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Young Champions of the Earth: UN

Why in News A 29-year-old Indian entrepreneur is among the seven winners of the prestigious “Young Champions of the Earth” 2020 prize...

18 Dec 2020 Conservation
Himalayan Serow

Why in News A Himalayan serow has been sighted for the first time in the Himalayan cold desert region (Spiti, Himachal Pradesh). Key...

16 Dec 2020 Conservation
India Water Impact Summit 2020

Why in News Recently, the 5th India Water Impact Summit (IWIS), organised by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and Center for Ganga River...

16 Dec 2020 Conservation
12th GRIHA Summit

Why in News Recently, the inaugural session of the 12th Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Summit was organised virtually. Key...

16 Dec 2020 Conservation
National Energy Conservation Day 2020

Why in News The National Energy Conservation Day is organized on 14th December every year by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) with an aim to...

14 Dec 2020 Conservation
Five Years of Paris Climate Accord

Why in News Recently, India has reiterated her commitment to the Paris Climate Accord, prior to the Climate Ambition Summit which will start from...

12 Dec 2020 Conservation
Emissions Gap Report 2020: UNEP

Why in News United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)’s Emissions Gap Report 2020 has been published recently. The annual report from...

10 Dec 2020 Conservation
Narmada Landscape Restoration Project

Why in News National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Indian Institute of Forest Management...

08 Dec 2020 Conservation
Elephant Corridors in Odisha

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Odisha government to prepare an action plan for 14 identified elephant...

08 Dec 2020 Conservation
Recovery from Coal Mining in Meghalaya’s Moolamylliang

Why in News Moolamylliang, a village in Meghalaya’s East Jaintia Hills district, is making progress in becoming a greener place amid abandoned...

07 Dec 2020 Conservation
Deteriorating Great Barrier Reef

Why in News Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has highlighted that Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is in a...

05 Dec 2020 Conservation
Malayan Giant Squirrel

Why in News Recently, the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), in a first-of-its-kind study, has projected that numbers of the Malayan Giant Squirrel...

04 Dec 2020 Conservation
Provisional Report on the State of the Global Climate 2020: WMO

Why in News According to the latest State of the Global Climate provisional report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the year 2020 is...

04 Dec 2020 Conservation
Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle

Why in News Recently, Peacock soft-shelled turtle (a turtle of a vulnerable species) has been rescued from a fish market in Assam’s...

01 Dec 2020 Conservation
Awards for Tiger Conservation

Why in News The Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR - Uttar Pradesh) has bagged international award TX2 for doubling the number of tigers in the past four...

27 Nov 2020 Conservation
India-China on Brahmaputra

Why in News The construction of several dams along the Brahmaputra river (known as Yarlung in China) on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause...

23 Nov 2020 Conservation
Federal Water Governance

This article is based on “Writing on the water” which was published in The Indian Express on 19/11/2020. It talks about the need for a...

21 Nov 2020 Conservation
Deemed Forests in Karnataka

Why in News Recently, Karnataka has announced that it would declassify 6.64 lakh hectares (nearly 67%) of the 9.94 lakh hectares of deemed forests...

19 Nov 2020 Conservation
Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project

Why in News Recently, various green collectives and environmental organisations have come together to protest against the Anakkayam Small Hydro...

18 Nov 2020 Conservation
UNESCO Global Geoparks

Why in News The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is making efforts to get recognition of a geopark for Visakhapatnam...

