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World Sickle Cell Disease Day 2021

Why in News To commemorate the World Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Day on 19th June, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MOTA) flagged off mobile vans under...

21 Jun 2021 Social Justice
Disability Early Intervention Centres

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched 14 cross-disability early intervention centres across the country...

19 Jun 2021 Social Justice
Resolution 75/260 of UNGA: HIV/AIDS

Why in News The Union Health Minister addressed the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on prevention of HIV/AIDS. The...

12 Jun 2021 Social Justice
Online Module for Compiling Out-of-School Children’s Data

Why in News The Ministry of Education has developed an online module for compiling out-of-school (due to Covid-19 pandemic) children’s data...

12 Jun 2021 Social Justice
Seniorcare Aging Growth Engine Initiative

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment virtually launched the SAGE (Seniorcare Aging Growth Engine) initiative and...

05 Jun 2021 Social Justice
China Relaxes Two Child Policy: Lessons for India

Why in News Recently, China relaxed its two child policy and announced it will now allow three children per married couple. It also announced...

03 Jun 2021 Social Justice
Child Labour In India

This article is based on “Breaking the cycle of child labour is in India’s hands” which was published in The Hindu on 02/06/2021....

02 Jun 2021 Social Justice
PM-CARES for Children Scheme

Why in News The government has announced a special “PM-CARES for Children” scheme for all those orphaned due to Covid-19. Also, the...

02 Jun 2021 Social Justice
EPFO and ESIC Extension To Covid-Hit Families

Why in News Recently, the government has announced an extension of pension coverage and insurance benefits for families of those who died due to...

01 Jun 2021 Social Justice
January 30: World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day

Why in News The ongoing 74th World Health Assembly declared 30th January as ‘World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day. The proposal to...

29 May 2021 Social Justice
NGT Upholds Rights of Pastoralists in Banni Grasslands

Why in News The National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered all encroachments to be removed from Gujarat's Banni grasslands within six months. The...

25 May 2021 Social Justice
Kyasanur Forest Disease

Why in News A new point-of-care test has been found to be highly sensitive in the rapid diagnosis of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). This disease...

22 May 2021 Social Justice
Immediate Subsistence Assistance to Transgender

Why in News In view of Covid-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment will give transgender persons a one-time financial...

21 May 2021 Social Justice
Social Security Code 2020

Why in News The effectiveness of the Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020 in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many. With SS Code...

20 May 2021 Social Justice
India’s Brain Drain in Health Sector

Why in News India has been a major exporter of healthcare workers to developed nations particularly to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries,...

19 May 2021 Social Justice
Initiative for Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Microsoft to support the digital...

19 May 2021 Social Justice
Covid leaves Orphaned Children Vulnerable to Trafficking

Why in News As India battles a raging second wave, cases of children losing their parents to Covid-19 are also mounting. Further, the...

18 May 2021 Social Justice
New Approach for Post-Covid Education

Why in News Due to a surge in Covid-19 infections in the Second Wave of infections, the education of students in the entire nation is affected. Key...

15 May 2021 Social Justice
Overcrowding of Prison

Why in News The Supreme Court (SC) of India has ordered the interim release of eligible prisoners in view of the uncontrolled second surge in the...

15 May 2021 Social Justice
Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances

Why in News Since the coup in Myanmar, the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) has received reports of...

