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Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20

Why in News Recently, the National Statistical Office (NSO) released the third annual report on Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), conducted...

26 Jul 2021 Employment
Subsidy Scheme to Boost Merchant Ships

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved a scheme for providing subsidy support to Indian Shipping companies in global tenders floated...

23 Jul 2021 Employment
Registration of Migrant Workers

This article is based on Why the Supreme Court order on registration of migrant workers is welcome which was published in The Indian Express on...

22 Jul 2021 Employment
Stand Up India Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Finance has extended the Standup India Scheme up to the year 2025. Key Points Launch: It was launched...

21 Jul 2021 Employment
India’s Textile Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles for giving a...

16 Jul 2021 Employment
World Youth Skill Day

Why in News Every year, 15th July is observed as the World Youth Skills Day. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in...

16 Jul 2021 Employment
Youth and Food System

Why in News A new UN report on youth and agriculture underscores the urgent need to make agri-food systems more appealing to young people to secure...

09 Jul 2021 Employment
Skilling India

This article is based on “Holistic skilling'' which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 01/07/2021. It talks about the challenges...

02 Jul 2021 Employment
G20 Labour and Employment Ministers’ Meeting

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Labour and Employment has said that India is making collective efforts to reduce gender gaps in labour...

24 Jun 2021 Employment
Improving Employability of the Youth

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment and UNICEF have signed a Statement of Intent to improve employment outcomes for the...

18 Jun 2021 Employment
World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2021 Report: ILO

Why in News Recently, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has released the World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends (WESO) report...

04 Jun 2021 Employment
Registration of Unorganised Workers

Why in News The Supreme Court of India (SC) has directed the Central Government and the State Governments to complete the registration process of...

27 May 2021 Employment
Social Security Code 2020

Why in News The effectiveness of the Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020 in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many. With SS Code...

20 May 2021 Employment
National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved a Rs. 18,100-crore Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for manufacturers of Advanced Chemistry Cell...

17 May 2021 Employment
Startup India Seed Fund Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Government has launched the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS). The Scheme was announced during the...

21 Apr 2021 Employment
Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala

Why in News The Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways seeks to develop 65 lighthouses on public-private-partnership mode. Odisha’s...

12 Apr 2021 Employment
PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the Central Sector Scheme - "Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry...

05 Apr 2021 Employment
Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020: Oxfam

Why in News Recently, the Labour and Employment Minister has informed the Lok Sabha that Oxfam Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index 2020...

24 Mar 2021 Employment
National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program

Why in News The National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program (NETAP) has released its latest edition of the Apprenticeship Outlook Report...

11 Mar 2021 Employment
EPFO: Interest Rate for 2020-21

Why in News Recently, the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) recommended that subscribers be given 8.5% interest rate for Provident Fund...