18 Nov 2020 Conservation

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		'title' => 'Young Champions of the Earth: UN',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A 29-year-old Indian entrepreneur is among the <strong>seven winners</strong> of the prestigious <strong>&ldquo;Young Champions of the Earth&rdquo;</strong> 2020 prize given by the <strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> to global change-makers using innovative ideas and ambitious action to help solve some of the world&rsquo;s most pressing environmental challenges.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced in <strong>2017, Young Champions of the Earth</strong> aims to celebrate and support individuals aged between <strong>18 and 30</strong> who have outstanding <strong>potential to create a positive environmental impact.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, seven Young Champions of the Earth will be selected from<strong> each global region:</strong> Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, West Asia and two from Asia and the Pacific.</li>
<li>Each winner will receive:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USD 10,000 in seed funding,</li>
<li>Attendance at a high-level <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN</strong></a> meeting,</li>
<li>An introduction to dignitaries at the <a href="/search/Champions%20of%20the%20Earth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Champions of the Earth award</strong></a> ceremony,</li>
<li>Publicity and recognition through interviews and online and global media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>7 Winners of 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fatemah Alzelzela, Kuwait: (Eco Star - Trees for waste).</strong> A non-profit recycling initiative that exchanges trees and plants for waste from homes, schools and businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Lefteris Arapakis, Greece: (Mediterranean CleanUp).</strong> Trains, empowers and incentivises the local fishing community to collect plastic from the sea, allowing both fish stocks and the ecosystem to recover.</li>
<li><strong>Max Hidalgo Quinto, Peru: (YAWA).</strong> Sustainable technology for access to water building portable wind turbines that harvest up to 300 litres of water per day from atmospheric humidity and mist.</li>
<li><strong>Niria Alicia Garcia, United States of America: (Run4Salmon).</strong> An indigenous-lead conservation uses virtual reality to bring to life the historical journey of the Sacramento chinook salmon along California&rsquo;s largest watershed, raising awareness of this invaluable ecosystem, the species and people it supports.</li>
<li><strong>Nzambi Matee, Kenya: (Building a Greener Kenya).</strong> Produces sustainable low-cost construction materials made of recycled plastic waste and sand.</li>
<li><strong>Xiaoyuan Ren, China: (MyH<sub>2</sub>O).</strong> A data platform for clean water that tests and records the quality of groundwater across a thousand villages in rural China into an app so residents know where to find clean water.</li>
<li><strong>Vidyut Mohan, India: (Takachar).</strong> Harvesting value from agricultural waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Takachar: Harvesting Value from Agricultural Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar is a<strong> social enterprise</strong> founded by <strong>Vidyut Mohan</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li>It enables farmers to prevent open burning of their waste farm residues and earn extra income by converting them into <strong>value-added chemicals.</strong></li>
<li>It is a meaningful and immediate solution to the <strong>triple planetary crises </strong>of <strong>climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar buys rice husks, straw and coconut shells from farmers and turns them into charcoal, saving the debris from the fires, which are also a driver of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open burning of agricultural residues is a big source of air pollution in many parts of the world and this innovative technology can help farmers turn what is currently thought of as waste into a valuable resource while helping clean up our environment.</li>
<li>Enables <strong>rural farmers to earn 40%</strong> more by converting their crop residues into fuels, fertilisers and value-added chemicals like activated carbon (AC) on-site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2030, Takachar will impact 300 million farmers affected by this problem, create USD 4 billion/year equivalent in additional rural income and jobs, and mitigate one gigaton/year of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was <strong>established in 1972</strong> to guide and coordinate<strong> environmental activities</strong> within the United Nations (UN) system.</li>
<li>UNEP promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations.</li>
<li>Through its scientific advisory groups, UNEP encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN&rsquo;s environmental projects.</li>
<li>UNEP is <strong>headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The organization also encourages <strong>participation by the private sector</strong> to promote the sustainable use of the world&rsquo;s natural resources.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Outlook</strong></a>, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-entrepreneur-named-among-young-champions-of-the-earth-winners-unep-7108214/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Himalayan Serow',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Himalayan serow has been <strong>sighted for the first time in the Himalayan cold desert region</strong> (Spiti, Himachal Pradesh).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong> <img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608110190_image1.png" width="314" height="209" style="float: right;" /><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Himalayan serow resembles <strong>a cross between a goat, a donkey, a cow, and a pig</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physical Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It&rsquo;s a medium-sized mammal with a large head, thick neck, short limbs, long, mule-like ears, and a coat of dark hair.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Species Type:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>several species of serows, </strong>and <strong>all of them are found in Asia</strong>.</li>
<li>The Himalayan serow, or <em><strong>Capricornis sumatraensis thar</strong></em>, is restricted to the Himalayan region.</li>
<li>Taxonomically, it is a subspecies of the mainland serow (<em><strong>Capricornis sumatraensis</strong></em>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Himalayan serows are <strong>herbivores</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geographical Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are typically found <strong>at altitudes between 2,000 metres and 4,000 metres</strong>. They are known to be found in <strong>eastern, central, and western Himalayas</strong>, but not in the <strong>Trans Himalayan region</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Trans-Himalayas Mountain Region or Tibet Himalayan Region is located to the <strong>north of the Great Himalayas</strong> which consists of <strong>Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar</strong> and <strong>Kailash mountain ranges</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Sighting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The animal was spotted near <strong>Hurling village in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spiti lies in the <strong>cold mountain desert region</strong> of the western Himalaya, and its valley floor has an average elevation of <strong>4,270 metres above sea level, making the sighting special</strong> as Serows are generally <strong>not found at this altitude</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is the <strong>first recorded human sighting of the serow in Himachal Pradesh</strong>. The animal has been spotted a few times earlier in the state, but that has always been through camera traps.</li>
<li>The animal has also been spotted in the <strong>Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary</strong>, and in the higher reaches of Chamba.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Sanctuary is locally well known for its <strong>extensive alpine pastures</strong> as well as the numerous treks, trails and passes that connect it with the neighboring <strong>Great Himalayan National Park</strong> and <strong>Pin Valley National Park</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a></strong>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a></strong>: Appendix I</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-conservation-of-migratory-species" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a></strong>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Salient Features of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act provides for the protection of a listed species of <strong>animals, birds, and plants</strong>, and also for the <strong>establishment of a network of ecologically-important protected areas in the country</strong>.</li>
<li>The Act provides for the formation of <strong>wildlife advisory boards, wildlife wardens, specifies their powers and duties,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>The Act prohibited the <strong>hunting of endangered species</strong>.</li>
<li>The Act provides for licenses for the <strong>sale, transfer, and possession of some wildlife species</strong>.</li>
<li>Its provisions paved the way for the formation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reconstitution-of-central-zoo-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Zoo Authority</strong></a>. This is the central body responsible for the <strong>oversight of zoos</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established in 1992.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act created <strong>six schedules which gave varying degrees of protection to classes of flora and fauna</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schedule I and Schedule II</strong> (Part II) get <strong>absolute protection</strong>, and offences under these schedules attract the maximum penalties.</li>
<li>The schedules also include species that <strong>may be hunted</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>National Board for Wildlife</strong> was constituted as a statutory organization under the provisions of this Act.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is chaired by the <strong>Prime Minister</strong>.</li>
<li>This is an <strong>advisory board</strong> that offers advice to the central government on issues of wildlife conservation in India.</li>
<li>It is also the apex body to <strong>review and approve</strong> all matters related to wildlife, projects of national parks, sanctuaries, etc.</li>
<li>The chief function of the Board is to promote the <strong>conservation and development of wildlife and forests</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/its-a-goat-its-a-pig-its-a-serow-explaining-an-unusual-sighting-in-the-spiti-cold-desert-7105007/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7223,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Water Impact Summit 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>5<sup>th</sup> India Water Impact Summit</strong> (IWIS), organised by the <strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong> (NMCG) and <strong>Center for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies</strong> (cGanga) has held virtually.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India Water Impact 2020 is <strong>a five-day long summit</strong>, hosting experts and academicians from all over the world to discuss and <strong>debate issues related to water conservation, water security and river rejuvenation</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Comprehensive analysis and holistic management of local rivers and water bodies with focus on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arth-ganga-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arth Ganga</a> - river conservation synchronised development.</li>
<li>At the event, <strong>Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research</strong> signed an MoU with cGanga for development of a <strong>sludge management framework</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the implementation wing of the <strong>National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga</strong> also known as <a href="/printpdf/first-meeting-of-national-ganga-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Ganga Council</strong></a> (set in 2016; which replaced the NRGBA).</li>
<li>NMCG was established in the year <strong>2011 as a registered society</strong>.</li>
<li>It has <strong>a two-tier management structure</strong> and comprises the <strong>Governing Council</strong> and <strong>Executive Committee</strong>.</li>
<li>The aims and objectives of NMCG are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure <strong>effective control of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga</strong> by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral coordination for comprehensive planning and management.</li>
<li>To maintain <strong>minimum <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-notifies-e-flow-for-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecological flows</a></strong> in the river Ganga with the aim of ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>&lsquo;Namami Gange Programme&rsquo;</strong> was launched as an <strong>Integrated Conservation Mission</strong>, to accomplish the twin objectives of effective <strong>abatement of pollution, conservation, and rejuvenation of National River Ganga</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The program is <strong>being implemented by the NMCG</strong>, and its state counterpart organization viz., <strong>State Program Management Groups</strong> (SPMGs).</li>
<li>It has a budget outlay of <strong>Rs. 20,000 crore</strong>. The <strong>main pillars</strong> of the programme are:<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure &amp; Industrial Effluent Monitoring,</li>
<li>River-Front Development &amp; River-Surface Cleaning,</li>
<li>Bio-Diversity &amp; Afforestation, and</li>
<li>Public Awareness.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established at the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur</strong> (IITK) in 2016.</li>
<li>The Centre is a <strong>Centre of Excellence</strong> for data collection, the creation and dissemination of knowledge and information for the sustainable development of Ganga River Basin.</li>
<li>The centre acts in the capacity of a <strong>comprehensive think-tank to the National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong> (NMCG), in its stated goals and objectives vis-&agrave;-vis the Ganga River Basin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680606" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => '12th GRIHA Summit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the inaugural session of the <strong><a href="/pdf/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">12<sup>th</sup> Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)</a> Summit</strong> was organised virtually.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>12<sup>th</sup> GRIHA Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Rejuvenating Resilient Habitats.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> To serve as a platform to <strong>deliberate on innovative technologies and solutions</strong> which shall help in creating robust mechanisms <strong>for developing sustainable and resilient solutions for the benefit of the entire community</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Launch Event:</strong> The Vice President of India launched the <strong>SHASHWAT magazine</strong> and the book <strong>'30 Stories Beyond Buildings'</strong> during the event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the national rating system of India for any completed building construction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>GRIHA</strong> is recognised as India&rsquo;s own green building rating system in India&rsquo;s <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)</strong></a> submitted to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</strong></a>.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Created By:</strong> It was conceived by <a href="/printpdf/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong></a> and developed jointly with the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong> is a non-profit research institute which conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development for India and the global south.</li>
<li>It was established in 1974 as Tata Energy Research Institute and renamed to The Energy Resources Institute in 2003.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To help design green buildings and, in turn, help evaluate the 'greenness' of the buildings.</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The system has been developed to help 'design and evaluate' new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Parameters used: </strong>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Site selection and planning</li>
<li>Conservation and efficient utilization of resources</li>
<li>Building operation and maintenance</li>
<li>Innovation points</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This system, along with the activities and processes that lead up to it, benefits the community with the <strong>improvement in the environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, reducing energy consumption and the stress on natural resources</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Housing Technology Challenge</a> (GHTC)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Organised by:</strong> The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