15 May 2021 Social Justice

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		'title' => 'World Sickle Cell Disease Day 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>To commemorate the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-sickle-cell-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Day</strong></a> on <strong>19<sup>th</sup> June, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MOTA) flagged off mobile vans under the Unmukt project</strong> for strengthening screening and timely management of SCD in tribal districts of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations General Assembly</a> (UNGA)</strong> adopted a resolution recognising SCD as a public health problem on <strong>22<sup>th</sup> December, 2008.</strong></li>
<li>The UNGA also recognised SCD as one of the first <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetic-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">genetic diseases</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sickle Cell Disease:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>an inherited blood disease</strong> which is most common among people of African, Arabian and Indian origin.</li>
<li>It is a group of disorders that <strong>affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen</strong> to cells throughout the body.</li>
<li>People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called <strong>hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle</strong>, or crescent shape. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This <strong>blocks blood flow and oxygen from reaching all parts of the body.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624262979_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624262979_pasted image 0.png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can cause <strong>severe pain</strong>, referred to as sickle cell crises.</li>
<li>Over time, people with sickle cell disorders can experience <strong>damage to organs including the liver, kidney, lungs, heart and spleen.</strong> Death can also result from complications of the disorder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Related Data:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India alone is home to about <strong>1,50,000 patients with SCD and about 88% of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) cases in Asia.</strong></li>
<li>The disease in India occurs predominantly in eastern <strong>Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, western Odisha</strong> and in pockets of the <strong>Nilgiri Hills in north Tamil Nadu and Kerala.</strong></li>
<li>The disease is <strong>prevalent among tribal communities</strong> (including children).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per MOTA, SCD is affecting more women and children and nearly <strong>20% of tribal children with SCD die before reaching the age of two</strong>, and <strong>30% children die before reaching adulthood.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Social Stigma </strong>and&nbsp;<strong>Prevalence among Tribal Population</strong> (where access to care for SCD is limited).</li>
<li><strong>School Drop Out:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children with sickle cell disease often have to drop out from school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Issue:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The delayed implementation of the <strong>2018 draft policy on haemoglobinopathies.</strong></li>
<li>The policy aims to provide evidence-based treatment for patients and reduce the number of new-born children with sickle cell disease through initiatives such as the Sickle Cell Anaemia Control Program, screening and prenatal diagnosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Initiative by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SCD Support Corner</strong>, a portal to collect real time data and provide relevant information related to Sickle Cell. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help in making a <strong>Central Repository of data.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An <strong>&lsquo;Action Research&rsquo; project</strong> under which <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-of-yoga" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Yoga</a></strong> dependent lifestyle is promoted to reduce the complications in the patient suffering from this disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanded Screening:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Certain states, such as Chhattisgarh and Gujarat, have <strong>expanded their screening programmes from hospital to school-based screenings.</strong></li>
<li>Extrapolating such screening efforts and implementation strategies to other states will help <strong>map the prevalence of the disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disability Certificate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment has increased the validity of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>disability</strong></a> certificates for SCD patients from <strong>1 year to 3 year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1728681" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8641,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Disability Early Intervention Centres',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> has launched <strong>14 cross-disability early intervention centres</strong> across the country to provide support to<strong> infants and young children</strong> at risk of or <strong>with disabilities.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Disabilities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Disabilities is an <strong>umbrella term</strong>, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An <strong>impairment</strong> is a problem in body function or structure;</li>
<li>An <strong>activity limitation</strong> is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action;</li>
<li>A <strong>participation restriction</strong> is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong> adopts a broad categorization of persons with disabilities and reaffirms that all persons with all types of disabilities must enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India has ratified the Convention</strong> and has enacted <strong>'The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>services provided at the centres will include</strong> screening of children and referral to appropriate <strong>rehabilitative care; speech therapy, occupational therapy and physiotherapy; parental counselling</strong> and training and peer counselling.</li>
<li>These centers will also <strong>focus on school readiness.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scenario from 2011 Census:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are <strong>more than 20 lakh</strong> children with disabilities in the age group of <strong>0-6 years</strong>, who belong to the categories of visually impaired, hearing impaired, locomotor disability etc.</li>
<li>This means that <strong>around 7% of children</strong> in this age group suffer from some form of disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Rise in Number:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of such children is expected to increase as the <strong>Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</strong>, increases the number of disabilities to 21 from 7.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>0-6 Years is a Critical Phase:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Early Childhood (0-6 years) is the <strong>most critical phase of brain</strong> development. Early intervention can provide specialised support and services for infants and young children at-risk or with disability or developmental delay and their families to help their development, well-being and participation in family and community life.</li>
<li>This can<strong> lead to lesser economic burden</strong> by creating a better future and independent/less dependent lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for Disabled:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</strong></a>: Besides increasing the number of disabilities, it increases the quantum of reservation for people suffering from disabilities from 3% to 4% in government jobs and from 3% to 5% in higher education institutes.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign</strong></a>: Creation of Accessible Environment for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unique-disability-identification-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unique Disability Identification (UDID) Portal</strong></a>: The project is being implemented with a view of creating a <strong>National Database for PwDs</strong>, and to issue a <strong>Unique Disability Identity Card</strong> to each PwD.</li>
<li><strong>DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Financial assistance is provided to NGOs</strong> for providing various services to PwDs, like special schools, vocational training centres, community based rehabilitation, pre-school and early intervention etc.</li>
<li><strong>Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase / fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP):</strong> Aims at <strong>helping the disabled persons</strong> by bringing suitable, durable, scientifically-manufactured, modern, standard aids and appliances within their reach.</li>
<li><strong>National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities:</strong> To increase opportunities for students with disabilities to pursue higher education, 200 Fellowships per year are granted.</li>
<li><strong>Schemes of the National Trust</strong> for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Identification of at-risk cases, <strong>especially in rural areas</strong>, is an important aspect and it is also important to provide necessary assistance and counselling to their parents in time.</li>
<li>Research shows that the <strong>first 1000 days of a child's life are crucial</strong> to ensure healthy development, so it is very important to identify the risk cases at an early age so that the severity of the disability can be reduced through appropriate measures.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-opens-14-disability-early-intervention-centres/article34841209.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8594,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Resolution 75/260 of UNGA: HIV/AIDS',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Health Minister addressed the <strong>75<sup>th</sup> session</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> on prevention of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HIV/AIDS.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Resolution 75/260 of UNGA</strong> deals with the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the political declarations on HIV/AIDS.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Important Points of Address:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>HIV/AIDS Prevention Model:</strong> India&rsquo;s unique HIV prevention model is centered around the concept of <strong>&lsquo;Social Contracting'</strong> through which the &lsquo;Targeted Interventions Program&rsquo; is implemented with support from civil society.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The program is aimed at behaviour change, communication, outreach, service delivery, counselling &amp; testing and ensuring linkages to HIV care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Framework:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiv-aids-act-2017-implemented" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HIV &amp; AIDS Prevention and Control Act, 2017</strong></a>, provides a legal and enabling framework to safeguard the human rights of infected and affected populations.</li>
<li><strong>Free Treatment:</strong> India is providing free <strong>anti-retro-viral treatment</strong> to close to 1.4 million people.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Anti-retro-viral therapy:</strong> It is a combination of daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing.</li>
<li>The therapy <strong>helps in protecting CD4 cells</strong> thus keeping the immune system strong enough to fight off the disease.</li>
<li>It, besides reducing the risk of transmission of HIV, also<strong> helps in stopping its progression to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AIDS</a></strong> (a spectrum of conditions caused by infection due to HIV).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National AIDS Control Program:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> National AIDS Control Organization (NACO)</strong> launched the first phase of the <strong>National AIDS Control Programme in (1992-1999).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NACO is a division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>It was constituted in 1992 to provide leadership to HIV/AIDS control programmes in India through 35 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is gradually transitioning the people living with HIV to<strong> Dolutegravir</strong> (a safer and efficacious <strong>anti-retro-viral medication</strong> regimen).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The target of Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV:</strong> For this, viral load testing facilities have been scaled up, and HIV counselling, testing and community-based screening for early diagnosis have been ramped up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) and HIV/AIDS:</strong> There are a number of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDGs</strong></a> related to the HIV response:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SDG 3:</strong> Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Target 3.3: End AIDS as a public health threat by 2030</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SDG 4: Quality education,</strong> including targets on <strong>comprehensive sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education</strong> and life skills.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 5: Gender equality,</strong> including targets on <strong>sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR)</strong> and the elimination of violence, harmful gender norms and practices.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 10: Reduced inequalities,</strong> including targets on <strong>protection against discrimination, and the empowerment</strong> of people to claim their rights and enhance access to HIV services.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions,</strong> including reduced violence against key populations and<strong> people living with HIV.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-coalition-against-hiv" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Sunrise</strong></a>: The initiative was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2016, to tackle the rising HIV prevalence in north-eastern states in India, especially among people injecting drugs.</li>
<li><strong>The Red Ribbon:</strong> The red ribbon is the universal symbol of awareness and support for people living with HIV.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing a ribbon is a great way to raise awareness on and during the run up to World AIDS Day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>90-90-90</strong></a>: 90% of those who are HIV positive in the country know their status, 90% of those who know their status are on treatment and 90% of those who are on treatment experience effective viral load suppression.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-for-aids-tb-and-malaria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)</strong></a>: The Global Fund is a 21<sup>st</sup>-century partnership organization designed to accelerate the end of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria as epidemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Human Immunodeficiency Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HIV <strong>attacks CD4, a type of White Blood Cell (T cells)</strong> in the body&rsquo;s immune system. T cells are those cells that move around the body detecting anomalies and infections in cells.</li>
<li>After entering the body, HIV multiplies itself and destroys CD4 cells, thus severely damaging the human immune system. Once this virus enters the body, it can never be removed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CD4 count of a person infected with HIV reduces significantly. In a healthy body, CD4 count is between 500- 1600, but in an infected body, it can go as low as 200.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Weak immune system makes a person prone to opportunistic infections and cancer. It becomes difficult for a person infected with this virus to recover from even a minor injury or sickness.</li>
<li>By receiving treatment, severe forms of HIV can be prevented.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1726142" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8591,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Online Module for Compiling Out-of-School Children’s Data',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Education</strong> has developed an <strong>online module for compiling out-of-school (due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a>) children&rsquo;s data</strong> identified by each State/UT.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The collected data will be mapped with special training centres on the <strong>PRABANDH portal of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Samagra Shiksha.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Module:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the module, the government will <strong>facilitate age-appropriate admissions of children in the age group of 6-14 years</strong> and those<strong> belonging to socially and economically disadvantaged groups.</strong></li>
