Mains Practice Questions

Approach:

• Introduction: Start your answer with introducing Indo-Islamic Architecture.
• Body: Mention briefly the features of existing Indian architecture and Features of architecture after arrival of Islamic rule.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points.

Introduction:

The arrival of Islamic rule in India (in 13^th century) had a profound impact on the existing architectural landscape. It brought forth a fusion of indigenous Indian architectural traditions with new influences from the Islamic world. This led to the development of a distinct architectural style that reflected the cultural and religious syncretism of the time in form of Indo- Islamic Architecture.

Body:

Existing Indian architecture:

• Majorly used Trabeate structure consisting of Columns and beams.
• Material used was Stone.
• Buildings contained Shikhara/Vimanas as top structure.
• Supporting structures like Gopuram, Torana etc.

After arrival of Islamic Rule in India:

• Influence of Islamic Architecture:
  • Introduction of New Construction Techniques:
    • Use of arches, domes, and vaults in architectural designs. For example, grand arches of Buland Darwaza.
    • Introduction of Brick and lime mortar as materials.
  • Incorporation of New Artistic Elements:
    • Intricate calligraphy and geometric patterns.
    • Floral motifs and arabesque designs.
    • Use of Pietra dura technique for inlay of precious metals and stones. For example, peitra dura in Taj Mahal.
  • Construction of Islamic Religious Structures:
    • Development of mosques with distinctive features like minarets and mihrabs. For example, Quwwat ul islam Mosque.
    • Construction of tombs and mausoleums for Islamic rulers and saints.
• Fusion with Indigenous Indian Architecture:
  • Integration of Hindu and Islamic Elements:
    • Utilization of local materials and construction techniques.
    • Blending of Hindu and Islamic decorative elements in architectural designs.
  • Synthesis of Architectural Styles:
    • Creation of hybrid structures like Indo-Islamic palaces and forts.
    • Development of Indo-Islamic gardens in Charbagh style and water structures. For example. Lodhi garden, Aram bagh etc.
• Impact on Urban Planning:
  • Introduction of Islamic City Layouts:
    • Establishment of planned cities with central mosques and bazaars.
    • For example, Creation of cities like Fatehpur Sikri and Tughlaqabad.

Conclusion:

Islamic architecture started to give existing Indian architecture, massiveness, spaciousness and breadth. The advent of Islamic rule in India resulted in a significant evolution of architectural styles and urban planning.

The fusion of indigenous Indian traditions with Islamic influences led to the emergence of a unique architectural identity that showcased the cultural and religious diversity of the time. The integration of Hindu and Islamic elements created a harmonious coexistence, evident in structures like the Qutub Minar and Jama Masjid. This architectural evolution not only transformed the physical landscape but also played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and social fabric of India and gave rise to Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb.