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NGT Orders Pollution Control Boards to Increase Capacity

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) to strengthen its capacity and...

02 Apr 2021 Conservation
African Elephants

Why in News The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has declared African Forest and Savanna (or bush) elephants as...

27 Mar 2021 Conservation
Road Ahead For India’s Climate Politics

This article is based on “Proposing a new climate agenda for India” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 23/03/2021. It talks...

25 Mar 2021 Conservation
Sundarbans

Why in News Promises related to development of Sundarbans are being made by different political parties, ahead of West Bengal assembly...

25 Mar 2021 Conservation
Greater One-Horned Rhino

Why in News The claims by different political parties over significant reduction in poaching of Greater One-Horned Rhino has become an issue in...

24 Mar 2021 Conservation
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister addressed the opening ceremony of International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI)...

23 Mar 2021 Conservation
Climate Finance

Why in News The Finance Minister of India urged the advanced economies to scale up their commitments to climate finance and transfer of technologies...

23 Mar 2021 Conservation
Ranthambore Tiger Sanctuary: Rajasthan

Why in News Six tigers are missing in Ranthambore Tiger Sanctuary (Rajasthan). Key Points About: Ranthambore Tiger Reserve lies in the eastern part...

20 Mar 2021 Conservation
World Air Quality Report 2020

Why in News The World Air Quality Report, prepared by Swiss organisation IQAir, mentions that 22 of the top 30 most polluted cities globally are in...

18 Mar 2021 Conservation
Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Uttar Pradesh

Why in News A carcass of a five-year-old tigress was found in the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (Uttar Pradesh). Key Points About: It is located in...

18 Mar 2021 Conservation
Project RE-HAB

Why in News A pilot project RE-HAB (Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees) has been launched in Karnataka which entails installing bee boxes...

16 Mar 2021 Conservation
Seabuckthorn Plantation in the Cold Desert

Why in News The Himachal Pradesh government has decided to start planting seabuckthorn in the cold desert areas of the state. Key Points About...

15 Mar 2021 Conservation
Whale Shark

Why in News Recently, fishers in Odisha rescued a whale shark. Key Points About: Whale sharks are the largest shark, and indeed largest of...

08 Mar 2021 Conservation
Dumping Inert Waste in Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary

Why in News The Supreme Court-mandated Ridge Management Board has decided to constitute an expert committee to look into the proposal of dumping...

06 Mar 2021 Conservation
Pench Tiger Reserve: Maharashtra

Why in News Recently, a female cub of 'man-eater' tigress Avni has been released into the wild in the Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) of Maharashtra. Key...

06 Mar 2021 Conservation
WWF Conservation Drive on World Wildlife Day

Why in News Recently, on the occasion of World Wildlife Day (3rd March), the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) called on multiple stakeholders,...

04 Mar 2021 Conservation
Similipal Biosphere Reserve: Odisha

Why in News Recently, a massive fire broke out in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve in Odisha. The core area of the biosphere was untouched by the...

04 Mar 2021 Conservation
Black-Browed Babbler Rediscovered

Why in News Recently, a Black-Browed Babbler (Malacocincla perspicillata) was rediscovered in southeastern Kalimantan, the part of Borneo that is...

03 Mar 2021 Conservation
Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake

Why in News Migratory birds in and around Chilika lake and Bhitarkanika National Park have started leaving earlier (in February) than other years,...

27 Feb 2021 Conservation
NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Ministry of Jal Shakti to devise an appropriate National River Rejuvenation...