05 Mar 2021 Employment

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		'article_id' => (int) 8979,
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		'title' => 'Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> </a>released the <strong>third annual report</strong> on <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quarterly-periodic-labour-force-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</a>,</strong> conducted between<strong> July 2019 and June 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Labour indicators recorded an <strong>all-round improvement in 2019-20</strong> compared with the previous two years i:e 2017-18 and 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Statistical Office</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>central statistical agency</strong> of the Government mandated under the <strong>Statistical Services Act 1980</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>responsible for the development of arrangements for providing statistical information services</strong> to meet the needs of the Government and other users for information on which to base policy, planning, monitoring and management decisions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The services include <strong>collecting, compiling and disseminating official statistical information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports &amp; Indices by NSO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/index-of-industrial-production-iip" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP) </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-february-2021#:~:text=Consumer%20Price%20Index,-It%20measures%20price&amp;text=It%20is%20released%20by%20the,Indian%20consumers%20buy%20for%20use." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-monitoring-framework-on-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework</strong></a> Progress Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unemployment rate <strong>fell to 4.8% in 2019-20.</strong> In 2018-19, it stood at 5.8% and 6.1% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It improved to<strong> 38.2% in 2019-20</strong> compared with 35.3% in 2018-19 and 34.7% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Ratio:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>increased to 40.1% in 2019-20</strong> from 37.5% and 36.9%, respectively, in the last two years. The higher the LFPR, the better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Based Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data showed the jobless rate for both <strong>male and female fell to 5.1%</strong> and <strong>4.2%,</strong> respectively, in 2019-20 from 6% and 5.2% in 2018-19. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WPR and LFPR also comparatively improved during the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>first computer-based survey</strong> launched <strong>by</strong> the <strong>NSO in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>It has been constituted based on the recommendation of a committee headed by <strong>Amitabh Kundu.</strong></li>
<li>It essentially <strong>maps the state of employment in the country.</strong> In doing so, it <strong>collects data on several variables</strong> such as the level of <strong>unemployment,</strong> the <strong>types of employment</strong> and their respective shares, the <strong>wages earned</strong> from different types of jobs, the <strong>number of hours worked etc.</strong></li>
<li>Before PLFS, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong></a>-<strong> previous name of NSO</strong> used to bring the data related to employment and unemployment based on its quinquennial (every 5 year) household socio-economic survey programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>estimate the key employment and unemployment indicators</strong> (viz. WPR, LFPR, UR) in the short time interval of three months for the urban areas only in the <strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS).</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>estimate employment and unemployment indicators in both usual status and CWS in both rural and urban areas</strong> annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Tackle Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government has come up with an economic stimulus package under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> to support the Indian economy and create jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)</strong></a>, the Union Government is providing affordable loans to street vendors.</li>
<li>In 2020 the government allocated an additional fund of Rs 40,000 crore for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, as part of the stimulus package.</li>
<li>The government is offering <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">credit guarantees for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</a></strong> which will help them in getting loans easily and boost their functioning.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</strong></a> to provide financial support to entrepreneurs to start small enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Various other initiatives have also been taken by the government to support the economy which includes relaxation in Companies Act and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency proceedings</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reforms in agri- marketing</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li>Government has also taken initiatives such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Wages, 2019</strong></a> to reduce gender-based discrimination in wages, recruitment and conditions of employment.</li>
<li>State governments have also come up with the initiative to support their economy and increase jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restart-programme-for-msmes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;ReStart&rsquo; programme</strong></a> to support the MSME sector in the State.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jharkhand-launches-employment-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jharkhand has launched three employment schemes</strong></a> to create wage employment for workers in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate (UR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons unemployed</strong> among the persons in the labour force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons in the labour force</strong> (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Ratio (WPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of employed persons in the population.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Activity Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The activity status of a person is<strong> determined on the basis of the activities pursued by the person</strong> during the <strong>specified reference period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Usual Status:</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of the <strong>reference period of the last 365 days</strong> preceding the date of survey, it is known as the usual activity status of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS):</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of a <strong>reference period of the last 7 days</strong> preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/labour-survey-shows-job-scenario-improved-in-2019-20-7419572/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8947,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Subsidy Scheme to Boost Merchant Ships',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved<strong> a scheme for providing subsidy support to Indian Shipping companies in global tenders</strong> floated by Ministries and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/department-of-public-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)</a> for import of government cargo.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme <strong>provides a subsidy of Rs. 1,624 crore over five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme envisages an<strong> increase in flagging</strong> and would link access to Indian cargo to investment in Indian ships.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flagging in is the <strong>process of adding a vessel to the national registry</strong> and "flagging out" is the process of removing a vessel from a national registry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The subsidy support varies <strong>from 5% to 15%</strong> of the lowest quote offered by the foreign shipping company, depending on whether the ship was flagged after or before 1<sup>st</sup> February, 2021.</li>
<li>However, <strong>ships older than 20 years will not be eligible under the scheme,</strong> according to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rationale of the Scheme:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Small Size of Indian Shipping Industry:</strong> Despite having a 7,500 km long coastline, a significant <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-export-policy-unveiled" target="_blank" rel="noopener">national EXIM (Export-Import) trade</a>, a policy of 100% FDI in shipping since 1997,</strong> the Indian shipping industry and India's national fleet is proportionately small when compared with its global counterparts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently the Indian fleet comprises a meagre <strong>1.2% of the world fleet in terms of capacity.</strong></li>
<li>The share of Indian ships in the carriage of India's EXIM trade has drastically declined from 40.7% in 1987-88 to about 7.8% in 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offsetting Higher Operational Costs:</strong> Currently, Indian shipping industry bears relatively higher operating costs, owing to factors like higher costs of debt funds, taxation on wages of Indian seafarers, IGST on import of ships, blocked GST tax credits, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this context, these higher operational costs would be offset to a large extent through the subsidy support and it would be more attractive to flag merchant ships in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Foreign Exchange Outgo:</strong> Owing to high operational costs, importing a shipping service by an Indian charterer is cheaper than contracting the services of a local shipping company.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has led to an increase in foreign exchange outgo on account of freight bill payments to foreign shipping companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Scheme: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Generating Employment:</strong> Increase in Indian fleet will provide direct employment to Indian seafarers since Indian ships are required to employ only Indian seafarers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, cadets wishing to become seafarers are required to obtain on-board training on ships. Indian ships will therefore provide training slots for young Indian cadet boys and girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Advantages:</strong> A policy to promote the growth of the Indian shipping industry is also necessary because having a bigger national fleet would provide economic, commercial, and strategic advantages to India.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Advantages:</strong> A strong and diverse indigenous shipping fleet will not only lead to foreign exchange savings but would also reduce excessive dependence on foreign ships for transporting India&rsquo;s critical cargoes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, it would help in achieving the objective of Atmanirbhar Bharat and contribute to the Indian GDP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-nod-for-subsidy-scheme-to-boost-merchant-ships/article35322029.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Registration of Migrant Workers',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-the-supreme-court-order-on-registration-of-migrant-workers-is-welcome-7415997/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Why the Supreme Court order on registration of migrant workers is welcome</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2021. It talks about the supreme court order on registration of migrant workers.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the latest government data on migration from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202011%20Census,state%20from%20the%20two%20states.&amp;text=According%20to%20it%20migrants%20from,combined%20population%20of%2029.2%20million." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2011 Census</strong></a>, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population).</p>
<p>The migrant workers are the worst sufferers due to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> as they could not access the government schemes benefits due to the status of statelessness. Thus, the workers in the<strong> unorganised sector (around 93%,</strong> including most migrants in lower-end jobs) need to be able to access numerous welfare schemes in existence.</p>
<p>However, the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/registration-of-unorganised-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC) judgment</strong> </a>on the problems and miseries of migrant workers will go down in history as a radical judgment to reduce human suffering in the wake of the<strong> Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></p>
<p>The order explicitly recognises the critical contribution of migrant workers to the economy, even though they are often employed in precarious jobs. However, the judgement has its own challenges in the smooth implementation.</p>
<h3>Significance of SC Order</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accept Self-declaration:</strong> In a significant break with convention, the order declared that <strong>authorities shall not insist on an ID card and accept &ldquo;self-declaration&rdquo;</strong> from workers to access welfare programmes (a similar provision was made in the 2008 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/idea-of-social-security-number-for-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Act</strong></a>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a country where documents determine access to state resources and who is or is not granted citizenship, it is nothing short of revolutionary to issue orders to do away with paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universalise the Access to Welfare Scheme:</strong> The order also says that the lack of documentation cannot be used as an excuse by the state to abdicate its responsibility, especially during the pandemic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the long-term goal is to get all migrant workers registered so that access to welfare schemes reaches to all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspires Confidence in Socialist agenda:</strong> The SC orders inspires confidence in India&rsquo;s original socialist agenda at a time when neoliberal policies have challenged measures to protect the dignity and rights of the weakest in society and when industries are engaged in a nasty &ldquo;race to the bottom&rdquo; on labour standards to cut costs and stay competitive.</li>
<li>The order is a welcome indicator that the highest court is still looking out for the<strong> most vulnerable sections</strong> of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues of Migrants</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delay in Registering Workers:</strong> The main barrier preventing access is the delay in registering workers on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national database</strong></a> of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.</li>
<li><strong>Issues in the Labour Department:</strong> There are numerous barriers within the labour department, including a lack of guidelines on procedures related to registration, and delays in uploading data submitted in hard copy on the portal as it cannot be directly updated by others.</li>
<li><strong>Administrative Issues:</strong> Migrants experienced a variety of problems with registration ranging from digital illiteracy, corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency and the requirement of multiple documents (even where only Aadhaar would suffice).</li>
