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e-Shram Portal: Scope of Improvement

This article is based on “e-Shram Needs Some Hard Work To Get Going” which was published in The Hindu on 17/09/2021. It talks about the...

17 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Groundswell Report: World Bank

Why in News Recently, the updated Groundswell report released by the World Bank indicated that climate change could force 216 million people across...

15 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Transforming India’s Food Systems

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10 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Rising Complaints of Crimes Against Women: NCW

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08 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Recalibrating the Affirmative Action

This article is based on The key to revitalising India’s reservation system which was published in The Hindu on 06/09/2021. It talks about...

06 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Tuberculosis

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06 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Dementia

Why in News Recently, the WHO (World Health Organisation) released a report ‘Global status report on the public health response to...

04 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Poshan 2.0

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02 Sep 2021 Social Justice
World Social Protection Report: ILO

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02 Sep 2021 Social Justice
Nutritional Security Through Food Fortification

This article is based on Biofortified food can lead India from food security to nutrition security, which was published in The Indian Express on...

30 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Keeping Girls In School

This article is based on Making sure that girls don’t drop out of school which was published in The Indian Express on 28/08/2021. It talks...

28 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021: ADB

Why in News Recently, Asian Development Bank (ADB) released a report titled as the Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. The report...

26 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

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26 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Rapid Urbanisation and Plight of Slums

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25 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Adoption (First Amendment) Regulations, 2021

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24 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Polio

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23 Aug 2021 Social Justice
Localising SDGs

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20 Aug 2021 Social Justice
India’s Water Crisis & Women

Why in News India is water-stressed due to changing weather patterns and repeated droughts. And the worst sufferers of this crisis are mostly...

18 Aug 2021 Social Justice
SAMVAD Initiative

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Women and Child Development has launched the 2nd phase of the SAMVAD programme. The second phase was launched...

16 Aug 2021 Social Justice
International Youth Day, 2021

Why in News Every year, International Youth Day is observed on 12th August to recognise and bring attention to the problems faced by the...