27 Feb 2021 Conservation

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		'article_id' => (int) 8058,
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		'title' => 'NGT Orders Pollution Control Boards to Increase Capacity',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/10-years-of-national-green-tribunal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> directed the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) to strengthen its capacity and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a> to form a uniform recruitment criteria.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order was to <strong>ensure better monitoring for improved compliance of environmental norms.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier in January 2021, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>had taken suo motu cognizance of pollution of water bodies by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-s-view-on-pollution-in-yamuna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>untreated sewage in Haryana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Plea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2018, a case was filed with NGT&rsquo;s principal bench for revising existing monitoring mechanism by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This included an interval of mandatory inspections of <strong>highly polluting</strong> industries and policy for auto renewal of <strong>Consent to Operate (CTO) c</strong>ertificate under <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974</strong></a> as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tackling-the-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plea pointed out that an earlier report of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-aquifer-mapping-and-management-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)</strong> </a>had established <strong>deterioration of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depleting-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ground water quality in Haryana.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/comptroller-and-auditor-general-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)</strong></a> of India&rsquo;s 2016 report also recorded operation of several projects without valid consent to establish or CTO certificates, showing ineffectiveness of monitoring mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGTs Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The NGT passed an order for the Haryana government to revisit its inspection policy and make it adequate to ensure effective enforcement of law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Haryana's Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Haryana government, in compliance to the NGT order, proposed a revised policy with increased frequency of inspection, installation of online monitoring devices to capture real-time data and pre-verification of documents before issuing renewal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inspection at <strong>higher frequencies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capacity enhancement</strong> of SPCBs/<strong>Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)</strong> with <strong>consent funds.</strong></li>
<li>Capacity enhancement of CPCB utilising <strong>environment compensation funds.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Annual performance audit</strong> of state PCBs/PCCs.</li>
<li><strong>CPCB to prepare a format</strong> containing qualifications, minimum eligibility criteria and required experience for key positions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the name of &lsquo;ease of doing business&rsquo;, powers and authorities of SPCB have been compromised. The latest judgement of NGT is a<strong> fresh start to the long-delayed initiative of strengthening CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs.</strong></li>
<li>The judgment of NGT could be termed as landmark. The <strong>NGT has tried to erase the bottlenecks, which were being used to halt the strengthening of environmental regulation.</strong></li>
<li>The important part of the judgement is asking <strong>CPCB to come out with standard recruitment rules</strong> which can be followed by all states. The existing SPCBs recruitment rules have not been updated for decades.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CPCB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CPCB is a <strong>statutory organisation</strong> which was constituted in September, 1974 under the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was entrusted with the powers and functions under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tackling-the-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
<li>It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change of the provisions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SPCB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They supplement the CPCB as they are a statutory organization entrusted to implement Environmental Laws and rules within the jurisdiction of a state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Compensation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Environmental compensation is a policy instrument for the protection of the environment which works on the<strong> &lsquo;Polluter Pays Principle&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Compensation Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> specialised type of fund</strong> collected by<strong> charging the environmental violations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Illegal discharge in water bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/how-this-landmark-ngt-order-will-shape-the-future-of-india-s-pollution-control-bodies-76187" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8024,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'African Elephants',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong> has declared<strong> African Forest</strong> and <strong>Savanna (or bush)</strong> elephants as <strong>&lsquo;critically endangered&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;endangered&rsquo;</strong> respectively.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, African elephants were treated as a single species, listed as Vulnerable. This is the<strong> first time the two species have been assessed separately</strong> for the IUCN Red List.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>African elephants are the largest land animals on Earth. They are slightly larger than Asian elephants.</li>
<li>They have<strong> two fingerlike features on the end of their trunk</strong> while Asian elephants have just one.</li>
<li>Elephants are <strong>matriarchal,</strong> meaning they live in female-led groups.</li>
<li>African elephants are <strong>keystone species,</strong> meaning they play a critical role in their ecosystem. Also known as <strong>&ldquo;ecosystem engineers,&rdquo;</strong> elephants shape their habitat in many ways.</li>
<li>Elephants have a<strong> longer pregnancy than any other mammal</strong>&mdash;almost 22 months. This compounds the problem of conservation since there are simply not enough calves being born to make up for the losses from poaching.</li>
<li>There are<strong> two subspecies</strong> of African elephants, the <strong>Savanna (or bush) elephant</strong> and the <strong>Forest elephant.</strong> Savanna elephants are the larger of two.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>African Savanna Elephant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> Loxodonta africana</li>
<li><strong>Decline:</strong> Dropped by 60% in the last 50 years.</li>
<li><strong>IUCN Status:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Plains of sub-Saharan Africa</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>African Forest Elephant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> Loxodonta cyclotis</li>
<li><strong>Decline:</strong> Dropped by 86% in the last 31 years.</li>
<li><strong>IUCN Status:</strong> Critically Endangered</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Forests of Central and West Africa. They rarely overlap with the range of the savanna elephant.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The forest elephant has a<strong> more restricted natural distribution.</strong> Therefore, its decline is especially worrying.</li>
<li>While savanna elephant populations can bounce back given sufficient protection, the forest elephant is likely to recover much more slowly.</li>
<li><strong>Law enforcement</strong> is also more problematic in many Central African countries which are home to the forest elephant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poaching </strong>for the illegal ivory trade. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Regions with high levels of poverty and corruption are more likely to have higher poaching rates. This suggests that<strong> helping communities develop sustainable livelihoods</strong> could reduce the lure of poaching.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat Loss:</strong> Increasing human population, and conversion of land for agriculture and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Elephants</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are<strong> three subspecies of Asian elephant</strong> which are the <strong>Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Global Population:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimated 20,000 to 40,000.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Indian subspecies has the widest range and accounts for the majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.</li>
<li>There are around 28,000 elephants in India with around <strong>25% of them in Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list#:~:text=The%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20of,of%20plant%20and%20animal%20species.&amp;text=Critically%20Endangered%20(CR)%2C%20Endangered,to%20be%20threatened%20with%20extinction." target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List Status</a>:</strong> Endangered.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/poaching-habitat-loss-push-africa-s-elephants-to-the-brink-76162" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8015,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Road Ahead For India’s Climate Politics',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/proposing-a-new-climate-agenda-for-india-101616509257944.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Proposing a new climate agenda for India&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 23/03/2021. It talks about the road ahead for India in achieving the net-zero emissions target.</p>
</div>
<p>The year 2021 is an important year for global climate change negotiations, as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will release its report this year, updated national pledges on emission limits are expected at a climate Conference of Parties in the United Kingdom (UK), and Joe Biden-led United States (US) has promised to rejoin <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris climate deal.</strong></a></p>
<p>Also, India has been considering to achieve the target of net-zero emissions by 2050. This pledge will earn India diplomatic credit by assuming climate leadership. However, these diplomatic gains could come at the cost of domestic developmental objectives.</p>
<p>This is because without dramatic changes in policy and technology, India, at least, needs the option of increasing emissions to develop. Therefore, the trick for India is to focus on squeezing more development out of less carbon.</p>
<h3>Challenges For India At Global Climate Politics</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More Likely To Miss Target:</strong> Analysis by the International Energy Agency illustrates the scale of change &mdash; an immediate and dramatic shift is required to shift Indian emissions from stated policies to sustainable development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, this dramatic shift would still only get us to net-zero by 2065; 2050 would be even harder.</li>
<li>Also, net-zero emissions targets may not be able to meet, because they rely on future promises rather than current action, and on uncertain technologies to remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silo-Based Climate Decisions:</strong> India&rsquo;s climate governance structure is designed for silo-based decisions, whereas the climate crisis requires cross-sectoral collaboration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, electricity decisions may be tied to decisions on urban policy, transport systems, and building design. However, cross-sectional collaboration is still lacking in India&rsquo;s policymaking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fossil-Fuels Needed for Development:</strong> If India wants to achieve the net-zero target, its emissions would have to decline to start now, and never again reach levels achieved in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, India&rsquo;s greenhouse gas emissions are growing, and, because complex energy and economic systems take time to turn around, will grow for some time.</li>