<li><strong>Exclusion of Vulnerables:</strong> Exclusion was markedly worse among the vulaneables such as Muslims, lower castes owing to discrimination in the society. The tasks set out in the SC order challenge entrenched patterns of labour recruitment and employment that have taken root in the current neoliberal context.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fast Forward Registration Process:</strong> Without registration, none of the welfare schemes in existence can be accessed. Thus, the process should be fast-forwarded to register all the migrant workers.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of Existing Laws:</strong> Workers must be registered under the three laws that are in place to protect labour and migrant workers, namely, the <strong>1979 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/woes-of-migrants-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interstate Migrant Workmen Act</a></strong>, the <strong>1996 <a href="/daily-news-analysis/social-audit-to-track-construction-workers-benefits#:~:text=Building%20and%20Other%20Construction%20Worker%20Act%2C%201996&amp;text=The%20Act%20provides%20for%20the,be%20used%20for%20availing%20benefits." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Building and Other Construction Workers Act</a></strong> and the <strong>2008 Unorganised Sector Social Security Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Earliest Rollout of ONORC Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution should allocate additional food grains to the states for disbursement to migrant workers under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme</strong></a> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>The rollout of this system requires beneficiaries to possess a ration card, an Aadhaar number, and electronic points of sale (ePoS) in ration shops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reform Labour Departments:</strong> The labour departments are seriously short of staff and capacity to carry out the Supreme Court order. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steps must be taken to bring organisational transformation in the departments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Social security measures should cover all the unorganized workers to bring overall development in our country.</p>
<p>Thus, the supreme court&rsquo;s recent order regarding registration of migrant workers stands up for the rights of the weakest and recognises their critical contribution to the economy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0fff4;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;The contribution of migrant workers to the economy is inumerable, even though they are often employed in precarious jobs.&rsquo; In the light of the statement, discuss the supreme court&rsquo;s recent order on registration of migrant workers on national databases.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8932,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Stand Up India Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Finance </strong>has<strong> extended the Standup India Scheme up to the year 2025.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched in April 2016<strong> to promote entrepreneurship at the grass-root level</strong> focusing on economic empowerment and job creation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To leverage the institutional credit structure to <strong>reach out to the underserved sector of people such as SCs, STs and Women Entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilitates Bank Loans:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of this scheme is<strong> to facilitate bank loans</strong> between<strong> Rs.10 lakh and Rs.1 crore to at least one SC or ST borrower</strong> and at<strong> least one woman borrower</strong> per bank branch of Scheduled Commercial Banks<strong> for setting up a Greenfield enterprise.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the trading sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SC/ST and/or women entrepreneurs; above 18 years of age.</li>
<li>Loans under the scheme are available <strong>for only Greenfield projects.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A greenfield project is one which is not constrained by prior work. It is constructed on unused land where there is no need to remodel or demolish an existing structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Borrower<strong> should not be in default</strong> to any bank or financial institution.</li>
<li>In case of non-individual enterprises, <strong>at least 51%</strong> of the shareholding and controlling stake should be held by either <strong>an SC/ST or Woman entrepreneur.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>margin money requirement</strong> for loans under the Scheme <strong>has been reduced from 'upto 25%' to 'upto 15%'</strong> and <strong>activities allied to agriculture</strong> have been included in the Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connect Centers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The offices of SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)</strong></a> are designated <strong>Stand-Up Connect Centres (SUCC).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance so far:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks have sanctioned Rs 26,204 crore to about <strong>1,16,266 beneficiaries</strong> under the Scheme in the <strong>last five years.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme has<strong> benefited more than 93,094 women entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626863181_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626863181_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="651" height="273" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1737320" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8889,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Textile Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth<strong> review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles</strong> for giving a boost to the textiles sector.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Textiles &amp; garments industry is<strong> labour intensive sector</strong> that employs 45 mn people in India is <strong>second only to the agriculture sector in terms of employment.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s textiles sector is<strong> one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy,</strong> and is a storehouse and carrier of traditional skills, heritage and culture.</li>
<li>It can be divided into<strong> two segments-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>unorganised sector</strong> is small scale and uses traditional tools and methods. It consists of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">handloom</a>, handicrafts and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sericulture</a></strong> (production of silk).</li>
<li>The <strong>organised sector</strong> uses modern machinery and techniques and consists of the <strong>spinning, apparel and garments segment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contributes<strong> 2.3%</strong> to Indian<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gross Domestic Product</a>, 7%</strong> of Industrial Output, <strong>12% to the export earnings of India</strong> and employs more than <strong>21% of total employment.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> largest producer</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></a> with<strong> 6% Global Share, largest producer of cotton &amp; jute</strong> in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Technical textiles are<strong> functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also the <strong>second largest producer of silk</strong> in the world and 95% of the world&rsquo;s hand woven fabric comes from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being <strong>dominated by the unorganized sector</strong> and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated Technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its<strong> limitations of access to the latest technology</strong> (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Tax Structure Issues:</strong> The tax structure <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong> </a>makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant Exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the <strong>USD 40-billion level for the last six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an<strong> average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh,</strong> which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Foreign Investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, the industry attracted<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow-touches-82-bn-in-fy21#:~:text=8%25)%2C%20respectively.-,Foreign%20Direct%20Investment,country%20(the%20host%20country)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> </a>of only <strong>USD 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/textile-sector-and-atmanirbharta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS):</strong></a> In 2015, the government approved "Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)" <strong>for technology upgradation of the textiles industry.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP)</a>:</strong> To <strong>assist small and medium entrepreneurs</strong> in the textile industry to clusterize investments in textile parks by providing financial support for world class infrastructure in the parks.</li>