14 Aug 2021 Social Justice

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<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/e-shram-needs-some-hard-work-to-get-going/article36505541.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;e-Shram Needs Some Hard Work To Get Going&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 17/09/2021. It talks about the e-Shram portal, the much needed initiative for the unorganised sector of India and the issues associated with it.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) launched the e-Shram portal for creating a National Database of Unorganized Workers (NDUW).</p>
<p>The portal came into being after the Supreme Court <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/registration-of-unorganised-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>directed the Government to complete the registration process of unorganized workers.</strong></a></p>
<p>This much needed step, considering the enactment of <strong>Unorganised Workers&rsquo; Social Security Act, 2008</strong> is however, about a decade late to come into existence.</p>
<p>As much as appreciable the step is towards addressing the issues of the informal sector, the portal also raises concerns over issues like workers&rsquo; data protection, digital illiteracy etc.</p>
<h3>Unorganised Sector and e-Shram</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Total Share:</strong> According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong></a> (PLFS 2018-19), <strong>90% of workers were in the informal sector,</strong> which is 419 million of the 465 million workers.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Pandemic:</strong> Informal workers in rural and urban areas have been hit the most due to the pandemic, because of the seasonality of their employment and lack of formal employee-employer relationship.</li>
<li><strong>e-Shram Portal:</strong> It seeks to register an estimated 398-400 million unorganised workers and to issue an E-Shram card containing a 12 digit unique number. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Significance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Accidental Coverage:</strong> Each individual registering at the portal is eligible for an accidental cover of Rs 2 lakh for a year which is provided yearly under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Integrating Welfare Schemes:</strong> The portal seeks to integrate all the social welfare schemes available for the benefit of unorganised workers.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficial for Inter-state Migrants:</strong> The portal helps the inter-state migrant workers avail the <strong>benefit of the welfare schemes regardless of their location.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Social Security Benefits:</strong> The unorganised workers will be able to receive social security benefits such as insurance coverage, maternity benefits, pensions, educational benefits, provident fund benefits, housing schemes etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lower Teledensity and Digital Literacy:</strong> India still witnesses a significant digital divide, as per the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/telecom-regulatory-authority-of-india-trai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</strong></a>, as of 30<sup>th</sup> June, 2021, the <strong>rural teledensity</strong> (number of telephone connections per 100 people in a specified geographic area)<strong> stands at 60.10% against the overall teledensity is 88.07%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is compounded by the low levels of <strong>digital literacy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar Related Issues:</strong> Imposing the condition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> would exclude workers without Aadhaar cards from the process. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many unorganised workers have to change mobile numbers frequently and may <strong>not always be able to access the Aadhaar-linked mobile.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aadhaar-seeding is a controversial issue in the <strong>North-eastern regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, the Aadhaar verification system has <strong>suffered technology failures many times</strong> that have led to serious issues of exclusion for welfare benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data-Security Related Issues:</strong> In the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-protection-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> absence of a stringent data protection law</strong></a>, one of the vital concerns of the portal is <strong>data security and its potential abuse</strong> considering it is a mega-sized database. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The central government would have to share data with State governments whose data security capacities vary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Inclusive Coverage of Workers:</strong> By excluding workers covered by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-and-esic-extension-to-covid-hit-families#:~:text=Employees%27%20State%20Insurance%20(ESI)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20is%20a%20multidimensional%20social,%27%20State%20Insurance%20Act%2C%201948." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EPF and ESI</strong></a>, lakhs of <strong>contract workers will be excluded from the ambit of unorganised workers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the portal is open to unorganised workers aged between 16 and 59 only, the NDUW <strong>excludes a large number of workers aged over 59</strong> from its ambit, which constitutes age discrimination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ambiguity regarding Gig Workers:</strong> Even though the MoLE includes gig workers in this process, the other three <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/labour-code-for-informal-sector#:~:text=The%20Finance%20Minister%20in%20budget,compromising%20with%20the%20workers'%20benefits." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Labour Codes</strong> </a>do not include them as workers, neither does the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code</strong></a> specifically include them, unless they are declared &lsquo;self-employed&rsquo; or &lsquo;wage workers&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Allowing Multiple Mediums for Identification:</strong> The mandatory usage of Aadhaar for registration is unconstitutional and exclusionary. Other government provided ID cards should be allowed for authenticating a worker&rsquo;s identity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Triple linkage for efficient and leakage-less delivery of all kinds of benefits to workers viz. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One-Nation-One-Ration Card (ONORC)</strong></a>,<strong> E-Shram Card</strong> and the <strong>Election Commission Card</strong> can be done.</li>
<li>Also, the workers must be provided the flexibility to use different numbers as it would increase the portal&rsquo;s registration intake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offline Registrations:</strong> Arrangements for offline registration are needed, given that all workers will not be able to access the online portal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To this extent, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/common-services-centres-csc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Common Service Centres</a> can be leveraged to hold &lsquo;registration camps&rsquo;</strong> for those who wish to register offline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adopting Multi-Pronged Approach:</strong> The success of the project depends on the involvement of a variety of stakeholders. It also includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Massive and innovative dissemination exercises involving multiple media outlets of various languages.</li>
<li>The holding of camps on demand by the stakeholders by the Government.</li>
<li>Efficiency of the resolution of grievance redress mechanisms.</li>
<li>Micro-level operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Surveys and Surveillance:</strong> The Government must <strong>publish statistics at the national and the regional levels</strong> of the registrations to assess the registration system&rsquo;s efficiency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is also the concern of corruption as middle-service agencies such as Internet providers might charge exorbitant charges to register and print the E-Shram cards. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, the <strong>involvement of surveillance agencies is crucial.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Covid-19 crisis has taught us the importance of building safety nets and raised the need to formulate robust social security mechanisms for the unorganised sector in India.</li>
<li>E-Shram is a vital system to provide hitherto invisible workers much-needed visibility. It will provide the Labour Market Citizenship Document to them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It must be ensured that registrations are not a source of exclusion of a person from receiving social assistance and benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f2fff9;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;E-Shram Portal is a vital system to provide hitherto invisible workers much-needed visibility&rdquo;. Comment.</p>
</td>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9774,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Groundswell Report: World Bank',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the updated <strong>Groundswell report</strong> released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> indicated that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-2021-report-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a> could force 216 million people across six world regions to move within their countries by 2050.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hotspots of<strong> internal climate <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a></strong> can emerge as early as 2030 and continue to spread and intensify by 2050.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First Groundswell Report:</strong> It was<strong> published in 2018</strong> and used a robust and novel modeling approach to understand the scale, trajectory, and spatial patterns of future climate migration within countries, <strong>with a focus on three regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, </strong>and <strong>Latin America.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Second Groundswell Report:</strong> It builds on the first report, applying the same approach to <strong>three new regions:</strong> the <strong>Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and the Pacific,</strong> and <strong>Eastern Europe and Central Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qualitative analyses of climate-related mobility in countries of the <strong>Mashreq</strong> (i.e eastern part of the Arab World) and in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-impacting-small-island-developing-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Small Island Developing States (SIDS)</strong></a> are also provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two reports&rsquo; combined findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the potential scale of internal climate migration across the six World Bank regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Internal Climate Migrants:</strong> As many as 216 million people could be internal climate migrants across the six World Bank regions (by 2050). This represents <strong>almost 3%</strong> of these regions&rsquo; total projected population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa:</strong> 85.7 million internal climate migrants (4.2% of the total population);</li>
<li><strong>East Asia and the Pacific:</strong> 48.4 million (2.5%);</li>
<li><strong>South Asia:</strong> 40.5 million (1.8%);</li>
<li><strong>North Africa:</strong> 19.3 million (9 %);</li>
<li><strong>Latin America:</strong> 17.1 million (2.6%); and</li>
<li><strong>Eastern Europe and Central Asia:</strong> 5.1 million (2.3%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Most Vulnerable Region:</strong> The scale of internal climate migration will be largest in the poorest and most climate-vulnerable regions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SubSaharan Africa:</strong> The most vulnerable region due to desertification, fragile coastlines and the population's dependence on agriculture - would see the most migrants.</li>
<li><strong>North Africa:</strong> It is predicted to have the <strong>largest proportion of climate migrants (9%).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is due to a great extent to severe water scarcity, as well as the impacts of sea-level rise on densely populated coastal areas and in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conflict-over-nile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nile Delta.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South Asia:</strong> In South Asia, <strong>Bangladesh is particularly affected</strong> by flooding and crop failures, accounting for almost half of the predicted climate migrants, with 19.9 million people, including an increasing number of women, moving by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduce Emission:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Five years after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, the world is still headed for at least 3&deg;C of warming by 2100.</li>
<li>Ambitious action to curb global emissions is critical to reducing the burden of climate change impacts on key resources, livelihood systems, and urban centers that may drive people to migrate in distress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive and Resilient Development Pathways: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Integrating internal climate migration in development planning</strong> is critical to address the poverty factors that make people particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as a lack of viable livelihood options and lower quality assets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan for Each Phase of Migration:</strong> Planning for internal climate migration means accounting for <strong>all phases of migration - before, during, and after moving.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before migration, adapt-in-place solutions can help communities stay in place where local adaptation options are viable and sensible.</li>
<li>During migration, policies and investments can enable mobility for people who need to move away from unavoidable climate risks.</li>
<li>After migration, planning can ensure that both sending and receiving areas are well equipped to meet the needs and aspirations of their populations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investments:</strong> More investments are needed in research at scale, including new, more granular data sources and differentiated climate change impacts, to better contextualize and understand internal climate migration at the regional and country level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 99.9242%; text-align: center; height: 19px; background-color: #0d0000;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Global Efforts to Address Climate Change and Migration Challenges</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 20px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 20px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</strong></a> formally incorporates mobility in the context of climate change in the <strong>2010 Cancun Adaptation Framework,</strong> calling on countries for &ldquo;measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate induced displacement, migration, and planned relocation,&rdquo; while &ldquo;taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement (2013)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement, established under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Warsaw Mechanism.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage focuses on preparing for and addressing loss and damage from both sudden- and slow onset climate change impacts, including effects on mobility.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Paris Agreement (2015)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Preamble of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong> </a>states that the &ldquo;Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on migrants&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-30)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report#:~:text=Sendai%20Framework%20for%20Disaster%20Reduction%202015%2D30&amp;text=The%20present%20Framework%20applies%20to,and%20biological%20hazards%20and%20risks." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework</strong> </a>outlines targets and priorities for action to prevent and reduce disaster risks, including through governance, investment in disaster reduction for resilience, and disaster preparedness, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.</li>
<li>It articulates the need to include migrants in disaster risk reduction and management in three places.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UN Global Compact on Refugees (2016)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provides <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-refugee-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>specific commitments to address the drivers of environmental mobility</strong></a> and develop policies aimed at ensuring greater protection for those affected by these movements.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (2018)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognizes the need to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-compact-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> strengthen joint analysis</strong> </a>and <strong>sharing of information to better map, understand, predict, </strong>and<strong> address migration movements,</strong> such as those that may result from sudden-onset and slow-onset natural disasters and the adverse effects of climate change, as well as develop adaptation and resilience strategies, taking into account the potential implications on migration.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UNFCCC 24<sup>th</sup> Conference of Parties Decision (2018)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP24 Decision</strong></a>, informed by a report from the <strong>UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement,</strong> invites UNFCCC parties to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility in the context of climate change, by considering the needs of migrants and displaced persons, communities of origin, transit and destination, and by enhancing opportunities for regular migration pathways, including through labor mobility.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-can-force-216-million-people-to-migrate-within-their-own-countries-by-2050-79002" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9699,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Transforming India’s Food Systems',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Sustainability of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-on-food-systems-and-nutrition-cfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Systems</strong> </a>is going to be crucial in the years to come due to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-climate-and-deglaciation-a-warning-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India also <strong>has to transform its food systems</strong>, which have to be inclusive and sustainable for higher farm incomes and nutrition security.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation's</strong></a>&nbsp;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inequitable-food-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>report on the Food System</strong></a>, suggested that today's food systems are heavily afflicted by power imbalances and inequality, and do not work for most women.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Food Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/42nd-session-of-fao-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)</strong></a>, food systems encompass the entire range of actors involved in:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Production, aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal of food products that originate from agriculture, forestry or fisheries, and parts of the broader economic, societal and natural environments in which they are embedded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges in India&rsquo;s Food Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Effect of Green Revolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although there has been significant progress in the country&rsquo;s agricultural development due to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Revolution</strong></a>, It has also led to <strong>water-logging</strong>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>soil erosion</strong></a>, <strong>groundwater depletion</strong> and the <strong>unsustainability of agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Policies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Current policies are still based on the <strong>deficit mindset of the 1960s</strong>. The procurement, <strong>subsidies and water policies are biased</strong> towards rice and wheat. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Three crops (rice, wheat and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sustainable-sugarcane-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sugarcane</strong></a>) corner 75 to 80% of irrigated water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NFHS-5</strong></a> shows that <strong>under-nutrition has not declined</strong> in many states even in 2019-20. Similarly, obesity is also rising.</li>