<li>Also, <strong>for out of school children in the 16-18 years age group, financial assistance will be provided</strong> for the first time in the session 2021-22, to continue their education through open/distance learning mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About PRABANDH Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PRABANDH (<strong>PR</strong>oject <strong>A</strong>ppraisal, <strong>B</strong>udgeting, <strong>A</strong>chievements and <strong>D</strong>ata <strong>H</strong>andling System) is<strong> a step towards leveraging technology</strong> to increase efficiency and manage the <strong>implementation of a centrally sponsored integrated scheme for schooling- Samagra Shiksha.</strong></li>
<li>It is to have <strong>transparency and accuracy</strong> in the System w.r.t Approvals, Releases, Financial Status.</li>
<li>Also <strong>streamline the Financial Management System,</strong> to enable more accurate assessment of actual requirement of funds for implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Samagra Shiksha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Samagra Shiksha is an<strong> integrated scheme for school education extending from pre-school to class XII</strong> to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.</li>
<li>It subsumes the three Schemes of<strong> Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).</strong></li>
<li>The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the <strong>two T&rsquo;s &ndash; Teacher and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It complements the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</strong></a> for Education , i.e. SDG 4 (Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong opportunities for all).</li>
<li>It aims to support States in the implementation of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Right to Education Act (RTE) is a fundamental right under Article 21-A of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>The Act makes education a <strong>fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14</strong> and specifies minimum norms in elementary schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme is being implemented as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The fund sharing pattern for the scheme between Centre and States is at present in the ratio of <strong>90:10 for the North-Eastern States and the Himalayan States</strong> and<strong> 60:40 for all other States and Union Territories with Legislature.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>100% centrally sponsored</strong> for <strong>Union Territories without Legislature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Digital Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Support <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-digital-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Operation Digital Board&rsquo;</strong> </a>in all secondary schools over a period of 5 years, which will revolutionize education- easy to understand, technology based learning classrooms will become flipped classrooms.</li>
<li>Digital initiatives like <strong>UDISE+, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shagun-integrated-online-junction-for-school-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shagun</a>,</strong> to be strengthened.</li>
<li>Strengthening of ICT infrastructure in schools from upper primary to higher secondary level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Important Schemes to Improve Online Education System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVidya Programme</strong></a>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A programme for multimode access to digital/ online education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective is to ensure that every student in the country has access to the best quality higher education at the affordable cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shagun-integrated-online-junction-for-school-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Online junction for School Education &lsquo;Shagun&rsquo;</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an overarching initiative to improve the school education system by creating a junction for all online portals and websites relating to various activities of the Department of School Education and Literacy in the Government of India and all States and Union Territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) and UDISE+</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UDISE, initiated in 2012-13 for elementary and secondary education, is one of the largest <strong>Management Information Systems on School Education</strong> covering more than 1.5 million schools, 9.4 million teachers and almost 250 million children.</li>
<li>UDISE+ is an updated and improved version of UDISE.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nishtha-teachers-training-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISHTHA: Teachers' Training Programme</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To improve learning outcomes at the elementary level through an Integrated Teacher Training Programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/equip-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A five-year vision plan aiming at ushering transformation in India&rsquo;s higher education system by implementing strategic interventions in the sector over five years (2019-2024).</li>
<li>Sets out to deliver further on principles of Access, Inclusion, Quality, Excellence and enhancing employability in Higher Education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-uchchatar-shiksha-abhiyan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in October 2013 that aims at providing strategic funding to higher education institutions throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-sets-up-online-module-to-map-out-of-school-children/article34792098.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8534,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Seniorcare Aging Growth Engine Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> virtually launched the <strong>SAGE (Seniorcare Aging Growth Engine) initiative</strong> and <strong>SAGE portal</strong> for<strong> elderly persons.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An amount of <strong>Rs. 100 crore</strong> has been assigned for the <strong>promotion of the silver economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Silver Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Silver economy is the system of<strong> production,</strong> distribution and consumption<strong> of goods and services aimed at using the purchasing potential of older and ageing people</strong> and satisfying their consumption, living and health needs.</li>
<li>The silver economy is<strong> analyzed in the field of social gerontology</strong> (study of aging) <strong>not as an existing economic system but as an instrument of ageing policy</strong> and the political idea of forming a potential, needs-oriented economic system for an aging population.</li>
<li>Its <strong>main element is gerontechnology</strong> (Technology pertaining to aged people) as a new scientific, research and implementation paradigm.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> SAGE portal</strong> will be<strong> a &ldquo;one-stop access&rdquo; of elderly care products and services by credible start-ups.</strong></li>
<li>It has been launched with a view to <strong>help such persons who are interested in entrepreneurship in the field of providing services for elderly care.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>SAGE project aims to identify,</strong> evaluate, verify, aggregate, and deliver products, solutions and services directly to the stakeholders. The <strong>Ministry will act as a facilitator,</strong> enabling the elderly to access the products through identified start-ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Start-ups can apply</strong> for being a part of SAGE through a dedicated portal.</li>
<li>The start-ups selected under SAGE will be those which will provide new innovative products and services to elderly persons in<strong> various areas like health, travel, finance, legal, housing, food among others.</strong></li>
<li>An allocation of <strong>Rs. 25 crores</strong> has been made for the SAGE project in the current financial year i.e <strong>2021-22.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for the Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>share of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/elderly-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">elders</a></strong>, as a percentage of the total population in the country, is expected <strong>to increase from around 7.5% in 2001 to almost 12.5% by 2026,</strong> and surpass <strong>19.5% by 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622887636_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622887636_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Other Government Initiatives for Elderly people:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The main objective of the scheme is to improve the quality of life of older persons by providing basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and entertainment opportunities, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-vayoshri-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY):</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>central sector scheme</strong></a> funded from the <strong>Senior Citizens&rsquo; Welfare Fund.</strong> The fund was notified in the year 2016.</li>
<li>It aims to provide <strong>aids and assistive living devices to senior citizens belonging to Below Poverty Line (BPL) category</strong> who suffer from age-related disabilities such as low vision, hearing impairment, loss of teeth and locomotor disabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMVVY was <strong>launched in May 2017</strong> to provide social security during old age.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>pension scheme for senior citizens</strong> that comes with guaranteed returns on monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or on an annual basis for a period of 10 years. It is <strong>exclusively available to those who are 60 years of age and above.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vayoshreshtha Samman:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Conferred as a <strong>National award,</strong> and given to eminent senior citizens &amp; institutions under various categories for their contributions on <strong>International day of older persons on 1<sup>st</sup> October.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act, 2007:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure need-based maintenance for Parents and Senior Citizens and their welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1724425" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8512,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'China Relaxes Two Child Policy: Lessons for India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China <strong>relaxed its two child policy</strong> and announced it will now <strong>allow three children per married couple.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also announced that it would <strong>increase the retirement age</strong> by a few months every year. For the past four decades, the <strong>retirement age in China has been 60 for men and 55 for women.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Population Policies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One Child Policy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China embarked upon its one-child policy in <strong>1980</strong>, when its <strong>government was concerned that the country&rsquo;s growing population</strong>, which at the time was approaching one billion, <strong>would impede economic progress.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Chinese authorities have long hailed the policy</strong> as a success, claiming that <strong>it helped the country avert severe food and water shortages</strong> by preventing up to 40 crore people from being born.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was a <strong>source of discontent</strong>, as the state <strong>used brutal tactics such as forced abortions and sterilisations.</strong></li>
<li>It also met criticism and remained controversial for <strong>violating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">human rights</a>, and for being unfair to the poor.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Child Policy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From <strong>2016</strong>, the Chinese government finally <strong>allowed two children per couple</strong>&ndash; a policy change that <strong>did little to arrest the rapid fall in population growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three Child Policy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was announced after <strong>China&rsquo;s 2020 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">census</a></strong> data showed that the country&rsquo;s <strong>rate of population growth is falling rapidly despite the 2016 relaxation.</strong></li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fertility rate</a> has dropped to 1.3</strong>, far below the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> replacement level</a> of 2.1</strong> required for a generation to have enough children to replace it.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>expects China&rsquo;s <strong>population to begin declining after 2030</strong>, but some experts say this could happen as early as in the next one or two years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns of Falling Population:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decreased Labour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the young population in a country declines, it creates <strong>labour shortages, which have a major detrimental impact on the economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Social Spending:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More older people also means that <strong>demands for healthcare and pensions</strong> can soar, <strong>burdening the country&rsquo;s social spending system</strong> further when fewer people are working and contributing to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Critical for Developing Nations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A problem unique to China, though, is that unlike the other developed countries part of this trend, <strong>it is still a middle-income society, despite being the world&rsquo;s second-largest economy.</strong></li>
<li>Prosperous countries like Japan and Germany, which face similar demographic challenges, can <strong>depend on investments in factories, technology and foreign assets.</strong></li>
<li>China, however, still <strong>depends on labour-intensive manufacturing and farming.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>drop in demographic dividend</strong> could thus <strong>hurt China and other developing nations like India</strong> more than those in the rich world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lessons For India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avoid Stringent Measures:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Stringent population control measures have landed China in a human crisis that was inevitable. <strong>If coercive measures like a two-child limit are enforced, India&rsquo;s situation could be worse.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Empowerment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proven ways to lower the fertility rate are to <strong>give women the control over their fertility</strong> and ensure their greater empowerment through <strong>increased access to education, economic opportunities and healthcare.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a matter of fact, <strong>China&rsquo;s fertility reduction</strong> is only partly attributable to coercive policies, and is <strong>largely because of the sustained investments the country had made in education, health and job opportunities for women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need to Stabilize Population:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has done very well with its <strong>family planning measures</strong> and now it is at <strong>replacement level fertility of 2.1</strong>, which is desirable.</li>
<li>It needs to <strong>sustain population stabilisation</strong> because in <strong>some States</strong> like Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Kerala and Karnataka, the <strong>total fertility rate is way below replacement level</strong>, which means it can experience in 30-40 years what China is experiencing now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Case</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Population Growth:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s population is estimated to be over <strong>1.36 billion as of March 2021</strong>, indicating an estimated <strong>12.4% growth over the last decade.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is <strong>lower than the 17.7% between 2001 and 2011.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, a 2019 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> report had projected <strong>India to overtake China as the most populous country by 2027.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>expected to add nearly 273 million people between 2019 and 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Measures for Population Control:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong> During his <a href="/printpdf/minimum-marital-age-for-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Independence Day Speech</strong></a> in <strong>2019</strong>, the Prime Minister appealed to the country that <strong>population control was a form of patriotism.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas:</strong> The Government launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-stabilising-population-nfhs-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas</strong></a> in <strong>2017</strong> for substantially <strong>increasing access to contraceptives and family planning services in 146 high fertility districts.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compensation Scheme for Sterilization Acceptors:</strong> Under the scheme, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare provides <strong>compensation for loss of wages</strong> to the beneficiary and also to the service provider (&amp; team) for conducting sterilizations from the year <strong>2014</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS) :</strong> This scheme was launched in the year <strong>2005</strong>. Under this scheme, <strong>clients are insured in the eventualities of death</strong>, complication and failure following sterilization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-says-each-couple-can-have-three-children-in-change-of-policy/article34687153.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8510,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Child Labour In India',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/breaking-the-cycle-of-child-labour-is-in-indias-hands/article34702648.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Breaking the cycle of child labour is in India&rsquo;s hands&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 02/06/2021. It talks about the menace of child labour in India.</p>