<li><strong>Launched:</strong> January 2019</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To identify and mainstream best available and proven construction technologies that are sustainable, green and disaster-resilient to enable a paradigm shift in housing construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerators</a> (ASHA)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this initiative five Incubation Centers have been set up for identifying innovative materials, processes and technology for resource-efficient, resilient and sustainable construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities Mission</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an innovative initiative under <strong>the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong>, Government of India to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens.</li>
<li>It is working towards integrated and comprehensive development of cities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680763" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7202,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Energy Conservation Day 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Energy Conservation Day is organized on <strong>14<sup>th</sup> December every year</strong> by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> </a>with an aim to showcase India&rsquo;s achievements in energy efficiency and conservation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Energy Conservation Awards</strong> are given on the occasion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>any behavior that results in the use of less energy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Turning the lights off when leaving the room and recycling aluminum cans are both ways of conserving energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the term &lsquo;energy efficiency&rsquo;,</strong> which is using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Using a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) light bulb or a Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulb that requires less energy than an incandescent light bulb to produce the same amount of light is an example of energy efficiency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Energy Conservation (EC) Act was enacted in 2001</strong> with the goal of <strong>reducing the energy intensity of Indian economy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> was set up as the <strong>statutory body</strong> in 2002 at the central level to <strong>facilitate the implementation of the EC Act.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s energy demand is expected to double between 2013 and 2030,</strong> to approximately 1500 million tons of oil equivalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001:</strong> The Act provides<strong> regulatory mandates</strong> for: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standards &amp; labeling of equipment and appliances;</li>
<li>Energy conservation building codes for commercial buildings; and</li>
<li>Energy consumption norms for energy intensive industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Energy Conservation Awards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Awards are given by eminent dignitaries of the Government of India<strong> to Industries, Buildings, Transport and Institutions sectors along with Energy Efficient Manufacturers</strong> to recognize innovation and achievements made by them in energy conservation.</li>
<li>The awards were <strong>given for the first time on 14<sup>th</sup> December, 1991</strong>, which is celebrated as<strong> &ldquo;National Energy Conservation Day&rdquo;</strong> throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schemes To Promote Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Power through the BEE is implementing various policies and schemes viz. PAT Scheme, Standard and Labelling, Energy Conservation Building Codes and Demand Side Management. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PAT Scheme: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Perform Achieve and Trade Scheme (PAT)</strong> is a <strong>market based mechanism</strong> to enhance the cost effectiveness in improving the Energy Efficiency in Energy Intensive industries through certification of energy saving which can be traded.</li>
<li>It is a part of the <strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE),</strong> which is one of the<strong> eight missions</strong> under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change#:~:text=It%20was%20launched%20in%202010,energy%20in%20India%27s%20energy%20mix.&amp;text=Emphasis%20on%20manufacturing%20solar%20panels,local%20research%20with%20international%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Standards and Labeling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme was <strong>launched in 2006</strong> and is currently invoked for equipments/appliances Room Air Conditioner (Fixed/VariableSpeed), Ceiling Fan, Colour Television, Computer, Direct Cool Refrigerator, Distribution Transformer, Domestic Gas Stove, General Purpose Industrial Motor, LED Lamps, Agricultural Pumpset, etc.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides the consumer an informed choice</strong> about the energy saving and thereby the cost saving potential of the relevant marketed product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>developed for new commercial buildings in 2007.</strong></li>
<li>ECBC sets <strong>minimum energy standards</strong> for new commercial buildings having a connected load of 100kW (kilowatt) or contract demand of 120 KVA (kilovolt-ampere) and above.</li>
<li>BEE has also developed <strong>a voluntary Star Rating Programme</strong> for buildings which is based on the actual performance of a building, in terms of energy usage in the building over its area expressed in kWh/sq. m/year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand Side Management:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DSM is the selection, planning, and implementation of measures intended to have an influence on the demand or customer-side of the electric meter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, the development of <strong>Energy Conservation Guidelines</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> State Energy Efficiency Preparedness Index</strong> </a>are complimented within different sectors of Industries and States for implementing the energy efficiency programmes more effectively.</li>
<li>India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-green-energy-convergence-project-goa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first convergence project</strong> </a>to generate green energy for rural and agriculture consumption is set to come up in Goa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>International Energy Agency:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It works with countries around the world to shape energy policies for a secure and sustainable future.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is not a member country but an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> association country.</strong></a></li>
<li>The IEA and Energy Efficiency Services Ltd. (EESL - Ministry of Power) co-produced a case study on the Indian Government's domestic efficient lighting programme - <a href="/printpdf/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA</strong></a> - to showcase the multiple benefits of energy efficient lighting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an<strong> international organization</strong> that works in partnership with the United Nations and leaders in government, the private sector, financial institutions and civil society to drive faster action towards the achievement of<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7)</strong></a> &ndash; access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030 &ndash; in line with the<strong> Paris Agreement</strong> on climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paris Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>legally binding international treaty</strong></a> on climate change. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li>As a part of the Paris Agreement, India has committed to <strong>reducing its energy intensity</strong> (units of energy use per unit of GDP) by 33-35% by 2030 compared to the 2005 levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Innovation (MI):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>global initiative of 24 countries and the European Commission</strong> (on behalf of the European Union) to accelerate clean energy innovation.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is one of the <strong>member countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The high ambitions of citizens to live and work in comfortable air conditioned spaces with appliances providing ease of living will lead to a multi fold increase in energy consumption. An approach to change the course of energy use behaviour through energy efficiency programmes is needed to<strong> curb future energy demand.</strong></li>
<li>It is crucial for India to push for the expansion of the <strong>Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) programme</strong> to all segments of the construction sector. The objective of this programme is to develop a framework for conventional buildings to achieve low energy use per unit area.</li>
<li>Also, India&rsquo;s power sector is slated for a revamp with multiple policy level changes through the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electricity-amendment-bill-2020#:~:text=It%20is%20therefore%20proposed%20to,special%20attention%20to%20hydro%20power." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> amendment of the Electricity Act</strong></a>. One of the major initiatives as a solution to issues like low billing efficiencies leading to revenue losses, heavy transmission and distribution losses, monitoring of electricity consumption, etc. is <strong>installation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">smart meters</a>.</strong> The installation of smart meters at a fast pace can help India in<strong> facilitating energy efficiency interventions at a large scale.</strong></li>
<li>Embracing<strong> an energy efficient lifestyle</strong> will provide a positive impetus towards transformation of India&rsquo;s energy system for the better. Energy efficiency interventions are one of the most cost-effective means of achieving <strong>a low carbon transition.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7195,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Five Years of Paris Climate Accord',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has reiterated her commitment to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-renewed-support-for-paris-agreement#:~:text=Paris%20Agreement%20(also%20known%20as,to%20deal%20with%20climate%20change." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></a>, prior to the <strong>Climate Ambition Summit</strong> which will start from 12<sup>th</sup> December 2020 at Glasgow, Scotland.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Climate Ambition Summit 2020</strong> will mark the<strong> fifth anniversary</strong> of the <strong>Paris Agreement,</strong> and will <strong>provide a platform f</strong>or government and non-governmental leaders to <strong>demonstrate their commitment</strong> to the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Ambition Summit 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To set out new and ambitious commitments under the three pillars of the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> that are<strong> mitigation, adaptation and finance commitments.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> The Summit will provide a <strong>meaningful platform</strong> for businesses, cities and other non-state actors who are rallying together and collaborating to support governments and <strong>accelerate the systemic change required to reduce emissions and build resilience.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hosted By:</strong> The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a>, United Kingdom and France in partnership with Chile and Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the most abundant <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greenhouse Gas (GHG)</strong> </a>in our atmosphere, <strong>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</strong> has become a direct proxy for measuring climate change. Its levels have varied widely over the course of the Earth&rsquo;s 4.54 billion year history.</li>
<li>Historically it&rsquo;s the <strong>developed countries that have been major contributors</strong> to carbon emissions.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United States (US) has the highest historical emissions at<strong> 25%,</strong> followed by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> (EU) at<strong> 22%</strong> and China at<strong> 13%.</strong></li>
<li>India has a low carbon emission contribution of only <strong>3%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal status:</strong> It is a<strong> legally binding international treaty</strong> on <strong>climate change.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adoption:</strong> It was adopted by <strong>196 countries at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of the Parties</a> COP 21</strong> in Paris in <strong>December 2015.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Goal:</strong> To limit global warming to<strong> well below 2&deg; Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5&deg; Celsius,</strong> compared to pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To achieve the <strong>long-term temperature goal,</strong> countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Status of Global Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Five years after the Paris agreement,</strong> all states have submitted their national contributions to mitigate and adapt to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change.</strong></a></li>
<li>The contributions are<strong> radically insufficient</strong> to reach the well<strong> below 2 degrees Celsius limit and are even further from the 1.5 degrees Celsius</strong> temperature limit identified in the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>Besides <strong>India,</strong> only Bhutan, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Morocco and Gambia were complying with the accord.</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> has the <strong>highest GHG</strong> emissions<strong> (30%)</strong> while the <strong>US</strong> contributes <strong>13.5%</strong> and the <strong>EU 8.7%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Current Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations report</strong></a> released earlier this year stated that India&rsquo;s per capita emissions are actually<strong> 60% lower than the global average.</strong></li>
<li>The emissions in the country<strong> grew 1.4% in 2019,</strong> much lower than its<strong> average of 3.3% per year over the last decade.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Some of the Measures taken by India to Control Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Stage (BS) VI</a> norms:</strong> These are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a<strong> check on air pollution. </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Solar Mission</a>:</strong> It is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to <strong>promote ecologically sustainable growth</strong> while addressing India's energy security challenge.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018</strong></a>: The main objective of the policy is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected <strong>wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources,</strong> transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>All these and many other initiatives helped India in cutting<strong> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 164 million kg.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues in Achieving the Pledged Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the Nations have been slow to update their <strong>national contributions for reducing emissions for 2025-2030,</strong> however several have announced <strong>net zero emission targets</strong> in the recent past.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Net zero emission</strong> means that all man-made greenhouse gas emissions must be removed from the atmosphere through reduction measures, thus reducing the Earth&rsquo;s net climate balance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The net zero targets are<strong> subject to credibility, accountability and fairness checks.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Credibility:</strong> The plans and policies of nations is not credible enough to meet the long term<strong> net zero targets</strong> as :
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 degrees Celsius Report</strong> </a>indicated that to stay within a reasonable chance of achieving 1.5 degrees Celsius, global <strong>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have to fall by 45% from the 2010 levels by 2030</strong> but<strong> current national contributions are not on track for such a fall.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong> There is <strong>limited or no accountability</strong> for the long-term net zero goals and short-term national contributions as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many <strong>net zero goals have not yet been embedded in national contributions and long-term strategies</strong> under the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>In any case,<strong> accountability under the Paris Agreement is limited.</strong> States are not obliged to achieve their self-selected targets. There is <strong>no mechanism to review the adequacy</strong> of individual contributions. <strong>States are only asked to provide justifications</strong> for the fairness and ambition of their targets.</li>
<li>The <strong>transparency framework does not contain a robust review function,</strong> and the compliance committee is facilitative and limited to ensuring compliance with a short list of binding procedural obligations..</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fairness:</strong> Issues of fairness and justice,<strong> both between and within generations,</strong> are <strong>unavoidable:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no mechanism</strong> to check that whether the net zero targets, and pathways to net zero are fair or how much are states doing in comparison to others and relative to how much they should.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve this long-term temperature goal, <strong>countries should aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible</strong> to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
<li><strong>Net zero pledges need to be credible, accountable and fair</strong> to get us to a stable climate. Not all states will be in a position to pledge net zero targets, nor should they be expected to. All states, including India, can, however, <strong>pledge actions that are credible, accountable and fair.</strong></li>
<li>Credible <strong>short-term commitments, with a clear pathway to medium-term decarbonisation,</strong> that take into account the multiple challenges states face, such as on air pollution, and development, might well be the more defensible choice for some.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-didnt-cause-climate-change-prakash-javadekar-7101545/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7181,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Emissions Gap Report 2020: UNEP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong> (UNEP)&rsquo;s <strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong> has been published recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The annual report from UNEP measures the gap between anticipated emissions and levels consistent with the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals of limiting global warming this century to well below 2&deg;C and pursuing 1.5&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Analysis for the year 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record high <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas</a> (GHG) emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Global GHG emissions continued to grow for the third consecutive year in 2019, reaching a record high of <strong>52.4 Gigatonne carbon equivalent</strong> (GtCO<sub>2</sub>e) <strong>without including land use changes (LUC).</strong></li>
<li>There is some indication that the <strong>growth in global GHG emissions is slowing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, GHG emissions are <strong>declining in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development</a></strong> (OECD) economies and <strong>increasing in non-OECD economies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Record carbon emission:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fossil<strong> carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions (from fossil fuels and carbonates)</strong> dominate <strong>total GHG emissions.</strong></li>
<li>Fossil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reached a record <strong>38.0 GtCO<sub>2</sub> in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest fires increasing GHG emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since 2010, global GHG emissions have grown <strong>1.4% per year on average,</strong> with a more rapid increase of <strong>2.6% in 2019</strong> due to a large<strong> increase in vegetation forest fires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 countries account for bulk of emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the last decade, the <strong>top four emitters (China, the United States of America, EU27+UK and India)</strong> have contributed to <strong>55% of the total GHG emissions without LUC.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> top seven emitters</strong> (including the Russian Federation, Japan and international transport) have contributed to 65%, with G20 members accounting for 78%.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ranking of countries changes when considering <strong>per capita emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On consumption-based emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a general tendency that <strong>rich countries have higher consumption-based emissions</strong> (emissions allocated to the country where goods are purchased and consumed, rather than where they are produced) than <strong>territorial-based emissions,</strong> as they typically have cleaner production, relatively more services and more imports of primary and secondary products.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both emission types have <strong>declined at similar rates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emissions Level: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> could <strong>decrease by about 7% in 2020</strong> compared with <strong>2019 emission levels,</strong> with<strong> a smaller drop expected in GHG emissions</strong> as <strong>non-CO<sub>2</sub></strong> is likely to be less affected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting atmospheric concentrations of GHGs such as <strong>methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide</strong> (N<sub>2</sub>O) <strong>continued to increase in both 2019 and 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector reporting the lowest dip in emission due to pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest changes have occurred in<strong> transport,</strong> as restrictions were targeted to <strong>limit mobility,</strong> though reductions have also occurred in other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues and Possible Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of<strong> 3&deg;C this century.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The levels of ambition in the Paris Agreement still must be roughly<strong> tripled for the 2&deg;C pathway</strong> and<strong> increased at least fivefold for the&nbsp;</strong>1.5&deg;C Pathway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rise of 3&deg;C in global temperatures <strong>could cause catastrophic weather-related events</strong> around the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UN Experts believe the way to avoid it is encourage <strong>green recovery</strong> for countries facing Covid-induced economic slumps.</li>
<li>A green recovery involves <strong>investment in zero emissions tech and infrastructure,</strong> reducing <strong>fossil fuel subsidies, stopping new coal plants,</strong> and <strong>promoting nature-based solutions,</strong> according to the UN.</li>
<li>Such actions could cut 25% of predicted emissions by 2030, and gives the planet a 66% chance of keeping warming below the 2&deg;mark that the Paris pact had set as a long term goal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> june 1972.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It sets the <strong>global environmental agenda,</strong> promotes the sustainable development within the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> system,</strong> and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-what-the-emissions-gap-report-2020-tells-us-74578" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7162,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Narmada Landscape Restoration Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-thermal-power-corporation-limited" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation</strong></a> (NTPC) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with<strong> Indian Institute of Forest Management</strong> (IIFM), <strong>Bhopal,</strong> to implement the<strong> Narmada Landscape Restoration Project (NLRP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC Ltd. is a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power. It became a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company</strong> </a>in May 2010.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NLRP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>collaborative and participatory</strong> approach that will demonstrate the interdependence of the <strong>upstream sustainably managed forest</strong> and<strong> farm practices </strong>on <strong>downstream water resources.</strong></li>
<li>The project aims to establish an <strong>incentivisation mechanism to maintain sustainable landscape practices</strong> in Narmada basin.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Landscape management means action, from a perspective of <strong>sustainable development,</strong> to ensure the <strong>regular upkeep of a landscape,</strong> so as to guide and harmonise changes which are brought about by<strong> social, economic and environmental processes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Mechanism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is in partnership with a <strong>grant in aid</strong> from<strong> NTPC Ltd</strong> (under its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> initiative) and <strong>United States Agency for International Development</strong> (USAID) in equal proportions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USAID is the world&rsquo;s premier<strong> international development agency</strong> and a catalytic actor driving development results.</li>
<li>USAID&rsquo;s work advances U.S. national security and economic prosperity, demonstrates American generosity, and promotes a path to recipient self-reliance and resilience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>4-year project</strong> will be implemented in <strong>Khargone District of Madhya Pradesh,</strong> in the catchments of selected tributaries of the River Narmada between <strong>Omkareshwar and Maheshwar dams.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Omkareshwar Dam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Omkareshwar Dam is one of the major <strong>downstream dams of Indira Sagar Project,</strong> lies along the bank for the Narmada and Kaveri.</li>
<li>Indira Sagar is a<strong> multipurpose project</strong> consisting of various dams on Narmada river.</li>
<li><strong>Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga,</strong> one of the 12 Jyotirlinga is situated on the <strong>confluence</strong> of river Narmada and Kaveri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maheshwar Dam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Maheshwar is one of the planned large dams on the Narmada Valley to <strong>provide 400 MW electricity. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Agencies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IIFM, Bhopal,</strong> an Autonomous Institute under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&amp;CC) will be <strong>jointly implementing this project</strong> with <strong>Global Green Growth Institute</strong> (GGGI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Will demonstrate <strong>nature-based solutions for enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-valuation-of-tiger-reserves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecosystem services.</a></strong></li>
<li>It will promote a <strong>clean and sustainable environment</strong> concerning land, water and air.</li>
<li>Improvement in <strong>water quality and quantity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Green Growth Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GGGI was established as an <strong>international intergovernmental organization in 2012 at the Rio+20</strong> United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.</li>
<li>Its vision is a low-carbon, resilient world of strong, inclusive, and sustainable growth and its mission to support Members in the transformation of their economies into a green growth economic model.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is <strong>not a member country but a partner country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Seoul, South Korea</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Narmada River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Narmada is the <strong>largest west flowing river</strong> of the peninsular region flowing through a rift valley between the <strong>Vindhya Range</strong> on the <strong>north</strong> and the <strong>Satpura Range </strong>on the <strong>south.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>rises from</strong> Maikala range near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>It <strong>drains</strong> a large area in <strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> besides some areas in the states of <strong>Maharashtra </strong>and <strong>Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The river near <strong>Jabalpur</strong> (Madhya Pradesh) forms the <strong>DhuanDhar</strong> Falls.</li>
<li>There are <strong>several islands</strong> in the estuary of the Narmada of which <strong>Aliabet</strong> is the largest.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries:</strong> Hiran, Orsang, the Barna and the Kolar.</li>
<li>The <strong>major Hydro Power Projects</strong> in the basin are<strong> Indira Sagar, Sardar Sarovar</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an Indian<strong> social movement spearheaded</strong> by native tribes (adivasis), farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists <strong>against a number of large dam projects across the Narmada River.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sardar Sarovar Dam</strong> in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607421811_image%204.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607421811_image 4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="299" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1678820#:~:text=NTPC%20Ltd.%2C%20one%20of%20India's,the%20Narmada%20Landscape%20Restoration%20Project." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7159,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Elephant Corridors in Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong> </a>has directed<strong> the Odisha government</strong> to prepare an<strong> action plan</strong> for <strong>14 identified elephant corridors.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NGT&rsquo;s Order in 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> NGT</strong> had<strong> issued a prohibition order</strong> directing that all such activities which are not permissible to be carried out in a highly <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ)</strong></a>, should not be undertaken.</li>
<li>The <strong>NGT</strong> also <strong>directed authorities to expedite demarcation of the corridors</strong> within a specific time frame.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Odisha government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Odisha government<strong> had proposed 14 corridors stretching over a total area of 870.61 sq.km. having a length of 420.8 km.</strong> Even after several years, <strong>no tangible progress had been made</strong> on the government's proposal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Elephant Corridors:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are <strong>narrow strips of land that connect two large habitats of elephants.</strong></li>
<li>They are crucial to <strong>reduce animal fatalities due to accidents and other reasons.</strong></li>
<li>Fragmentation of forests makes it all the more important to <strong>preserve migratory corridors.</strong></li>
<li>This movement of Elephants helps in <strong>enhancing the species survival and birth rate.</strong></li>
<li><strong>88 elephant corridors</strong> have been identified by the <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/02-11-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wildlife trust of India</a> under the National elephant Corridor project.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong> The all-round development like <strong>human settlements, roads, railway line, electric lines, canal and mining are the main cause of corridor fragmentation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Protecting the Corridors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The movement of elephants is essential to<strong> ensure that their populations are genetically viable.</strong> It also helps<strong> to regenerate forests</strong> on which other species, including tigers, depend.</li>
<li>Nearly 40% of<strong> elephant reserves are vulnerable,</strong> as they are not within protected parks and sanctuaries. Also, <strong>migration corridors have no specific legal protection.</strong></li>
<li>Forests that have turned into farms and unchecked tourism are blocking animal paths. Animals are thus forced to seek <strong>alternative routes resulting in increased<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-high-cost-of-man-animal-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> elephant-human conflict.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Weak regulation</strong> of ecotourism is severely impacting important habitats. It particularly affects animals that have large home ranges, like elephants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Elephants</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Elephants are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/preservation-of-sundarban#:~:text=A%20keystone%20species%20is%20an,species%20have%20low%20functional%20redundancy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>keystone species.</strong></a></li>
<li>There are three subspecies of<strong> Asian elephant &ndash; the Indian, Sumatran, and Sri Lankan.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian elephant has the widest range and accounts for the <strong>majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status of Indian Elephants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a>: Schedule I</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list#:~:text=The%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20of,of%20plant%20and%20animal%20species.&amp;text=Critically%20Endangered%20(CR)%2C%20Endangered,to%20be%20threatened%20with%20extinction." target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a>: Endangered</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a>: Appendix I</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is home to <strong>50% of the Asian Elephant population, and according to the 2017 elephant census,</strong> there are <strong>27,312 elephants in the country, marking a decrease of nearly 3,000 elephants from the 2012 census.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Initiatives for Conservation of Elephants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/printpdf/electrocution-of-elephants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gaj Yatra</strong></a>: A nationwide campaign to protect elephants, was launched on the occasion of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Elephant Day</a> in 2017.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Elephant</strong></a>: It is a <strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> which was launched in 1992.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To protect elephants, their habitat &amp; corridors</li>