<li>The cost of the EAT-Lancet <strong>dietary recommendations for rural India ranges between USD 3 and USD 5 per person per day.</strong> In contrast,<strong> actual dietary intake</strong> is around<strong> USD 1 per person per day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Needed to Transform India&rsquo;s Food Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crop Diversification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Diversification of cropping patterns towards millets, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture is needed for more equal distribution of water, sustainable and <strong>climate-resilient agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Changes in Agri-Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation#:~:text=Recognizing%20the%20problems%20of%20small,linkages%20for%20improving%20their%20income." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)</strong></a> should help get better prices for inputs and outputs for small holders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agri-profits-and-farmers-income" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Choupal</strong></a> is an example of technology benefiting small farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Women&rsquo;s empowerment is important particularly for <strong>raising incomes and nutrition.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s cooperatives and groups like <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kudumbashree</strong></a> in Kerala would be helpful.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Food Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Estimates show that the food sector emits around 30% of the world&rsquo;s <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>greenhouse gases</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Sustainability has to be achieved in <strong>production, value chains and consumption.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Infrastructure &amp; Social Protection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Covid-19 pandemic has uncovered the weak well being infrastructure in international locations like India, notably in rural areas and a few areas.</li>
<li>Inclusive food systems also need strong social protection programmes. India has long experience in these programmes. Strengthening India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Employment Guarantee Act</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System (PDS)</strong></a>, nutrition programmes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme-new-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-Day Meal</strong></a> programmes, can improve income, livelihoods and nutrition for the poor and vulnerable groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Agriculture Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The role of non-agriculture is equally important for sustainable food systems. <strong>Labour-intensive manufacturing and services can reduce pressure on agriculture as income from agriculture</strong> is not sufficient for small holders and informal workers.</li>
<li>Therefore strengthening rural <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-msmes-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> and food processing is part of the solution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>UN</strong> Secretary-General will convene the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inequitable-food-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Systems Summit</a> in September 2021</strong>, which aims for a transformation of global food systems in order to achieve the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a> by 2030. It is a great opportunity to boost policies</strong> for achieving SDGs.</li>
<li>Science and technology are important drivers to achieve these goals. <strong>India should also aim for a food systems transformation, which can be inclusive and sustainable</strong>, ensure growing farm incomes and nutrition security.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-indias-food-systems-must-respond-to-the-climate-crisis-7497410/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9675,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rising Complaints of Crimes Against Women: NCW',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Women (NCW)</strong></a> informed that there was <strong>a rise of 46% in complaints of crimes against women</strong> in the first eight months of 2021 over the corresponding period of last year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCW was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the <strong>National Commission for Women Act, 1990</strong>. Its mission is to <strong>strive towards enabling women to achieve equality and equal participation</strong> in all spheres of life.</li>
<li>In October 2020, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> said that crimes against women continued in a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-on-crimes-and-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>never-ending cycle</strong></a> in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crime Heads (No. of Complaints):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-of-reputation-vs-right-to-dignity#:~:text=No%20person%20shall%20be%20deprived,to%20life%20and%20personal%20liberty." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Against Right to live with dignity</strong></a> &gt; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/domestic-violence-during-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Domestic violence</strong></a>&gt; Harassment of married women or dowry harassment&gt; Outraging modesty of women or molestation&gt; Rape and attempt to rape&gt; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-cybercrimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyber crimes</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-Wise Data:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> (10,084)&gt; <strong>Delhi</strong> (2,147)&gt; <strong>Haryana</strong> (995)&gt; <strong>Maharashtra</strong> (974).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violence against Women:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> defines violence against women as <strong>"any act of gender-based violence</strong> that results in, or is likely to result in,<strong> physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats</strong> of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life."</li>
<li>Violence against women is a <strong>social, economic, developmental, legal, educational, human right, and health (physical and mental) issue.</strong></li>
<li>Since the outbreak of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, emerging data and reports from those on the front lines, have shown that all types of violence against women and girls, particularly domestic violence, has intensified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gender Disparity</strong> is one of the deep rooted cause of violence against women that put women at risk of several forms of violence.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Retaliation, Absence of laws</strong> addressing their rights comprehensively and <strong>Ignorance of the existing statutes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Societal attitude, stigma</strong> and conditioning also made women vulnerable to <strong>domestic violence</strong> and these are the main factors for under-reporting of cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The adverse <strong>psychological, sexual and reproductive health consequences</strong> of violence against women and girls affect women at all stages of their life.</li>
<li>For example, <strong>early-set educational disadvantages</strong> not only represent the primary obstacle to universal schooling and the right to education for girls; down the line they are also to blame for restricting access to higher education and even translate into <strong>limited opportunities for women in the labour market.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Spotlight Initiative:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong> </a>and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong></a> have embarked on a new, global, multi-year initiative focused on eliminating all forms of Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is so named as it brings focused attention to this issue, moving it into the spotlight and placing it at the centre of efforts to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women</strong>-25<sup>th</sup> November.</li>
<li><strong>UN Women</strong> is the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>entity dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Safeguards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fundamental Rights</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It guarantees all Indians the <strong>right to equality (Article 14)</strong>, no discrimination by the State on the basis of gender <strong>(Article 15(1))</strong> and special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women <strong>(Article 15(3))</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fundamental Duties</strong></a>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It ensures that practices derogatory to the dignity of women are prohibited under <strong>Article 51 (A)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legislative Framework:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/change-in-the-provision-of-the-domestic-violence-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-12-2019#:~:text=The%20Dowry%20Prohibition%20Act%2C%201961,at%20their%20place%20of%20work." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/be-mains-ready-daily-answer-writing-practice-question/papers/2020/bmr-be-mains-ready-safety-of-women-implications-some-major-legal-initiatives-taken#:~:text=The%20Sexual%20Harassment%20of%20Women,it%20in%20public%20or%20private." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-29-of-the-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO), 2012</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Violence against women <strong>continues to be an obstacle to achieving equality, development, peace</strong> as well as to the fulfillment of women and girls&rsquo; human rights.</li>
<li>All in all, the promise of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> - to leave no one behind - cannot be fulfilled without putting an end to violence against women and girls.</li>
<li>Crime against women cannot be resolved in the court of law alone. A holistic approach &amp; changing the entire ecosystem is what is required.</li>
<li>All the stakeholders need to get their act together, including Law makers, police officers, forensic dept, prosecutors, judiciary, medical &amp; health dept, NGOs, rehabilitation centers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rise-in-complaints-of-crimes-against-women-2021-ncw-7494290/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9635,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Recalibrating the Affirmative Action',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-key-to-revitalising-indias-reservation-system/article36310802.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The key to revitalising India&rsquo;s reservation system</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/09/2021. It talks about the issues with the policy of affirmative action and the issues related to it.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government has been lauded for introducing reservations for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs)</strong> </a>in the <strong>National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET)</strong> examinations and the decision has renewed debate on caste census and again brought the debate on affirmative action in the limelight.</p>
<p>The <strong>affirmative action programme</strong> that was envisaged during the founding moments of the republic is indeed one of the remarkable provisions to have been worked out by our Constitution makers. It has been historically significant in enunciating the principle of justice in a deeply unequal and oppressive social order such as ours.</p>
<p>While it is undeniable that reservation provisions have been one of the protagonists of Indian democracy&rsquo;s success stories, these have also accumulated a fair share of problems and call for immediate policy attention and debate.</p>
<h3>Need For Reservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To correct the <strong>historical injustice</strong> faced by backward castes in the country.</li>
<li>To provide a<strong> level playing field</strong> for backward sections as they can not compete with those who have had the access of resources and means for centuries.</li>
<li>To ensure<strong> adequate representation</strong> of backward classes in the services under the State.</li>
<li>For <strong>advancement of backward classes.</strong></li>
<li>To<strong> ensure equality</strong> as the basis of meritocracy i.e all people must be brought to the same level before judging them on the basis of merit.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Problems With Current Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Equity:</strong> Through reservation of seats in political and public institutions of the state, it was thought that the hitherto marginalised groups &mdash; which have suffered generations of oppression and humiliation &mdash; would, finally, be able to find place in the power sharing and decision-making processes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this strategy of removal of disabilities has not translated into an equalisation of life chances for many groups in our heterogeneous society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problem of Reification:</strong> The current system suffers from the problem of reification (fallacy of ambiguity) is a reality in the present situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice G. Rohini Commission&rsquo;s report</strong></a> on the<strong> sub-categorisation of OBCs</strong> gives a good synoptic view to understand this.</li>
<li>Based on the last five years&rsquo; data on appointments in central government jobs and OBC admissions to central higher education institutions, the commission concluded that 97% of central OBC quota benefits go to just under 25% of its castes.</li>
<li>As many as 983 OBC communities &mdash; 37% of the total &mdash; have zero representation in both central government jobs and admissions to central universities.</li>
<li>Also, the report states that just 10% of the OBC communities have accrued 24.95% of jobs and admissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> It is important to note that the Rohini Commission&rsquo;s data are based just on the institutions that come under the purview of the central government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is lack of any legible data on the socio-economic conditions of varied social groups at more local levels of State and society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Caste Still Attached to Income Level:</strong> Even in the phase of liberation castes have remained tied to more traditional sources of income and were incapable of realising the new opportunities provided by the opening of the economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the wake of the lack of social security net on the ground, the marginal majority still dwells in the waiting room of history, waiting to see the light of the policy grid of the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many suggestions were made in the recommendations that the expert committee for an <strong>Equal Opportunities Commission (2008)</strong> made in its comprehensive report that it submitted to the Ministry of Minority Affairs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, little policy progress has been made in this regard. Successive governments have been reluctant to engage with such radical policy options, almost always caving in to immediate and myopic political gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demands From the Marginalised Section:</strong> There is now a strong demand from those who have not been able to accrue the benefits of reservations from within the marginalised sections, to devise some policy option which may be able to supplement the existing system of reservation.</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical Distribution:</strong> Asymmetrical distribution of reservation has even deterred the solidarity among the lower caste groups.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recalibrating Affirmative Action:</strong> It is required that benefits of affirmative action are shared by the poorest of poor sections of any caste.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A mechanism is required that can address this lacuna in the present implementation of affirmative action and make the system more accountable and sensitive to intra-group demands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For Evidence-based Policy:</strong> There is an urgent need to develop a wide variety of context-sensitive, evidence-based policy options that can be tailored to meet specific requirements of specific groups.</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Setup:</strong> There is a need for an institution like the Equal Opportunities Commission of the United States or the United Kingdom which can undertake two important but interrelated things: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Make a deprivation index</strong> correlating data from the socio-economic-based census of different communities including caste, gender, religion, and other group inequalities and rank them to make tailor made policies.</li>
