong> increase the share of natural gas in India's energy basket from 6% to 15%.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> has connected over 34 million households with tap connections in 18 months.</li>
<li>Through <strong>conservation efforts,</strong> the population of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-the-population-of-asiatic-lions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> lions</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tigers</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> leopards</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangetic river dolphins</strong> </a>has gone up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Sustainable Development Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) is the <strong>annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>earlier known as Delhi Sustainable Development Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been conceptualized as a single platform <strong>to accelerate action towards <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to <strong>bring together global leaders and thinkers</strong> in the fields of sustainable development, energy and environment sectors on a common platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>"Sustainable development is<strong> development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".</strong> This most widely accepted definition of Sustainable Development was given by the Brundtland Commission in its report &lsquo;Our Common Future&rsquo; (1987).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>long-term change in the average weather patterns</strong> that have come to define Earth&rsquo;s local, regional and global climates.</li>
<li>Climate data records provide<strong> evidence of climate change key indicators,</strong> such as global land and ocean temperature increases; rising sea levels; ice loss at Earth&rsquo;s poles and in mountain glaciers; frequency and severity changes in extreme weather such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-laura#:~:text=Origin%3A%20Tropical%20cyclones%20or%20hurricanes,of%20low%20air%20pressure%20below." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hurricanes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves#:~:text=The%20heat%20wave%20is%20considered,to%20be%20heat%20wave%20condition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heatwaves</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong></a>, droughts, floods and precipitation; and cloud and vegetation cover changes, to name but a few.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1696905" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7664,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Climate Change Report on Hindukush Karakoram Ranges',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-moes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region'</strong></a> report, <strong>snowfall</strong> over the higher reaches of the <strong>Hindukush Himalayan mountain ranges</strong> has been <strong>increasing</strong> in recent decades, which has <strong>shielded the region from glacier shrinkage.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recent<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> massive flooding in the Alaknanda river</strong></a>, probably due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndma-guidelines-to-tackle-glacial-bursts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glacial bursts</strong></a> has highlighted the issue of higher<strong> glacier retreat in recent decades due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global warming</a></strong>, however, the report indicates a contrasting picture of the Hindukush Himalayas.</li>
<li>Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region Report has been<strong> published by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong> It is <strong>India&rsquo;s first-ever national forecast on the impact of global warming</strong> on the subcontinent in the coming century.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>HinduKush Himalayan (HKH) Region</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HKH region spans Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</li>
<li>It is <strong>considered the Third Pole</strong> (after the North and South Poles), and has significant implications for climate.</li>
<li>It contains <strong>vast cryospheric zones</strong> (frozen water parts) and is also the world&rsquo;s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613027791_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613027791_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="480" height="370" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Report:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several areas of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region#:~:text=research%20and%20development.-,Hindu%2DKush%2DHimalayan%20(HKH)%20Region,large%20and%20culturally%20diverse%20population." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindukush Karakoram Himalayas</strong></a> have experienced a <strong>declining trend in snowfall</strong> and also <strong>retreat of glaciers</strong> in recent decades.</li>
<li><strong>In contrast,</strong> the <strong>high-elevation Karakoram Himalayas</strong> have experienced <strong>higher winter snowfall</strong> that has shielded the region from glacier shrinkage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Karakorams are part of a complex of mountain ranges</strong> at the centre of Asia, including the HinduKush to the west, the Pamirs to the northwest, the Kunlun Mountains to the northeast, and the Himalayas to the southeast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even when the<strong> winter snowfall has increased over the high-elevation Karakoram Himalayas,</strong> the <strong>overall climate along the Hindukush Karakoram region is undergoing warming</strong> at a higher rate during the winter season as compared to other seasons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Faster Heating of Himalayas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Weather dynamics is intricate in the Himalayan region, arising due to <strong>extensive interactions of tropical and extratropical weather systems.</strong></li>
<li>The Himalayas have been<strong> warming at a faster rate</strong> than the rest of Indian landmass during 1951 - 2018.</li>
<li>Besides, the warming reported from this region is <strong>higher than global mean temperatures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Warming:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The decadal warming trend recorded over these ranges from 1951 to 2014 was <strong>1.3 degree Celsius.</strong> This is a rise from 0.16 degree Celsius recorded from 1900 to 1950, when global warming was less pronounced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increasing Annual Mean Surface Temperature:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Report has forecast an increase in annual mean surface temperature by 2.2 degree Celsius during 2040 - 2069 and a further increase by 3.3 degree Celsius during 2070 &ndash; 2099, along these ranges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extreme Precipitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to this warming trend, there is<strong> an expected increase in the precipitation</strong> projected over the region. It is predicted that there will be a significant increase in extreme precipitation over the Hindukush Karakoram region, with maximum consecutive five-day precipitation events.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Driver of Monsoon:</strong> The Hindukush Karakoram ranges, along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-1959-tibetan-uprising" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tibetan Plateau</strong></a>, are the <strong>main drivers of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Summer Monsoon</a>. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Source of Subsistence:</strong> These ranges form the source to 10 major river systems in Asia, supporting drinking water, irrigation and power supply to 1.3 billion people in the continent. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Major Indian rivers which replenish due to the melted snow are <strong>Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra.</strong></li>
<li>After the North and the South poles, the Hindukush &ndash; Karakoram ranges, along with the Tibetan Plateau, hold the largest reserves of freshwater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hindukush-karakoram-ranges-climate-change-7181701/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7658,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Eco-Sensitive Zone Around Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>draft notification of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC)</strong> on an<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)</strong> </a>which runs around the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wayanad-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS)</strong> </a>has triggered protests in Wayanad (Kerala).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Notification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 118.5 sq km area has been earmarked as an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ), of which 99.5 sq km is outside the sanctuary and the remaining 19 sq km comprises revenue villages within the sanctuary.</li>
<li>There will be<strong> restrictions on several human activities in ESZ,</strong> including a ban on all new and existing mining, stone quarrying and crushing units and new industries causing pollution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>also includes a ban on establishment of major hydroelectric projects</strong> and setting up of new sawmills, brick kilns and commercial use of firewood within ESZ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides,<strong> no new commercial hotels and resorts shall be permitted</strong> within 1km of the boundary of the protected area or up to the extent of ESZ, whichever is nearer.</li>
<li>It also <strong>bars felling of trees in private lands without prior permission of the competent authority</strong> in the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose of the Notification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>an important step towards ensuring the safety of people</strong> around the Wildlife Sanctuary, because the lives of farmers on the forest fringes is miserable owing to the <strong>increasing incidents of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/man-animal-conflict-to-be-listed-as-disaster-by-up-govt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wild animal attacks</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As many as 147 persons were killed in wildlife attacks in the district in the past 38 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As many as 57 enclosure villages situated inside WWS fall within the eco-sensitive zone.</li>
<li>Critics have argued that the draft notification <strong>would cripple both agriculture and business sectors</strong> and will deal a blow to the district as the notification imposes curbs on vehicular traffic.</li>
<li>It will <strong>badly affect the lives of thousands of farmers</strong> on the fringes of the sanctuary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As much as 29,291 acres of private land on the fringes of the sanctuary would come under the zone and the development of this area would stop for ever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612948691_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612948691_image6.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="358" height="501" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Located in Kerala, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS) is an<strong> integral part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-elephant-corridor-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Spread over 344.44 sq km, WWS is contiguous to the tiger reserves of Nagerhole and Bandipur of Karnataka and Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li><strong>Kabini river (a tributary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/godavari-and-cauvery-river-interlinking-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cauvery river</a>)</strong> flows through the sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> It was declared a Sanctuary in the year 1973.</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> forest types</strong> include South Indian Moist Deciduous forests, West coast semi-evergreen forests and plantations of teak, eucalyptus and Grewelia.</li>
<li>Elephant, Gaur, Tiger, Panther, Sambar, Spotted deer, Barking deer, Wild boar, Sloth bear, Nilgiri langur, Bonnet macaque, Common langur, Wild dog, common otter, Malabar giant squirrel etc. are the major mammals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Eco-Sensitive Zones</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eco-Sensitive Zones or Ecologically Fragile Areas are <strong>areas within 10 kms around Protected Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case of places with sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important patches, crucial for landscape linkage, <strong>even areas beyond 10 km width can be included</strong> in the eco-sensitive zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ESZs are<strong> notified by MoEFCC,</strong> under <strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986.</strong></li>