<li>To address issues of man-animal conflict</li>
<li>Welfare of captive elephants</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Initiatives:</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electrocution-of-elephants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) Programme</strong></a>: It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference Of Parties (COP)</strong></a> resolution of <strong>CITES.</strong> It was <strong>started in South Asia in 2003</strong> with the following purpose &ndash;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To measure levels and trends in <strong>illegal hunting</strong> of elephants.</li>
<li>To determine changes in these trends over time.</li>
<li>To determine the factors causing or associated with these changes and to try and assess in particular to what extent observed trends are a result of any decisions taken by the Conference of the Parties to<strong> CITES.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Efforts should be to <strong>expand elephant corridors,</strong> using the successful models within the country by <strong>acquisition of lands using private funds</strong> and their transfer to the government. Ending human interference in the pathways of elephants is more a conservation imperative.</li>
<li><strong>Sensitization and awareness among people</strong> at large is necessary to stop poaching and illegal trades.</li>
<li>Technologies such as <strong>Drones and satellites</strong> could be used for better monitoring throughout the corridors.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ngt-directs-odisha-to-submit-action-plan-on-strengthening-elephant-corridors/article33266346.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Recovery from Coal Mining in Meghalaya’s Moolamylliang',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Moolamylliang,</strong> a village in <strong>Meghalaya&rsquo;s East Jaintia Hills district,</strong> is making progress in becoming a greener place amid abandoned pits from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rat-hole-mining#:~:text=Rat%20hole%20mining%20involves%20digging,unscientific%20and%20unsafe%20for%20workers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rat-hole mining.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Jaintia Coal Miners and Dealers&rsquo; Association</strong> claims there are around 60,000 coal mines across 360 villages in East Jaintia Hills district.</li>
<li>Moolamylliang used to be one such village until the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong></a> (NGT) <strong>banned</strong> hazardous rat-hole coal mining in Meghalaya in <strong>April 2014</strong> and set a time limit for transporting the coal already mined till that time.</li>
<li>Though the NGT <strong>ban did not stop illegal mining</strong> in the district, it <strong>helped Moolamylliang reform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal Mining in Northeast:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the northeast, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coal mining</strong></a> is part of a larger trend which is the <strong>decimation of natural resources.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, there is large-scale <strong>deforestation going on in the Garo and Khasi Hills</strong> of Meghalaya, besides <strong>limestone mining</strong> in the <strong>Jaintia Hills.</strong></li>
<li>Assam, which has lost most of its once extensive forest cover, sees <strong>poaching in the Dima Hasao region, coal mining</strong> in Upper Assam, and<strong> sand/stone mining</strong> from river beds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are three notable <strong>peculiarities of coal mining in the Jaintia Hills</strong> (and elsewhere in Meghalaya).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Being a tribal state where the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp#:~:text=6th%20Schedule,(1)%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</a> applies, all land is privately owned,</strong> and hence coal mining is done by private parties. The schedule <strong>does not explicitly refer to mining.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>sizable coal deposits</strong> in the state, mostly in the Jaintia Hills, <strong>occur in horizontal seams only</strong> a few feet high that run through the hills which is why <strong>rat-hole mining is practised instead of open cast mining.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Most of the labour</strong> (including children) comes from Nepal, the <strong>poorer areas</strong> of Assam, and Bangladesh. In Meghalaya, the non-tribal is a second-class citizen, as is the poor tribal, which explains the<strong> general lack of concern even within the State about the trapped miners.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rat-hole Mining:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a term used for a <strong>hazardous and arduous mining technique</strong> where miners crawl into winding underground tunnels that are just 4-5 feet in diameter to extract coal from the deep seams with a pickaxe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Open Cast Mining:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> surface mining technique</strong> of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a <strong>borrow.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ecological Issues:</strong> Unsustainable mining in hilly areas <strong>contaminates the farmlands and turns the streams acidic,</strong> leading to the<strong> loss of biodiversity and local heritage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Health Issues:</strong> The prevalence of mining in an area <strong>causes various diseases</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetic-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fibrosis</strong></a>, pneumoconiosis and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silicosis-and-mining-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>silicosis</strong></a> in workers as well as locals.</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Trafficking:</strong> Majority of the workers involved in 'rat-hole' mining are children. They are suited for this job because of their small anatomy that fits small mine tunnels. Rat-hole mining has <strong>encouraged child<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking#:~:text=Section%20370%20and%20370A%20of,the%20forced%20removal%20of%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> trafficking</a></strong> apart from <strong>engaging with immigrants</strong> from many states.</li>
<li><strong>Corruption: Police officials often collaborate with mine owners</strong> in states where the open cast mining and rat hole mining are the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The administration tried to make coke factories and cement plants in the vicinity contribute to <strong>earth rejuvenation programmes</strong> in the area under their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong> </a>(CSR).</li>
<li>Among the projects being pursued is <strong>low-cost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-conservation-traditional-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rainwater harvesting</a></strong> for <strong>recharging the area</strong> that has become dry because of coal mining.</li>
<li>Making Moolamylliang a <strong>base camp for tourists to explore caves, canyons and waterfalls</strong> in parts of East Jaintia Hills that have escaped the impact of mining, will <strong>boost <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> and bring in revenue.</strong></li>
<li>Since the 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule does not explicitly refer to mining,<strong> environmental activists are calling for the coal trade to come under central mining and environmental laws.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives Related to Mining</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>April 2018,</strong> the Ministry of Coal launched the <strong>Unlocking Transparency by Third Party Assessment of Mined Coal </strong>(UTTAM)<strong> Application</strong> for coal quality monitoring.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/national-mineral-policy-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy</strong></a> (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019, which em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
<li>In <strong>Septem&shy;ber 2019, 100% FDI un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed</strong> for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
<li>In <strong>January 2020,</strong> the Parliament passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mineral-laws-amendment-bill-2020#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Parliament%20has%20passed,promulgated%20on%2011th%20January%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mineral Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It amends the <strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong> and the<strong> Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>1957 Act</strong> regulates the mining sector in India and specifies the requirement for obtaining and granting mining leases for mining operations.</li>
<li>The<strong> 2015 Act</strong> provides for allocation of coal mines and vesting of the right, title and interest in and over the land and mine infrastructure together with mining leases to successful bidders with a view to ensure continuity in coal mining operations and production of coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill <strong>per&shy;mits com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing for lo&shy;cal and global firms</strong> with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meghalaya-village-turns-oasis-in-coal-mine-desert/article33265390.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7142,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deteriorating Great Barrier Reef',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong> (IUCN) has highlighted that <strong>Australia&rsquo;s Great Barrier Reef</strong> is in a critical state and deteriorating as<strong> climate change</strong> warms up the waters in which it lies.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607166189_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607166189_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Great Barrier Reef:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s most extensive and spectacular coral reef ecosystem</strong> composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.</li>
<li>The reef is located in the <strong>Coral Sea</strong> (North-East Coast), <strong>off the coast of Queensland, Australia.</strong></li>
<li>It can be<strong> seen from outer space</strong> and is the <strong>world&rsquo;s biggest single structure made by living organisms.</strong></li>
<li>This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as <strong>coral polyps.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are made up of genetically identical organisms called <strong>polyps,</strong> which are tiny, soft-bodied organisms. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called <strong>a calicle,</strong> which forms the structure of coral reefs.</li>
<li>These polyps have <strong>microscopic algae called zooxanthellae</strong> living within their tissues. The corals and algae have a <strong>mutualistic (symbiotic)</strong> relationship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was selected as a <strong>World Heritage Site</strong> in<strong> 1981.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coral along large swathes of the 2,300-kilometre reef have been killed by <strong>rising sea temperatures</strong> linked to climate change, leaving behind skeletal remains in a process known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coral-bleaching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coral bleaching.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When corals face <strong>stress by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients,</strong> they<strong> expel the symbiotic algae zooxanthellae</strong> living in their tissues, causing them to <strong>turn completely white.</strong> This phenomenon is called coral bleaching.</li>
<li>Corals <strong>can recover if the stress-caused bleaching is not severe.</strong></li>
<li>Coral bleaching has occurred in the Caribbean, Indian, and Pacific oceans on a regular basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In<strong> August 2019, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-downgrades-great-barrier-reef-to-very-poor-status" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Australia downgraded its long-term outlook to "Very Poor"</a></strong> for the first time and there are high chances that it will be considered for the <strong>List of World Heritage in Danger.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The List is designed to inform the international community of conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.</li>
<li>It also encourages corrective action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>membership union</strong> uniquely composed of <strong>both government and civil society organisations.</strong></li>
<li>Created in<strong> 1948,</strong> it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,</strong> is the <strong>world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status</strong> of plant and animal species.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7135,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Malayan Giant Squirrel',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/two-new-species-of-eels" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Zoological Survey of India</strong> </a>(ZSI), in a first-of-its-kind study, has projected that numbers of the <strong>Malayan Giant Squirrel</strong> could <strong>decline by 90% in India by 2050,</strong> and it could be extinct by then if urgent steps are not taken.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Headquartered at <strong>Kolkata,</strong> ZSI is a subordinate organisation of the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,</strong> established in <strong>1916.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> national centre for faunistic survey and exploration of the resources</strong> leading to the advancement of knowledge on the exceptionally rich <strong>faunal diversity</strong> of the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607079508_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607079508_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Ratufa bicolor.</em></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one of the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest squirrel species</strong> that has a dark upper body, pale under parts, and a long, bushy tail.</li>
<li>Unlike the <strong>nocturnal flying squirrels,</strong> giant squirrels are <strong>diurnal</strong> (active during the day), but <strong>arboreal</strong> (tree-dwelling) and <strong>herbivorous</strong> like the flying squirrels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is home to <strong>three giant squirrel species</strong> and the other two are <strong>Indian Giant Squirrel</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grizzled Giant Squirrel</strong> </a>which are found in peninsular India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is found mostly in<strong> evergreen and semi-evergreen forests,</strong> from plains to hills at elevations of 50 m to 1,500 m above sea level.</li>
<li><strong>Globally</strong> it is distributed through Southern China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Burma, the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.</li>
<li><strong>In India,</strong> is found in the <strong>forests of Northeast</strong> and is currently found in parts of West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the roughly 1.84 lakh sq km of the squirrel&rsquo;s range in Asia, about <strong>8.5% is in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is considered to be a <strong>forest health<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-birdwing-india-s-largest-butterfly#:~:text=Indicator%20Species%3A%20The%20butterfly%20acts,as%20aspects%20of%20community%20composition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> indicator species.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An<strong> indicator species provides information on the overall condition of the ecosystem</strong> and of other species in that ecosystem. They reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as well as aspects of community composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the study, the squirrel and its habitat are under threat from <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/desertification-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">deforestation</a>, fragmentation of forests, crop cultivation</strong> and <strong>over-harvesting of food, illegal trade</strong> in wildlife, and<strong> hunting</strong> for consumption. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-report-on-shifting-cultivation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Slash-and-burn jhum cultivation</strong></a> in many areas of the Northeast contribute to destruction of its habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destruction of its habitat</strong> could restrict the squirrel to only southern Sikkim and North Bengal by 2050.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Only 43.38% of the squirrel&rsquo;s original habitat in India is now favourable to it and by 2050, the favourable zone <strong>could shrink to 2.94% of the area</strong> the species was meant to inhabit.</li>