<li><strong>Undertake an audit</strong> on performance of employers and educational institutions on non-discrimination and equal opportunity and issue codes of good practice in different sectors. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will make the formulation of policy and its monitoring simpler at an institutional level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For Comprehensive Caste-based Census:</strong> A socio-economic caste-based census becomes a necessary precondition to initiate any meaningful reform in the affirmative action regime in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus it is the need of the hour to include caste census with the general census.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strong Political Will:</strong> A strong political will is indispensable to find an equilibrium between justice to the backwards, equity for the forwards and efficiency for the entire system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus, it is necessary to place the issue of reservation in a new framework that takes due care of the changes taking place in Indian society and economy. This framework should help in perfectly balancing quality and equality</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>It is necessary to place the issue of reservation in a new framework that takes due care of the changes taking place in Indian society and economy. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9625,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tuberculosis',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Centenary celebration is being observed for the <strong>Bacille Calmette-Gu&eacute;rin (BCG)</strong> vaccine, which is presently the <strong>sole vaccine</strong> available for the prevention of <strong>Tuberculosis (TB).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TB is <strong>caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis,</strong> belonging to the Mycobacteriaceae family consisting of about 200 members. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of Mycobacteria cause diseases like TB and<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/leprosy-health-gs-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Leprosy</strong></a> in humans and others infect a wide range of animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In humans, TB <strong>most commonly affects the lungs</strong> (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect other organs (extra-pulmonary TB).</li>
<li>TB is <strong>a very ancient disease</strong> and has been documented to have <strong>existed in Egypt as early as 3000 BC.</strong></li>
<li>TB is<strong> a treatable and curable disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TB is <strong>spread from person to person through the air.</strong> When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Impact of TB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019, 87% of new TB cases occurred in the 30 high TB burden countries.</li>
<li>Eight countries accounted for<strong> two thirds of the new TB cases:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.</li>
<li><strong>India reported 1.8 million TB cases</strong> between January and December 2020 as compared to 2.4 million the year before.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2019, <strong>MDR-TB remained a public health crisis</strong> and a health security threat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>MultiDrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)</strong> is a strain of TB that cannot be treated with the two most powerful first-line treatment anti-TB drugs. <strong>Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)</strong> is a form of TB caused by bacteria that are resistant to several of the most effective anti-TB drugs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BCG Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BCG was developed by two Frenchmen, Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin,<strong> by modifying a strain of Mycobacterium bovis</strong> (that causes TB in cattle). It was <strong>first used in humans in 1921.</strong></li>
<li>In India, BCG was <strong>first introduced in a limited scale in 1948</strong> and became <strong>a part of the National TB Control Programme in 1962.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to its primary use as a vaccine against TB, it<strong> protects against respiratory and bacterial infections of the newborns,</strong> and other mycobacterial diseases like <strong>Leprosy and Buruli&rsquo;s ulcer.</strong></li>
<li>It is also used as <strong>an immunotherapy agent</strong> in cancer of the urinary bladder and malignant melanoma.</li>
<li><strong>One intriguing fact</strong> about BCG is that it works well in some geographic locations and not so well in others. Generally, <strong>the farther a country is from the equator, the higher is the efficiency.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a high efficacy in the UK, Norway, Sweden and Denmark; and little or no efficacy in countries on or near the equator like India, Kenya and Malawi, where the burden of TB is higher.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO (World Health Organisation)</strong> </a>has launched a joint initiative<strong> &ldquo;Find. Treat. All. #EndTB&rdquo;</strong> with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Fund</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/stop-tb-partnership-board" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stop TB</strong> <strong>Partnership.</strong></a></li>
<li>WHO also releases the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tuberculosis-report-2019-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Tuberculosis Report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Strategic Plan (NSP)</strong></a> for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017-2025),<strong> The Nikshay Ecosystem</strong> (National TB information system), <strong>Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY</strong>- financial support), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tb-harega-desh-jeetega-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign.</strong></a></li>
<li>Currently, two vaccines <strong>VPM (Vaccine Projekt Management) 1002 and MIP (Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii)</strong> have been developed and identified for TB, and are under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase-3 clinical trial.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/bcg-vaccine-100-years-and-counting/article36158137.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9614,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dementia',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> WHO (World Health Organisation)</strong></a> released a report <strong>&lsquo;Global status report on the public health response to dementia&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It takes stock of progress made to date towards the 2025 global targets for dementia laid out in the WHO&rsquo;s <strong>&lsquo;Global Dementia Action Plan&rsquo;</strong> published in 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a syndrome</strong> &ndash; usually of a chronic or progressive nature &ndash; that leads to <strong>deterioration in cognitive function</strong> (i.e. the ability to process thought) beyond what might be expected from the <strong>usual consequences of biological ageing.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>affects</strong> memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>consciousness is not affected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>65% of total deaths <strong>due to dementia are women</strong>, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to dementia are roughly 60% higher in women than in men.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Memory loss, Difficulties with thinking</strong>, Visual perception, Self-management, Problem solving or language and the ability to focus and pay attention.</li>
<li><strong>Personality changes</strong>, like depression, agitation, paranoia, and mood swings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When <strong>brain cells are damaged</strong> then dementia may occur. It can be<strong> caused by a head injury, a stroke, a brain tumour</strong> or due to <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HIV infection</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>currently no treatment available to cure dementia</strong>, though numerous new treatments are being investigated in various stages of clinical trials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dementia is currently the <strong>seventh leading cause of death</strong> among all diseases and one of the <strong>major causes of disability</strong> and dependency among older people worldwide.</li>
<li>More than <strong>55 million people</strong> (8.1% of women and 5.4% of men over 65 years) are <strong>living with dementia.</strong></li>
<li>This number is estimated to rise to 78 million by 2030 and to 139 million by 2050.</li>
<li>WHO&rsquo;s <strong>Western Pacific Region has the highest number of people with dementia</strong> (20.1 million), followed by the European Region (14.1 million).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017-2025:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides a comprehensive blueprint for addressing dementia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Dementia Observatory:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an international surveillance platform to <strong>facilitate monitoring and sharing of information</strong> on dementia policies, service delivery, epidemiology and research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines on Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>provides evidence- based recommendations</strong> on interventions for reducing modifiable risk factors for dementia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mental Health Gap Action Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a resource for <strong>generalists, particularly in low- and middle-income countries</strong>, to help them provide first-line care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Alzheimer&rsquo;s and Related Disorders Society of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>calls for the government to have its plan or policy on dementia</strong> which must be implemented in all states and funded and monitored by the health ministry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong>:</a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable &amp; quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/world-failing-to-address-dementia-challenge-who-report-7487910/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1630755832784000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3Tbp9yqQ8Ie2fMmWqwG9R_" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9582,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Poshan 2.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry for Women and Child Development</strong> inaugurated <strong>Poshan 2.0</strong> and urged all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong></a> to establish a <strong>Poshan Vatika (nutrition garden)</strong> during the N<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-maah" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>utrition Month (Poshan Mah)</strong></a> from 1<sup>st</sup> September.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A month-long celebration of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyan</strong></a> mission places special attention on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/severe-acute-malnutrition-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Severe Acute Malnourished</strong></a> (SAM) children.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an umbrella scheme covering the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icds-survey-in-jharkhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services</strong> </a><strong>(ICDS)</strong> (Anganwadi Services, Poshan Abhiyan, Scheme For Adolescent Girls, National Creche Scheme).</li>
<li>It was announced in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a> by merging <strong>supplementary nutrition programmes and the POSHAN Abhiyaan.</strong></li>
<li>It was launched to strengthen nutritional content, delivery, outreach and outcome, with renewed focus on <strong>developing practices that nurture health, wellness and immunity to disease and malnutrition</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poshan Maah:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Month of September is celebrated as POSHAN Maah since 2018 to <strong>improve nutritional outcomes for children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.</strong></li>
<li>It includes a month-long activities focussed on antenatal care, optimal breastfeeding, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-indian-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anaemia</strong></a>, growth monitoring, girls education, diet,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-age-of-marriage-for-girls" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right age of marriage</strong></a>, hygiene and sanitation and eating healthy (Food Fortification).</li>
<li>The activities focus on <strong>Social and Behavioural Change Communication (SBCC)</strong> and are based on Jan Andolan Guidelines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SBCC is the strategic use of communication approaches to promote changes in knowledge, attitudes, norms, beliefs and behaviours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poshan Vatika:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It&rsquo;s main objective is <strong>to ensure supply of nutrition through organically home grown vegetables</strong> and fruits simultaneously ensuring that the soil must also remain healthy.</li>
<li>Plantation drives for Poshan Vatikas would be taken up by all the stakeholders in the <strong>space available at anganwadis, school premises and gram panchayats.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also called National Nutrition Mission, was launched by the government on the occasion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahila-sabhas-on-the-international-women-s-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Women&rsquo;s Day</strong></a> on <strong>8<sup>th</sup> March, 2018</strong>.</li>
<li>The Abhiyaan targets to <strong>reduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teenage-pregnancy-and-stunted-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stunting</a>, undernutrition, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anemia</a></strong> (among young children, women and adolescent girls) and reduce low birth weight by <strong>2%, 2%, 3% and 2% per annum respectively.</strong></li>
<li>It also targets to <strong>bring down stunting among children in the age group 0-6 years</strong> from <strong>38.4% to 25% by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario of Malnutrition in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a 2010 <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank&nbsp;</a></strong>report, India suffered an economic loss of Rs 24,000 crore due to lack of toilets. And that the health impact on the economy was 38 million dollars.</li>
<li>According to an Assocham study of the year 2018, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-revival-forecast-rbi#:~:text=The%20real%20GDP%20growth%20in,the%20Q1%20of%202021%2D22." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP (Gross Domestic Product)</strong> </a>suffered a decline of 4% due to malnutrition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report also found that <strong>children suffering from malnutrition</strong> after growing up <strong>earn 20% less</strong> than those who have had healthy childhoods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The number of <strong>SAM children</strong> in the country was earlier <strong>80 lakh</strong>, which has now come down to 10 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to <strong>deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients.</strong> The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernutrition:</strong> It includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age).</li>
<li><strong>Micronutrient-related:</strong> It includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess;</li>
<li><strong>Overweight:</strong> Obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a> (SDG 2: Zero hunger) aims to <strong>end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030</strong>, making sure all people &ndash; especially children &ndash; have access to sufficient and nutritious food all year round.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/smriti-irani-urges-all-aspirational-districts-to-set-up-poshan-vatikas-7481363/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9580,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Social Protection Report: ILO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization</strong></a> report titled<strong> &lsquo;World Social Protection Report 2020&ndash;22&rsquo;</strong> has revealed that, <strong>globally 4.1 billion people are living without any social safety net of any kind.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report highlighted that the pandemic response was uneven and insufficient. Thereby, Covid-19 has further underscored the critical importance of achieving <strong>universal social protection.</strong></li>
<li>ILO is <strong>a specialized agency of the United Nations.</strong> It is the only tripartite UN agency. It brings together governments, employers and workers of 187 member States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Security (Concept):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a comprehensive approach</strong> designed to prevent deprivation,<strong> give assurance to the individual of a basic minimum income for himself and his dependents</strong> and to protect the individual from any uncertainties.</li>
<li>Social protection <strong>includes</strong> access to health care and income security measures related especially to old age, unemployment, sickness, disability, work injury, maternity or the loss of the main breadwinner in a family, as well as extra support for families with children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highlights of the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Population with Social Protection:</strong> In 2020, <strong>only 46.9% of the global population benefitted from at least one protection</strong> under the ambit of social security.</li>
<li><strong>Challenges Put Forward by Covid-19 Pandemic:</strong> Pervasive challenges such as high levels of economic insecurity, persistent poverty, rising inequality, extensive informality and a fragile social contract have been exacerbated by Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong>Persisting Inequalities:</strong> There are significant regional inequalities in social protection, with <strong>Europe and Central Asia having the highest rates of coverage</strong> - 84% of people are covered by at least one benefit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Americas are also above the global average, with 64.3%, while Asia and the Pacific (44%), the Arab States (40%), and Africa (17.4%) have marked coverage gaps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disparity in Social Security Expenditure:</strong> Countries spend on average 12.9% of their GDP on social protection (excluding health), but this figure masks staggering variations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>High-income countries spend on average 16.4%, upper-middle-income countries 8%, lower-middle income countries 2.5%, and low-income countries 1.1%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Protection to Women, Children And Disabled Peoples:</strong> Globally, the vast majority of children still have no effective social protection coverage &ndash; only one in four children (26.4%) receives a social protection benefit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Just 45% of women with newborns receive a cash maternity benefit.</li>
<li>Only one in three people with severe disabilities (33.5%) worldwide receive a disability benefit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Unemployment Protection:</strong> A mere 18.6% of unemployed workers worldwide have effective coverage for unemployment and thus actually receive unemployment benefits. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This remains the least developed branch of social protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Barriers to Accessing Healthcare:</strong> Significant progress has been made in increasing population coverage. However, barriers to accessing healthcare remain in the form of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out-of-pocket payments on health services, Physical distance, Quality and acceptability of health services, Long waiting times, Opportunity costs such as lost working time, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by Indian Government to Provide Social Security Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PM-JAY)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governments-efforts-for-rural-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Policy 2017</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code 2020</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-shram-yogi-maan-dhan-pm-sym" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-ann-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to recognize that effective and comprehensive social protection is not just essential for social justice and decent work but for creating a sustainable and resilient future too.</li>