<li><strong>SAMARTH (Scheme For Capacity Building In Textile Sector):</strong> To <strong>address the shortage of skilled workers,</strong> the government launched the <strong>Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SCBTS)</strong> and named it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samarth-scheme-for-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAMARTH Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS):</strong> This is a scheme for <strong>promoting textiles industry in the NER</strong> by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of the textile industry.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Power-Tex India</a>:</strong> It <strong>comprises new research and development</strong> in power loom textiles, new markets, branding, subsidies and welfare schemes for the workers.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Silk Samagra Scheme</a>:</strong> It focuses on <strong>improving the quality and productivity of domestic silk</strong> thereby reducing the country&rsquo;s dependence on imported silk.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jute ICARE</a>:</strong> This pilot project<strong> launched in 2015 is aimed at addressing the difficulties faced by the jute cultivators</strong> by providing them certified seeds at subsidized rates, and by popularizing several newly developed retting technologies under water limiting conditions.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong></a>: It aims<strong> to position the country as a global leader in technical textiles</strong> and increase the use of technical textiles in the domestic market. It aims <strong>to take the domestic market size to USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Textile sector has great potential and it should be realised by <strong>using innovations, latest technology and facilitations.</strong></li>
<li>India can make the sector organised by setting up<strong> mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of obsolete machinery and technology.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector.</strong> Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1736015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8883,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Youth Skill Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Every year, 15<sup>th</sup> July</strong> is observed as the <strong>World Youth Skills Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was designated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To equip young people around the world with <strong>essential skills for employment, work, and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>To achieve the <strong>Incheon Declaration: Education 2030,</strong> &ldquo;which devotes considerable attention to technical and vocational skills development, specifically regarding access to affordable quality<strong> technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions.&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This vision is fully captured by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a><strong>-4,</strong> which aims to <strong>&ldquo;Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To eliminate <strong>gender disparity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Reimagining Youth Skills Post-Pandemic&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State of Youth Employment and Schools during Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the estimates of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, schools were <strong>shut down for over 30 weeks</strong> in <strong>50% of the countries</strong> between <strong>March 2020 and May 2021.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Respondents to a survey of the TVET,</strong> which was jointly collected by <strong>UNESCO, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ILO</a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>,</strong> revealed that <strong>distance learning was the most common way of imparting skills.</strong></li>
<li>Youth employment fell <strong>8.7% last year,</strong> compared with <strong>3.7% for adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Announcement by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> announced the <strong>75 newly sanctioned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jan-shikshan-sansthans#:~:text=Jan%20Shikshan%20Sansthan%20(formerly%20known,the%20region%20of%20their%20establishment." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Shikshan Sansthans</a> ((JJSs) and also launched a portal</strong> made specifically for<strong> JSS.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>JSSs</strong> aim to provide <strong>vocational training to non-literates, neo-literates as well as school dropouts in rural areas,</strong> by identifying skills that might be relevant to the market of that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Curriculum was launched of<strong> 57 new courses aligned with industry demand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken by India for Skilling Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Training Centres (ITIs):</strong> Conceptualized in the year 1950, aims to expand and modernize the existing Long-Term Training ecosystem in India.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>: Launched in 2015, it aims to provide free skill training avenues to youths of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0</strong></a>: It is launched 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>: It was launched in 2015 to <strong>recognize the prior skills acquired by individuals.</strong> It is one of the key components of<strong> PMKVY.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this an individual with a certain set of skills or with prior learning experience is assessed and certified under RPL with grade according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/standardising-skill-training-imparting-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Career Service Project</strong></a>: Launched in 2015 to offer <strong>free online career skills training through its National Career Service (NCS) project</strong> for job-seekers registered with it.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Management and Accreditation of Training Centres (SMART):</strong> It provides a <strong>single window IT application</strong> that focuses on the accreditation, grading, Affiliation and Continuous monitoring of the Training Centres (TC) in the skill ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP)</strong></a>: Its focus is on <strong>district-level skilling ecosystem</strong> through convergence and coordination. It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the World Bank.</li>
<li><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement:</strong> STRIVE scheme is<strong> a World Bank assisted-Government of India project</strong> with the objective of improving the relevance and efficiency of skills training provided through ITIs and apprenticeships.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> Launched in the year 2016, it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuva-scheme-for-young-writers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors&rsquo; (YUVA) scheme</strong></a>, a mentorship programme to train young authors.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushalacharya Awards</strong></a>: Launched to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a>: The scheme is to <strong>provide industry apprenticeship opportunities</strong> to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the <strong>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)</a>:</strong> Launched in 2020, it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Special Initiatives for Tribal Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goal-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Going Online As Leaders' -GOAL</strong></a> are helping tribal population with areas like art and culture, handicraft, textiles and digital literacy among tribal areas leading to entrepreneurship development among the tribal population.</li>
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Yojna</strong></a> is effectively connecting the tribal society with new opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735733" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8818,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Youth and Food System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A new <strong>UN report on youth and agriculture</strong> underscores the urgent need to make agri-food systems more appealing to young people to secure the future of global food security and nutrition.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report <strong>&lsquo;Promoting youth engagement and employment in agriculture and food systems&rsquo;</strong> is prepared and shared to the UN by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-on-food-systems-and-nutrition-cfs#:~:text=The%20Committee%20on%20World%20Food,the%20CFS%2047th%20Session." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Committee on World Food Security (CFS).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>CFS</strong> is an inclusive international and intergovernmental platform for all stakeholders to work together on <strong>food security and nutrition for all.</strong> The CFS is hosted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-price-index-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</strong></a> <strong>of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a>&nbsp;</strong>(UN).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Youth in Numbers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Youth aged between 15 and 24 years accounted for <strong>16% of the world&rsquo;s population</strong> in 2019.</li>