<li>The population of the squirrel in India <strong>declined by 30%</strong> over the last two decades.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix II.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-ever-study-has-grim-prognosis-native-squirrel-could-vanish-from-ne-after-2050-7089169/#:~:text=A%20first%2Dof%2Dits%2D,the%20species%20could%20be%20extinct" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7129,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Provisional Report on the State of the Global Climate 2020: WMO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the latest <strong>State of the Global Climate provisional report by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO),</strong> the year<strong> 2020 is set to be among the three warmest</strong> on record. Also, the <strong>decade 2011-2020 would be the warmest</strong> ever.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> final report</strong> will be published in <strong>March 2021.</strong> The <strong>State of the Global Climate report</strong> is published <strong>annually</strong> to keep a track of global warming.</li>
<li><strong>WMO</strong> is one of the specialized agencies of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations (UN).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rise in Global Temperature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The global mean surface temperature for January-October 2020 was<strong> 1.2 degree Celsius higher</strong> than the pre-industrial baseline (1850-1900).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is at least a one in five chance of it <strong>temporarily exceeding 1.5 &deg;C</strong> by 2024.</li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020 will be one of the three hottest,</strong> just behind<strong> 2016 and 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The record heat in 2020 has been <strong>despite near-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">La Ni&ntilde;a</a></strong> conditions prevailing in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since August and <strong>moderate La Ni&ntilde;a</strong> conditions prevailing since October.</li>
<li>The<strong> La Ni&ntilde;a phase of the <a href="/printpdf/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">El Ni&ntilde;o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)</a></strong> phenomenon generally has a cooling effect on many parts of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Temperature over Ocean Surfaces:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>80%</strong> of ocean areas have experienced at least one <strong>marine heat wave (MHW)</strong> so far in 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Heat wave</strong></a> is a period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected.</li>
<li>At the time of<strong> MHW,</strong> the average temperature of the ocean surface (up to a depth of 300 feet or more) rises by <strong>5-7&deg;C</strong> above normal.</li>
<li>MHWs can be<strong> caused by</strong> locally formed heat fluxes between the atmosphere and the ocean or due to large-scale drivers of the Earth&rsquo;s climate like the <strong>ENSO.</strong></li>
<li>There were also much more strong MHWs<strong> (43%)</strong> over the oceans in 2020 than moderate ones <strong>(28%).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global sea-level rise</strong> was also similar to 2019 value.This was mainly <strong>due to the increased melting of the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> Scientific evidence indicates<strong> increasing temperatures</strong> are a direct result of <strong>human-led <a href="/printpdf/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global warming</a></strong> which is an impact of the <strong>emission of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gases (GHG).</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After <strong>record GHG levels of 2019,</strong> there has been a slight<strong> dip this year</strong> due to measures taken by many countries to fight the ongoing <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener">novel coronavirus</a> disease <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Covid-19 pandemic).</a></strong></li>
<li>However, data from specific locations, including Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and Cape Grim (Tasmania) indicate that levels of <strong>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and Nitrogen dioxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) continued to increase</strong> in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of Global Warming in 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Extreme weather events</strong> such as <strong>tropical cyclones, floods, heavy rainfall and droughts</strong> impacted many parts of the world and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-and-forest-fire-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cases of wildfire</strong></a> have also increased this year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Atlantic Hurricane Season:</strong> The<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-laura#:~:text=The%20Atlantic%20hurricane%20season%20runs,as%20a%20Category%201%20storm." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> season</a></strong> witnessed <strong>30 named storms</strong> from June to November which is the <strong>highest number ever</strong> recorded.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy Rains:</strong> There was heavy rainfall and flooding in many parts of <strong>Asia and Africa.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Droughts:</strong> South America experienced<strong> severe droughts</strong> with northern Argentina, Paraguay and western areas of Brazil being some of the worst affected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sea-level rise:</strong> Melting of ice resulted in sea level rise which is an existential concern for the small island nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A significant sea-level rise by the end of the century will mean that these countries will drown in the oceans and their respective populations will be homeless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss to Humanity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Population Movements:&nbsp;</strong>The climate and weather events have triggered significant population movements and have severely affected vulnerable people on the move, including in the Pacific region and Central America.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural Losses:</strong> Brazil alone recorded agricultural losses of 3 billion American dollars.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Human lives, Property and Livelihoods:</strong> The most affected were the Sahel and Greater Horn regions of Africa and China, India, Korea and Japan regions of Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Environmental ethics should take precedence over other issues like national and strategic interest or economic interest.</li>
<li><strong>Oil, gas and coal production must fall six percent a year</strong> in order to limit catastrophic global warming, as per the <strong>UN's annual Production Gap assessment,</strong> which measures the difference between the Paris goals and countries' fossil fuel production plans.</li>
<li>There needs an enhanced commitment from nations more than their pledged INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions) under the <strong>Paris Agreement.</strong> However, it must not be used to pressurize developing countries to ramp up their global warming mitigation targets.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/weather/2020-set-to-be-one-of-warmest-years-on-record-7076661/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7105,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Peacock soft-shelled turtle</strong> (a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-turtle-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>turtle</strong></a> of a<strong> vulnerable species</strong>) has been rescued from a fish market in<strong> Assam&rsquo;s Silchar.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606807873_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606807873_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Nilssonia hurum.</em></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They have a <strong>large head, downturned snout</strong> with low and oval carapace of dark olive green to nearly black, sometimes with a yellow rim.</li>
<li>The<strong> head and limbs are olive green;</strong> the <strong>forehead has dark reticulations</strong> and large<strong> yellow or orange patches or spots,</strong> especially behind the eyes and across the snout.</li>
<li><strong>Males</strong> possess <strong>relatively longer and thicker tails</strong> than females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This species is confined to<strong> India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>In india, it is widespread in the northern and <strong>central parts of the Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>These are found in <strong>rivers, streams, lakes and ponds with mud or sand bottoms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species is <strong>heavily exploited for its meat and calipee</strong> (the outer cartilaginous rim of the shell).</li>
<li>Threats in the River Ganga to the species are those generic for all large river turtles, including <strong>reduction of fish stock,</strong> as a result of <strong>overfishing, pollution, increase in river traffic, and sand-mining,</strong> among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-conservation-of-migratory-species" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/professor-rescues-vulnerable-turtle-species-from-assam-fish-market-7074419/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7081,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Awards for Tiger Conservation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR - Uttar Pradesh)</strong> has bagged international award <strong>TX2</strong> for doubling the number of tigers in the past four years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, the <strong>Transboundary Manas Conservation Area or TraMCA (India-Bhutan</strong> border) has received the <strong>Conservation Excellence Award for 2020.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>India&rsquo;s 2018 Tiger census</strong> (once in every four years) had set a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Guinness record</strong></a> for being the largest camera-trap wildlife survey.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Awards:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched recently, these awards <strong>were open to submissions from any site in a tiger range country</strong> that has achieved remarkable measurable progress since 2010.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Site:</strong> An area having a functional tiger population, legally designated as a "site" under national legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Award winners were announced on 23rd November 2020 - the <strong>10 year anniversary for the global TX2 goal.</strong></li>
<li>Sites <strong>will receive a small financial grant</strong> to be used to further tiger conservation.</li>
<li><strong>TX2 Award:</strong> It goes to <strong>one site that has achieved remarkable and measurable increase in its tiger population</strong> since 2010.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Excellence Award:</strong> This award recognises one site that has achieved excellence in <strong>two or more of these five themes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tiger and prey population monitoring and research (tiger translocation/prey augmentation),</li>
<li>Effective site management,</li>
<li>Enhanced law enforcement &amp; protection &amp; ranger welfare improvement,</li>
<li>Community based conservation, benefits and human-wildlife conflict mitigation and</li>
<li>Habitat and prey management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TX2 Goal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The TX2 goal is a<strong> global commitment to double the world's wild tigers by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>The goal has been <strong>set by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Wildlife Fund (WWF)</a></strong> through the<strong> Global Tiger Initiative, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tigers-in-high-altitudes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Tiger Forum</a></strong> and other critical platforms.</li>
<li>All <strong>13 tiger range governments</strong> came together for the first time at the<strong> St Petersburg Summit</strong> (Russia -2010) where they committed to double the number of wild tigers by 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Tiger Range Countries include</strong> India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tiger <em>(Panthera Tigris)</em></strong> is categorised as <strong>&lsquo;Endangered&rsquo;</strong> under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IUCN Red List</strong> </a>and is listed under <strong>Appendix I</strong> of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Global Tiger Day</strong> is observed on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> July</strong> across the world.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Project Tiger was launched in 1973</strong> with 9 tiger reserves. Tiger has been listed under <strong>&lsquo;Schedule I&rsquo; of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location</strong>: Pilibhit district, Lakhimpur Kheri District and Bahraich District of<strong> Uttar Pradesh</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The northern edge of the reserve<strong> lies along the Indo-Nepal border</strong> while the southern boundary is marked by the<strong> river Sharada and Khakra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declaration:</strong> PTR was declared in <strong>2014-15</strong> on the basis of its special type of ecosystem with vast open spaces and sufficient feed for the elegant predators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PTR is one of the finest examples of the exceedingly diverse and productive<strong> Terai ecosystems</strong> (low-lying land at the foot of the Himalayas).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The study done by<a href="/printpdf/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Wildlife Institute of India (WII)</strong></a> shows that <strong>Dudhwa-Pilibhit population has high conservation value</strong> as it represents the only tiger population with the ecological and behavioral adaptations of the tiger unique to the Terai region.</li>
<li>It is <strong>home to</strong> a habitat for over 127 animals, 326 bird species and 2,100 flowering plants. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wild animals include tiger, swamp deer, Bengal florican, hog deer, leopard, etc.</li>
<li>It has high sal forests, plantation and grasslands with several water bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bagged TX2 Award:</strong> The number of tigers in the reserve area <strong>has gone up to 65 from 25</strong> in the period of just four years (2014-18).</li>
<li><strong>Other Protected Areas in Uttar Pradesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dudhwa National Park</strong></a></li>
<li>Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary</li>
<li>Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary</li>
<li>Sur Sarovar (Keethan) Bird Sanctuary</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transboundary Manas Conservation Area:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> It was <strong>conceptualized in 2011</strong> with the vision to jointly develop and manage a transboundary conservation area between Bhutan and India, for the benefit of people and wildlife.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The TraMCA landscape with an area of over 6500 sq. km forms a vital mosaic of conservation spaces <strong>across the Eastern Himalayas,</strong> and covers the entire Manas Tiger Reserve in India, four protected areas in Bhutan and also two biological corridors.</li>
<li>The <strong>Manas Tiger Reserve in India and Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan</strong> form the core of this biologically outstanding trans-boundary region that is <strong>home to</strong> tigers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>elephants</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dna-database-for-indian-rhinos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rhinos</strong> </a>and more than 1,500 species of mammals, birds and vascular plants.</li>
<li>The <strong>Manas River</strong> flowing through Royal Manas National Park and Manas National Park also <strong>makes both parks an important watershed area</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>The landscape and its surroundings <strong>support over 10 million people</strong> in India and Bhutan with its services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bagged Conservation Excellence Award:</strong> For <strong>efforts</strong> to increase the tiger population. The<strong> recognition</strong> was for the TraMCA comprising the 500 sq. km.<strong> Manas National Park in Assam</strong> and the 1,057-sq. km. <strong>Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of Tigers in the Indian Manas <strong>increased from 9 in 2010 to 25 in 2018</strong> while that in the <strong>Bhutan Manas more than doubled from 12 in 2008 to 26 in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/wildlife-preserve-straddling-assam-bhutan-gets-tiger-conservation-award/article33169212.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7052,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-China on Brahmaputra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The construction of several dams along the <strong>Brahmaputra river</strong> (known as<strong> Yarlung in China</strong>) on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause of concern for India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-70-years-of-diplomatic-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and China</strong></a> continue to grow demographically as well as economically amid increased consumption among its citizenry,<strong> both nations face water constraints</strong> and in a race to develop new projects in order to overcome them.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606129772_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606129772_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brahmaputra:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It originates under the name of <strong>Siang or Dihang,</strong> from the <strong>Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake.</strong> It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Dibang, Lohit, Siang, Burhi Dihing, Tista, and Dhansari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>perennial river</strong> and has <strong>several peculiar characteristics due to its geography and prevailing climatic conditions.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>flooded twice annually.</strong> One flood is caused by the <strong>melting of the Himalayan snow in summer</strong> and the<strong> other due to the monsoon flows.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> frequency</strong> of these floods have increased and are devastating due to climate change and its impact on high and low flows.</li>