<li>Establishing universal social protection and realizing the human right to social security for all is the cornerstone of a human-centred approach to obtaining social justice.</li>
<li>Collective financing, broad risk-pooling and rights-based entitlements are key conditions for supporting effective access to healthcare for all in a shock-responsive manner.</li>
<li>Stronger linkages and better coordination between mechanisms for accessing medical care and income security are needed to address key determinants of health more effectively.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/over-4-billion-dont-have-social-protection-un/article36235441.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9528,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Nutritional Security Through Food Fortification',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-red-fort-independence-day-nutrition-biofortified-crops-7475993/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biofortified food can lead India from food security to nutrition security</a></strong>, which was published in The Indian Express on 30/08/2021. It evaluates the idea of food fortification to deal with nutritional insecurity and suggest the way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>The Prime Minister emphasised the need to ensure &ldquo;poshan&rdquo; (nutrition) to the country&rsquo;s women and children. He announced that, by 2024, rice provided to the poor under any government scheme &mdash; <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PDS</strong></a>,<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme-new-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> mid-day-meal</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anganwadi</a></strong> &mdash; will be fortified.</p>
<p>Leveraging science to attack the complex challenge of malnutrition, particularly for low-income and vulnerable sections of the society, who cannot afford balanced diversified diets, can be a good intervention. This step can have its own challenges.</p>
<p><strong>Advantages of Food Fortification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increase in Nutritional Value:</strong> The biofortified crops have 1.5 to 3 times higher levels of protein, vitamins, minerals and amino acids compared to the traditional varieties.</li>
<li><strong>Safer Method of Fortification:</strong> It is worth noting that these varieties are not genetically modified &mdash; they have been developed through conventional crop breeding techniques by the scientists. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the addition of micronutrients to food does not pose a health risk to people. The quantity added is so small and so well regulated as per prescribed standards that likelihood of an overdose of nutrients is unlikely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Security at Large:</strong> Since the nutrients are added to staple foods that are widely consumed, this is an excellent method to <strong>improve the health of a large section of the population, all at once.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Does Not Require Behaviour Change:</strong> It does not require any changes in food habits and patterns of people. It is a socio-culturally acceptable way to deliver nutrients to people.</li>
<li><strong>It does not alter the characteristics of the food</strong>&mdash;the taste, the feel, the look.</li>
<li><strong>Quick Results:</strong> It can be implemented quickly as well as show results in improvement of health in a relatively short period of time.</li>
<li><strong>Cost Effective:</strong> This method is cost-effective especially if advantage is taken of the existing technology and delivery platforms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Copenhagen Consensus</strong> estimates that every <strong>1 Rupee spent on fortification results in 9 Rupees</strong> in benefits to the economy.</li>
<li>It requires an initial investment to purchase both the equipment and the vitamin and mineral premix, but overall costs of fortification are extremely low. Even when all program costs are passed on to consumers, the price increase is approximately 1-2%, less than normal price variation. Thus it has a high benefit-to-cost ratio.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, 15.3% of the country&rsquo;s population is undernourished, and India has the highest proportion of &ldquo;stunted&rdquo; (30%) and &ldquo;wasted&rdquo; children (17.3%) below five years of age, as per the FAO&rsquo;s recent report, &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world#:~:text=A%20report%20titled%20%27The%20State,on%20food%20intake%20and%20malnutrition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2021</strong></a>&rsquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These figures indicate that India is at a critical juncture with respect to nutritional security and will not be able to achieve the UN&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-2020-21-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</strong></a> of eliminating all forms of malnutrition by 2030 in the business-as-usual scenario.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors for Nutritional Insecurity: Access to nutritious food</strong> is only one of the determinants of nutrition. Other factors like poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation (especially toilets), low levels of immunisation and education, especially of women, contribute equally to this dismal situation.</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></a> website, <strong>21 varieties of biofortified staples</strong> including wheat, rice, maize, millets, mustard, groundnut had been developed by 2019-20.</li>
<li>A research team at the <strong>National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute</strong> in Mohali has also developed <strong>biofortified coloured wheat (black, blue, purple)</strong> that is rich in zinc and anthocyanins. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers from Punjab and Haryana have been roped in to multiply the production of this wheat variety. This points towards the beginning of a new journey, from food security to nutritional security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Adverse Impacts of Food Fortification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Not a Substitute of Good Nutrition:</strong> While fortified foods contain increased amounts of selected micronutrients, they are not a substitute for a good quality diet that supplies adequate amounts of energy, protein, essential fats and other food constituents required for optimal health.</li>
<li><strong>Fails to Cater to the Poorest Segment of the Population:</strong> Poorest segments of the general population have restricted access to fortified foods in the open markets due to low purchasing power and an underdeveloped distribution channel.</li>
<li><strong>Inconclusive Evidence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Evidence supporting fortification is inconclusive and certainly not adequate before major national policies are rolled out.</li>
<li>Many of the studies which FSSAI relies on to promote fortification are sponsored by food companies who would benefit from it, leading to conflicts of interest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Have Detrimental Effects:</strong> Adding one or two synthetic chemical vitamins and minerals will not solve the larger problem, and in undernourished populations can lead to many detrimental effects like toxicity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A study showed <strong>iron fortification causing gut inflammation</strong> and pathogenic gut microbiota profile in undernourished children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decrease Value of Natural Food:</strong> Once iron-fortified rice is sold as the remedy to anaemia, the value and the choice of naturally iron-rich foods like millets, varieties of green leafy vegetables, flesh foods, liver, to name a few, will have been suppressed by a policy of silence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing <strong>Women&rsquo;s Nutritional Literacy:</strong> There is a direct correlation between mothers&rsquo; education and the wellbeing of children. Children with mothers who have no education have the least diversified diets and suffer from stunting and wasting and are anaemic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, programmes for improving the educational status of girls and reducing the school dropout rates, particularly at the secondary and higher educational levels, need to be promoted.</li>
<li>The <strong>Global Nutrition Report (2014)</strong> estimates that <strong>every dollar invested</strong> in a proven nutrition programme offers<strong> benefits worth 16 dollars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Expenditure on Agri-R&amp;D:</strong> Innovations in biofortified food can alleviate malnutrition only when they are scaled up with supporting policies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would require increasing expenditure on agri-R&amp;D and incentivising farmers by linking their produce to lucrative markets through sustainable value chains and distribution channels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Investment:</strong> The government can also rope in the private sector to create a market segment for premium-quality biofortified foods to cater to high-end consumers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, trusts run by the <strong>TATA group are supporting different states</strong> to initiate fortification of milk with Vitamin A and D.</li>
<li>Other private dairies should also be encouraged to scale up milk fortification across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Level Programme:</strong> A national awareness drive on the lines of the<strong> &ldquo;Salt Iodisation Programme&rdquo;</strong> launched by the government in 1962 to replace ordinary salt with iodised salt, can play an important role at the individual and community levels to achieve the desired goals of poshan for all.</li>
<li><strong>Branding, awareness campaigns, social and behavioural change</strong> initiatives, such as community-level counselling, dialogue, media engagement and advocacy, especially amongst marginalised communities, can promote consumption of locally-available, nutrient-dense affordable foods among the poor and children.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Multi-pronged Approach:</strong> It must be recognised that in the long run, India needs a multi-pronged approach(access to basic infrastructure (electricity, drinking water and sanitation)) to eliminate the root cause of this complex problem. That approach should include the following initiatives.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf0;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Food fortification is an excellent method to improve the nutritional health of a large section of the population, all at once. Critically discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9511,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Keeping Girls In School',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/girls-school-drop-out-indian-education-nep-7474391/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Making sure that girls don&rsquo;t drop out of school</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 28/08/2021. It talks about the issue of girls dropping out and ways to ensure their stay in higher education.</p>
</div>
<p>For the past few decades, Indian women have taken a great stride in all fields of activity. Yet, a lot remains to be achieved. Indian women excelled in the Olympic Games for India. There is no reason for it to be otherwise in any other field, especially education, given the right support.</p>
<p>As a nation, we can not afford to ignore half the potential workforce if we aspire to be an economic powerhouse. As a society, women can be the pivot to bring about critical and lasting social transformation. As individuals, they deserve a shot at being the very best they can.</p>
<p>In this context there is a need to relook into various issues related to women's education especially higher education.</p>
<h3>State of Girls Dropping Out</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons For Girls Dropping Out:</strong> The reasons for girls dropping out in India are varied. The primary ones are obvious: Girls drop out of school because, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engaged in domestic activities (31.9%)</li>
<li>Have financial constraints (18.4%),</li>
<li>Not interested in education (15.3%), and</li>
<li>Get married (12.4%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Biases and Social Norms:</strong> The problem is not only rooted in poverty and poor quality of school education, but also gender biases and outdated social norms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The states having the highest rate of secondary school drop-outs among girls are also the ones where a significant percentage of girls get married before the age of 18 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Expenditure on Girls Education:</strong> Deep-rooted gender biases are also reflected in the choice of schools, access to private tuitions and the choice of discipline in higher education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The average annual household expenditure on girls at this level is Rs 2,860 less than that on boys.</li>
<li>In India, the average annual cost for professional courses is much higher compared to that of simple graduation programmes (Rs 50,000 vs Rs 8,000).</li>
<li>Of the girls who do manage to enrol in a tertiary degree, a smaller proportion go on to pursue professional courses such as engineering (28.5%), while many more take courses such as <strong>pharmacy (58.7%)</strong> or opt for<strong> &ldquo;normal graduation&rdquo; (52%)</strong> as per <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aishe-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AISHE 2019-20.</strong></a></li>
<li>Their representation is lowest in institutions of national importance, followed by deemed and private universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Girls Drop Out- Data</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is estimated that over 2.4 crore girls globally are on the verge of dropping out of schools due to the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pandemic-induced <strong>school closures and economic hardships</strong> have significantly exacerbated many vectors that influence the problem of women in education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the Indian context before the pandemic, there was a welcome trend in the gradual increase in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udise-2019-20-report#:~:text=Gross%20Enrolment%20Ratio%20(GER)%20at,to%2077.9%25%20from%2076.9%25." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)</strong></a> for women in higher education &mdash; from 19.8% in 2012-13 to 27.3% in 2019-20. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That said, a more nuanced picture of the problem of women and higher education can be seen. Lately, it has been affected badly by the pandemic induced lockdowns.</li>
<li>It is estimated that <strong>over one crore girls</strong> are on the verge of dropping out of schools due to the pandemic alone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Education: Social Development of the Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Higher Social Return:</strong> The global average for the private rate of return (the increase in an individual&rsquo;s earnings) with just one extra year of schooling is about 9%, while the social returns of an extra year of school are even higher &mdash; above 10% at the secondary and higher education levels as per a decennial <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> review.</li>
<li><strong>Positive Impact of Higher Education:</strong> Interestingly, the private returns for women in higher education are much higher than for men &mdash; 11 to 17% as per different estimates. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has clear policy implications. For their own empowerment, as well as for society at large, we must bring more and more women within the ambit of higher education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Can Play Leadership Roles:</strong> Healthy, educated girls with equal access to opportunities can grow into strong, smart women who can take on leadership roles in their countries. This will help in having a better view of women's perspective in the government policies.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Alleviation:</strong> Women constitute almost half of the country's population, therefore improving their condition in the country can immensely contribute to poverty alleviation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s empowerment plays a catalytic role towards the achievement of transformational economic, political and social changes required for sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To overcome these systemic challenges, the government has taken a number of initiatives in the past such as the <strong>National Scheme of Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education (NSIGSE),</strong> supernumerary seats in all IITs and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragati-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> PRAGATI Scholarship scheme</strong> </a>for girls in technical education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in these unprecedented times, we need unprecedented measures to address the issue of girl child school drop-outs and bring more girls in professionally and monetarily rewarding fields of higher education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Learning Programme:</strong> As an immediate step, in every locality, a mohalla school or a community learning programme should be started with appropriate Covid norms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>, with the help of civil society organisations, had started a community programme led by volunteers called <strong>&ldquo;Saksham Bitiya&rdquo;</strong> in 28 aspirational districts where more than 1.87 lakh girl students were trained in socio-emotional and ethical learning.</li>
<li>Such initiatives should be replicated to ensure more girls do not drop out of schools during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Atlas/Dropout Mapping:</strong> To predict likely drop-outs, a gender atlas comprising indicators that are mapped to key reasons for school drop-outs should be developed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Teachers should also be trained in all the scholarships and schemes available that provide economic support to girls and their families for continuing their education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a<strong> need to revise the National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education</strong> in areas or states with high prevalence of drop-outs and early child marriages. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scholarship amount may be increased and tied to the completion of graduation, with yearly scholarships paid to students upon successful completion of each year of their undergraduate degree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Education Zones For Backward Districts in Education:</strong> Every panchayat showing a consistent trend in girl child drop-outs should have composite schools till higher secondary (classes I-XII). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy 2020</a></strong> provides for a<strong> gender inclusion fund.</strong> This fund should be utilised to support<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-summit-on-women-in-stem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> STEM education</strong></a> in these schools as well as in all Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas.</li>