<li>Young people were concentrated in <strong>Asia, Central and Southern Asia</strong> with 361 million youth and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia with 307 million youth, followed by sub-Saharan Africa (211 million youth).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> </a>estimated that 440 million youth from the African continent would enter the labour market between 2015 and 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Food systems are the largest employer:</strong> Particularly in the developing countries, yet they often do not provide decent and meaningful work or adequate livelihood opportunities, nor maintain a balance between the needs and rights of different generations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-on-food-systems-and-nutrition-cfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food systems</strong></a> are a <strong>complex web of activities</strong> involving production, processing, handling, preparation, storage, distribution, marketing, access, purchase, consumption, food loss and waste, as well as the outputs of these activities, including social, economic and environmental outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Employment Opportunities: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> has affected labour markets around the world, hurting employment prospects for the youth more than those belonging to other age groups. Globally, employment among the youth fell 8.7% in 2020 compared with 3.7% for adults.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Agri-food systems, if made more appealing and equitable to youth, are a large, <strong>untapped reservoir of employment opportunities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Focusing on Developing Countries:</strong> As almost 88% of the world's 1.2 billion youth live, particularly in Africa, where over 70% of youth subsist on USD 2 per day or less.</li>
<li><strong>Achieving Sustainable Development Goals:</strong> The youth engagement and employment in sustainable agri-food systems is simultaneously a goal to be realized and a means for the achievement of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a>, and of economic well-being.</li>
<li>Youth are on the <strong>front lines to build the food systems of the future,</strong> while also bearing significant risks from <strong>climate change, social and economic inequities, </strong>and<strong> political marginalization.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Approaches, initiatives and policies</strong> to strengthen youth engagement and employment in food systems need to be based on the <strong>pillars of rights, equity, agency and recognition.</strong></li>
<li>Improving youth-focused <strong>social protection programmes, labour laws</strong> and regulations, and <strong>young people's access to resources</strong> (land, forests, fisheries etc), finance, markets, digital technologies, knowledge and information.</li>
<li>Supporting youth-led <strong>start-up initiatives</strong> is also important, and requires a supportive policy environment.</li>
<li>The <strong>redistribution of resources, knowledge and opportunities for youth</strong> can contribute to creating jobs for the youth, as well as directly supporting transitions to sustainable agri-food systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Youth in Numbers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The youth (18-29 years) constitute 22% of India&rsquo;s population, which is more than 261 million people.</li>
<li>According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, the median age of Indian population is around 28 years in 2021 and will become 31 years by 2031.</li>
<li>India is also going through the stage of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/utilising-the-demographic-dividend-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demographic dividend.</strong></a></li>
<li>Hardly<strong> 5% of the youth are engaged in agriculture</strong> though over 60% of the rural people derive their livelihood fully or partly from farming and its related activities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Clearly, the modern youth are disenchanted with agriculture and are shunning it as a profession.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MAYA Roadmap, 2018:</strong> This was formulated in a conference in New Delhi on <strong>&ldquo;Motivating and Attracting Youth in Agriculture&rdquo; (MAYA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MAYA road map envisages offering the youth a variety of avenues and opportunities for economic growth, social respect and application of modern technologies in farming and allied activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ARYA (Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</a></strong> has initiated this programme. Following are its <strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To attract and empower the Youth in Rural Areas to take up various Agriculture, allied and service sectors.</li>
<li>To enable the<strong> Farm Youth to establish network groups</strong> to take up resource and capital intensive activities like processing, value addition and marketing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Policy for Farmers, 2007:</strong> To introduce measures which can help attract and retain youths in farming and processing of farm products for higher value addition by making it intellectually stimulating and economically rewarding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/covid-19-unemployment-make-agri-food-systems-equitable-for-youth-says-un-report-77826" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8764,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Skilling India',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/omkar-rai/article35084252.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Holistic skilling''</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 01/07/2021. It talks about the challenges pertaining to the skill development in India.</p>
</div>
<p>The success of any endeavour is an interplay of capital, collaboration, regulatory mechanisms and, most importantly, the scientific and technological know-how, put simply, skills.</p>
<p>In India, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>many initiatives</strong></a> have been undertaken in the skills sector by governments in the last decade. However, outcomes are still elusive. According to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/17-12-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Report-2020</strong></a>, only 21.1 per cent of the labour force was skilled in the period 2010-2019 in India.</p>
<p>This dismal result is due to lack of cohesion within policy actions, absence of holistic approach and working in silos. Therefore, if India wants to reap the demographic advantage, it needs to fix the challenges pertaining to skill development in India.</p>
<h3>Issues in Skill Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Piecemeal Approach:</strong> The piecemeal approach to skilling can be seen in this year&rsquo;s Budget which has allocated ₹3,000 crore to realign the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-employability-through-apprenticeship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Apprenticeship Training scheme</strong></a> but has restricted it to only engineering stream and not to other science and arts streams.</li>
<li><strong>Overburdened Responsibility: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Phase III of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana</a></strong>, launched to impart skills development to over 8 lakh persons in 2020-21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it suffers from excessive reliance on the District Skills Development Committees, chaired by District Collectors, who would not be able to prioritise this role, given their other assignments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discontinuity in Policy Process:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Skill Development Agency</strong></a> (NSDA), created in 2013 for resolving the inter-ministerial and inter-departmental issues and eliminating duplicates of efforts of the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it has been now subsumed as part of the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT).</li>