<li>These <strong>pose a concern for the population and food security in the lower riparian states of India and Bangladesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The river is in itself <strong>dynamic as frequent landslides and geological activity force it to change course</strong> very often.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Perspective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is home to close to <strong>20% of the world&rsquo;s population</strong> and has <strong>only 7% of its water resources,</strong> which also faces severe pollution caused by rapid industrialisation.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>southern regions are water-rich in comparison to the water-stressed northern part</strong> and to solve that, it <strong>plans to link the major rivers</strong> in these regions through canals, aqueducts and other linking projects to ensure water security.</li>
<li>For that, China has been <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dams-in-china-over-transboundary-rivers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blocking rivers like the Mekong</strong></a> <strong>and its tributaries,</strong> affecting Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China, being an<strong> upper riparian state in Asia,</strong> sees these projects as a continuation of its <strong>historic tributary system.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>smaller states have no means of effectively resisting</strong> or even have <strong>significant leverage</strong> in negotiations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the<strong> Himalayas,</strong> there are <strong>multiple operational dams in the Yarlung Tsangpo basin</strong> with more dams commissioned and under construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Perspective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>17% of the world&rsquo;s population</strong> and <strong>4% of water.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>severely water-stressed</strong> and in summer, a vast majority of urban areas face water shortage.</li>
<li>A majority of India&rsquo;s population reside in the <strong>Gangetic plains which enjoy water throughout the year</strong> but the<strong> southern and western regions experience harsh and dry summer</strong> and the<strong> rainfall is scarce and erratic in the eastern coast.</strong></li>
<li>An ambitious <strong>north-south<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-floods-river-linking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> river-linking</a> project has been proposed in India</strong> as well. However, it has come under criticism for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-river-interlinking#:~:text=The%20National%20River%20Linking%20Project,inter%2Dbasin%20water%20transfer%20projects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>potentially disturbing fragile ecosystems.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Raised:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Degradation of the Basin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Massive amounts of silt carried by the river would get blocked by dams leading to a <strong>fall in the quality of soil</strong> and eventual <strong>reduction in agricultural productivity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats to Flora and Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Brahmaputra basin is <strong>one of the world&rsquo;s most <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecologically sensitive zones</a></strong> and is identified as <strong>one of the world&rsquo;s 34 biological hotspots.</strong></li>
<li>This region has several species of <strong>flora and fauna which are endemic to only this part</strong> of the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaziranga-national-park-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaziranga National Park</strong></a> houses 35 mammalian species out of which 15 are listed as threatened in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IUCN Red List.</strong></a></li>
<li>The river itself is home to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin#:~:text=The%20Gangetic%20dolphin%20census%20suggests,Pradesh%20and%20962%20in%20Assam." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangetic river dolphin</strong></a>, which is listed as <strong>critically endangered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unfavourable Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The location of the dams also poses a risk as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/re-measuring-mount-everest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayas</strong></a> <strong>are one of the most vulnerable to <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a> and seismic activity.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Landslides</strong></a> resulting from earthquakes pose a significant threat. For example, the 2015 Nepal earthquake and the resultant landslides wiped out several dams and other facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk to Inhabitants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Damming this perennial river would <strong>result in water security in an era of unprecedented shifting climate patterns.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> sheer size of the infrastructure projects</strong> undertaken by China and increasingly by India, poses a significant threat to the populations living downstream.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Close to a million people live in the Brahmaputra basin in India and tens of millions further downstream in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Implications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is the potential to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-water-discharge-from-china-threatens-arunachal-assam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> significantly change the flow rate</strong> </a>during times of standoffs and high tensions.</li>
<li>During the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/india-s-world-pm-modi-s-visit-to-bhutan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 2018 Doklam border standoff</strong> </a>between India and China, China stopped communication of water flow levels from its dams, effectively rendering India blind to floods during the standoff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-China relations hitting its lowest point</strong> </a>since the 1962 war, border infrastructure has come under intense scrutiny. Alternative solutions to solving the water crisis which have to be adopted in order to neutralise this ticking water bomb.</li>
<li>Both nations must cease new constructions on the river and commit to potentially less destructive solutions like building a decentralised network of check dams, rain-capturing lakes and using traditional means of water capture.</li>
<li>These measures have shown effective results in restoring the ecological balance while supporting the populations of the regions in a sustainable manner.</li>
<li>India and China do not have a water-sharing agreement and they should work upon it. Both nations share hydrological data so it becomes important to share genuine data and have a continuous dialogue on issues like a warning of droughts, floods and high water discharges.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/brahmaputra-river-china-dam-india-china-relation-7061644/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7044,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Federal Water Governance',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/river-water-disputes-amendment-bill-water-conservation-governance-7056512/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Writing on the water&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 19/11/2020. It talks about the need for a systematic federal response where the Centre and the states can work together to deal with the looming water crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, two bills related to water governance were passed by the Lok Sabha viz. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/call-of-the-river#:~:text=It%20talks%20about%20Inter%2DState,River%20Water%20Disputes%20Act%2C%201956.&amp;text=It%20proposes%20a%20permanent%20tribunal,inter%2Dstate%20river%20water%20disputes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Interstate River Water Disputes Amendment Bill 2019</strong></a> and the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dam-safety-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Dam Safety Bill 2019</strong></a>. These bills seek to deal with the emerging challenges of inter-state water governance in India.</p>
<p>The Interstate River Water Disputes Amendment Bill 2019 seeks to improve the inter-state water disputes resolution by setting up a permanent tribunal supported by a deliberative mechanism the dispute resolution committee.</p>
<p>The Dam Safety Bill 2019 aims to deal with the risks of India&rsquo;s ageing dams, with the help of a comprehensive federal institutional framework comprising committees and authorities for dam safety at national and state levels.</p>
<p>However, the agenda of future federal water governance is not limited to these issues alone. These include emerging concerns of long-term national water security and sustainability, the risks of climate change, and the growing environmental challenges, including river pollution.</p>
<p>Therefore, these challenges need systematic federal response where the Centre and the states need to work in a partnership model.</p>
<h3>Challenges in Water Governance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federal Issue:</strong> Water governance in India is perceived and practised as the states&rsquo; exclusive domain. However, their powers are subject to those of the Union under Entry 56 about inter-state river water governance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Combined with the states&rsquo; dominant executive power, these conditions create challenges for federal water governance.</li>
<li>Further,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2nd-meeting-of-the-apex-council-for-krishna-and-godavari-river-water-dispute#:~:text=The%20Parliament%20has%20enacted%20the,state%20river%20and%20river%20valleys." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> the River Boards Act 1956</strong> </a>legislated under Entry 56. However, till this date, no river board was ever created under the law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Knows No political Boundaries:</strong> Owing to different jurisdiction and control of states, the interconnectedness of surface and groundwater systems resulted in fragmented surface and groundwater policies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, due to this, data availability in India is currently fragmented, scattered across multiple agencies, and inadequate for sound decision-making.</li>
<li>Moreover, data gaps exist on the interconnectivity of rainwater, surface water, and groundwater, land use, environmental flows, ecosystems, socio-economic parameters, and demographics at the watershed level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need For Cooperative Federalism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Looming Water Crisis:</strong> A NITI Aayog report held that 21 major cities are expected to run out of groundwater as soon as 2020 which may affect nearly 100 million people.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the 2030 Water Resources Group projects a 50% gap between water demand and water supply in India by 2030.</li>
<li>Therefore, in order to address the over-abstraction and overuse of water in multiple geographies, there is a need for the concerted effort of centre and state governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pursuing National Projects:</strong> Greater centre-states coordination is also crucial for pursuing the current national projects like Ganga river rejuvenation or inland navigation or inter-basin transfers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the latest centrally sponsored scheme (CSS), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong></a>, envisages achieving universal access to safe and secure drinking water in rural areas, which otherwise is a domain of the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Centre-States Dialogue:</strong> The Centre can work with the states in building a credible institutional architecture for gathering data and producing knowledge about water resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, JJM presents an opportunity to get states on board for a dialogue towards stronger Centre-states coordination and federal water governance ecosystem.</li>
<li>The dialogue can consider the long-recommended idea of distributing responsibilities and partnership-building between the Centre and states, like centre can build a credible institutional architecture for gathering data and states can improve the delivery of this essential service to its populations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Stakeholder Approach:</strong> In view of multiple stakeholders ( farmers, urban communities, industry and government) influencing and affected by water flows, and governance framework should strive to achieve joint decision-making.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the establishment of stakeholder councils can help to a large extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Mihir Shah Committee Recommendations:</strong> There is a need to carry out some essential reforms as recommended by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-water-policy-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mihir Shah committee</strong></a>. For example,
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Merging Central Water Commission and the Central Ground Water Board into one National Water Commission which would cover both groundwater and surface water issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Water governance is widely acknowledged as an important factor for sustainable development. Thus, a concerted effort of all stakeholders is required for resolving conflicts and developing a shared vision for the use of water resources to support economic growth, social development and environmental protection.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605961057_image0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605961057_image0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdf7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Good water governance needs systematic federal response where the Centre and the states need to work in a partnership model. Discuss</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/quGfABCKXvo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/modi-biden-lay-out-a-road-map-ht-editorial/story-fVwylsc1MQwG0VyfaEJOKN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Modi-Biden lay out a road map&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on November 19<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7026,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deemed Forests in Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Karnataka</strong> has announced that it would <strong>declassify 6.64 lakh hectares</strong> (nearly 67%) of the 9.94 lakh hectares of <strong>deemed forests</strong> in the state and hand it over to Revenue authorities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issue of deemed forests is a contentious one in Karnataka, with legislators across party lines often <strong>alleging that large amounts of agriculture and non-forest land are &ldquo;unscientifically&rdquo; classified</strong> as such.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition of Deemed Forests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deemed forests, <strong>comprising about 1% of India&rsquo;s forest land,</strong> are a controversial subject as they <strong>refer to land tracts that appear to be a &ldquo;forest&rdquo;, but have not been notified so by the government or in historical records.</strong></li>
<li>The concept of deemed forests <strong>has not even been clearly defined in any law</strong> including the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest Conservation Act 1980.</strong></a></li>
<li>In the<strong><em> T N Godavarman Thirumalpad case 1996,</em></strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) accepted a <strong>wide definition of forests</strong> under the Act and held that the word &lsquo;forest&rsquo; must be<strong> understood according to its dictionary meaning.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This description <strong>covers all statutorily recognised forests,</strong> whether designated as reserved, protected or otherwise for the purpose of <strong>Section 2 (1) of the Act</strong> and also includes any <strong>areas recorded as forest in the government record irrespective of the ownership.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>provisions for the conservation of forest and the matters connected therewith applies clearly to all forests</strong> irrespective of the ownership or classification.</li>
<li>The <strong>freedom to define which tracts of forest</strong> qualify as forest has been the <strong>prerogative of States since 1996.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this<strong> only applies to forest land</strong> that has not already been historically classified as &ldquo;forest&rdquo; in revenue records, or categorised so by the government as &ldquo;protected&rdquo; or &ldquo;reserve forest&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deemed Forests in Karnataka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Areas Included:</strong> An expert committee constituted by the state government<strong> identified &lsquo;deemed forests&rsquo; as:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Land having the characteristic of forests irrespective of the ownership.</li>