<li>State governments need to leverage existing schemes to design interventions to promote women in higher education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Behavioural Nudges in Tackling Social Prejudices:</strong> Social prejudice and orthodox cultural norms prevent girls from achieving their innate potential. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Behavioural Insights Units (BIU)</strong> may be established across states to tackle social issues with the help of ultra-local NGOs/CSOs to reach the last mile.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog has taken a leap forward in this direction by establishing a BIU to tackle nutrition and health challenges in aspirational districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> has brought unprecedented challenges for all including educators and students, especially for those on the margins, including girls. However, with recent experiments and learning experience, informed targeting of ample resources and an agile policy environment, this challenge could well prove to be an opportunity. Given the right enabling environment, educational outcomes can be improved.</p>
<p>Addressing gender bias in education requires providing social, financial and emotional support to the girl child.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India&rsquo;s women who are enrolled in education are far less than their counterparts. Examine the reasons and probable solutions for this gap in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9474,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021: ADB',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-development-outlook-2021-adb#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20promote%20social,%2C%20and%20Australia%20(5.8%25)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Development Bank (ADB)</strong></a> released a report titled as the <strong>Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report <strong>demonstrated that the region made substantial progress</strong> in the last two decades with respect to several development targets.</li>
<li>It presents <strong>comprehensive economic, financial, social and environmental statistics</strong> for ADB&rsquo;s 49 regional members.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>regional development bank established in 1966.</strong> It has<strong> 68 members.</strong> India is a founding member.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>49 are from within Asia</strong> and the Pacific and 19 outside.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As of 31<sup>st</sup> December 2019, ADB&rsquo;s<strong> five largest shareholders are Japan</strong> and the <strong>United States</strong> (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People&rsquo;s Republic of <strong>China</strong> (6.4%), <strong>India</strong> (6.3%), and <strong>Australia</strong> (5.8%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote <strong>social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manila, Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>pandemic</strong></a> pushed <strong>75-80 million people</strong> in the developing Asia-Pacific <strong>into extreme poverty in 2020.</strong></li>
<li>About 203 million people &mdash;<strong> 5.2% of developing Asia&rsquo;s population &mdash; lived in extreme poverty as of 2017.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Without <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, that number would have declined to an estimated 2.6% in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Global GDP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asia and the Pacific's <strong>economy has grown at a robust pace</strong> in recent years and contributed as much as 35% to global <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> in current US dollars in 2019.</li>
<li>But <strong>Covid-19</strong> took a toll just when <strong>weaker domestic investment and slowing global trade and economic activity</strong> started to challenge this momentum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Household Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A significant number of <strong>households engaged in business were severely affected</strong> by the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among households engaged in agriculture or relying on wages and salary, <strong>more than half reported an increase in income,</strong> no change or a decrease of less than 26%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As unemployment rates increased by at least 20% in 2020 due to the pandemic across the globe, the <strong>Asia-Pacific region lost an estimated 8% of working hours.</strong></li>
<li>As businesses were disrupted, many workers lost their jobs, <strong>leading to higher unemployment and underemployment rates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From 2019 to 2020,<strong> labour force participation rates among women, on average, declined by 1.4%,</strong> while labour force participation rates <strong>among men declined by 0.8%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>71%</strong> of Asia-Pacific&rsquo;s workforce is now in <strong>non-agricultural employment.</strong> From 2000-2019, the <strong>region&rsquo;s non-agricultural employment rate grew to 71% from 52%,</strong> one of the fastest growth rates worldwide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pandemic is threatening Asia-Pacific&rsquo;s progress toward critical targets under the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1629973226423000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0XpgDXMOjEYs7s1I2aXVOw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a>-mandated<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Children Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> prevalence of undernourishment decreased</strong> from more than 521 million people in 2001 to 316 million in 2019.</li>
<li>Almost all learners in the region were affected by closure of schools during the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li>Despite efforts to continue school activities through remote learning, <strong>poorer students suffered greater disruption</strong> to their education during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asia and the Pacific has made impressive strides, but <strong>Covid-19 has revealed social and economic fault lines</strong> that may weaken the region's sustainable and inclusive development.</li>
<li>To achieve the SDG of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-2020-21-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations&rsquo; 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</strong></a>, <strong>decision makers need to harness high-quality and timely data</strong> as a guide for actions to ensure that the recovery leaves no one behind &ndash; especially the poor and vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/covid-19-asia-pacific-region-lost-8-of-working-hours-in-2020-says-report-78634" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9473,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh</strong> has launched <strong>Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) immunisation</strong> drive for infants.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in December 2020, I<strong>ndia&rsquo;s first fully indigenously developed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-vaccine-pneumosil" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Pneumosil&rdquo;</a></strong> was launched.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It prevents <strong>pneumococcal disease.</strong> It can <strong>protect both children and adults from pneumococcal disease.</strong></li>
<li>The vaccine is a <strong>mix of several bacteria of the pneumococci family</strong>, which are known to <strong>cause pneumonia</strong>&mdash;hence &lsquo;<strong>conjugate&rsquo; is included in the name of the vaccine.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typbar-tcv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conjugate vaccines</strong></a> are made using a combination of two different components.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pneumococcal disease:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pneumococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called <em><strong>Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus.</strong></em> Most people carry pneumococcus in their nose and throat, where the bacteria do not cause any symptoms.</li>
<li>However, <strong>sometimes the bacteria grow and spread to other parts of the body</strong> and that&rsquo;s when people become sick.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-forum-on-childhood-pneumonia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> pneumonia</strong></a>, which is an <strong>infection of the lungs</strong>. Pneumococcal bacteria are one of the <strong>most common causes of pneumonia.</strong></li>
<li>Besides pneumonia, <strong>pneumococcal bacteria can also cause:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ear</strong> infections.</li>
<li><strong>Sinus</strong> infections.</li>
<li><strong>Meningitis</strong> (infection of the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord).</li>
<li><strong>Bacteremia</strong> (infection of the blood).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Doctors consider some of these infections &ldquo;invasive&rdquo;. Invasive disease means that <strong>germs invade parts of the body that are normally free from germ.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Population:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Anyone can get <strong>pneumococcal disease</strong>, but <strong>children under 2 years of age</strong>, people with certain medical conditions, <strong>adults 65 years or older, and cigarette smokers are at the highest risk.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pneumonia had been a major cause of <strong>infant and child mortality</strong>. According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a>, pneumonia accounts for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years.</li>
<li>It was estimated that the<strong> disease affected around 16 lakh children and caused the death of nearly 68,700 children</strong> across the country in the year 2015.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government of India is ensuring <strong>equitable access to those to the underprivileged and underserved</strong> by making it available under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-3-0-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunization Program (UIP)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-3-0-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goal</a> 3</strong> calls for an end to <strong>preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age.</strong> It also specifies that<strong> all countries should aim to reduce neonatal mortality</strong> to at least as low as 12 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality to at least as low as 25 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Neonatal mortality</strong> is defined as death within the <strong>first 28 days of life.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 1985 to <strong>prevent mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women</strong> against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</li>
<li>Under UIP, <strong>free of cost vaccination is provided against twelve vaccine-preventable diseases</strong> i.e. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-tb-report-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-cases-of-diphtheria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Diphtheria</strong></a>, Pertussis, Tetanus, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day-2020#:~:text=Every%20year%2C%2024th%20October,)%20Polio%20Vaccine%20(IPV)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polio</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hepatitis-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hepatitis B</strong></a>, Pneumonia and Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2?live_classes&amp;campaignid=13858042066&amp;adgroupid=125499505579&amp;keyword=&amp;device=c&amp;network=g&amp;creative=537177660371&amp;placement=&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjw95yJBhAgEiwAmRrutA7nAXxhNTnJvCBpVRoIPJqTWRr7m7rP0F5a8joBUfXuEVlUI25zDhoCXCoQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a>, Rubella, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je?live_classes&amp;campaignid=13858042066&amp;adgroupid=125499505579&amp;keyword=&amp;device=c&amp;network=g&amp;creative=537177660371&amp;placement=&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjw95yJBhAgEiwAmRrutAV4Inn_RNXP9hiNqhDEEvmqvgndns7MT-x9WS9G0FlZCfC2TGLbghoC2uYQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japanese Encephalitis (JE)</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rotavirus diarrhoea</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The programme is one of the <strong>largest health programmes in the world.</strong> Despite being operational for many years, UIP has been able to <strong>fully immunize only 65% of children under 1 year of age.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chief-minister-launches-pcv-immunisation-drive-for-infants/article36109145.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9466,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rapid Urbanisation and Plight of Slums',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Urbanisation in India has become an inescapable ordeal. With development of the services sector, the population pressure on cities has escalated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Delhi is the sixth-largest metropolis in the world. And yet, a third of its residences are part of slums with no basic resources.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Slums</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Slums are<strong> illegal urban settlements on public land and usually grow over a period of time in a constant and irregular manner.</strong> Despite this fact, slums are <strong>considered as an integral part of urbanization and as a manifestation of the overall socioeconomic policies and planning</strong> in the urban sector.</li>
<li>Slums may also be described as &ldquo;a chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed and generally neglected area, which is overpopulated by persons and overcrowded with ill-repaired and neglected structures" (Indian Conference, 1957).</li>
<li>The existence and rapid growth of slums have been noted as a<strong> general urban phenomena common prevalent throughout the globe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Urbanization refers to<strong> the population shift from rural to urban areas</strong>, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.</li>
<li>Cities face the adverse outcomes of rapid urbanisation such as <strong>overpopulation, acute shortage of housing and basic amenities, environment pollution, unemployment and social unrest.</strong></li>
<li>The model of building a developed city comprises unplanned development, which only bolsters the dichotomy prevailing in urban cities between the rich and the poor.</li>
<li>Also the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has only exacerbated the misery of urban poor or Slum dwellers dependent on the people working in various sectors in cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Slum:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has a population of 65.49 million people living in 13.7 million slum households across the country. As much as 65% of Indian cities have adjoining slums where people live in small houses adjacent to each other.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Delhi slums are known to be the filthiest among all metropolitan cities in the country.</li>
<li>Delhi had approximately 6,343 slums with more than a million households where 52% of its total population resided, according to a survey by National Service Scheme round (July 2012-December 2012).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid on Slum Dwellers:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Financial insecurity:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly 81% of India&rsquo;s population works in the informal sector. The sudden implementation of complete Covid lockdown has severely affected the ability of slum dwellers to earn their living.</li>
<li>After the shutdown, Delhi witnessed a wave of <strong>Reverse <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Migration</a></strong>, when thousands of migrant workers headed back to their hometowns. Nearly 70% slum dwellers reported loss of employment; 1% pending dues from previous months; 10% reduction of wages and 8% other effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Distribution System &amp; Social Sector Scheme Coverage:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large section of rural residents could cushion the blow of pandemic-driven economic disruption due to foodgrain via the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System (PDS)</strong></a>. The urban poor&rsquo;s access to such ration, however, was minimal.</li>
<li>The social security schemes also had relatively better coverage among the rural poor as rural areas had better access to PDS rations.</li>
<li>A larger proportion of households in urban areas did not have access to ration cards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unveiling Existing Inequalities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Covid-19 pandemic has now torn open the tapestry to reveal the ugly mess inside the slums. Washing hands and observing physical distancing was impossible to follow in slums.</li>
<li>Nearly 21.8% of slum households in Delhi depend on shared water sources such as public taps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutrition and Hunger:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A decline in nutritional quality and quantity was more among the urban respondents as was the need to borrow money for buying food.</li>
<li>Overall, levels of hunger and food insecurity remained high, with little hope of the situation improving without measures specifically aimed at providing employment opportunities as well as food support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Arising from Neglecting Slum Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable to Diseases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People living in slum areas are also prone to suffer from waterborne diseases such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typbar-tcv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Typhoid</a> and cholera, as well as from more fatal ones like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cancer</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HIV/AIDS</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Victims of Social Evils:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, women and children living in slums are prone to become victims of social evils like <strong>prostitution, beggary and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trafficking-in-persons-report-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Child trafficking</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Slum dwellers in general and regardless of gender, often become victims of such social evils.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incidence of Crime:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Slum areas are also commonly believed to be places that g<strong>enerate a high incidence of crime.</strong> This is due to official neglect towards education, law and order, and government services in slum areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Then, the majority of slum dwellers in a developing country earn their living from the informal sector which neither provides them with financial security nor with enough earnings for a decent living, keeping them firmly within the vicious cycle of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives for Slum Dwellers/Urban Poor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (self-reliant India).</a></strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM- Awas Yojana- Urban.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accelerating efficiency of welfare and relief schemes.</li>