<li>Further, limiting emissions from industry is a longer-term prospect because technologies are nascent, and will require international collaboration for new technology and approaches.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sectoral Transition Plans:</strong> Rather than a broad ambitious target, there is a need to identify and build a future pledge around sectoral transition plans for key areas of the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Attention to sectoral transitions likely sends a clearer and more direct signal to the private sector on the need to shift investment patterns than does a broad and diffuse economy-wide net-zero target.</li>
<li>For example, to accelerate the electricity sector transition requires fixing distribution companies, transitioning from coal while protecting coal communities, and enhancing investment in renewable energy investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Climate Governance:</strong> India needs to build and strengthen its domestic institutions for climate governance. This will require identifying linkages between development needs and low carbon opportunities. In this context, a climate law can be useful.</li>
<li><strong>Reaffirming CBDR:</strong> In this upcoming climate change negotiations, India needs to reaffirm the long-standing principle of &ldquo;common but differentiated responsibility&rdquo; (CBDR) that requires richer countries to lead and argue against any pledge that risks prematurely limiting Indian energy use for development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Indian road to leadership should be based on specific near-term actions, institutional strengthening, and a combination of mid-and long-term targets. Longer-term targets, including net-zero, can, and should, be clarified and strengthened as we learn by doing overtime, as part of our transition to a low carbon future.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9f7ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India needs to define its climate policies in ways that meet diplomatic, developmental, and climate interests simultaneously. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8007,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sundarbans',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Promises related to development of Sundarbans are being made by different political parties, ahead of West Bengal assembly elections.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sundarbans region was badly damaged by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-amphan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong></a> in 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>a vast contiguous mangrove forest ecosystem</strong> in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal<strong> spread over India and Bangladesh</strong> on the <strong>delta (world&rsquo;s largest)</strong> of the <strong>Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>contains the world&rsquo;s largest mangrove forests.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Much of the area has long had the status of a forest reserve, but <strong>conservation efforts in India</strong> were stepped up with the <strong>creation of the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarban-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans National Park</strong></a>, <strong>established in 1984,</strong> constitutes a core region within the tiger reserve; it was <strong>designated a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-committee-s-concerns" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO World Heritage site</a> in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>Sunderbans was designated as a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biosphere Reserve</strong></a> by UNESCO in 2001.</li>
<li><strong>Sundarban Wetland,</strong> India was recognised as the <strong>&lsquo;Wetland of International Importance&rsquo;</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/addition-to-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramsar Convention</strong></a> in January 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Sunderban National Park</strong> is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species and is home to many rare and globally threatened wildlife species such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018#:~:text=Saltwater%20crocodile%20sighted%20in%20AP&amp;text=Salt%2Dwater%20crocodiles%20are%20usually,Park%20(BNP)%2C%20Odisha." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Estuarine Crocodile</strong></a>, Royal Bengal Tiger, Water Monitor Lizard, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphins-found-in-mahananda-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangetic Dolphin</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley Turtles.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>Sunderbans Delta is the only mangrove forest in the world <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inhabited by tigers.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For its preservation, Discovery India and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Wide Fund</a> (WWF)</strong> India partnered with the Government of West Bengal and local communities in the Sundarbans in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616657027_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616657027_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mangroves</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mangroves are the plant communities occurring in<strong> inter-tidal zones</strong> along the coasts of tropical and subtropical countries.</li>
<li>Mangrove forests <strong>perform multiple ecological functions</strong> such as production of woody trees, provision of habitat, food and spawning grounds for fin-fish and shellfish, provision of habitat for birds and other valuable fauna; protection of coastlines and accretion of sediment to form new land.</li>
<li>Among the states and Union Territories, <strong>West Bengal has the highest percentage of area under total Mangrove cover</strong> followed by Gujarat and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-state-of-forest-report-isfr-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India State of Forest Report</strong></a> gives the data about mangroves and their conditions in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-assembly-elections-tmc-swindling-amphan-relief-fund-in-bengal-amit-shah/article34141194.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8002,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Greater One-Horned Rhino',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The claims by different political parties over significant reduction in poaching of Greater One-Horned Rhino has become an issue in Assam Assembly Elections.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Assam Forest Department, poaching has <strong>reduced by 86% in the last three years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Greater <strong>One-Horned Rhino</strong> is one among the <strong>five different species of Rhino.</strong> The <strong>other four are:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-deaths-in-botswana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black Rhino</a>:</strong> Smaller of the two African species.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener">White Rhino</a>:</strong> Recently, researchers have created an embryo of the <strong>northern white rhino by using In vitro Fertilization (IVF) process.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Javan Rhino</a>: Critically endangered</strong> in IUCN Red List.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sumatran-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sumatran Rhino</a>:</strong> Recently gone extinct in Malaysia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are <strong>three species of rhino in Asia</strong>&mdash;<strong>Greater one-horned</strong> (Rhinoceros unicornis), <strong>Javan and Sumatran.</strong></li>
<li>Only the Great One-Horned Rhino is found in India.</li>
<li>Also known as Indian rhino, it is the <strong>largest of the rhino species.</strong></li>
<li>It is identified by a <strong>single black horn</strong> and a grey-brown hide with skin folds.</li>
<li>They <strong>primarily graze</strong>, with a diet consisting almost entirely of grasses as well as leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruit, and aquatic plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.</li>
<li>In India, rhinos are mainly found in <strong>Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>Assam has an estimated <strong>2,640 rhinos in four protected areas</strong>, i.e. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pobitora-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pabitora Wildlife Reserve</strong></a>, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Kaziranga National Park, and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manas National Park</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>About <strong>2,400 of them are in</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaziranga-national-park-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve</strong></a> <strong>(KNPTR)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a>:</strong> Vulnerable.</li>
<li><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix I</strong> (Threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research).</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a>:</strong> Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poaching for the horns</li>
<li>Habitat loss</li>
<li>Population density</li>
<li>Decreasing Genetic diversity</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> five rhino range nations</strong></a> (India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia) have signed a declaration <strong>&lsquo;The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019&rsquo;</strong> for the <strong>conservation</strong> and <strong>protection</strong> of the species.</li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has begun a project to create <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dna-database-for-indian-rhinos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DNA profiles of all rhinos</strong></a> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>National Rhino Conservation Strategy:</strong> It was launched in 2019 to conserve the greater one-horned rhinoceros.</li>
<li><strong>Indian Rhino Vision 2020:</strong> Launched in 2005, it is an ambitious effort to attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos spread over seven protected areas in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kaziranga National Park</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582807_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582807_image3.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located in the State of Assam and covers 42,996 Hectare (ha). It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared as a National Park in 1974.</li>
<li>It has been declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserve</strong></a> since 2007. It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in 1985.</li>
<li>It is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Species Found:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziranga are focused on the <strong>'big four'</strong> species&mdash; <strong>Rhino, Elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.</strong></li>
<li>As per the figures of<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tiger census</a> conducted in 2018</strong>, Kaziranga had an estimated 104 tigers, the <strong>fourth&nbsp;highest population</strong> in India after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jim Corbett National Park</strong> </a><strong>(231)</strong> in Uttarakhand,<strong>&nbsp;Nagarhole National Park (127)</strong> and&nbsp;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></a> <strong>(126)</strong> in Karnataka.</li>
<li>Kaziranga is also home to 9 of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other National Parks of Assam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/concerns-over-drilling-in-dibru-saikhowa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dibru-Saikhowa National Park</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manas National Park</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/destination-north-east-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nameri National Park</a>,</strong></li>
<li>Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dehing Patkai National Park</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assam-assembly/rhinos-stray-into-assam-poll-rhetoric/article34145215.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source -TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7992,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister addressed the opening ceremony of International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI) through video conference.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ICDRI is the annual international conference of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</a></strong> in partnership with member countries, organizations and institutions to strengthen the global discourse on disaster and climate resilient infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong> is a <strong>multi-stakeholder global partnership</strong> of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks and financing mechanisms, the private sector, and knowledge institutions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Prime Minister of India launched CDRI</strong> during his speech at the <strong>UN Climate Action Summit</strong> on 23<sup>rd</sup> September 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It<strong> aims</strong> to promote the resilience of new and existing infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks in support of sustainable development.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> 22 countries and 7 organisations.</li>