</div>
<p>With increased economic insecurity, lack of social protection and reduced household income, the Covid-19 pandemic is pushing the children from poor households to contribute to the family income with the risk of exposure to exploitative work.</p>
<p>Subsequent lockdowns have worsened the situation, posing a real risk of backtracking the gains made in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eliminating child labour.</strong></a></p>
<p>The true extent of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on child labour is yet to be measured but all indications show that it would be significant as children are unable to attend school and parents are unable to find work.</p>
<p>However, not all the factors that contribute to child labour were created by the pandemic; most of them were pre-existing and have been exposed or amplified by it. Though the pandemic has amplified its contributing factors, policy and programmatic interventions can save children.</p>
<h3>Status of Child Labour in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.</li>
<li>The Census of India 2011 reports 10.1 million working children in the age group of 5-14 years, out of whom 8.1 million are in rural areas mainly engaged as cultivators (26%) and agricultural labourers (32.9%).</li>
<li>The side-effects of working at a young age are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Risks of contracting occupational diseases like skin diseases, diseases of the lungs, weak eyesight, TB etc.;</li>
<li>Vulnerability to sexual exploitation at the workplace;</li>
<li>Deprived of education.</li>
<li>They grow up unable to avail development opportunities and end up as unskilled workers for the rest of their lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Child Labour: Constitutional And Legal Provsions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Article 23 of the Indian Constitution any type of forced labour is prohibited.</li>
<li>Article 24 states that a child under 14 years cannot be employed to perform any hazardous work.</li>
<li>Article 39 states that &ldquo;the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In the same manner, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Labour Act (Prohibition and Regulation) 1986</strong></a> prohibits children under the age of 14 years to be working in hazardous industries and processes.</li>
<li>Policy interventions such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA 2005</strong></a>, the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right to Education Act 2009</strong></a> and the Mid Day Meal Scheme have paved the way for children to be in schools along with guaranteed wage employment (unskilled) for rural families.</li>
<li>Further, with the ratification International Labour Organization Conventions Nos. 138 and 182 in 2017, the Indian government have demonstrated its commitment to the elimination of child labour including those engaged in hazardous occupations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Associated Issues With the Child Labour</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cause &amp; Effect Relationship:</strong> Child labour and exploitation are the result of many factors, including poverty, social norms condoning them, lack of decent work opportunities for adults and adolescents, migration and emergencies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These factors are not only the cause but also a consequence of social inequities reinforced by discrimination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threat to National Eonomy:</strong> The continuing persistence of child labour and exploitation poses a threat to national economies and has severe negative short and long-term consequences for children such as denial of education and undermining physical and mental health.</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour in Informal Sector</strong>: Though child labour is banned the law, across India child labourers can be found in a variety of informal industries like in brick kilns, carpet weaving, garment making, agriculture, fisheries, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Disguised Child Labour:</strong> Despite rates of child labour declining over the last few years, children are still being used in disguised form of child labour like domestic help.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Work performed may not appear to be immediately dangerous, but it may produce long-term and devastating consequences for their education, their skills acquisition.</li>
<li>Hence their future possibilities to overcome the vicious circle of poverty, incomplete education and poor quality jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With Child Trafficking:</strong> Child trafficking is also linked to child labour and it always results in child abuse.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trafficked children are subjected to prostitution, forced into marriage or illegally adopted; they provide cheap or unpaid labour, are forced to work as house servants or beggars and may be recruited into armed groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of Panchayat:</strong> As nearly 80% of child labour in India emanates from rural areas, the Panchayat can play a dominant role in mitigating child labour. In this context, panchayat should:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generate awareness about the ill-effects of child labour,</li>
<li>Encourage parents to send their children to school,</li>
<li>Create an environment where children stop working and get enrolled in schools instead,</li>
<li>Ensure that children have sufficient facilities available in schools,</li>
<li>Inform industry owners about the laws prohibiting child labour and the penalties for violating these laws,</li>
<li>Activate Balwadis and Aanganwadis in the village so that working mothers do not leave the responsibility of younger children on their older siblings.</li>
<li>Motivate Village Education Committees (VECs) to improve the conditions of schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Approach:</strong> Child labour and other forms of exploitation are preventable through integrated approaches that strengthen child protection systems as well as simultaneously addressing poverty and inequity, improve access to and quality of education and mobilize public support for respecting children&rsquo;s rights.</li>
<li><strong>Treating Children as Active Stakeholder:</strong> Children have the power to play a significant role in preventing and responding to child labour. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are key actors in child protection and can give valuable insights into how they perceive their involvement and what they expect from the government and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Children belong in schools not workplaces. Child labour deprives children of their right to go to school and reinforces intergenerational cycles of poverty. Child labour acts as a major barrier to education, affecting both attendance and performance in school.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 627px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e8eeff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Child labour deprives children of their right to go to school and reinforces intergenerational cycles of poverty. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8506,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM-CARES for Children Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has announced a special<strong> &ldquo;PM-CARES for Children&rdquo; scheme</strong> for all those orphaned due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>has ordered the district authorities to upload the details of children in need of care and protection on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/children-abandoning-education-in-mica-mining-districts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCPCR</strong></a> (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights) <strong>portal Bal Swaraj.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622628093_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622628093_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the &lsquo;PM-CARES for Children&rsquo; Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Children</strong> who have <strong>lost both parents</strong> or their <strong>lone surviving parent</strong> or their <strong>legal guardian</strong> or <strong>adoptive parent</strong> due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are a total <strong>577 Covid-19</strong> orphans identified across the country. Also, there has been a rise in cases of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-leaves-orphaned-children-vulnerable-to-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child trafficking.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Corpus of Rs. 10 Lakh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A corpus of<strong> Rs. 10 lakh will be allocated to each of these children</strong> from the PM CARES fund.</li>
<li>This corpus will be <strong>used to give a monthly stipend from 18 years of their age,</strong> for the next five years and<strong> on reaching the age of 23 years, he or she will get the corpus amount as one lump-sum</strong> for personal and professional use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education to the Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The education expenses of younger children will be supported by way of <strong>admission to Kendriya Vidyalayas and private schools</strong> up to higher secondary level.</li>
<li>These children will also be supported during <strong>their higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> through either a <strong>scholarship</strong> equivalent to the tuition fees or <strong>educational loans</strong> where the interest on the loan will be paid by the PM-CARES fund.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Insurance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All children will be <strong>enrolled as a beneficiary under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat Scheme</a></strong> with a health insurance cover of Rs. 5 lakh.</li>
<li>The <strong>premium amount will be paid by PM-CARES till a child turns 18.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PM-CARES Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has set up the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM-CARES Fund)</strong> </a>to deal with any kind of emergency or distress situation like posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li>The Fund is a <strong>public charitable trust</strong> with the <strong>Prime Minister as its Chairman.</strong> Other Members include <strong>Defence Minister, Home Minister </strong>and <strong>Finance Minister.</strong></li>
<li>The Fund <strong>enables micro-donations</strong> as a result of which a large number of people will be able to contribute with the <strong>smallest of denominations.</strong></li>
<li>It will strengthen <strong>disaster management capacities</strong> and encourage research on <strong>protecting citizens.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Contribution</strong> to <strong>PM - CARES</strong> Fund Qualifies as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Expenditure</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bal Swaraj COVID-Care</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> NCPCR</strong> has devised <strong>an online tracking portal &ldquo;Bal Swaraj (COVID-Care)&rdquo;</strong> for children in need of care and protection.</li>
<li>This has been created with a purpose<strong> for online tracking and digital real time monitoring mechanism of children</strong> who are in need of care and protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NCPCR</strong> is <strong>a statutory body</strong> set up in March 2007 under the <strong>Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission's mandate is<strong> to ensure</strong> that all <strong>laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms</strong> are in consonance with the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India</strong></a> and also the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/threats-to-children#:~:text=and%20institutional%20knowledge.-,Convention%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20the%20Child,their%20race%2C%20religion%20or%20abilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>inquires into complaints</strong> relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aser-report-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right to Education Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>monitors</strong> the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approved-changes-to-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-lakh-corpus-fund-for-every-child-orphaned-by-covid-19/article34676913.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8494,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EPFO and ESIC Extension To Covid-Hit Families',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has announced an <strong>extension of pension coverage</strong> and <strong>insurance benefits</strong> for families of those who died due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pension coverage will be extended under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/esic-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Employees&rsquo; state Insurance Corporation of India (ESIC) scheme</strong> </a>and insurance benefits under the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Deposit-Linked Insurance (EDLI) scheme</strong> for members registered under the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Benefits Under ESIC Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>All dependent family</strong> members of such persons (who died of Covid) will be eligible for a pension <strong>equivalent to 90%</strong> of the average daily wage drawn by the worker as per the existing rules. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This benefit will be available retrospectively with effect <strong>from 24<sup>th</sup> March 2020 till 24<sup>th</sup> March 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The eligibility conditions for the<strong> ESIC</strong> benefits are likely to include the norm that the insured person must have been registered on the <strong>ESIC online portal</strong> at least <strong>three months prior</strong> to the diagnosis of <strong>Covid resulting in death,</strong> the insured person must have been employed for wages and contributions for <strong>at least 78 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under EPFO-EDLI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The maximum insurance benefit has been increased to<strong> Rs 7 lakh from Rs 6 lakh.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>provision of minimum</strong> insurance benefit of <strong>Rs 2.5 lakh</strong> has been restored and it will apply retrospectively from February 2020 for the next three years.</li>
<li>Benefits are being made available to families of<strong> even those employees</strong> who may have changed jobs in the<strong> last 12 months preceding his/her death.</strong></li>
<li>All surviving dependent family members of<strong> EPFO</strong> are eligible to avail<strong> benefits of EDLI</strong> in case of death of the member.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About 6.53 crore</strong> families are expected to be eligible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Employees&rsquo; State Insurance (ESI) Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a multidimensional social system which provides <strong>socio-economic protection</strong> to the <strong>worker population</strong> and immediate dependent or family covered under the <strong>ESI scheme.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The ESI</strong> is an integrated measure of <strong>social Insurance</strong> embodied in the <strong>Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ESI Act applies</strong> to all factories and notified establishments located in implemented areas <strong>employing 10 or more persons</strong> and is applicable on employees drawing wages up to <strong>Rs 21,000 per month (Rs 25,000 for persons with disabilities).</strong></li>