<li>Ensuring access to free vaccines, food security and adequate shelter in the slums.</li>
<li>Improving sanitation and transportation facilities in slums.</li>
<li>Establishing clinics and healthcare facilities.</li>
<li>Aiding nonprofits and local support bodies who have better reach to these marginalised communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The benefits reached only a small part of the intended beneficiaries. Most relief funds and benefits do not reach slum dwellers, mainly because these settlements are not officially recognised by the government.</li>
<li>An absence of proper social security measures in India has come to the fore and has a huge impact on our ability to fight against the virus. Thus, new approaches to urban planning and effective governance are the need of the hour.</li>
<li>Necessary actions should be taken to build sustainable, robust and inclusive infrastructure. Instead of a top-down approach, we need to adopt a bottom-up approach to better understand unique challenges faced by the urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/urbanisation/rapid-urbanisation-where-do-urban-poor-stand--78613" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9453,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Adoption (First Amendment) Regulations, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a<strong> new clause in the adoption regulations, Indian diplomatic missions abroad will now be in charge of safeguarding adopted children whose parents move overseas </strong>with the child<strong> within two years of adoption.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>So far, <strong>Indian missions have had a role in inter-country adoption</strong> of Indian children limited to kids adopted by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-vote-for-nris" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non Resident Indians (NRIs)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rights-of-overseas-citizens-of-india#:~:text=Overseas%20Citizen%20of%20India,person%2C%20among%20other%20eligibility%20criteria." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Overseas Citizens of India or foreign parents.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Adoption (First Amendment) Regulations, 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It amends the Adoption Regulations, 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The amendment has been notified in accordance with the relevant sections of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</strong></a> <strong>(2 of 2016) and it amends Adoption Regulations, 2017.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently passed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-juvenile-justice-amendment-bill-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2021</strong></a>, seeks to <strong>strengthen and streamline the provisions for protection and adoption of children.</strong></li>
<li>It provides that <strong>instead of the court, the District Magistrate (including Additional District Magistrate) will issue such adoption orders.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been made by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-day-of-cara" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Adoption Resource Authority</strong> </a>and has been notified by the <strong>Woman and Child Development Ministry.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CARA</strong> is a statutory body of the Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development. It functions as the nodal body for adoption of Indian children and is <strong>mandated to monitor and regulate in-country and inter-country adoptions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Some cases came to the attention of the authorities</strong> recently when Indian children were adopted by parents in India and who ended up moving abroad later, hence going out of the purview of Indian authorities and also not falling under purview of Indian Missions abroad. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such childrens are vulnerable as they can be <strong>neglected, exploited, maltreated or abuse of these children can happen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Responsibility of Indian Missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian diplomatic missions</strong> presently send <strong>progress reports of an adopted child on quarterly basis in the first year and on six-monthly basis in the second year,</strong> from the date of arrival of the child in the receiving country.</li>
<li>The <strong>Missions are also expected to contact the central authority or other authorities</strong> in the receiving countries to ensure safeguards of children of Indian origin adopted by Non-Resident Indian or Overseas Citizens of India or foreign parents.</li>
<li>In case of <strong>disruption of adoption,</strong> the<strong> foreign missions shall send a report in this regard at the earliest,</strong> and render necessary help and facilitate the repatriation of the child in case required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Persons Eligible to Adopt Child under Adoption Regulations, 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Prospective Adoptive Parents (PAP)</strong> &ldquo;should be physically, mentally and emotionally stable, financially capable and shall not have any life-threatening medical condition.&rdquo;</li>
<li>A <strong>person can adopt irrespective of their marital status</strong> and whether or not he or she has a biological son or daughter.</li>
<li>A <strong>single female can adopt a child of any gender but a single male shall not be eligible to adopt a girl child.</strong> In the case of a married couple, both spouses should give their consent for adoption.</li>
<li>&ldquo;No child shall be given in adoption to a couple unless they have <strong>at least two years of stable marital relationship,&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Couples with three or more children</strong> shall <strong>not be considered for adoption</strong> &ldquo;except in case of special need children&rdquo;, &ldquo;hard to place children&rdquo; and in case of &ldquo;relative adoption and adoption by step-parent&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parents-with-adopted-child-moving-abroad-have-to-intimate-indian-diplomatic-missions-new-rule-7467434/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9428,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Polio',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has decided to vaccinate Afghanistan returnees against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polio</strong></a> for free as a preventive measure against the<strong> Wild Polio Virus.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Afghanistan</strong> and <strong>Pakistan</strong> are the only two countries in the world where polio is still <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/endemic-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Endemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Polio is a crippling and potentially <strong>deadly viral infectious disease</strong> that affects the nervous system.</li>
<li>There are three individual and immunologically<strong> distinct wild poliovirus strains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Wild Poliovirus type 1</strong> (WPV1)</li>
<li><strong>Wild Poliovirus type 2</strong> (WPV2)</li>
<li><strong>Wild Poliovirus type 3</strong> (WPV3)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that <strong>they cause irreversible paralysis or even death.</strong> However, there are <strong>genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains separate viruses</strong> which must each be eradicated individually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The virus is transmitted by <strong>person-to-person mainly through the faecal-oral route</strong> or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (for example, through contaminated water or food).</li>
<li>It largely<strong> affects children under 5 years of age.</strong> The virus <strong>multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most people with polio do not feel sick. Some people have only minor symptoms, such as fever, tiredness, nausea, headache, pain in the arms and legs, etc.</li>
<li>In rare cases, polio infection <strong>causes permanent loss of muscle function (paralysis).</strong></li>
<li>Polio can be fatal<strong> if the muscles used for breathing are paralysed or if there is an infection of the brain.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention and Cure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no cure, but it can be prevented through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/immunisation-agenda-2030" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Immunisation.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oral Polio Vaccine</a> (OPV):</strong> It is given orally as a birth dose for institutional deliveries, then primary three doses at 6, 10 and 14 weeks and one booster dose at 16-24 months of age.</li>
<li><strong>Injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV):</strong> It is introduced as an additional dose along with the 3<sup>rd</sup> dose of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-cases-of-diphtheria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus)</strong> </a>under the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Universal Immunisation Programme</a> (UIP).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Outbreaks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019, polio outbreaks were recorded in the <strong>Philippines, Malaysia, Ghana, Myanmar, China, Cameroon, Indonesia and Iran,</strong> which were mostly vaccine-derived in which a rare strain of the virus genetically mutated from the strain in the vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=46af3b128c215065822d363716461e3bda556ba2-1603783779-0-AQqcs23ihmqDWEzYzOTw2ZLATgIFQrHLyN5UDI9GBGfKb9Nw6xIYXLD0XnsFATPLOkfD2ZIVKdPR85H55F206a0f9GZts0saMxAhtaEPfgrhVvdmt1OJXAitkoMUI1kseMQy2zf139HzrBNbjXjnkjBU32U9ZV4g6ZcJqRi9mMAB561nxsXTYQ0xvOeMKpygwOvzDwD6cY1egBaUEjw3iJqc0WkEBOK4028DSYOwSuMjadzLHFPyVwpmZfyb84dZ_dr_kapwYLQirV2MCCF_91vIO2eij1RpbJ84rCBMDccLERI_E41MmQ2Hyi8VIBPaivX75tTOX_KkU7jr1AiSBqM7_RWVPUCfXAZ1yOgXbbm9CrULYC20iLnBLuT4Svbjp8gM0xv_EFdmeQkDb7czMzhwQ1HyOsQDEG8WcmiBLdGEAdOptYKzCFHncq_6M6AK4kfz2ej8Z0A-FaqgYwTTguS-w7zQBxsYYuEqzXHLCZvQyaPk0J0L7oTP3t_7TlORsOWGsOmAKQ_ElyvspVavQfhx4e2CZca_3TK39T_rJuhMzKO4vZLIXkgIapT95fY5bq6P-bXz035wlU6WxMOy9lwYci1ShV8wMuy4ZWv5gJ6M8N_FYuwbkYHRpSRvLq1CWWQtrwb6ov9nCCg8AQrexBc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO (World Health Organisation)</strong></a>, if the <strong>oral vaccine-virus</strong> is excreted and allowed to circulate in an unimmunised or under-immunised population for at least 12 months, it can <strong>mutate to cause infections.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India &amp; Polio:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India received <strong>polio-free certification by the WHO in 2014,</strong> after three years of zero cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This achievement has been spurred by the successful <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse Polio Campaign</a> in which all children were administered polio drops.</strong></li>
<li>The last case due to wild poliovirus in the country was detected on 13<sup>th</sup> January 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polio Eradication Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Polio Eradication Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 1988 by the <strong>Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI),</strong> by national governments and WHO. Presently, 80% of the world&rsquo;s population is now living in certified polio-free regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An estimated 1.5 million childhood deaths have been prevented, through the systemic administration of vitamin A during polio immunization activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Polio Day</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is observed every year on <strong>24<sup>th</sup> October</strong> in order to call on countries to stay vigilant in their fight against the disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse Polio Programme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was started with an objective of achieving hundred percent coverage under Oral Polio Vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-3-0-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a nationwide immunisation drive to mark the 25 years of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pulse polio programme</strong> </a>(2019-20).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Immunization Programme (UIP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 1985 with the modification to <strong>&lsquo;Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objectives of the Programme include:</strong> Rapidly increasing immunization coverage, Improving the quality of services, Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level, Introducing a district-wise system for monitoring of performance, Achieving self-sufficiency in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afghan-returnees-vaccinated-polio-india-7465341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9400,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Localising SDGs',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/localising-sdgs-will-pay-off/article36002880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Localising SDGs will pay off</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 19/08/2021. It talks about the achieving SDGs in a bottom-up approach and involvement of women collectives.</p>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a></strong> are a global effort that has one major objective &mdash; achieving a better future for all. To achieve these global and national targets, localisation is a crucial lever.</p>
<p>It correlates how local and State governments can support the accomplishments of the SDGs through bottom-up action, and how the SDGs can provide a framework for local policy.</p>
<p>If India is to achieve its goals by 2030, it must build a mechanism for effectively localising the SDGs &mdash; one that leverages and integrates the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-654" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social capital</strong></a> that exists in <strong>women&rsquo;s collectives and with the local self-governance of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Panchayati Raj system</a>.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women Collectives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the simplest definition, a women's collective is a group of women who meet regularly to achieve a shared purpose. But these groups take many forms across the world, with women coming together for different economic, legal, health, and cultural reasons.</li>
<li>In India&rsquo;s rural areas, SHGs are an example of women collectives.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1629457304_images%204.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1629457304_images 4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Women Collectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overcome Social Inequalities:</strong> Women collectives have successfully overcome the deep-rooted bias of caste, patriarchy, and wealth by challenging norms and unequal social relations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They encourage collective efforts for combating practices like dowry, alcoholism etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paving Way For Gram Swaraj:</strong> Women collectives have created conditions for <strong>social equality</strong> and ultimately, paving the way for Gram Swaraj. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The women of <strong>Kudumbashree</strong> in Kerala exemplify this.</li>
<li>By articulating the aspirations of the local community, the women were able to engage elected representatives in a two-way process &mdash; complementing their efforts while also holding them accountable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Equity:</strong> Women collectives empower women and inculcates leadership skills among them. Empowered women participate more actively in developmental processes, gram sabha and elections.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is evidence that formation of Self-Help Groups has a multiplier effect in improving women&rsquo;s status in society as well as in the family leading to improvement in their socio-economic condition and also enhances their self-esteem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> Women collectives reach to the poorest of the poor section of society further financial inclusion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The financial inclusion attained leads to reduced child mortality, improved maternal health and the ability of the poor to combat disease through better nutrition, housing and health &ndash; especially among women and children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Challenges of LImited Resources:</strong> Undoubtedly, there are inherent challenges associated with involving community institutions like SHGs in developing the <strong>Gram Panchayat Development Plan</strong>, including <strong>human resources, capacities</strong>, and disaggregating department <strong>budgets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of knowledge</strong> and proper orientation among SHG-members to take up suitable and profitable livelihood options.</li>
<li><strong>Patriarchal Mindset:</strong> Primitive thinking and social obligations discourage women from participating in women collectives (SHGs) thus limiting their economic avenues.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Rural Banking Facilities:</strong> Many public sector banks and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microfinance-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>micro-finance institutions</strong> </a>are unwilling to provide financial services to the poor as the cost of servicing remains high.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainability and the quality of operations</strong> of the SHGs have been a matter of considerable debate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Leverage the Strength of Women Collectives:</strong> Today, 76 million women have been mobilised into SHGs under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Rural Livelihoods Mission</strong></a> and there are 3.1 million elected <strong>panchayat representatives.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For localisation of SDGs to truly work, there is a need to leverage the strength of both (PRIs &amp; SHGs) these institutions through a partnership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reinforcing the Panchayat:</strong> To truly localise the SDGs, the route ought to be taken within the framework of the Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any action should not form a parallel track, but become a way of reinforcing <strong>the institutional capacity of panchayats.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Learning From the Experience:</strong> The five southern States &mdash; Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana &mdash; have done better than the others when it comes to poverty reduction. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are five things that these States did that seem to have played a significant role in curbing poverty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The participation of adolescent <strong>girls in secondary, higher secondary</strong>, and higher education.</li>
<li>The <strong>decline in fertility</strong> has a far greater correlation to the participation of adolescent girls in secondary, higher secondary education than any healthcare and family welfare services.</li>
<li><strong>The formation of collectives:</strong> when women came together to form SHGs it created an identity outside of the house.</li>