<li><strong>Thematic Areas:</strong> Governance and Policy, Risk Identification and Estimation, Standards and Certification, Capacity building, Innovation &amp; Emerging Technology, Recovery and Reconstruction, Finance and Community based approaches.</li>
<li>The CDRI <strong>Secretariat is based in New Delhi, India. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)</strong></a> highlights the role of improved disaster resilience of infrastructure as a cornerstone for sustainable development.</li>
<li>The SFDRR<strong> includes four specific targets</strong> related to loss reduction: <br />
<ol>
<li>Reduce global disaster mortality;</li>
<li>Reduce the number of affected people;</li>
<li>Reduce direct disaster economic loss; and</li>
<li>Reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Target (4) on infrastructure is an important prerequisite to achieving the other loss reduction targets set out in the framework.</li>
<li>Between 2016 and 2040, the <strong>global annual infrastructure investment needs are estimated at USD 3.7 trillion per year.</strong> Thus, there is a clear case for ensuring that all future infrastructure systems are resilient in the face of disasters in order to protect our investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provide a platform for <strong>India to emerge as a global leader on climate Action and Disaster Resilience.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CDRI boosts India's soft power, but more importantly it has wider connotation than just economics, as synergy between disaster risk reduction, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> </a>and Climate Accord provides for sustainable and inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Complement the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Solar Alliance (ISA).</strong></a></li>
<li>Facilitate<strong> India&rsquo;s support to resilient infrastructure in Africa,</strong> Asia, etc.</li>
<li>Provide<strong> access to knowledge, technology and capacity development</strong> for infra developers.</li>
<li>Create <strong>opportunities for Indian infrastructure &amp; technology firms</strong> to expand services abroad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1705445" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7991,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Climate Finance',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Finance Minister of <strong>India urged the advanced economies to scale up their commitments to climate finance</strong> and <strong>transfer of technologies</strong> - which are important for achieving climate-related commitments and goals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Minister was addressing the <strong>International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Finance (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/climate-finance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate finance</strong> </a>refers to local, national or transnational financing&mdash;drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing.</li>
<li>It <strong>seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions</strong> that will address climate change.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong> </a>and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> call for financial assistance from countries with more financial resources to those that are less endowed and more vulnerable.</li>
<li>It is in accordance with the principle of <strong>&ldquo;common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Climate finance is critical to tackle the issues posed by climate change and achieve the goal of limiting the rise in earth&rsquo;s average temperature to below 2 degree Celsius over pre-industrial levels, something the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2018 IPCC report</strong></a> has predicted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commitment of Advanced Economies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the <strong>Cancun Agreements in 2010</strong> developed countries committed to a goal of mobilizing jointly<strong> USD 100 billion per year by 2020</strong> to address the needs of developing countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Green Climate Fund (GCF)</strong> was established in the Cancun Agreement and in 2011, it was designated as an operating entity of the financial mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the <strong>Paris Agreement in 2015, developed countries confirmed this goal</strong> and agreed that prior to 2025, a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion per year shall be set.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Paris Agreement reaffirms the obligations of developed countries, while for the <strong>first time also encourages voluntary contributions by other Parties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Almost 75% of the funds raised by the developed countries for climate finance are used domestically, despite developing countries bearing a significant burden of the emissions</strong> and loss of natural ecosystems as a result of the industrialisation-drive in the developed world.</li>
<li>The <strong>total pledges to GCF was only USD 10.3 billion</strong> till July 2019, which is highly inadequate considering the estimated cost for developing countries to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) is USD 4 trillion.</li>
<li><strong>Most climate funds have flown into mitigation, rather than adaptation</strong> (mitigation refers to devising new solutions and way of doing things, while adaptation refers to managing the current issues).</li>
<li>Climate finance has <strong>mostly concentrated on renewable energy</strong>, green buildings and urban transport, because it is <strong>easier to estimate their cash-flow cycles. Other sectors</strong> which hold implications of equal magnitude to our natural and social ecosystems, <strong>like agriculture, degradation of land, water, etc. have seen a muted interest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Financing in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The largest source of climate financing in India is <strong>public funding</strong>, which is routed through budgetary allocation and several funds and schemes related to climate change established by the Government of India such as <strong>National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) and National Adaptation Fund (NAF).</strong></li>
<li>The Government of India also <strong>provides funding through eight missions established under the National Action Plan for Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>established a Climate Change Finance Unit (CCFU)</strong> in the Ministry of Finance, which is the nodal agency for all climate change financing matters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, public funding in India is <strong>inadequate and misused.</strong> For example, NCEF funds have been used to meet budgetary shortfalls in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MoNRE).</li>
<li>Additionally, there is <strong>no assessment of climate relevance of publicly funded projects in India</strong>, making it difficult to evaluate financial allocation towards climate action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policy and industry action must converge to take climate finance ahead in India. There is a need to mainstream the mind-set of the business community ongoing sustainability in their business models. That would push the demand for alternate solutions on climate issues, thus giving further momentum to climate finance efforts.</li>
<li>Climate financing needs to be reported in a way that better reflects its real value to developing countries and the real effort made by developed countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/advanced-nations-failed-world-on-climate-change/article34112048.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7978,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ranthambore Tiger Sanctuary: Rajasthan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Six tigers are missing in Ranthambore Tiger Sanctuary (Rajasthan).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ranthambore Tiger Reserve</strong> lies in the <strong>eastern part of Rajasthan state in Karauli and Sawai Madhopur districts,</strong> at the <strong>junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>comprises the Ranthambore National Park</strong> as well as<strong> Sawai Mansingh and Kailadevi Sanctuaries.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Ranthambore fort,</strong> from which the forests derive their name, is said to have a rich history of over 1000 years. It is strategically located atop a 700 feet tall hill within the park and is believed to have been<strong> built in 944 AD by a Chauhan ruler.</strong></li>
<li>This isolated area with tigers in it<strong> represents the north-western limit of the Bengal tiger&rsquo;s distribution range</strong> and is<strong> an outstanding example of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Project Tiger</a>&rsquo;s efforts</strong> for conservation in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India has 2,967 tigers,</strong></a> a third more than in 2014, according to results of a census made public in July 2020.<strong> Ranthambore,</strong> according to this exercise, had<strong> 55 tigers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reserve consists of highly fragmented forest patches, ravines, river streams and agricultural land.</li>
<li>It is <strong>connected to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/introduction-of-african-cheetah-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kuno-Palpur Landscape</a> in Madhya Pradesh</strong>, through parts of Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, the ravine habitats of Chambal and the forest patches of Sheopur.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramgarh-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener">River Chambal</a></strong> provide easy passage for tigers to move towards the Kuno National Park.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation and Wildlife:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>vegetation</strong> includes grasslands on plateaus and dense forests along the seasonal streams.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The forest type is mainly <strong>tropical dry deciduous with &lsquo;dhak&rsquo; (Butea monosperma),</strong> a species of tree capable of withstanding long periods of drought, being the commonest.</li>
<li><strong>This tree is also called as 'Flame of forest'</strong> and is one of the many flowering plants that add colour to the dry summers here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The park is rich in<strong> wildlife</strong> with tigers at the apex of the food chain in mammals.</li>
<li>Other animals found here are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> leopards</strong></a>, striped hyenas, common or hanuman langurs, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhesus-macaque-declared-vermin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rhesus macaques</strong></a>, jackals, jungle cats, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advisory-for-management-of-human-wildlife-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>caracals</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blackbuck</a></strong>, Blacknaped hare and chinkara, etc.</li>
<li>The park is rich in birds with about 272 species recorded so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Protected Areas in Rajasthan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sariska-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sariska National Park</strong></a>, Alwar</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Desert National Park</strong></a>, Jaisalmer</li>
<li>Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/campaign-to-remove-lantana-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sajjangarh wildlife sanctuary</strong></a>, Udaipur</li>
<li><strong>National Chambal Sanctuary</strong> (on tri-junction of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/six-tigers-missing-in-ranthambore/article34111892.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7959,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Air Quality Report 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>World Air Quality Report,</strong> prepared <strong>by Swiss organisation IQAir,</strong> mentions that<strong> 22 of the top 30 most polluted cities globally are in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report <strong>aggregated PM2.5 data from 106 countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PM 2.5</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an atmospheric particulate matter of diameter of fewer than 2.5 micrometres, which is around 3% the diameter of a human hair.</li>
<li>It causes respiratory problems and also reduces visibility. It is an endocrine disruptor that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li>It is very small and can only be detected with the help of an electron microscope.</li>
<li>Some are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.</li>