<li>It covers about<strong> 3.49 crore of family</strong> units of workers and provides cash benefits and medical facilities to <strong>13.56 crore beneficiaries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Employees&rsquo; Deposit-Linked Insurance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an insurance cover provided by the EPFO<strong> for private sector salaried employees. </strong>It was<strong> launched in 1976.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Any employee</strong> who has an <strong>EPF account</strong> automatically becomes eligible for the<strong> EDLI</strong> scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The registered nominee receives a lump-sum payment in the event of the death of the person insured, during the period of the service. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It applies to <strong>all organisations registered under the Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>EDLI</strong> scheme is managed on the basis of <strong>0.5%</strong> of monthly wages <strong>paid by the employer</strong> to the fund and there is no employee contribution. The nominee registered by the employee is eligible to claim the benefit under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a government organization that manages provident fund and pension accounts for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India.</li>
<li><strong>It implements </strong>the<strong> Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund (EPF) </strong>and<strong> Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952</strong> provides for the institution of provident funds for employees in<strong> factories and other establishments.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment,</strong> Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/withdrawal-from-epf-accounts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EPF</strong> </a>is the main scheme under the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952.</strong></li>
<li>It offers the institution of provident funds for factory employees and other establishments.</li>
<li>The <strong>employee and employer</strong> each contribute <strong>12% of the employee&rsquo;s</strong> basic salary and dearness allowance <strong>towards EPF.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Economic Survey</a> 2016-17</strong> had suggested that employees be allowed to choose whether or not to save 12% of their salary into EPF or keep it as take home pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>current laws,</strong> a person mandatorily becomes a member of <strong>EPF</strong> if his monthly salary does not <strong>exceed Rs. 15,000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-are-the-benefits-under-pension-schemes-for-covid-hit-families-7336524/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8484,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'January 30: World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The ongoing <strong>74<sup>th</sup> </strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-chair-who-executive-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Assembly</strong></a> declared <strong>30<sup>th</sup> January</strong> as<strong> &lsquo;World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposal to recognise the day was <strong>floated by the United Arab Emirates.</strong> It was adopted unanimously by the delegates. The <strong>first World NTD Day</strong> was celebrated<strong> informally in 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The World Health Assembly is the<strong> decision-making body of World Health Organization (WHO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTDs are <strong>a group of infections that are most common among marginalised communities in the developing regions</strong> of Africa, Asia and the Americas. They are caused by a variety of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-biohub-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pathogens</strong></a> such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NTDs are especially <strong>common in tropical areas where people do not have access to clean water</strong> or safe ways to dispose of human waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These diseases <strong>generally receive less funding for research and treatment than</strong> malaises like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-tb-report-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day-2020#:~:text=AIDS%20is%20a%20pandemic%20disease,key%20populations%20and%20their%20partners." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HIV-AIDS</strong></a> <strong>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-day-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malaria</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Examples of NTDs are: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/snakebite-envenoming" target="_blank" rel="noopener">snakebite envenomation</a></strong>, scabies, yaws, trachoma, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kala-azar-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leishmaniasis</a> </strong>and Chagas disease etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>London Declaration on NTDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was adopted on<strong> 30<sup>th</sup> January, 2012</strong> to <strong>recognise the global burden of NTDs.</strong></li>
<li>Officials from the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Health Organization (WHO)</a>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>,</strong> the<strong> Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, representatives</strong> from leading global pharmaceutical companies as well as representatives of several national governments met at <strong>London&rsquo;s Royal College of physicians</strong> to pledge to end the diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s New Roadmap for 2021&ndash;2030:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From measuring process to<strong> measuring impact.</strong></li>
<li>From disease-specific planning and programming to<strong> collaborative work across sectors.</strong></li>
<li>From externally driven agendas reliant to programmes that are <strong>country-owned and country-financed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NTD Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTDs <strong>affect more than a billion people globally.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are<strong> preventable and treatable.</strong> However, these <strong>diseases - and their intricate interrelationships with poverty and ecological systems -</strong> continue to cause devastating health, social and economic consequences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are <strong>20 NTDs</strong> that impact over <strong>1.7 billion</strong> people worldwide.</li>
<li><strong>India carries the largest burden of at least 11 of these diseases,</strong> with parasitic illnesses like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kala-azar-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>kala-azar</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-symposium-on-lymphatic-filariasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lymphatic filariasis</strong></a> affecting millions of people throughout the country &ndash; often the poorest and most vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives to Eliminate NTDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF)</strong> was launched in<strong> 2018,</strong> as part of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs.</li>
<li>A <strong>WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in 2005</strong> to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations <strong>(Kala-azar).</strong></li>
<li>India <strong>has already eliminated several other NTDs,</strong> including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/january-30-now-world-neglected-tropical-diseases-day-wha-77157" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8442,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NGT Upholds Rights of Pastoralists in Banni Grasslands',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt#:~:text=What%20is%20National%20Green%20Tribunal,forests%20and%20other%20natural%20resources." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> ordered all encroachments to be removed from <strong>Gujarat's Banni grasslands</strong> within six months.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court also said the<strong> Maldharis (Pastoralists)</strong> will continue to hold the <strong>right to conserve the community forests</strong> in the area, granted to them as per the provisions in <strong>Section 3 of Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a specialised body set up under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act (2010)</strong> for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</li>
<li>NGT is <strong>mandated to make disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months</strong> of filing the same.</li>
<li>The NGT has five places of sittings, <strong>New Delhi</strong> is the Principal place of sitting and <strong>Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata</strong> and <strong>Chennai</strong> are the<strong> other four.</strong></li>
<li>Being a<strong> statutory adjudicatory body</strong> like Courts, apart from original jurisdiction on filing of an application, NGT also has<strong> appellate jurisdiction</strong> to hear appeal as a <strong>Court (Tribunal).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Banni Grassland:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Banni is the <strong>largest grassland of Asia</strong> situated <strong>near the Great Rann of Kutch</strong> in<strong> Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>It is spread <strong>over 2,618 kilometres</strong> and accounts for almost <strong>45% of the pastures</strong> in Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecosystem and Vegetation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Two ecosystems, wetlands and grasslands,</strong> are mixed side by side in Banni.</li>
<li>Vegetation in Banni is sparse and highly dependent on rainfall.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Banni grasslands, traditionally, were managed following a system of rotational grazing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Banni is dominated by low-growing plants, forbs and graminoids, many of which are halophiles (salt tolerant), as well as scattered tree cover and scrub.</li>
<li>The area is <strong>rich in flora and fauna,</strong> with 192 species of plants, 262 species of birds, several species of mammals, reptiles and amphibians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reserve Forest:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1955, the court <strong>notified that the grassland will be a reserve forest</strong> (the most restricted forests classified according to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a>).</li>
<li>In 2019, the <strong>tribunal ordered</strong> to demarcate the boundaries of the Banni grassland and restricted non-forest activities.</li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Institute of India (WII)</strong> </a>has identified this grassland reserve as <strong>one of the last remaining habitats of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/introduction-of-african-cheetah-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cheetah</a> in India</strong> and a possible reintroduction site for the species.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621935493_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621935493_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Maldharis:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maldharis are<strong> a tribal herdsmen community inhabiting Banni.</strong></li>
<li>Originally nomads, they came to be known as Maldharis after settling in Junagarh (mainly Gir Forest).</li>
<li>The literal meaning of Maldhari <strong>is keeper (dhari)</strong> of the animal stock (mal).
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The livestock include <strong>sheep, goats, cows, buffalo, and camels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gir-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gir Forest National Park</strong></a> is home to around 8,400 Maldharis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act 2006:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the provisions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Act</strong></a>, <strong>forest dwellers cannot be displaced unless the rights settlement process</strong> has been completed.</li>
<li>Moreover, the Act has a special provision for setting <strong>up &lsquo;Critical Wildlife Habitats (CWH)&rsquo;,</strong> for the conservation of the species.</li>
<li>It strengthens the <strong>conservation regime</strong> of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST (Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes) and OTFD (Other Traditional Forest Dwellers).</li>
<li>The Act identifies four <strong>types of rights:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Title rights:</strong> It gives FDST and OTFD the right to ownership to land farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of 4 hectares.</li>
<li><strong>Use rights:</strong> The rights of the dwellers extend to extracting<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Minor Forest Produce</strong></a>, grazing areas etc.</li>
<li><strong>Relief and development rights:</strong> To rehabilitate in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.</li>
<li><strong>Forest management rights:</strong> It includes the right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/ngt-upholds-rights-of-pastoralists-in-banni-grasslands-wants-encroachments-removed-77075" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8423,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kyasanur Forest Disease',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>new point-of-care test</strong> has been found to be highly sensitive in the rapid diagnosis of <strong>Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This disease is also known as <strong>monkey fever.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Point-of-care Test:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is developed by <strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology.</strong></li>
<li>It includes a <strong>battery-operated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/radt-vs-rt-pcr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</a> analyser,</strong> which is a portable, lightweight and universal cartridge-based sample pre-treatment kit and nucleic acid extraction device that aid in sample processing at the point of care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would be beneficial for the <strong>diagnosis of KFD</strong> as the outbreaks mainly happen in remote areas, where there is lack of well-equipped sample handling and laboratory testing facilities.</li>
<li>It would be useful in<strong> quick patient management and controlling further spread of the virus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kyasanur Forest Disease:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is caused by <strong>Kyasanur Forest disease Virus (KFDV),</strong> which primarily affects <strong>humans and monkeys.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>first identified in 1957</strong> in a sick monkey from the <strong>Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka.</strong> Since then, between 400-500 human cases per year have been reported.</li>
<li>Eventually, KFD emerged as a grave public health problem spreading through the <strong>entire Western Ghats.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In nature, the virus is maintained mainly in <strong>hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera), monkeys, rodents and birds.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>humans,</strong> it may occur after a <strong>tick bite or contact with an infected animal (a sick or recently dead monkey).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Characterised by<strong> chills, frontal headache, body ache, and high fever</strong> for five to 12 days with a case fatality rate of 3 to 5%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Diagnosis can be made in the early stage of illness by molecular detection by PCR or virus isolation from blood.</li>
<li>Later, serologic testing using <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elisa-antibody-kits" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Serologic Assay (ELISA)</strong></a> can be performed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment and Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no specific treatment</strong> for monkey fever.</li>
<li>A <strong>vaccine (Formalin inactivated KFDV vaccine)</strong> does exist for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it is found that vaccines are not effective once the person is infected with fever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621670303_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1621670303_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/icmr-niv-develops-new-point-of-care-testing-for-kyasanur-forest-disease-7324818/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Immediate Subsistence Assistance to Transgender',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In view of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic, the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> will give<strong> transgender persons a one-time financial assistance of Rs. 1,500.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Assistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Immediate subsistence assistance to trans persons <strong>would be given through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/factors-preventing-financial-inclusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)</a></strong>, for which beneficiaries <strong>can register with the National Institute of Social Defence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Institute of Social Defence (NISD):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NISD is an<strong> Autonomous Body</strong> and is <strong>registered under Societies Act XXI of 1860</strong> with the <strong>Government of National Capital Territory (NCT), Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>central advisory body</strong> for the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>nodal training and research institute</strong> in the field of <strong>social defence.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It currently focuses</strong> on human resource development in the areas of <strong>drug abuse prevention, welfare of senior citizens, beggary prevention, transgender and other social defence issues.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives Related to Transgender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Judgements of the Supreme Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-decriminalizes-homosexuality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India, 2014</strong></a>: The SC declared transgender people to be a 'third gender'.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-section-377-judgement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Read down the Provisions of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (2018)</strong></a>: The SC decriminalised same-sex relationships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>A transgender person is one</strong> whose gender does not match the gender assigned at birth. It includes transmen and trans-women, persons with intersex variations, gender-queers, and persons with socio-cultural identities, such as kinnar and hijra.</li>
<li>Establishes <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-council-for-transgender-persons" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Natonal Council for Transgender persons</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Gives <strong>right to obtain Certificate of Identity.</strong></li>
<li>Provides the <strong>right of residence</strong> with parents and immediate family members.</li>
<li><strong>Prohibits discrimination against a transgender</strong> person in various sectors such as education, employment, and healthcare etc.</li>
<li><strong>Offences against transgender</strong> persons will attract <strong>imprisonment</strong> between <strong>six months and two years</strong>, in addition to a fine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-transgender-persons" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Portal for Transgender Persons</strong></a> and the Scheme of &lsquo;Shelter Home for Transgender Persons&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/social-justice-ministry-to-give-financial-aid-to-trans-people/article34601201.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8411,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Security Code 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The effectiveness of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020</strong> </a>in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With SS Code 2020, two other codes were passed which are <strong>Code on Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code,</strong> 2020 and <strong>Industrial Relations Code,</strong> 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>SS Code 2020 subsumes nine regulations</strong> relating to social security, retirement and employee benefits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions of SS Code 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code has <strong>widened coverage by including the unorganised sector,</strong> fixed term employees and gig workers, platform workers, inter-state migrant workers etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Database and Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the aim of making a national database for unorganised sector workers,<strong> registration of all these workers would be done on an online portal</strong> and this registration would be done <strong>on the basis of Self certification</strong> through a simple procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All<strong> records and returns</strong> have to be <strong>maintained electronically. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Security Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be created on the financial side in order to implement social security schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>uniformity in determining wages</strong> for the purpose of social security benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has provided a<strong> wide definition for wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Specific exclusions with ceilings have been provided for<strong> discouraging inappropriate structuring of salaries</strong> to minimise social security benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consultative Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has brought in a facilitating approach by the authorities. Unlike the existing role of inspectors, the <strong>Code provides for an enhanced role of inspector-cum-facilitator</strong> whereby <strong>employers can look for support and advice to enhance compliances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Career Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable that demand for human resources is met and to monitor employment information,<strong> career centres will be established. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stringent Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any failure to deposit employees&rsquo; contributions not only attracts a <strong>penalty of Rs. 1,00,000, but also imprisonment of one to three years.</strong> In case of <strong>repeat offence, the penalties and prosecution is severe,</strong> and no compounding is permitted for repeated offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Online Registration Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>onus lies on informal workers registering as beneficiaries,</strong> further they <strong>do not have digital literacy and connectivity.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there is a <strong>lack of awareness</strong> among informal workers <strong>regarding social security schemes. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Inter-State Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unorganised workers are spread across the length and breadth of India. <strong>Implications</strong> of this code <strong>would be too varied across States</strong> to be administered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complicated Processes &amp; Overlapping Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Providing holistic social security cover for the unorganised workforce in a simple and effective manner is lost in the <strong>Centre-State procedural complications and jurisdictional or institutional overlap. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternity Benefit:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women engaged in the <strong>unorganised sector remain outside the purview of maternity benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employees Provident Fund:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For informal sector workers, <strong>access to employees&rsquo; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">provident fund</a> remains unfulfilled too in the new code.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Payment of Gratuity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although payment of gratuity was expanded in the new Code, it <strong>still remains inaccessible for a vast majority of informal workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SS Code 2020 <strong>merges existing social security laws</strong> and attempts to include informal workers within the ambit of social security administration. However, an examination of the code reveals that <strong>universalisation of social security remains an unfulfilled aspiration.</strong></li>
<li>At a time when India chairs a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> meeting that is<strong> focused on issues of labour, especially informality, it fails to even recognise that India is ageing without social security,</strong> and the demographic dividend of the young workforce that could support the ageing ends in 15 years.</li>
<li>The<strong> provision of social security could be used to formalise the workforce</strong> to a certain extent.</li>
<li><strong>Employers should be made to own up to the responsibility of providing social security</strong> to their workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the state has a responsibility but the<strong> primary responsibility still lies with employers</strong> since they are taking advantage of workers&rsquo; productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-collage-of-laws-that-leaves-the-worker-out-in-the-cold/article34600276.ece"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8401,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Brain Drain in Health Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has been a <strong>major exporter of healthcare workers</strong> to developed nations particularly to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solidarity-and-stability-deal-gulf-countries#:~:text=Members%20of%20the%20GCC%20signed,are%20the%20members%20of%20GCC." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)</strong></a> countries, Europe and other English-speaking countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> Brain Drain</strong> in the health sector is part of the reason for the <strong>current shortage in nurses and doctors.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brain Drain:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Brain drain is a term <strong>indicating substantial emigration or migration of individuals.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A brain drain can <strong>result from turmoil within a nation</strong>, the existence of <strong>favorable professional opportunities</strong> in other countries, or from a desire to seek a <strong>higher standard of living.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>majority of migration is from developing to developed countries.</strong> This is of <strong>growing concern worldwide</strong> because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries.</li>
<li>As per the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a> data</strong>, around <strong>69,000 Indian trained doctors worked in the UK, US, Canada and Australia in 2017.</strong> In these four countries, 56,000 Indian-trained nurses were working in the same year.</li>
<li>There is also large-scale <strong>migration of health workers to the GCC countries</strong> but there is a <strong>lack of credible data</strong> on the stock of such workers in these nations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is no real-time data on high-skilled migration from India as in the case of low-skilled and semi-skilled migration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Need in the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the onset of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>, there has been a <strong>greater demand for healthcare workers across the world</strong>, especially in developed nations.</li>
<li>Countries in dire need of retaining their healthcare workers have <strong>adopted migrant-friendly policies.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>UK has granted free one-year visa extensions to eligible overseas healthcare workers</strong> and their dependents whose visas were due to expire before October 2021.</li>
<li><strong>France has offered citizenship</strong> to frontline immigrant healthcare workers during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Pay and Better Opportunities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are <strong>strong pull factors</strong> associated with the migration of healthcare workers, in terms of <strong>higher pay and better opportunities in the destination countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Wages and Lack of Investment in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are<strong> strong push factors</strong> that often drive these workers to migrate abroad.</li>
<li>In case of nurses in India the <strong>low wages in private sector outfits along with reduced opportunities in the public sector</strong> plays a big role in them seeking employment opportunities outside the country.</li>
<li>The <strong>lack of government investment in healthcare and delayed appointments</strong> to public health institutions act as a catalyst for such migration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policies of the Indian Government :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s policies to check brain drain are restrictive in nature and do not give a real long-term solution to the problem.</li>
<li>In 2014, it stopped issuing <strong>No Objection to Return to India (NORI)</strong> certificates to doctors migrating to the US.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>NORI certificate is a US government requirement</strong> for doctors who migrate to America on a J1 visa and seek to extend their stay beyond three years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has <strong>included nurses in the Emigration Check Required (ECR) category.</strong> This move was taken to bring about transparency in nursing recruitment and reduce exploitation of nurses in the destination countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns in India&rsquo;s Health Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of Human Resource:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>1.7 nurses per 1,000 population</strong> and a <strong>doctor to patient ratio of 1:1,404</strong> &mdash; this is well <strong>below the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> norm</strong> of three nurses per 1,000 population and a doctor to patient ratio of 1:1,100.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skewed Distribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The distribution of <strong>doctors and nurses is heavily skewed against some regions.</strong> Moreover, there is <strong>high concentration in some urban pockets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2020 Human Development Report</strong> </a>shows that India has <strong>five hospital beds per 10,000 people &mdash; one of the lowest in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increased investment in healthcare</strong>, especially in the public sector, is thus the <strong>need of the hour.</strong> This would, in turn, increase employment opportunities for health workers.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs systematic changes to building an overall environment</strong> that could <strong>prove to be beneficial for them and motivate them to stay in the country.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>government should focus on framing policies that promote circular migration and return migration</strong>&mdash;policies that <strong>incentivise healthcare workers to return home</strong> after the completion of their training or studies.</li>
<li>India could also work towards framing <strong>bilateral agreements</strong> that could help shape a policy of <strong>&ldquo;brain-share&rdquo;</strong> between the <strong>sending and receiving countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/cornavirus-health-workers-safety-healthcare-sector-brain-drain-investment-in-health-infrastructure-7320591/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8400,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiative for Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA)</strong> inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with <strong>Microsoft</strong> to support the digital transformation of schools such as <strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)</strong> and<strong> Ashram Schools,</strong> among others under the Ministry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is aimed at building an inclusive, skills-based economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the MoU:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> curriculum will be made available to tribal students in both English and Hindi at all EMRS schools to skill educators and students in next-generation technologies.</li>
<li>In the<strong> first phase, 250 EMRS schools have been adopted by Microsoft,</strong> out of which 50 EMRS schools will be given intensive training and 500 master trainers would be trained in the first phase.</li>
<li><strong>Teachers across states in India will be trained in a phased manner</strong> for using productivity technologies like Office 365 and AI applications in teaching.</li>
<li>The program will also offer opportunities for<strong> teachers to earn professional e-badges and e-certificates</strong> from the Microsoft Education Centre.</li>
<li>Students from schools under the Ministry will be mentored on projects that involve AI applications for <strong>societal good</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years.&amp;text=SDGs%20are%20not%20legally%20binding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This program will ensure that tribal students get a chance to <strong>change their future, their environment, their village, and overall community.</strong></li>
<li>The initiative will also enable the <strong>professional development of educators, enabling them to use technology in classrooms.</strong></li>
<li>It will help in the success of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital India Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li>It will be able to<strong> bridge the gap between the tribal students and others.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Educational Schemes for Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme (RGNF):</strong> RGNF was introduced in the year 2005-2006 with the objective to encourage the students belonging to the ST community to pursue higher education.</li>