<li>This reflects not only discontinuity in the policy process, but also some obfuscation among policy makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Humongous Number of New Entrants:</strong> According to a 2019 study by the National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC), 7 crore additional people in the working-age of 15-59 years are expected to enter the labour force by 2023.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the sheer magnitude of youth to be skilled, it is paramount that the policy efforts are adequate in all respects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employers&rsquo; Unwillingness:</strong> India&rsquo;s joblessness issue is not only a skills problem, it is representative of the lack of appetite of industrialists and SMEs for recruiting.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to limited access to credit because of Banks&rsquo; NPAs, investment rate has declined and thus has a negative impact on job creation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Separation Between Education &amp; Skills:</strong> There is a need to end the artificial separation of the education system into formal and vocational shall end with such enabling frameworks allowing seamless integration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020</strong></a> envisaged a right policy as it emphasises on integration of vocational and formal education both at school and higher education levels.</li>
<li>The NEP also proposed a pilot &lsquo;hub-n-spoke&rsquo; model with the conceptual framework of ITI becoming a &lsquo;Hub&rsquo; for providing VET related training and exposure to students of adjoining 5-7 schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skills survey:</strong> Surveys can be conducted to find the exact skill requirements from the employers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Analysis of such surveys would help in designing course structures of the training programs and thus standardized course curriculum or training delivery systems can be developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced Expenditure on Education and Training:</strong> In the long run, Skill India will also not be enough if government expenditures in education remain low and if, therefore, the ground isn&rsquo;t prepared for proper training.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case, the proposal of NEP to enhance public expenditure on education to 6% of GDP is a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Imbibing International Success Models:</strong> India needs to learn from technical and vocational training/education models in China, Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Singapore, who had similar challenges in the past, along with learning from its own experiences to adopt a comprehensive model that can bridge the skill gaps and ensure employability of youths.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>To make <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Atmanirbhar</strong></a>, all the skilling efforts need to be brought under one platform to eliminate silos and duplications. A sturdy institutional framework with practical and real pathways to change course between mainstream and vocational programmes needs to be put in place.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafcff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>To make Bharat Atmanirbhar, all the skilling efforts need to be brought under one platform to eliminate silos and duplications. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8689,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G20 Labour and Employment Ministers’ Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister for Labour and Employment</strong> has said that<strong> India is making collective efforts</strong> to <strong>reduce gender gaps</strong> in <strong>labour force participation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was delivering the Ministerial Address on Declaration and Employment Working Group Priorities at <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> Labour and Employment Ministers&rsquo; Meeting.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues Discussed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Employment Working Group deliberated upon key issues, including <strong>women employment, social security and remote working.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2014, G20 Leaders pledged in Brisbane to<strong> reduce the gap in labour force participation rates</strong> between men and women by <strong>25%</strong> by<strong> 2025,</strong> with the aim of bringing<strong> 100 million women into the labour market,</strong> increasing global and inclusive growth, and reducing poverty and inequality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Highlighted by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Educational and Skilling Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New National Education Policy, 2020:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims for reforms in<strong> school and higher education systems.</strong></li>
<li>India is strengthening its educational and skilling efforts to ensure quality education from preschool to senior secondary stage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skill Development Mission:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to create <strong>convergence across sectors and States</strong> in terms of <strong>skill training activities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It enables the youth to take up industry related skill training to assist them in securing better opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital educational content</strong> has been made available on various e-learning platforms like<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> DIKSHA</a>, SWAYAM.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Employment Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is paying up to 24% of wages towards EPF contributions for new employees as well as those who lost their jobs in the pandemic and are being re-employed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Ensure Women Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Wages, 2019:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will reduce gender-based discrimination in wages, recruitment and conditions of employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides financial support to women entrepreneurs to start small enterprises.</li>
<li>Collateral free loans worth Rs 9 lakh crore have been disbursed under this scheme.</li>
<li>There are around 70% of women in this scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020#:~:text=The%20SS%20Code%202020%20merges,security%20remains%20an%20unfulfilled%20aspiration." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Social Security:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may now include even self-employed and all other classes of workforce into the folds of social security coverage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Others:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women can now work even <strong>during night hours</strong> and the duration of paid <strong>maternity leave</strong> has been increased from <strong>12 weeks to 26 weeks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 Roadmap Towards and Beyond the Brisbane Target:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has been developed for achieving equal opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the labour markets as well as societies in general.</li>
<li>The G20 Roadmap Towards and Beyond the Brisbane Target has been set as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing the <strong>quantity and quality of women&rsquo;s employment.</strong></li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>equal opportunities</strong> and achieving better outcomes in the labour market.</li>
<li>Promoting a more <strong>even distribution of women and men</strong> across sectors and occupations.</li>
<li>Tackling the<strong> gender pay gap.</strong></li>
<li>Promoting<strong> a more balanced distribution of paid and unpaid work</strong> between women and men.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing discrimination and gender stereotypes</strong> in the labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Labour Force Participation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The labor force participation rate indicates the percentage of all people of working age who are employed or are actively seeking work.</li>