<li>The basic aim is <strong>to regulate certain activities</strong> around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries so as to minimise the negative impacts of such activities on the fragile ecosystem encompassing the protected areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for rethinking on the impacts of the environmental policies at the local level, the type and prospects of local participation and most importantly the prospects of alternative income generating opportunities for successful conservation initiatives.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cm-takes-up-sanctuary-zone-issue/article33785872.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7653,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Over a lakh migratory water birds arrived at the <strong>Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh</strong> in winter 2020-21.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1975, Pong dam was <strong>built across the Beas River.</strong> It is also called the <strong>Pong reservoir</strong> or the<strong> Maharana Pratap Sagar.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1983,</strong> the <strong>entire reservoir was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> by the Himachal Pradesh government.</li>
<li>In <strong>1994,</strong> the Government of India declared it a<strong> &ldquo;Wetland of National Importance&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Pong Dam Lake was <strong>declared as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/addition-to-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ramsar Site</a> in November 2002.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612868297_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612868297_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="567" height="294" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Destination for Migratory Birds:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sanctuary plays host to around 220 species of birds belonging to 54 families. Migratory birds from all over Hindukush Himalayas and also as far as Siberia come here during winter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lake is <strong>fed by Beas River and its numerous perennial tributaries</strong> such as Gaj, Neogal, Binwa, Uhl, Bangana, and Baner.</li>
<li>The lake <strong>harbours around 22 species of fish,</strong> including rare fish like sal and gad. The adequate water level of the lake makes it an ideal destination to indulge in water sports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sanctuary area is covered with <strong>tropical and subtropical forests,</strong> which shelters a great number of Indian Wildlife animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eucalyptus, acacia, jamun, shisham, mango, mulberry, ficus, kachnar, amla and prunus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Barking deer, sambar, wild boars, nilgai, leopards and oriental small-clawed otters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Avian-Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Black-headed gulls, Red necked grebes, plovers, terns, ducks, water-fowl egrets, and more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Parks in Himachal Pradesh</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Great Himalayan National Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Great Himalayan National Park, located in the Banjaar sub-division of Kullu district, was officially declared as a National Park in 1999.</li>
<li>In 2014, the Great Himalayan National Park received the status of being a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> for its wonderful contribution towards biodiversity conservation.</li>
<li>Species which are found here are like Greater Blue Sheep, Indian Pika, Rhesus monkey, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan brown bear, Red fox, Mongoose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pin Valley National Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pin Valley National Park, located in Lahaul and Spiti District, was established in 1987.</li>
<li>Various endangered species including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> snow leopard</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Siberian ibex</a></strong> find their natural habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inderkilla National Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inderkilla National Park is located in the Kullu district in Himachal Pradesh and established in 2010.</li>
<li>Animals of the Himalayan region like leopards, deers and, birds which even include the rare birds of the summer season, and insect species are varied and can be seen from time to time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Khirganga National Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khirganga National Park is located in Kullu and was established in 2010.</li>
<li>The national park is situated at a height of around 5,500 meters and is spread across an area of about 710 square kilometers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Simbalbara National Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Simbalbara National Park is located in the Paonta Valley of Sirmour District.</li>
<li>The national park was established in 1958 as the Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary covering an area of 19.03 square kilometers.</li>
<li>In 2010, it was turned into a national park by merging an additional 8.88 square kilometers of the area to its boundaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-1-lakh-migratory-water-birds-visited-himachal-pradeshs-pong-dam-lake-sanctuary-this-winter-7180140/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7652,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mission Innovation 2.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Science &amp; Technology addressed the<strong> Mission Innovation (MI)</strong> to mark the beginning of phase-2 of the mission or Mission Innovation 2.0.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India played a leadership role</strong> in MI Steering Committee and is a member of the Analysis and Joint Research and Business &amp; Investor Engagement sub-groups.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mission Innovation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mission Innovation was<strong> announced on 30<sup>th</sup> November 2015,</strong> on the sidelines of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement</strong></a> to undertake ambitious measures to combat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Membership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a global initiative of <strong>24 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> to accelerate global clean energy innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Commitment by all members to seek to <strong>double their clean energy innovation investments over five years</strong> in selected priority areas.</li>