<li><strong>Vocational Training Center in Tribal Areas:</strong> The aim of this scheme is to develop the skill of ST students depending on their qualification and present market trends.</li>
<li><strong>National Overseas Scholarship Scheme:</strong> It provides financial assistance to 20 students selected for pursuing higher studies abroad for PhD and postdoctoral studies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-matric-scholarship-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pre and Post Matric Scholarship Schemes.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EMRS</strong> </a>started in the<strong> year 1997-98</strong> to impart quality education to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Schedule Tribes</strong></a> children in remote areas.</li>
<li>The schools focus not only on academic education but on the all-round development of the students.</li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of EMRS is to provide quality middle and high level education to ST students in remote areas, not only to enable them to avail of reservation in high and professional educational courses and as jobs in government and public and private sectors but also to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
<li>Each school has a capacity of <strong>480 students, catering to students from Class VI to XII.</strong></li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided <strong>under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/post-devolution-revenue-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 275(1) of the Constitution</a>.</strong></li>
<li>These are <strong>funded by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>In order to give further impetus to EMRS, it has been decided that by <strong>the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons,</strong> will have an EMRS.</li>
<li>Eklavya schools are on <strong>par with Navodaya Vidyalaya</strong> and have special facilities for preserving local art and culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) scheme</strong> envisages setting up of one Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district of the country. It is under the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
<li>These residential schools impart<strong> good quality modern education to rural talented children</strong> irrespective of their socio-economic background including ST children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ashram Schools</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ashram schools are residential schools, in which <strong>free boarding and lodging along with other facilities and incentives are provided to the students.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from formal education, there is emphasis put upon <strong>physical activities, meditation, sight-seeing, play, sports, games, and other.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> provides construction costs and the<strong> State Government</strong> is responsible for running and overall maintenance of these Ashram schools including selection of medium of instruction.</li>
<li>So far, the Ministry has funded<strong> 1,205 Ashram Schools</strong> across the country for quality education of ST children.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1719441" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8393,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Covid leaves Orphaned Children Vulnerable to Trafficking',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As India battles a raging <strong>second wave</strong>, cases of children losing their parents to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>are also mounting.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, the apprehension of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking#:~:text=Section%20370%20and%20370A%20of,the%20forced%20removal%20of%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child trafficking</strong> </a>in the garb of adoption has increased.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various social media posts are getting circulated with details of children who have lost either both their parents or the only living parent to the disease and pleading for them to be adopted.</li>
<li>Sharing such posts are <strong>illegal under Section 80 and 81 of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/22-02-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act, 2015</a></strong>, which prohibit offering or receiving children outside the processes laid down under the Act as well as their sale and purchase.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such acts are punishable with three to five years in jail or Rs. 1 lakh in fine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-child-marriages-in-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Marriages</strong></a> have also increased in the Covid-19 induced lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions for Protection of Orphan Children:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>a process as per the JJ Act</strong> which needs to be followed with children who have been orphaned.</li>
<li>If someone has information about a child in need of care, then they must contact one of the four agencies: <strong>Childline 1098, or the district Child Welfare Committee (CWC), District Child Protection Officer (DCPO)</strong> or the helpline of the <strong>State Commission for Protection of Child Rights.</strong></li>
<li>Following this, the<strong> CWC will assess the child</strong> and place him or her <strong>in the immediate care of a Specialised Adoption Agency.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The State thus takes care of all such children who are in need of care and protection, till they turn 18 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Once a child is declared legally free for adoption by the CWC, <strong>adoption can be done either by Indian prospective adoptive parents or non-resident Indians or foreigners</strong>, in that order.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>ratified <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-cell-to-resolve-child-custody-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hague Convention</a> on Intercountry Adoptions, 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-day-of-cara" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)</strong></a>, a <strong>statutory body of the</strong> Ministry of Women and Child Development, is the nodal agency for adoption.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It regulates the adoption of orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children through its associated or recognised agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiative (SAMVEDNA):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With an objective of providing psychological and emotional support to children affected during Covid-19 Pandemic, <strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong> is providing Tele-Counselling to children through <strong>SAMVEDNA (Sensitizing Action on Mental Health Vulnerability through Emotional Development and Necessary Acceptance).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Trafficking in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong></a> 2018 report highlights that 51% of all trafficking victims were children, of which more than 80% were girls.</li>
<li>The <strong>most affected state presently is West Bengal</strong> followed by Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Assam.</li>
<li>The trafficking of children for forced labour, for all kinds of domestic work and trafficking of women for sexual exploitation is the heaviest in these areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Protection:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 21:</strong> The Supreme Court has held that the right to live is not merely a physical right but includes within its ambit the right to live with human dignity.</li>
<li><strong>Article 23:</strong> Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
<li><strong>Article 24:</strong> No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.</li>
<li><strong>Article 39:</strong> It provides certain principles of policy to be followed by the State towards securing:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the <strong>tender age of children are not abused</strong> and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;</li>
<li>(f) that <strong>children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner</strong> and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 45:</strong> Duty of state to provide early childhood care, 0-6 age group</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Protection:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986 (ITPA).</li>
<li>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976, Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act 1986, and Juvenile Justice Act.</li>
<li>Sections 366 (A) and 372 of the Indian Penal Code.</li>
<li>The Factories Act, 1948.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Taken:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has ratified the <strong>United Nations Convention on Transnational Organised Crime (UNCTOC)</strong> which among others has a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children <strong>(Palermo protocols).</strong></li>
<li>India has ratified the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</strong></a> <strong>Convention</strong> on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-on-ncpcr-s-repatriation-request" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong> </a>was set up in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has ratified the <strong><a href="/printpdf/new-cell-to-resolve-child-custody-disputes#:~:text=National%20Commission%20for%20Protection%20of%20Child%20Rights,-The%20National%20Commission&amp;text=The%20Commission's%20Mandate%20is%20to,of%20the%20Child%20(UNCRC)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Children are an important national asset, and the well-being of the nation, and its future, depend on how its children grow and develop. The primary purpose of giving a child in adoption is his welfare and restoring his or her right to family.</li>
<li>Article 39 of the Constitution prohibits the tender age of the children from being abused. Therefore, orphaned children who have lost both their parents or abandoned or surrendered due to the Covid-19 pandemic must not be neglected and left to face an uncertain future. They must be taken care of by the authorities entrusted with responsibilities under the JJ Act.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/adoption-issues-to-the-fore-as-covid-19-throws-up-many-orphans/article34570191.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8378,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Approach for Post-Covid Education',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Due to a <strong>surge in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 infections</a></strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Wave</strong></a> of infections, the education of students in the entire nation is affected.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Availability of Online Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Online education was envisioned as an alternative means of spreading education, but it too fails, given the Indian students&rsquo; conditions.</li>
<li>The <strong>availability and affordability of this system poses a barrier. </strong></li>
<li><strong>While e-education is a privilege for the students from an upper and middle class</strong>, it has proved to be a <strong>nuisance for students from the lower middle class</strong> and people living <strong>below the poverty line.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Long-Term Exposure to Internet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are also implications of longer exposure to the internet for these young kids.</li>
<li>This may create <strong>impediments to the development of the thinking process</strong> in the younger generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreasing Analytical Thinking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The other important question is about the <strong>learning outcomes of online education.</strong></li>
<li>Google is the prominent and only platform to all queries, and as a result of that, <strong>students are not thinking on their own.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Scientific outlook was the key parameter stressed upon since the inception of modern education in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Student Isolation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to the pandemic and lack of physical classroom teaching, a peculiar <strong>feeling of isolation is developing in the minds of students.</strong> That&rsquo;s a very serious issue. The trauma of the second wave will put a deep imprint on the student&rsquo;s mind.</li>
<li><strong>Physical interaction and activities have been entirely absent</strong>, and that may also be contributing to <strong>new problems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Use of Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The whole <strong>infrastructure should be fully utilised</strong>, and if necessary, many <strong>more facilities should be invested in</strong> (and created) to impart education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As classroom teaching gives us the opportunity to impart many more things apart from information.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Content:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Institutions should <strong>contemplate new content generation for each subject</strong> to overcome the absence of classroom teaching within the framework of the existing syllabus.</li>
<li>This content would be of a <strong>new type, self-explanatory, and considering the lowest IQ of the class</strong>, it has to be attractive.</li>
<li>The content <strong>should produce the same effect on the minds of the students that the best book imparts</strong> on the thinking faculty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Personal Supervision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The teachers and non-teaching staff should <strong>visit the locality of the students (in and around the school area) on a weekly basis</strong> to supervise the whole work.</li>
<li>They should <strong>take notes on the problems faced by students</strong> in understanding the reading material and also whether things are reaching them on time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Evaluation System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The evaluation should be<strong> based on the capacity of analysis, and the questions</strong> should be framed in such a way that <strong>students need to apply their minds</strong> to answer the questions on each subject.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prioritizing Vaccination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition, the <strong>government should take the responsibility to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vaccinate</a> the whole teaching community</strong> as fast as possible to advance this learning process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives for E-Learning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E-PG Pathshala:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to provide e-content for studies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SWAYAM</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for an integrated platform for online courses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEAT</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to use <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> to make learning more personalized and customized as per the requirements of the learner</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PRAGYATA</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) released guidelines on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/education-in-post-covid-era" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital education</strong></a> titled PRAGYATA.</li>
<li>Under the PRAGYATA guidelines, only 30 minutes of screen time per day for interacting with parents is recommended for kindergarten, nursery and pre-school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The NPTEL is a project of MHRD initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), along with the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.</li>
<li>It was started in 2003 and its aim was to have <strong>web and video courses in engineering, sciences, and management.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Covid-19</strong> has shown the extent to which the Indian system of education exploits inequalities.</li>