<li>Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which are pollutants emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Capital City Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Delhi</strong> has been ranked as the <strong>world's most polluted capital city</strong> followed by <strong>Dhaka (Bangladesh), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Kabul (Afghanistan), Doha (Qatar).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Country Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bangladesh</strong> has been ranked as the <strong>most polluted country followed by Pakistan and India.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>least polluted country</strong> is<strong> Puerto Rico, followed by New Caledonia, US Virgin Islands</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World City Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hotan in China</strong> is the <strong>most polluted city</strong> with an average concentration of 110.2 &micro;g/m&sup3;<strong> followed by Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh at 106. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shows a <strong>boost in Delhi&rsquo;s air quality</strong> by approximately<strong> 15% from 2019 to 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Delhi has been listed as the <strong>10<sup>th</sup> most polluted city</strong> and the <strong>top polluted capital city in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ghaziabad is the second most polluted city in the world</strong> followed by Bulandshahar, Bisrakh Jalalpur, Bhiwadi, Noida, Greater Noida, Kanpur and Lucknow.</li>
<li>Compared to<strong> north Indian cities,</strong> the cities in the<strong> Deccan recorded relatively better air quality,</strong> remaining above the daily WHO limits of 25 &micro;g/m3 for most part of 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>every city in India observed air quality improvements compared to 2018 and earlier,</strong> while 63% saw direct improvements against 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major sources of India&rsquo;s air pollution</strong> include transportation, biomass burning for cooking, electricity generation, industry, construction, waste burning, and episodic agricultural burning.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>2020 was a particularly <strong>severe year for agricultural burning</strong> in which farmers set fire to crop residue after a harvest. <strong>Farm fires in Punjab increased 46.5% over 2019. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid and Its Impact :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2020, the spread of Covid-19 raised new concerns as<strong> exposure to particle pollution was found to increase vulnerability to the virus and its impact on health.</strong></li>
<li>Early reports suggest that the <strong>proportion of Covid-19 deaths attributed to air pollution exposure ranges from 7% to 33%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Air Pollution in Delhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Air pollution in Delhi-NCR and the Indo Gangetic Plains is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on a variety of factors.</li>
<li><strong>Change in Wind Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>October usually marks the withdrawal of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoons</strong> </a>in Northwest India and during this time, the predominant direction of winds is northwesterly.</li>
<li>The direction of the wind is northwesterly in summers as well, which brings the dust from northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Wind Speed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High-speed winds are very effective at dispersing pollutants, but winters bring a dip in wind speed overall as compared to in summers which makes the region prone to pollution.</li>
<li>Also, Delhi lies in a landlocked region which does not have a geographical advantage that eastern, western or southern parts of the country enjoy where the sea breeze disperses the concentrated pollutants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stubble Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-stubble-burning-challenge-in-punjab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stubble burning</a> in Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana is blamed for causing a thick blanket of smog in Delhi during winters.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere</strong> which contain harmful gases like methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Farm fires have been an easy way to get rid of paddy stubble quickly and at low cost for several years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vehicular Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>one of the biggest causes of dipping air quality in Delhi</strong> in winters and around 20% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM2.5</strong></a> in winters comes from it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dust Storms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dust storms from Gulf countries enhance the already worse condition.</strong> Dry cold weather means dust is prevalent in the entire region, which does not see many rainy days between October and June.</li>
<li><strong>Dust pollution contributes to around 56%</strong> of<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-roadmap-towards-cleaning-indias-air" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM10</a> </strong>and the PM2.5 load.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dip in Temperatures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As temperature dips, the<strong> inversion height is lowered and the concentration of pollutants in the air increases</strong> when this happens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Inversion height</strong> is the layer beyond which pollutants cannot disperse into the upper layer of the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Firecrackers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/SC%20Order%20on%20Crackers%20During%20Diwali" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> ban on cracker sales</a>, firecrackers are a common sight on Diwali.</strong> It may not be the top reason for air pollution, but it definitely contributed to its build-up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Construction Activities and Open Waste Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Large-scale construction in Delhi-NCR is another culprit that is increasing dust and pollution in the air. Delhi also has landfill sites for the dumping of waste and burning of waste in these sites also contributes to air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Measures Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS)</strong> which is a machine mounted on a tractor that cuts and uproots the stubble, in order to reduce stubble burning.</li>
<li>The<strong> introduction of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BS-VI vehicles</a></strong>, push for<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> electric vehicles</strong></a> (EVs), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/health-emergency-in-new-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odd-Even</strong></a> as an emergency measure and<strong> construction of the Eastern and Western Peripheral Expressways to reduce vehicular pollution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Implementation</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/grap-to-be-enforced-in-delhi-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Graded Response Action Plan</strong></a> (GRAP) to tackle the rising pollution in the Capital. It includes measures like shutting down thermal power plants and a ban on construction activities.</li>
<li><strong>Development of the National AQI</strong> for public information under the aegis of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board</strong> </a>(CPCB). AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Appropriate political will and aware citizenry is a prerequisite to tackle the menace, otherwise, all the measures will remain on paper only and greater public transparency is essential to the success of winning the war on air pollution.</li>
<li>There is no better watchdog than active citizens, which is why the pollution targets must be made public every year for their perusal and to be evaluated at the end of the year.</li>
<li>Breathing clean air is a fundamental right of every Indian citizen. Therefore, human health must become a priority when it comes to tackling air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-air-quality-pollution-7231568/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7957,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pilibhit Tiger Reserve: Uttar Pradesh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A carcass of a five-year-old tigress was found in the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (Uttar Pradesh).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>located in Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>notified as <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tiger Reserve</a> in 2014.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, it bagged <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/awards-for-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>international award TX2</strong></a> for doubling up the number of tigers in the past four years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It forms the part of <strong>Terai Arc Landscape</strong> in the <strong>upper Gangetic Plain.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>northern edge of the reserve lies along the Indo-Nepal border</strong> while the <strong>southern boundary is marked by the river Sharada and Khakra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora and Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is home to a habitat for over 127 animals, 326 bird species and 2,100 flowering plants.</li>
<li>Wild animals include <strong>tiger,</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kanha-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">swamp deer</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/species-included-in-appendix-i-of-uncms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bengal florican</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">leopard</a></strong>, etc.</li>
<li>It has high <strong>sal forests,</strong> plantation and grasslands with several water bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Protected Areas in Uttar Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dudhwa National Park</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Chambal Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li>Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary</li>
<li>Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Terai Arc Landscape</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) is <strong>an 810 km stretch between the river</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-s-view-on-pollution-in-yamuna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Yamuna</strong>&nbsp;</a><strong>in the west and the river Bhagmati in the east.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bhagmati River</strong> is a river in south-central Nepal and northern Bihar state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Comprises the <strong>Shivalik hills</strong>, the adjoining <strong>bhabhar areas</strong> and the <strong>Terai flood plains.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>bhabhar</strong> is that part of the Indian Northern Plains where the rivers, after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles. It is a narrow belt, having a width of about 8 to 16 km and lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks.</li>
<li>All the streams disappear in this bhabar belt. South of this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and <strong>create a wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>spread across the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar</strong>, and the <strong>low lying hills of Nepal.</strong></li>
<li>It boasts of <strong>some of India&rsquo;s most well-known Tiger Reserves and Protected Areas</strong> such as <strong>Corbett Tiger Reserve</strong> (Uttarakhand), <strong>Rajaji National Park</strong> (Uttarakhand), <strong>Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</strong> (Uttar Pradesh), <strong>Valmiki Tiger Reserve</strong> (Bihar).</li>
<li>In total, <strong>the landscape has 13 Protected Areas, 9 in India and 4 in Nepal</strong>, covering a total area of 49,500 km<sup>2</sup>, of which <strong>30,000km<sup>2</sup></strong> <strong>lies in India.</strong></li>