<li>Each <strong>member according to its own priorities, policies, processes, and laws independently determines the best use of its funding</strong> and defines its own Research &amp; Development priorities and path to reach the doubling goal.</li>
<li>In many cases, MI members prioritise parts of their whole energy innovation budget within their baseline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enhance the <strong>public sector investment</strong> to a substantial level.</li>
<li>Increased <strong>private sector engagement</strong> and investment.</li>
<li>Increase <strong>international collaboration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Raising awareness</strong> of the transformational potential of innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation Challenges (IC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Innovation challenges are a<strong> major part of the mission innovation</strong> that is aimed at leveraging research, development, and demonstration (RD&amp;D) in technology areas that could ultimately result in <strong>effective ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy security, and creating new opportunities for clean economic growth.</strong></li>
<li>There are <strong>8 innovation challenges</strong> under the mission innovation:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IC1 &ndash; <strong>smart grids,</strong> IC2 &ndash; <strong>Off-grid access to electricity,</strong> IC3 &ndash; <strong>Carbon capture</strong>, IC4 &ndash; <strong>Sustainable biofuels</strong>, IC5 &ndash; <strong>Converting sunlight</strong>, IC6 &ndash; <strong>Clean energy materials</strong>, IC7 &ndash; <strong>Affordable cooling and heating of buildings</strong>, IC8 &ndash; <strong>Renewable and clean hydrogen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first phase has shown that work done under ICs have mobilized in a relatively short period, relying on members' leadership and voluntary efforts to advance IC objectives.</li>
<li>These resources have dramatically accelerated the availability of the advanced technologies that will define a future global energy mix which is clean, affordable, and reliable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Innovation 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve the shared goal of accelerating innovation, all the members have agreed to develop a <strong>second phase (2.0)</strong> that includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>enhanced Innovation Platform</strong> building on current activities to strengthen the global clean energy innovation ecosystem and to accelerate learning.</li>
<li><strong>New public-private innovation alliances &ndash;</strong> Missions &ndash; built around ambitious and inspirational goals backed by voluntary commitments that can lead to tipping points in the cost, scale, availability, and attractiveness of clean energy solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives Aligned with the Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Clean Energy International Incubation Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To support the start-up innovation ecosystem, the <strong>Clean Energy International Incubation Centre</strong> established by the Department of Biotechnology, India under a Public Private Partnership model has played a crucial role.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Solar Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>increased solar installed capacity</strong> </a>by 13 times and expanded its non-fossil fuel-based power generation to 134 Gigawatts, about 35% of total power generation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Solar Mission</strong></a> (a part of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change#:~:text=It%20was%20launched%20in%202010,energy%20in%20India's%20energy%20mix.&amp;text=Emphasis%20on%20manufacturing%20solar%20panels,local%20research%20with%20international%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a>) helped India to increase its solar capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has embarked on an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ambitious target of having 450 Gigawatts of renewable energy by 2030.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biofuels:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is also working to considerably increase the proportion of the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> biofuel</a> blend in petrol and diesel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/printpdf/world-biofuel-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP)</strong></a>: It aims at<strong> blending ethanol with petrol,</strong> thereby bringing it under the category of biofuels and saving millions of dollars by cutting fuel imports.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2018 Biofuel Policy</strong></a> has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Five Centres of excellence in Bioenergy supported by Department of Biotechnology in India are <strong>working on both fundamental and translational research for advanced bio-fuels like biobutanol, biohydrogen and biojet fuels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ujjwala Yojana:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</strong> </a>which is the<strong> world&rsquo;s most extensive clean cooking fuel programme</strong> was launched in <strong>2016</strong> and is implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas through its Oil Marketing Companies.</li>
<li>Through PMUY, initially, 5 crores below poverty line (BPL) households were targeted for providing deposit free LPG connections to BPL households by 31<sup>st</sup> March, 2019. This target has been achieved.</li>
<li>India has released around <strong>150 million connections so far.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Avoided Emission Framework for a sustainable future:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India and Sweden under a partnership</strong> have developed an Avoided Emission Framework for a sustainable future.</li>
<li>Under this partnership,<strong> eight companies have been selected to demonstrate an initial 100 million tons of potential CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612865823_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612865823_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="656" height="842" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1696298" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7640,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Clean Fuel Hydrogen',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers at the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D)</strong> have come up with a way to <strong>generate clean fuel hydrogen from water at a low-cost.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a significant step towards efforts across the globe that are being made to look for cleaner and greener energy sources.</li>