<li>Thickly wooded areas of the Revenue Department, not handed over to the Forest Department.</li>
<li>Thickly wooded areas recommended to be handed over to the Forest Department.</li>
<li>Thickly wooded land distributed to grantees but not cultivated.</li>
<li>Thickly wooded plantations of the Forest Department.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land Coverage:</strong> The <strong>expert committee reports in 1997 and 2002</strong> identified 43.18 lakh hectares of forest land for conservation in Karnataka, which included 33.23 lakh hectares notified forest area as per forest records and 9.94 lakh hectares &lsquo;deemed forests&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Contention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2014,</strong> the government<strong> relooked at the categorisation of forests</strong> and found that some of the &lsquo;statutory forests&rsquo; had been <strong>wrongly classified</strong> as &lsquo;deemed forest&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It also held that a <strong>well-defined scientific, verifiable criterion was not used</strong> while applying the dictionary definition which <strong>resulted in a subjective classification</strong> of areas as deemed forests.</li>
<li>The subjective classification, in turn, resulted in <strong>conflicts between the Forest Department and other departments</strong> like Revenue, Irrigation, Public Works and Energy.</li>
<li>The random classification caused <strong>hardship to farmers</strong> in some areas and there is also a <strong>commercial demand for mining in some regions</strong> designated as deemed forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revised Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Later, newly formed committees identified 5.18 lakh hectares of deemed forest land that could be released from the total area.</li>
<li>After a<strong> recent study of the actual extent of deemed forest areas,</strong> the amount of deemed forest land to be released has been <strong>revised to 6.64 lakh hectares.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2019,</strong> the <strong>state had filed an interim application</strong> in the SC for the exclusion of the revised area but the <strong>Court did not pass an order</strong> on the application.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Forest and Tree Resources in Karnataka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Total Forest cover:</strong> 20.11%, according to the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/india-state-of-forest-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India State of Forest Report 2019</strong></a>, the<strong> 16<sup>th</sup> biennial assessment of India&rsquo;s forests</strong> by <strong>Forest Survey of India</strong> (FSI).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FSI is an organisation <strong>under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</strong> (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>It undertakes <strong>National Forest Inventory</strong> to assess the growing stock in forests and Tree Outside Forest (TOF), bamboo resource, carbon stock and to assess the dependence of the people living in Forest Fringe Villages for fuelwood, fodder, small timber and bamboo.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiographically,</strong> the state can be divided into two distinct regions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hilly region</strong> <em>(Malnad)</em>: comprising the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ecologically-sensitive-areas-in-western-ghats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Western Ghats.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Plain region</strong> <em>(Maidan)</em>: comprising the inland plateau.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> evergreen forests</strong> of the Western Ghats cover about 60% of the forest area of the State and are recognised as<strong> one of the four <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/26-11-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biodiversity Hotspots of India.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other three biodiversity hotspots are the <strong>Himalayas, Areas under Indo-Burma and Sundalands.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Area Network of the State:</strong> 5 National Parks (Anshi,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/waterholes-revival-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bandipur</strong></a>, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh, Nagarahole) 30 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 15 Conservation Reserves.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Karnataka supports about 10% of the total <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger</strong> </a>population and 25% of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>elephant</strong> </a>population of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-are-deemed-forests-and-why-karnataka-wants-to-declassify-some-7056577/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7017,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, various green collectives and environmental organisations have come together to protest against the <strong>Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project</strong> in Kerala.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The site of the project is not far from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/athirapally-hydel-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Athirapally Hydel Electric Project.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will come up in the buffer zone of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/early-migration-of-butterflies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></a> (PTR) and will also<strong> create a 5.617-km-long tunnel</strong> within the forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environmental Consequences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Around <strong>20 hectares of forest land will have to be cleared</strong> out and <strong>around 1900 large trees</strong> and a larger number of small trees<strong> will be cut.</strong></li>
<li>The area is<strong> ecologically fragile,</strong> as seen in the massive<strong> landslide followed by minor landslides at the project site in 2018,</strong> and the consequences will extend to<strong> loss of precious flora and fauna species.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Absence of Consent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>granted approval without obtaining permission</strong> from the local <strong>Kadar tribe</strong> which holds the <strong>right of Community Forest Resources</strong> (CFR) as per the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest Rights Act, 2006.</strong></a></li>
<li>The site of the hydel project comes within the 400 sq kms of forest land that were given as CFR to the Kadar tribe which has the responsibility to protect and conserve the habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Athirapally Hydel Electric Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2020,</strong> the Kerala government approved the Athirapally Hydro Electric Project (AHEP) on the <strong>Chalakudy river in Thrissur district of Kerala.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chalakudy River <strong>originates in the Anamalai region of Tamil Nadu</strong> and is joined by its <strong>major tributaries</strong> Parambikulam, Kuriyarkutti, Sholayar, Karapara and Anakayam in Kerala. It <strong>flows through Palakkad, Thrissur and Ernakulam</strong> districts of Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also been<strong> facing opposition and protests</strong> due to its <strong>adverse effects on the fragile river ecosystem</strong> at Athirappilly and the other <strong>related environmental threats.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a well protected ecological portion in the <strong>Nelliampathy-Anamalai landscape</strong> of the <strong>Southern Western Ghats</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is located in the<strong> Palakkad District of Kerala.</strong></li>
<li>It was<strong> declared as Tiger Reserve during 2008-09.</strong></li>
<li>The reserve is credited with the<strong> first scientifically managed teak plantation in the world</strong> which was later merged with the forest land.</li>
<li>It has the <strong>world's largest and oldest teak tree</strong> named <em>"Kannimara",</em> which is believed to be <strong>350 years old.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605695306_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605695306_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/green-collectives-to-protest-against-anakkayam-hydel-project/article33120677.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7012,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UNESCO Global Geoparks',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)</strong> is making <strong>efforts to get recognition of a geopark for Visakhapatnam</strong> (Andhra Pradesh) consisting of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/erra-matti-dibbalu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Erra Matti Dibbalu</strong></a> (red sand dunes), <strong>natural rock formations, Borra Caves and volcanic ash deposits.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While there are <strong>161 UNESCO Global geoparks</strong> spread across 44 countries,<strong> India is yet to have one of its own.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are<strong> single, unified geographical areas</strong> where sites and landscapes of <strong>international geological significance</strong> are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Management:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are <strong>managed by a body having legal existence</strong> recognized under national legislation.</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that <strong>UNESCO Global Geopark status does not imply restrictions on any economic activity inside a UNESCO Global Geopark</strong> where that activity complies with indigenous, local, regional and/or national legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Visibility:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Geoparks are sustained through <strong>geo tourism activities</strong> like excursions, nature trails, guided tours, hiking and academic meets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Networking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cooperating with the local people</strong> (bottom-up approach) living in the geopark area and with<strong> other UNESCO Global Geoparks</strong> through the <strong>Global Geoparks Network (GGN).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GGN, of which <strong>membership is obligatory for UNESCO Global Geoparks,</strong> is a <strong>legally constituted not-for-profit organisation</strong> with an annual membership fee. It was<strong> founded in 2004. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Designation Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A UNESCO Global Geopark is <strong>given this designation for a period of four years</strong> after which the functioning and quality of each UNESCO Global Geopark is thoroughly re-examined during a revalidation process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Geoparks vs Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage Sites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides UNESCO Global Geoparks, there are <strong>other two UNESCO site designations, Biosphere Reserves</strong> and<strong> World Heritage Sites.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Biosphere Reserves</strong> focus on the harmonised management of biological and cultural diversity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of <strong>18 notified biosphere reserves, India has 12</strong> biosphere reserves under the <strong>World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR),</strong> the latest one included is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-biosphere-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna Biosphere Reserve.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Heritage Sites</strong> promote the conservation of natural and cultural sites of outstanding universal value.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has 38 world heritage sites, including 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site. The latest one included is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur city, Rajasthan.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNESCO Global Geoparks</strong> give international recognition for sites that promote the importance and significance of protecting the Earth&rsquo;s geodiversity through actively engaging with the local communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India does not have any</strong> UNESCO Global geopark.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNESCO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNESCO is the <strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.</strong> It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture.</li>
<li>UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.</li>
<li><strong>UNESCO-IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission)</strong> is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, UNESCO-IOC approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recognition of two communities of Odisha</strong></a> viz.,<strong> Venkatraipur</strong> and <strong>Noliasahi</strong> as <strong>Tsunami Ready Communities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>193 Members and 11 Associate Members. India</strong> joined UNESCO in <strong>1946.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-states-and-israel-quit-unesco#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20Israel,scientific%20and%20cultural%20agency%2C%20UNESCO.&amp;text=The%20United%20States%20had%20pulled,used%20to%20advance%20Soviet%20interests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the USA and Israel formally quit UNESCO.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Paris,</strong> France.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Visakhapatnam&rsquo;s Case</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Important Sites:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605688035_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605688035_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Erra Matti Dibbalu:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is<strong> coastal red sediment mounds</strong> located between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam.</li>
<li>The width of sandy red dunes vary from 200 metres to two kilometres, spread across five kilometres along the coast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such <strong>sand deposits</strong> have only been reported from two other low latitude tropical regions in <strong>South Asia &mdash;</strong> the <strong>Teri Sands of Tamil Nadu</strong> and <strong>Red Coastal Sands of Sri Lanka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is among the 34 notified <strong>National Geological Heritage Monument Sites</strong> of India by the <strong>Geological Survey of India (GSI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> term geological heritage</strong> is used for natural geological or geo-morphological features that have aesthetic, intrinsic or scientific and educational value, that provide unique insight into geological processes affecting the formation or evolution of Earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural Rock Formations (Eastern Ghats) at Mangamaripeta:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One example is the <strong>natural arch</strong> at Mangamaripeta beach opposite the Thotlakonda Buddhist Site.</li>
<li>It is likely to <strong>date back to the period after the last Ice Age</strong> around 10,000 years ago and is similar to the natural rock arch of Silathoranam in the Tirumala Hills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borra Caves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Discovered by William King George</strong> of the GSI, these <strong>one million year old caves</strong> attract a huge number of tourists every day. These are located<strong> at an elevation of 1400 m above sea level.</strong></li>
<li>These caves are known for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icicles-stalactites-and-stalagmites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stalactite and stalagmite</a> formations</strong> such as Shiva-Parvathi, Rishi's Beard, Mother-Child, Crocodile, Human Brain, Tiger and Cows udder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Volcanic Ash Deposits</strong>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are said to have originated from the <strong>volcanic eruption of Toba in Indonesia 73,000 years ago</strong> near Araku (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Red sands</strong> are being <strong>exploited for construction activity.</strong> Further, <strong>degradation due to human interference</strong> such as digging, climbing, littering are affecting their stability and exacerbating erosion.</li>
<li>The recent incident of <strong>overcrowding and reckless acts of visitors</strong> endangering the natural arch has raised concerns among geologists and heritage activists on the need to safeguard the sites of the region and establish a geo park.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In July 2019, INTACH organised a campaign to create <strong>public awareness on geologically and culturally important spots</strong> in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>INTACH</strong> was founded <strong>in 1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/saving-the-precious-geo-heritage-sites-of-visakhapatnam/article33117808.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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