<li>The forests are <strong>home to three flagship species</strong>, the <strong>Bengal tiger</strong> <em>(Panthera tigris)</em>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parasitic-infections-in-one-horned-rhinoceros" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>greater one horned rhino</strong></a> (<em>Rhinoceros unicornis</em>) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian elephant</strong></a> (<em>Elephas maximus</em>).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-tigress-carcass-found-search-launched-after-cubs-spotted-says-forest-officer-7231756/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1616053440973000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1NrbiMBwFJFRRg3SDQb0XD" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7940,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project RE-HAB',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A pilot project<strong> RE-HAB (Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees)</strong> has been launched in Karnataka which entails installing bee boxes along the periphery of the forest and the villages to mitigate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-high-cost-of-man-animal-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human-elephant conflict.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These spots are located on the periphery of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagarahole-national-park-karnataka" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagarahole National Park and Tiger Reserve</strong></a>, which is a known conflict zone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is intended to create<strong> &ldquo;bee fences&rdquo;</strong> to thwart elephant attacks in human habitations using honeybees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bee boxes will dissuade elephants<strong> without causing any harm</strong> to them.</li>
<li>Extremely <strong>cost-effective</strong> as compared to various other measures such as <strong>digging trenches</strong> or <strong>erecting fences.</strong></li>
<li>The initiative will <strong>increase honey production </strong>and<strong> farmers&rsquo; income.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Agency:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Project is an initiative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019#:~:text=Under%20the%20Honey%20Mission%2C%20KVIC,promote%20beekeeping%20and%20associated%20activities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).</strong></a></li>
<li>It is a sub-mission of <strong>KVIC&rsquo;s National Honey Mission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Honey Mission:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The KVIC has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong></a> to provide awareness, training and &lsquo;Bee Boxes&rsquo; along with Bee Colonies to the farmers.</li>
<li>The mission was launched in August 2017 in line with the<strong> &lsquo;Sweet Revolution&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 'Sweet Revolution' was launched in 2016 to promote beekeeping and associated activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nagarhole National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also known as <strong>Rajiv Gandhi National Park.</strong></li>
<li>It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1955 and was upgraded into a national park in 1988. It was declared as the 37<sup>th</sup> Tiger reserve under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger</strong></a> in 1999.</li>
<li>There are 51 Tiger reserves in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The latest addition in this list is<strong> Srivilliputhur Meghamalai Tiger Reserve</strong> of Tamil Nadu, which got approval in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Park lies in the <strong>Western Ghats</strong> and is a part of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nagarahole River flows through the park, which joins the Kabini River which also is a boundary between Nagarahole and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-highway-766" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bandipur Ntional Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vegetation consists mainly of moist deciduous forests with predominating trees of teak and rosewood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asian elephants, chital (spotted deer), Indian mouse deer, gaur, stripe-necked and ruddy mongooses, grey langur, bonnet macaque, Asian wild dog, leopard, tiger, sloth bear among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVIC is a<strong> statutory body</strong> established under the <strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</strong></li>
<li>The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pitting-david-against-goliath/article34078099.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7933,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Seabuckthorn Plantation in the Cold Desert',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Himachal Pradesh government</strong> has decided to start <strong>planting seabuckthorn in the cold desert areas</strong> of the state.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615799536_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615799536_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Seabuckthorn:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It&rsquo;s a<strong> shrub</strong> which produces <strong>an orange-yellow coloured edible berry.</strong></li>
<li>In India, it is found <strong>above the tree line in the Himalayan region,</strong> generally in <strong>dry areas</strong> such as the<strong> cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti.</strong></li>
<li>In Himachal Pradesh, it is locally called<strong> chharma</strong> and <strong>grows in the wild</strong> in Lahaul and Spiti and parts of Kinnaur.</li>
<li>A major part is covered by this plant in <strong>Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Seabuckthorn Plantation has many <strong>Ecological, Medicinal and Economical benefits.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ecological Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Seabuckthorn is a<strong> soil-binding plant</strong> which <strong>prevents <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/India%20lost%20One-Third%20of%20its%20Coastline%20Due%20to%20Soil%20Erosion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">soil-erosion</a>, checks siltation in rivers</strong> and helps <strong>preserve floral <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/biodiversity-conservation-and-indigenous-people" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biodiversity</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In the Lahaul valley, where willow trees are dying in large numbers due to pest attack, this hardy shrub is a good alternative for protecting the local ecology.</li>
<li>Grows well in dry regions and becomes much more important especially in the light of reduced water flow from Himalayan glaciers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Medicinal Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a folk medicine, seabuckthorn has been widely used for <strong>treating stomach, heart and skin problems.</strong></li>
<li>Its fruit and leaves are<strong> rich in vitamins, carotenoids and omega fatty acids</strong> and it can help troops in acclimatising to high-altitude.</li>
<li>In the last few decades, scientific research worldwide has backed many of its traditional uses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economical Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Seabuckthorn also has commercial value, as it is used in <strong>making juices, jams, nutritional capsules</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It is an important source of fuelwood and fodder.</li>
<li>However, <strong>wild Seabuckthorn cannot sustainably supply raw material</strong> to the industry, and the<strong> plant needs to be cultivated</strong> on a large scale as is being done in China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cold Desert in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cold Desert of India is situated in the Himalayas and<strong> stretches from Ladakh in the north to Kinnaur (in the state of Himachal Pradesh)</strong> in the south.</li>
<li>The region has <strong>harsh climatic conditions</strong> such as very low rainfall and very high elevation (ranging from 3000 &ndash; 5000m Above Sea Level)] that adds to the<strong> coldness</strong> in its environment.</li>
<li>Blizzards, snowstorms and avalanches are common.</li>
<li>The soil is not very fertile and the climatic conditions allow very short growing seasons making it a bare landscape.</li>
<li>Water resources are minimal and comprise glacier-fed streams.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615799508_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615799508_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Tree Line</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. It is found<strong> at high elevations and high latitudes.</strong></li>
<li>Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/himachal-pradesh-seabuckthorn-project-explained-7226260/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7870,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Whale Shark',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, fishers in Odisha rescued a <strong>whale shark.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615188079_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615188079_image2.jpg" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whale sharks are the <strong>largest shark</strong>, and indeed <strong>largest of any fishes alive today</strong> and they <strong>travel large distances</strong> to find enough food to sustain their huge size, and to reproduce.</li>
<li>The whale shark is a <strong>&lsquo;filter feeder shark&rsquo;</strong> which means it does not eat meat like other sharks. Whale sharks <strong>filter sea water</strong> and <strong>feed on tiny planktons.</strong></li>
<li>The maximum size of whale sharks is not known, but <strong>could be as large as 20m.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>Rhincodon typus.</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whale sharks are <strong>found in all the tropical oceans</strong> of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Oil &amp; gas drilling, shipping lanes</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a>:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a>:</strong> Appendix II</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a>:</strong> Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/fishers-in-odisha-rescue-second-whale-shark-in-a-week-75798%23:~:text%3DFishers%2520in%2520Odisha%2520rescued%2520a,%252C%25202021%252C%2520according%2520to%2520officials.%26text%3DFishers%2520had%2520freed%2520a%252015,beach%2520in%2520Odisha%27s%2520Ganjam%2520district.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1615191518032000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1UnvVFWl1oerNEFZI_ecqC" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'whale-shark-1',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7861,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dumping Inert Waste in Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court-mandated<strong> Ridge Management Board</strong> has decided to constitute an expert committee to look into the proposal of dumping<strong> inert (non-reactive) waste</strong> in the mines of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asola-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a> (Delhi).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inert Waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inert waste is waste which is<strong> neither biologically nor chemically reactive</strong> and is waste which <strong>will not decompose</strong> or decompose very slowly.</li>
<li>Inert waste includes, but is not limited to: <strong>construction and demolition material</strong> such as metal, wood, bricks, masonry and cement concrete; <strong>asphalt concrete; metal; tree branches;</strong> bottom <strong>ash from coal fired boilers;</strong> and waste <strong>coal fines</strong> from air pollution control equipment.</li>
<li>These wastes <strong>usually don't pose a threat to the environment, or the health of animals or other people </strong>and will<strong> not endanger the quality of watercourses.</strong></li>
<li>However, when there is a large amount of this type of waste, it can become an issue as it <strong>begins to take up a lot of space.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asola-Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary covering 32.71 sq km area lies on the Southern Delhi Ridge of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aravallis-a-mountain-lost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aravalli hill range</strong></a>, one of the oldest mountain systems of the world, on Delhi-Haryana border.</li>
<li>An area of 1km around the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in Gurugram and Faridabad is an <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eco-sensitive zone.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Activities such as commercial mining, setting up of industries, and establishment of major hydro-electric projects are prohibited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Asola wildlife sanctuary has <strong>both floral and faunal diversity</strong> in form of<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wide variety of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses.</li>
<li>Large numbers of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies and dragonflies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanctuary comprises around 200 species of <strong>resident and migratory birds.</strong></li>