<li>Hydrogen gas is a viable choice as<strong> a renewable substitute for fossil fuels,</strong> and can help <strong>mitigate emissions to reduce pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The researchers at IIT-D have successfully split water by a process known as <strong>Sulphur-Iodine (SI) thermochemical hydrogen cycle (SI Cycle)</strong> to<strong> generate low-cost,</strong> clean hydrogen fuel for industrial consumption.</li>
<li>Generally in<strong> SI Cycle, the separation of Hydrogen from oxygen requires a high amount of heat</strong> (generally from non-renewable sources such as coal, oil and natural gas). This makes the large-scale production of hydrogen gas economically non viable and non environment friendly.</li>
<li>The main achievement has been <strong>designing a suitable catalyst</strong> for the energy intensive, corrosive step of sulphuric acid conversion to sulphur-dioxide and oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sulfur-Iodine Cycle</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sulfur&ndash;iodine cycle <strong>(SI cycle)</strong> is a three-step <strong>thermochemical cycle</strong> used to produce hydrogen. In this cycle, all the chemicals are recycled. The SI process requires an efficient source of heat.</li>
<li>Heat enters the cycle in high-temperature endothermic chemical reactions in the initial process and heat exits the cycle in the low-temperature exothermic reaction in the final stage of obtaining hydrogen gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three-Step Thermochemical Cycle: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Step 1:</strong> Iodide (I<sub>2</sub>) is reacted with Sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) to produce Hydriodic acid (HI) and Sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>I<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O &rarr; 2 HI + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step 2:</strong> The water, SO<sub>2</sub> and residual H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is separated from the oxygen byproduct by condensation so as to obtain Hydriodic acid (HI).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &rarr; 2 SO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2 </sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step 3:</strong> It is the Hydriodic acid (HI) from which Hydrogen gas (H<sub>2</sub>) is obtained.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>2 HI &rarr; I<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The difference between the heat entering and leaving the cycle exits the cycle in the form of the heat of combustion of the hydrogen produced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Major<strong> challenges</strong> of the sulfur&ndash;iodine cycle are to<strong> reduce the surplus of water</strong> and iodine and find separation <strong>processes that consume less energy</strong> than distillation.</li>
<li>Traditionally development of the SI cycle has been pursued by several countries for hydrogen production with the <strong>Generation IV nuclear reactors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Discovery: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhancing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enabling availability of of low cost hydrogen through this discovery will enhance and improve the application of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell technology</strong></a> which offers the advantages of a clean and reliable alternative energy source to applications such as &ndash; electric vehicles, primary and backup power for a variety of commercial, industrial, and residential buildings; and more futuristic-sounding applications like air taxis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>A hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical power generator</strong> that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as by-products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Help Adhering Emission Targets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could help India to adhere to its commitment in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement</strong></a> and its <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets</strong> </a>and ensure that its mobility in the future is with zero emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complements FAME India Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will complement the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FAME India Scheme</strong></a> launched with the objective to support hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environment Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The advantage of using hydrogen as an energy carrier is that when it combines with oxygen<strong> the only byproducts are water and heat.</strong></li>
<li>No greenhouse gasses or other particulates are produced by the use of hydrogen fuel cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non Toxic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hydrogen is a non-toxic substance</strong> that is rare for a fuel source. It is environmentally friendly and does not cause any harm or destruction to human health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highly Efficient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hydrogen is an efficient energy type since it has the ability to convey a lot of energy for every pound of fuel compared to diesel or gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ideal Spaceship Fuel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hydrogen energy&rsquo;s efficiency and power make it an ideal fuel source for spaceships. Its power is so high that it&rsquo;s able to quickly rocket spaceships to exploration missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages of Hydrogen as fuel</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compared to gas, hydrogen lacks smell, which makes any <strong>leak detection almost impossible.</strong></li>
<li>Hydrogen is a highly flammable and volatile substance, its potential dangers make its <strong>transportation and storage very challenging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-d-finds-way-for-low-cost-cleaner-fuel/article33777101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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