<li>Thus, there is a <strong>need for renewed commitments to the synergy between the private and public education sector.</strong> In this context, there is a <strong>need to make education a common good and digital innovation can help in achieving the feat.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-schooling-during-the-pandemic-can-be-transformed-7315318/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8374,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Overcrowding of Prison',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>of India has ordered the <strong>interim release of eligible prisoners</strong> in view of the uncontrolled second surge in the raging Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Court&rsquo;s order aims to decongest jails and a measure that <strong>protects the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">right to life</a> and health of the prisoners.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Important Points of Supreme Court Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasised the need to adhere to the norms it had laid down in <em><strong>Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar (2014) </strong></em><strong>case.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this case, the police were asked not to effect unnecessary arrests, especially in cases that involve jail terms <strong>less than seven years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Authorities in all districts in the country to give effect to <strong>Section 436A of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C).</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the Section 436A of the Cr.P.C, the undertrials who have <strong>completed half of the maximum prison term</strong> prescribed for the offence may be released on <strong>personal bond.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Suggested the legislature to consider the idea of <strong>placing convicts under house arrest</strong> to avoid overcrowding of prisons.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>occupancy rate in prisons</strong> climbed to 118.5% in 2019. Moreover, a <strong>very large sum of the budget</strong> is used for the maintenance of prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ordered all States to <strong>take preventive steps</strong> as well as <strong>constitute high-powered committees</strong> to determine the class of prisoners who could be released on bail or parole for a specified period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Indian Prisons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian prisons face<strong> three long-standing structural constraints:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overcrowding,</li>
<li>Understaffing and underfunding and</li>
<li>Violent clashes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Prison Statistics India 2016,</strong> published by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong></a> in 2019 highlights the plight of prisoners in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Under-trial Population:</strong> India&rsquo;s under-trial population remains among the highest in the world and more than half of all undertrials were detained for less than six months in 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report highlights that at the end of 2016, there were 4,33,033 people in prison, of whom<strong> 68% were undertrials.</strong></li>
<li>This suggests that the high proportion of undertrials in the overall prison population may be the result of<strong> unnecessary arrests</strong> and<strong> ineffective legal aid</strong> during remand hearings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>People Held Under Preventive Detention:</strong> There is the rise in the number of people held under<strong> administrative (or &lsquo;prevention&rsquo;) detention laws</strong> in Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A 300% increase, with 431 detainees in 2016, compared to 90 in 2015.</li>
<li>Administrative, or &lsquo;preventive&rsquo;, detention is used by authorities to detain persons without charge or trial and circumvent regular criminal justice procedures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unawareness about Section 436A of C.R.P.C.:</strong> There is a gap between the number of prisoners eligible to be released and actually released, under Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2016, out of 1,557 undertrials found eligible for release under Section 436A, only 929 were released.</li>
<li>Also, research by Amnesty India has found that prison officials are frequently unaware of this section and unwilling to apply it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unnatural Deaths in Prison:</strong> The number of &ldquo;unnatural&rdquo; deaths in prisons has doubled between 2015 and 2016, from 115 to 231.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rate of suicide among prisoners also increased by 28%, from 77 suicides in 2015 to 102 in 2016.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> in 2014 had stated that on average, a person is one-and-a-half times more likely to commit suicide in prison than outside. This is a possible indicator of the magnitude of <strong>mental health concerns</strong> within Indian prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Mental Health Professional:</strong> There was only one mental health professional for every 21,650 prisoners in 2016, with only six States and one Union Territory having psychologists /psychiatrists.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, the NCRB had said that about 6,013 individuals with mental illness were in jail in 2016.</li>
<li>As per the Prison Act, 1894 and Prisoner Act, 1900, there should be a <strong>welfare officer and a law officer</strong> in each jail but recruitment of these officers is still pending. This state explains the low political and budgetary priority which prisons have received during the preceding century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendation for Prison Reforms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court appointed <strong>Justice Amitava Roy (retd.) Committee</strong> has given the following recommendations to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-prison-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reform prisons.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For Overcrowding:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Speedy Trial:</strong> Speedy trial remains one of the best ways to remedy the unwarranted phenomenon of overcrowding.</li>
<li><strong>Lawyer to Prisoner Ratio:</strong> There should be at least <strong>one lawyer for every 30 prisoners,</strong> which is not the case at present.</li>
<li><strong>Special Courts:</strong> Special fast-track courts should be set up to deal exclusively with petty offences which have been pending for more than five years.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, accused persons who are charged with petty offences and those granted bail, but who are unable to arrange surety should be released on a <strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) Bond.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Avoid Adjournment:</strong> An adjournment should not be granted in cases where witnesses are present and the concept of plea bargaining, in which the accused admits guilt for a lesser sentence, should be promoted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Prisoners:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Accommodative Transition:</strong> Every new prisoner should be allowed a free phone call a day to his family members to see him through his first week in jail.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Aid:</strong> Providing effective legal aid to prisoners and taking steps to provide vocational skills and education to prisoners.</li>
<li><strong>Use of ICT:</strong> Use of video-conferencing for trial.</li>
<li><strong>Alternatives:</strong> The courts may be asked to use their "discretionary powers" and award sentences like "fine and admonition" if possible instead of sending the offenders to jails.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, courts may be encouraged to release offenders on probation at pre-trial stage or after trial in deserving cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Filling Vacancies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court should pass directions asking authorities to start the recruitment process against permanent vacancies within three months and the process should be completed in a year.</li>
<li>For Food: Modern cooking facilities and canteens to buy essential items.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2017, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission of India</strong></a> had recommended that undertrials who have completed a third of their maximum sentence for offences attracting up to seven years of imprisonment be released on bail.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>State Subject:</strong> 'Prisons/persons detained therein' is a <strong>State subject</strong> under <strong>Entry 4 of List II</strong> of the<strong> Seventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> provides regular guidance and advice to States and UTs on various issues concerning prisons and prison inmates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 39A:</strong>&nbsp;Article 39A of the Constitution directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and shall, in particular, <strong>provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way,</strong> to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to free legal aid or free legal service</strong> is an essential fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution.</li>
<li>It forms the basis of reasonable, fair and just liberty under <strong>Article 21</strong> of the Constitution of India, which says,<strong> &ldquo;No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undertrials:</strong> These are the people who are yet to be found guilty of the crimes they have been accused of.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-and-k-public-safety-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Preventive Detention</a>:</strong> The imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offences or of maintaining public order.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 22 (3) (b)</strong> of the Constitution allows for preventive detention and restriction on personal liberty for reasons of state security and public order.</li>
<li>Further, <strong>Article 22 (4)</strong> states that no law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless:</li>
<li>An Advisory Board reports sufficient cause for extended detention.</li>
<li>Such a person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) Bond:</strong> It is also known as Own Recognizance (OR) bond, and sometimes referred to as &ldquo;no cost bail&rdquo;. With this type of bond, a person is released from custody and is not required to post bail.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are, however, responsible for showing up on their specified court date, and must sign a release form stating this promise in writing.</li>
<li>The person is then released from custody based on their promise to appear in court and abide by any conditions of release set by the court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/protecting-prisoners-the-hindu-editorial-on-overcrowding-of-prisons/article34545382.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8372,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Since <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/military-coup-in-myanmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the coup in Myanmar</strong></a>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID)</strong> has received reports of <strong>enforced disappearances from the family members of victims.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many Asian regimes are using <strong>enforced disappearances as a tool to suppress the people.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enforced disappearance occurs when a <strong>person is secretly abducted or imprisoned</strong> by a state or political organization, or by a third party with the authorization, support, of a state or political organization, <strong>followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person&rsquo;s fate and whereabouts,</strong> with the intent of <strong>placing the victim outside the protection of the law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enforced disappearances became widely known to the world in the <strong>1970s and the early 1980s during the &lsquo;Dirty War&rsquo; in Argentina.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dirty War, also</strong> called <strong>Process of National Reorganization, was</strong> a infamous <strong>campaign waged by Argentina&rsquo;s military dictatorship against suspected left-wing political opponents.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constituents of Enforced Disappearances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Deprivation of liberty</strong> against the will of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Involvement of government officials,</strong> at least by acquiescence.</li>
<li><strong>Refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty</strong> or concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Occurrences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Myanmar:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>military is committed to suppressing the people&rsquo;s movement,</strong> and the police are carrying out unimaginable acts of violence and oppression against those demanding freedom of expression and the restoration of democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the pretext of re-education to prevent terrorism, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uighur-muslims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uyghur minority ethnic group</strong></a> <strong>members are forcibly sent to what Chinese authorities call &lsquo;vocational education and training centers&rsquo;,</strong> with no information on their whereabouts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sri Lanka:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has experienced more than three decades of<strong> domestic conflict accompanied by various forms of enforced disappearances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan and Bangladesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Enforced disappearances are<strong> being committed in the name of counter-terrorism measures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Measures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1980, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-human-rights-council#:~:text=Formation%3A,of%20the%20Human%20Rights%20Council." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Commission on Human Rights</strong></a> (now replaced with UN Human Rights Council) decided to "establish for a period of one year a working group consisting of five of its members, to serve as experts in their individual capacities, to examine questions relevant to enforced or involuntary disappearances of persons".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Assist Families:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>assists families in determining the fate or whereabouts</strong> of their family members who have reportedly disappeared.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oblige States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>entrusted with monitoring the progress of States in fulfilling their obligations</strong> deriving from the Declaration and to provide to Governments assistance in its implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Involves NGOs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>draws the attention of Governments and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) to different aspects</strong> of the Declaration and recommends ways of overcoming obstacles to the realization of its provisions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance in 2006:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>protect the right to be free from enforced disappearances,</strong> the international community adopted the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance in 2006.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This became effective in 2010 and the<strong> Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED) was established.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CED and WGEID coexist side by side and seek to collaborate and coordinate</strong> their activities with a view to strengthen the joint efforts to prevent and eradicate enforced disappearances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The number of <strong>participating states is still very low</strong> compared to other treaties.</li>
<li>Among <strong>63 member states</strong> of the treaty, only eight states from the Asia-Pacific region have ratified or acceded to the treaty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Only four East Asian states &mdash; Cambodia, Japan, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka have ratified it.</li>
<li><strong>India has signed but not ratified it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relevant Indian Laws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India there is<strong> no specific legislation for enforced disappearances</strong> but there are international, constitutional legal protections available for torture, extra judicial killings and forced disappearances such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afspa-extended-in-nagaland#:~:text=power%20is%20necessary.-,Armed%20Forces%20(Special%20Powers)%20Act%2C%201958%20(AFSPA),order%20in%20%E2%80%9Cdisturbed%20areas%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed forces and special powers Act, 1958</strong></a>, Prevention of torture bill, 2017, <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information act 2005</strong> </a>etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enforced disappearance is a <strong>serious crime that goes against humanity.</strong> The pain and suffering of the family members do not end until they find out the fate or whereabouts of their loved ones.</li>
<li><strong>Asian countries should consider their obligations and responsibilities</strong> more seriously and reject a culture of impunity in order to eradicate enforced disappearances.</li>
<li>The <strong>domestic criminal law systems are not sufficient to deal with the crime of enforced disappearance.</strong> It is a continuous crime that <strong>needs a comprehensive approach to fight against it.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>international community must strengthen its efforts</strong> to eradicate enforced disappearances at the earliest.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-crime-of-enforced-disappearances-must-end/article34552520.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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