<li>Wildlife habitats inside the sanctuary act as <strong>a water recharge zone</strong> for Delhi, Faridabad and Gurugram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615022762_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615022762_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ridge Management Board:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The<strong> Supreme Court mandated</strong> the Delhi Government to constitute a <strong>Ridge Management Board for protection of the Delhi Ridge</strong> through their orders in <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strict-vs-absolute-liability-principle#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20in%20the,case%20of%20Delhi%20in%201986.&amp;text=complex%20at%20Delhi%2C%20causing%20damages%20to%20several%20people." target="_blank" rel="noopener">M.C. Mehta case 1987.</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Delhi Ridge is the northern extension of the Aravalli Range</strong> covering a distance of about 35km.</li>
<li>The Delhi Ridge acts as the <strong>green lungs of the capital</strong> and, through various government orders over the years, all construction has been banned in the Ridge in an effort to preserve it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Date of Establishment:</strong> 6<sup>th</sup> October 1995.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> The Chairman of the board is Chief Secretary of Delhi and Head of the Forest Department of Delhi Government is its Member Secretary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Board also has members from the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/panel-to-look-into-proposal-on-dumping-inert-waste-in-bhatti-mines-7216319/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7860,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pench Tiger Reserve: Maharashtra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a female cub of 'man-eater' tigress Avni has been released into the wild in the<strong> Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) of Maharashtra.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located in <strong>Nagpur District of Maharashtra</strong> and named after the pristine <strong>Pench River.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Pench river flows right through the middle of the park.</li>
<li>It descends from north to south, thereby<strong> dividing the reserve into equal eastern and western parts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PTR is the<strong> joint pride</strong> of both<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Reserve is located in the southern reaches of the Satpura hills in the Seoni and Chhindwara districts in Madhya Pradesh, and continues in Nagpur district in Maharashtra as a separate Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was <strong>declared a National Park by the Government of Maharashtra in 1975</strong> and the identity of a <strong>tiger reserve was granted to it in the year 1998-1999.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, PTR Madhya Pradesh was granted the same status in 1992-1993. It is one of the major Protected Areas of <strong>Satpura-Maikal ranges</strong> of the Central Highlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is among the sites notified as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-waterbird-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Important Bird Areas (IBA)</strong></a> <strong>of India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IBA is a programme of Birdlife International which<strong> aims to identify, monitor and protect a global network of IBAs</strong> for <strong>conservation of the world&rsquo;s birds</strong> and associated diversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The green cover is thickly spread throughout the reserve.</li>
<li>A mixture of<strong> Southern dry broadleaf teak forests</strong> and <strong>tropical mixed deciduous forests</strong> is present.</li>
<li>Shrubs, climbers and trees are also frequently present. <strong>Some of them are unique varieties and possess medicinal as well as healing properties.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bamboo plantations</strong> are also present nearby the water banks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mammals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include &ndash; sloth bear, jackal, nilgai, wild dog etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Birds:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This comprises peafowl, magpie robin, pintail, drongo, unia, myna etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Tiger Reserves of India:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615022051_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615022051_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cub-of-tigress-avni-released-back-into-wild-after-over-two-years-7216145/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7846,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'WWF Conservation Drive on World Wildlife Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, on the occasion of <strong>World Wildlife Day (3<sup>rd</sup> March),</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)</strong></a> called on multiple stakeholders, including the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong></a>, to save Europe&rsquo;s last old-growth forests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WWF was <strong>established in 1961</strong> and is<strong> headquartered at Gland, Switzerland.</strong> Its mission is to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Europe&rsquo;s Old-Growth Forests (OGF) are <strong>primitive forests that are dominated by natural processes.</strong> They include virgin, near-virgin, long-untouched forests by humans, eg: Białowieża Forest in Poland.</li>
<li>To date, 3,50,000 hectares (ha) of old-growth and virgin forests had been identified in Central and Southeastern Europe. Of these, only 2,80,000 ha were legally protected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The largest areas of surviving OGF and forest habitats in Europe (outside of Russia) were found primarily in Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia and Bulgaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They were <strong>home to Europe&rsquo;s largest surviving large carnivore populations,</strong> as well as thousands of other species of flora and fauna.</li>
<li>These forests <strong>rendered important ecosystem services</strong> such as filtering and storing freshwater to regulating the climate and were thus essential to people and to the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing pressure on forests from both <strong>unsustainable legal and illegal logging,</strong> as well as the<strong> impacts of climate change.</strong></li>
<li>The fragmentation and destruction of forest habitats meant that<strong> both animals and disease vectors were inadvertently coming into more frequent contact and conflict with humans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps that can be Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Developing and promoting<strong> sustainable compensation mechanisms.</strong></li>
<li>Developing<strong> forest-based local green business and investment schemes</strong> to support sustainable development of such forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Wildlife Day </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated every year on the 3<sup>rd</sup> of March, since 2013. The date chosen coincides with the day the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a> was signed in 1973.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a> resolution also designated the CITES Secretariat as the facilitator for the global observance of this special day for wildlife on the UN calendar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The theme of World Wildlife Day 2021 is <strong>Forests and Livelihoods: Sustaining People and Planet.</strong> It is set in alignment with the UN <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On this occasion, <strong>the Union Environment Ministry declared that it is dedicated for reintroduction of Cheetah,</strong> which went extinct in 1952.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/world-wildlife-day-wwf-urges-stakeholders-to-save-europe-s-last-old-growth-forests-75757#:~:text=By%20DTE%20Staff&amp;text=The%20whole%20of%20Europe%20must,as%20'World%20Wildlife%20Day'." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7844,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Similipal Biosphere Reserve: Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a massive fire broke out in the <strong>Similipal Biosphere Reserve</strong> in Odisha. The core area of the biosphere was untouched by the fire, however the fire is threatening damage to its rich biodiversity.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similipal <strong>derives its name from &lsquo;Simul&rsquo; (silk cotton) tree.</strong></li>
<li>It was formally designated a <strong>tiger reserve in 1956</strong> and brought under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project Tiger</a> in the year 1973.</strong></li>
<li>It was declared a<strong> biosphere reserve</strong> by the Government of India in <strong>June, 1994.</strong></li>
<li>It has been part of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserve</strong> </a>since <strong>2009.</strong></li>
<li>It is part of the <strong>Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve</strong> popularly known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-corridors-in-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve</strong></a>, which includes 3 protected areas i.e. Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadagarh Wildlife sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is situated in the northern part of Odisha&rsquo;s Mayurbhanj district. Geographically, it lies in the eastern end of the eastern ghat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The biosphere spread over 4,374 sq. km. has 845 sq. km. of core forest (tiger reserve), 2,129 sq km buffer area and 1,400 sq km of transition space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vegetation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similipal has 1,076 flowering species and 96 species of orchids. It boasts of having tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous hill forests, high level sal forests and sprawling meadows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two tribes, the<strong> Erenga Kharias</strong> and the <strong>Mankirdias</strong>, inhabit the reserve&rsquo;s forests and practise traditional agricultural activities (the collection of seeds and timber).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similipal is home to a wide range of wild animals including tigers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-elephant-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>elephants</strong></a>, besides 304 species of birds, 20 species of amphibians and 62 species of reptiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerability to Forest Fires: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Natural:</strong> Natural causes such as lighting or even soaring temperatures can sometimes result in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>forest fires</strong></a> here.</li>
<li><strong>Man Made Factors:</strong> Instances of poaching and hunting wherein the poachers set a small patch of forest on fire to divert the wild animals, can lead to forest fires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation Strategies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Forecasting fire-prone days and including community members to mitigate incidents of fire, creating fire lines, clearing sites of dried biomass, and crackdown on poachers.</li>
<li>The forest fire lines which are strips kept clear of vegetation, could help break the forest into compartments to prevent fires from spreading.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Major Protected Areas in Odisha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika National Park</strong></a>: It is home to the largest congregation of the endangered SaltWater Crocodile in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Badrama WLS:</strong> It is characterized by the presence of Moist Sal Forests.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irrawaddy-dolphins-in-the-chilika-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a> (Nalaban island) WLS:</strong> Asia's largest and world's second-largest lagoon. Recently, direct sightings of school of Irrawaddy dolphins has been reported here.</li>
<li><strong>Hadgarh WLS:</strong> Salandi river passes through it which is home to mugger crocodiles.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satkosia-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Baisipalli WLS</a>:</strong> It is a sal dominated forest with a significant number of tigers, leopards, elephants, herbivores like Chousingha.</li>
<li><strong>Kotagarh WLS:</strong> It consists of dense deciduous forests with grasslands.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nandankanan WLS</strong></a>: First in the world to breed White tiger and Melanistic tiger.</li>
<li><strong>Lakhari Valley WLS:</strong> It is a dwelling place of a large number of elephants.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gahirmatha (Marine) WLS</a>:</strong> It is a mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Olive Ridley turtles</strong></a> travel across the South Pacific to breed on the coast of Gahirmatha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/massive-fire-threatens-to-cause-colossal-damage-to-similipal-biosphere/article33981393.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7828,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black-Browed Babbler Rediscovered ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Black-Browed Babbler</strong> <em>(Malacocincla perspicillata)</em> was <strong>rediscovered</strong> in southeastern Kalimantan, the part of <strong>Borneo</strong> that is administered by <strong>Indonesia.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614773593_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614773593_pasted image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="353" height="262" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>1840s, a mystery bird</strong> was caught on an expedition to the East Indies. It was named as black-browed babbler.</li>