<li>Since these women over time had had basic secondary level education, their collectives or SHGs could leverage skills and diverse livelihood opportunities better than others.</li>
<li>The decision that permitted lending of up to Rs. 10 lakh without collateral for women SHGs, has recently been raised by the RBI to ₹20 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Responsibility For PRIs:</strong> The 73<sup>rd</sup> Constitution Amendment transferred 29 subjects to PRIs. For successful localisation of development, PRIs need not only emphasise their governance role but also focus on their <strong>developmental role.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entire discourse should focus on how to enable PRIs to focus on their leadership role in achieving the SDGs.</li>
<li>This would need work on many leadership traits &mdash; visioning, mobilising and seeking partnerships, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leveraging Social Capital:</strong> There are not many conversations about social capital being a strong foundation for economic activity. Ultimately, localisation efforts should lead to transformation not in social relationships alone, but also the level of economic activity in villages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Localising the SDGs at the rural level will not only challenge existing unequal relations but also provide an institutional framework that is in sync with national and global priorities.</p>
<p>Not enough time is spent on understanding how a poor household can leverage systems or institutions to move up faster. There&rsquo;s a need to look at these small collectives as the root of more shared growth.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf0;">
<p><span style="color: #800080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Leverage women&rsquo;s collectives and the Panchayati Raj system is an effective way to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9348,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Water Crisis & Women',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India is <strong>water-stressed due to changing weather patterns and repeated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unccd-drought-tool-box" target="_blank" rel="noopener">droughts</a>.</strong> And the worst <strong>sufferers of this crisis are mostly women.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water scarcity in India is expected to worsen as the <strong>overall population is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Water Crisis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although <strong>India has 16% of the world&rsquo;s population,</strong> the country possesses only <strong>4% of the world&rsquo;s freshwater resources.</strong></li>
<li>In recent times, the water crisis in India has become very critical, <strong>affecting millions of people across India.</strong></li>
<li>As many as <strong>256 of 700 districts in India</strong> have reported <strong>&lsquo;critical&rsquo;</strong> or &lsquo;overexploited&rsquo; groundwater levels according to the most recent <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-aquifer-mapping-and-management-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Ground Water Board</a> data</strong> (from 2017).</li>
<li>Three-fourths of India&rsquo;s rural families <strong>lack access to piped, drinkable water and must rely on unsafe sources.</strong></li>
<li>India has become the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest extractor of groundwater,</strong> accounting for 25% of the total. Some <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deteriorating-water-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>70% of our water sources</strong> </a>are contaminated and our major rivers are dying because of pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Water Crisis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Population Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>insufficient water per person</strong> as a result of population growth.</li>
<li>The total amount of <strong>usable water in India has been estimated to be between 700 to 1,200 billion cubic meters (bcm)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A country is considered water-stressed if it has less than 1,700 cubic meters per person per year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Water Quality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Water in most rivers in India is largely <strong>not fit for drinking,</strong> and in many stretches not even fit for bathing.</li>
<li>Poor water quality is the result of<strong> insufficient and delayed investment in urban water-treatment facilities.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, <strong>industrial effluent standards are not enforced</strong> because the state pollution control boards have inadequate technical and human resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dwindling Groundwater Supplies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is dwindling groundwater supplies due to <strong>over-extraction by farmers. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Deficient rain</strong> in some areas is also <strong>depleting ground water.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unsustainable consumption:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wells, ponds and tanks are drying up as groundwater resources come under <strong>increasing pressure due to over-reliance and unsustainable consumption.</strong></li>
<li>Unequal distribution of water, <strong>contamination/depletion of local water bodies</strong> due to pollution and no proper water treatment facility augment the water crisis in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vulnerability of Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The crisis of water only puts them at a higher risk of vulnerability. Fetching water in India has been perceived as a <strong>woman&rsquo;s job for centuries.</strong></li>
<li>Women, especially in the rural areas, <strong>walk miles to collect water from the nearest source.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Access to Sanitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Their marginalisation is compounded by the<strong> indignity and insecurity</strong> of not having a private spot to fulfil their toilet needs.</li>
<li>This whole system of women being forced to be water carriers leads to them having very less time for themselves. This further <strong>reduces access to clean sanitation, better physical and mental health of women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water-Wives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The entire water management by women has led to <strong>polygamy in one drought-prone village of Maharashtra.</strong> This involves having more than one spouse to collect water. The arrangement is termed as <strong>&lsquo;water wives&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is undoubtedly an example of regressive thinking &mdash; of women being seen as <strong>substitutes for water pipes or tankers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-water-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Kranti Abhiyan.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/catch-the-rain-national-water-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Water Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-ensuring-water-security#:~:text=It%20was%20renamed%20as%20National,premises%20to%20the%20extent%20possible%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Drinking Water Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solution-to-indias-water-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog Composite Water Management Index.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-abhiyan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Shakti Abhiyan.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bhujal-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bhujal Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Addressing women&rsquo;s water, sanitation and hygiene requirements is a <strong>critical driver in attaining gender equity</strong> and unlocking the potential of half of the world&rsquo;s population. The water crisis is a women&rsquo;s issue and<strong> feminists need to talk about it.</strong></li>
<li>The water levels of the <strong>floodplain aquifers</strong> need to be monitored scrupulously to be well above the river water level to avoid contamination by river water.</li>
<li>Floodplains can be secured by <strong>planting organic food forests or fruit forests</strong> which don&rsquo;t demand or consume much water.</li>
<li>In water management, corporations must play a more active role in using their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> efforts towards innovation and conservation of water and harness water recharge.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/india-s-water-crisis-it-is-most-acute-for-women-78472" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9307,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SAMVAD Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> has launched the <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> phase of the SAMVAD programme</strong>. The second phase was <strong>launched on the completion of one year of programme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme is <strong>aimed at mental health outreach for children</strong> who are abandoned and orphaned, child survivors of trafficking, or in conflict with law.</li>
<li>Earlier, the government had announced a special <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-for-children-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;PM-CARES for Children&rdquo; scheme</strong></a> for all those orphaned due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stands for: Support, Advocacy &amp; Mental health interventions</strong> for children in <strong>Vulnerable circumstances and Distress (SAMVAD).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Funded By:</strong> The initiative is funded by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Body:</strong> It is led by the <strong>National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NIMHANS is the apex centre of mental health and neuroscience education. It operates autonomously <strong>under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, on the request of the Ministry of Home Affairs, NIMHANS, issued a set of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/managing-mental-health-issues-in-prisoners-nimhans-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>guidelines on the management of mental health issues</strong></a> of the <strong>prisoners and prison staff.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>national initiative and integrated resource</strong> that works in child <strong>protection, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-mental-health-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mental health</a> and psychosocial care of children</strong> in difficult circumstances.</li>
<li>It encompasses a<strong> specialized training curriculum</strong> on childhood trauma, interventions for children in conflict with the law, forensics in child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health.</li>
<li><strong>Education </strong>and<strong> mental health support</strong> to children with special needs, protection and care in the context of adoption.</li>
<li>The initiative is providing coping mechanisms for children in distress by <strong>training close to 1 lakh stakeholders</strong> comprising Child Protection Functionaries, tele-counsellors, educators, law professionals among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integration with Local Bodies:</strong> The initiative aims to<strong> foster care and integration of child protection and mental health</strong> in the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Panchayati Raj systems</strong></a> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aspirational districts</strong></a> across the country to facilitate awareness generation and improve service delivery at the grassroot level.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mental Health</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the WHO, mental health is &lsquo;a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.&rsquo;</li>
<li>Like Physical health, Mental health is also important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A report published in The Lancet Psychiatry in February 2020 indicates that in <strong>2017, there were 197.3 million people with mental disorders in India.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> top mental illnesses</strong> were depressive disorder (45.7 million) and anxiety disorder (44.9 million).</li>
<li>The contribution of mental disorders to the total <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-mental-health-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)</strong></a> in India increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by the Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Mental Health Program (NMHP):</strong> To address the huge burden of mental disorders and shortage of qualified professionals in the field of mental health, the government has been implementing the National Mental Health Program (NMHP) since 1982.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Program was re-strategize in 2003 to include two schemes, viz. <strong>Modernization of State Mental Hospitals and Up-gradation of Psychiatric Wings of Medical Colleges/General Hospitals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mental HealthCare Act 2017:</strong> It guarantees every affected person access to mental healthcare and treatment from services run or funded by the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has significantly<strong> reduced the scope for the use of Section 309 IPC</strong> and made the attempt to commit suicide punishable only as an exception.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/mental-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017</strong></a> came into force in 2018 to meet the requirements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-principles-for-people-with-disabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong> </a>which <strong>India ratified in 2007</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>KIRAN</strong></a>: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a<strong> 24/7 toll-free helpline</strong> to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manodarpan-mental-health-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manodarpan Initiative</strong></a>: It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>. It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1745898&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1629108217070931&amp;usg=AOvVaw04eiJLtqdUYefY0Jys5rps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9291,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Youth Day, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, International Youth Day is observed on <strong>12<sup>th</sup> August</strong> to recognise and bring attention to the problems faced by the youth.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Youth Day</strong> is held every year on <strong>12<sup>th</sup> January</strong> to observe the birth anniversary of <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swami Vivekananda.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1999, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> decided to commemorate International Youth Day every year on this day.</li>
<li>It was <strong>based on a recommendation made by the World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth</strong> in Lisbon to the UN General Assembly.</li>
<li>The <strong>first International Youth Day</strong> was observed on <strong>12<sup>th</sup> August, 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Transforming Food Systems: Youth Innovation for Human and Planetary Health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges in Realising Youth Potential: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of Education and Skill:</strong> India&rsquo;s <strong>underfunded education system</strong> is inadequately equipped to <strong>provide the skills</strong> young people need to take <strong>advantage of emerging employment opportunities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Bank</strong></a>, public expenditure on education constituted <strong>only 3.4% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDP</a> in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic:</strong> Various studies show that school closures have a serious impact on the learning, lives and mental well-being of children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A survey by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> </a>reveals that 65% of adolescents worldwide reported having learnt less during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues of Young Women:</strong> Child marriage, gender-based violence, their vulnerability to abuse and trafficking, especially if primary caregivers fall ill or die. All these issues restrict young women to achieve their full potential.</li>
<li><strong>Jobless Growth:</strong> The main contributor in India&rsquo;s GDP is the service sector which is not labour intensive and thus adds to jobless growth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further about 50% of India's population is still dependent on agriculture which is notorious for underemployment and disguised unemployment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Social Capital:</strong> Further <strong>high levels of hunger, malnutrition, stunting</strong> among children, high levels of anaemia among adolescent girls, poor sanitation etc., have reduced the productivity of India&rsquo;s youth in realising their potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Youth Policy-2014</strong> provides a holistic Vision for the youth of India which is &ldquo;to empower the youth of the country to achieve their full potential, and through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>For Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuwaah-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generation Unlimited in India (YuWaah)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Career Service</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Rojgar ProtsahanYojana (PMRPY)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuva-scheme-for-young-writers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>YUVA: Prime Minister&rsquo;s Scheme For Mentoring Young Authors</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Social Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-on-crimes-and-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-marriage-act-1954" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Special Marriage Act, 1954 </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-say-no-to-child-marriage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Health and Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icds-survey-in-jharkhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-1#:~:text=NHM%20adopts%20a%20health%20system,secondary%20care%20services%20to%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skill-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Programme of Action for Youth</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-youth-mobilization-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Youth Summit </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skills-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global youth skills day</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With a <strong>young population of 365 million (30%),</strong> India&rsquo;s demographic dividend &ndash; the economic advantage of a large working-age population &ndash; is enormous.</li>
<li>India must <strong>ensure a healthy young population</strong> by making efforts to improve access to adolescent-friendly healthcare facilities, gainful employment and nutrition as a critical step to achieving the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1745122" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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