<li>The species was never seen in the wild again, and a stuffed specimen featuring a bright yellow glass eye was the only proof of its existence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>No Asian bird has been missing for as long as Indonesia&rsquo;s Black-browed Babbler. It has been <strong>missing for the last 170 years.</strong></li>
<li>This bird is often called <strong>'the biggest enigma in Indonesian ornithology&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614756968_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614756968_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has a <strong>strong bill, chocolate colouring and distinctive black eye-stripe</strong>, its iris is of <strong>striking maroon colour.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>brown wings</strong> and a <strong>black stripe</strong> across its brow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Discoveries like this give hope that it's possible to find other species that have been lost to science for decades or longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than <strong>150 species of birds around the world are considered "lost"</strong> with no confirmed sightings in the past decade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong></a> Data Deficient</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-after-170-years-a-lost-bird-was-found-in-the-jungles-of-indonesian-borneo-7211451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7803,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Migratory birds in and around Chilika lake and Bhitarkanika National Park have started leaving earlier (in February) than other years, as temperatures in Odisha (in and around <strong>Chillka lake</strong>) began to soar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The birds usually arrive in the region in November and migrate back around mid-March or early April when the temperature hovers around 39 degree Celsius.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migratory Species:</strong> Every year in winter, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-conservation-of-migratory-species" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migratory birds</strong></a> arrive at the water bodies around <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></a>, Asia&rsquo;s largest salt-water lagoon and <strong>Bhitarkanika,</strong> the second-largest mangrove forest in India (the <strong>largest being the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarban-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sunderbans</a></strong>, West Bengal). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They flew in from places as far off as <strong>Siberia, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, the Himalayan region and central Europe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Early Departure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Warming of the Region:</strong> The average temperature of Bhubaneswar (located 35 kilometers from Chilika) recorded for the month of February was 34-35 degrees Celsius between 2015 and 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Decreasing Water Levels:</strong> Rising temperature coupled with the <strong>decreasing water levels</strong> in the lake also contributed to this early migration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chilika Lake:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> largest wintering ground for migratory birds</strong> on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</li>
<li>In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the <strong>first Indian wetland of international importance</strong> under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-ramsar-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ramsar Convention.</strong></a></li>
<li>Major attraction at Chilika is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/irrawaddy-dolphins-in-the-chilika-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Irrawaddy dolphins</strong></a> which are often spotted off Satpada Island.</li>
<li>The<strong> large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds)</strong> covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared a bird sanctuary in 1987.</li>
<li><strong>Kalijai Temple -</strong> Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhitarkanika National Park:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bhitarkanika National Park is <strong>one of Odisha&rsquo;s finest biodiversity hotspots</strong> and is famous for its mangroves, migratory birds, turtles, estuarine crocodiles, and countless creeks.</li>
<li>The Bhitarkanika is <strong>represented by 3 Protected Areas,</strong> the Bhitarkanika National Park, the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary and the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary.</li>
<li>Bhitarkanika is<strong> located in the estuary of Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Mahanadi river systems.</strong></li>
<li>It is said to <strong>house 70% of the country&rsquo;s estuarine or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-crocodile-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">saltwater crocodiles</a></strong>, conservation of which was started way back in 1975.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Migratory Species in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a temporary home to several migratory animals and birds.</li>
<li>The important among these include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amur-falcon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amur Falcons</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bar-headed-goose-spotted-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bar-headed Geese</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Black-necked cranes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-turtle-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marine turtles</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-dugong-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dugongs</strong></a>, Humpback Whales, etc.</li>
<li>The Indian sub-continent is also part of the major bird flyway network, i.e, the <strong>Central Asian Flyway (CAF)</strong> that covers areas between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.</li>
<li>India has also <strong>launched the National Action Plan</strong> for the conservation of migratory species under the Central Asian Flyway as India is a party to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/migratory-birds-leave-chilika-early-as-summer-sets-in-75692#:~:text=Migratory%20birds%20in%20and%20around,Celsius%20on%20February%2025%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7795,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> directed the Ministry of <strong>Jal Shakti</strong> to devise an appropriate <strong>National River Rejuvenation Mechanism</strong> for effective monitoring of steps to curb pollution and for rejuvenation of all polluted river stretches across the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assessment of the CPCB:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the 2016-17 assessment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a>, the <strong>number of polluted stretches of the country's rivers has increased to 351</strong> from 302 two years ago, and the number of critically polluted stretches &mdash; where water quality indicators are the poorest&mdash;has gone up to 45 from 34.</li>
<li>Among them, <strong>117 such river stretches are in the States of Assam, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of the CPCB Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CPCB, since the 1990s, has a programme to monitor the quality of rivers primarily by measuring <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-improvement-in-ganga-water-quality#:~:text=BOD%20is%20the%20amount%20of,low%20DO%20content%20of%20water." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)</strong></a>, which is a proxy for organic pollution&mdash;the higher it is, the worse the river.</li>
<li>The CPCB considers a BOD <strong>less than 3 mg/l</strong> an indicator of a healthy river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>NGT had constituted a Central Monitoring Committee to prepare and enforce a national plan</strong> to make over 350 river stretches across the country pollution free as it has caused serious threat to safety of water and environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Latest Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been <strong>deterioration in the quality of water in rivers in spite of the Water Act</strong> which was enacted way back in 1974 which was intended to bring about improvement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NGT suggested the mechanism could be called <strong>&lsquo;National River Rejuvenation Mechanism (NRRM).</strong> NRRM may consider setting up a <strong>National, State or district environment data grid</strong> at appropriate levels as an effective monitoring strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expansion in the Scope of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of <strong>rejuvenation of rivers need not be confined to only 351 stretches</strong> but may be applicable to all small, medium and big polluted rivers, including those dried up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Effective measures should be taken by <strong>Chief Secretaries of all States and UTs</strong> in terms of action plans for abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of rivers.</li>
<li>The Chief Secretaries are also required to <strong>personally monitor progress at least once every month and the NRRM every quarter.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>accountability</strong> for failure to comply with the direction <strong>for payment of compensation</strong> will be <strong>of the Chief Secretaries concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Polluted River Stretches:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rapid <strong>urbanisation</strong> and lack of efficient <strong>waste disposal</strong> systems.</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Cities</strong> on the banks of rivers.</li>
<li>Run-off from <strong>agricultural activities</strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Bank estimates that the <strong>health costs of water pollution in India equal three percent of India's GDP.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also been suggested that <strong>eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The danger Ganga&rsquo;s polluted water poses is not only to the humans but also to <strong>the animals</strong>. Some of the important threatened species include, more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species, reptiles such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gharials</strong></a>, and mammals such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian River Dolphin.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 21:</strong> The <strong>fundamental right to clean the environment</strong>, and further, pollution-free water, has been protected under the broad rubric of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-rights-and-oci-cardholders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to life</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51-A (g):</strong> It mandates as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental duty</strong></a> of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, <strong>rivers and wildlife.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Tackle Water Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Water Policy (2012):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.</li>
<li>Started by the Ministry of Water Resources, it highlights the importance of water for human existence as well as for economic development related activities.</li>
<li>It suggests frameworks to conserve water resources through optimal, economical, sustainable and equitable means.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Water Mission (2010)</strong></a>: It ensures integrated water resource management leading to water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution forming better policies.</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/about_nmcg.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></a> which envisages a <strong>five-tier</strong> <strong>structure at national, state and district level</strong> to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Namami Gange Project:</strong></a> It integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga River in a comprehensive manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/devise-plan-to-curb-pollution-of-river-stretches/article33936170.ece#:~:text=Share%20Article-,NGT%20order%20comes%20after%20The%20Hindu%27s%20report,river%20stretches%20across%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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