<li>India continues to struggle to provide its women with equal opportunity.</li>
<li>In 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic, female labor force participation in India was 23.5%, according to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ILO</strong> </a>estimates.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong></a>, 2018-19, the female labour force participation rates (LFPR) among women aged above 15 years are as low as 26.4% in rural areas and 20.4% in urban areas in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Constraints in Female Labor Force Participation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stereotyping in Society:</strong> India&rsquo;s societal norms are such that women are expected to take the responsibility of family care and childcare. This stereotype is a critical barrier to women&rsquo;s labor force participation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, women are in constant conflict over-allotment of time for work and life is a war of attrition for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> In India in 2019, internet users were 67% male and 33% female, and this gap is even bigger in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This divide can become a barrier for women to access critical education, health, and financial services, or to achieve success in activities or sectors that are becoming more digitized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Disruption:</strong> Women hold most of the administrative and data-processing roles that artificial intelligence and other technologies threaten to usurp.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As routine jobs become automated, the pressure on women will intensify and they will experience higher unemployment rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Gender-Related Data:</strong> Globally, major gaps in gendered data and the lack of trend data make it hard to monitor progress.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, too, significant gaps in data on the girl child prevent a systematic longitudinal assessment of the lives of girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> Owing to Covid-19, global female employment is 19% more at risk than male employment (ILO estimates).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Work opportunities for women are restricted to a few sectors. Policies are needed to promote access to employment across the spectrum of sectors and occupations, investments in diversified sectors and upgrade to high-end activities, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas along with infrastructural support like transport, housing, sanitation facilities, lights and so on.</li>
<li>Encouraging female entrepreneurship can promote a broader dynamic economy, elevate the economic role of women, and therefore distribute the benefits of growth more equitably.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1729764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Improving Employability of the Youth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment</strong> and <strong>UNICEF</strong> have signed a <strong>Statement of Intent</strong> to improve employment outcomes for the youth in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census 2011</strong></a>, every fifth person in India is a youth (15-24 years).</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNICEF</strong></a> is a s<strong>pecial program of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN)</strong> devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-s-children-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;The State of the World's Children'</strong></a> is UNICEF's flagship report.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Purpose of this Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It intends to provide a <strong>platform for cooperation between the Ministry and UNICEF</strong> to leverage the existing mainstreamed initiatives of both parties in select states.</li>
<li>This will <strong>co-create and implement solutions</strong> at scale to tackle the <strong>employment and skilling challenges</strong> for adolescents and youth in India, with focus on <strong>vulnerable populations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable Populations include</strong> young people with special needs, youth leaving care institutions, migrant youth, victims of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/child-labour-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child labour</strong></a>, violence, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child marriage</strong></a> and trafficking and like other matter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Areas of Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Connecting young people with employment opportunities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Upskilling of young people on 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</strong> including life skills, financial skills, digital skills, vocations skills etc.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening National Career Service (NCS).</strong></li>
<li>Support in <strong>Job forecasting</strong> by exploring the gaps.</li>
<li>Supporting <strong>direct dialogue and the establishment of a feedback mechanism</strong> between youth and policy stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Career Service (NCS)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2015</strong>, within the umbrella of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-governance plan</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> one-stop solution</strong> that provides a wide array of employment and career related services to the citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment.</li>
<li><strong>Three Pillars:</strong> The NCS project reaches out to the people of this country through its three essential pillars i.e.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A well designed ICT based portal which is <strong>NCS portal,</strong></li>
<li>Country wide set up of <strong>Model Career Centers</strong> and</li>
<li>Interlinkage with all the states through <strong>employment exchanges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNICEF&rsquo;s Initiative (YuWaah):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>India chapter of Generation Unlimited (GenU) &ndash; YuWaah</strong> &ndash; was <strong>born in 2018.</strong></li>
<li>GenU is a <strong>global multi-stakeholder platform</strong> that aims to prepare young people to transition to productive work and active citizenship.</li>
<li>In India, <strong>by 2030</strong>, YuWaah aims to ensure, the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Build <strong>pathways for 100 million young people</strong> to aspirational economic opportunities.</li>
<li>Facilitate <strong>200 million young people to gain relevant skills</strong> for productive lives and the future of work.</li>
<li><strong>Partner with 300 million young people as changemakers</strong> and create spaces for developing their leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Initiatives Taken to Improve Employability of the Youth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Youth Policy-2014</strong> provides a holistic Vision for the youth of India which is &ldquo;to empower the youth of the country to achieve their full potential, and through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)</a>:</strong> It was <strong>introduced in 2008</strong> for generation of employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises in rural as well as urban areas. It is administered by the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)</a>:</strong> It was launched in 2015 for providing <strong>loans up to Rs. 10 lakh</strong> to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro-enterprises. It has a focu<strong>s on self-employment.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Rojgar ProtsahanYojana (PMRPY)</a>:</strong> It has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment for incentivising employers for promoting employment generation.</strong> The Government is paying the entire employer&rsquo;s contribution towards EPF and EPS for all eligible new employees for all sectors for 3 years.</li>
<li>Increased public expenditure on schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-grameen-kaushalya-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong> </a>scheme run by Ministry of Rural Development and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM)</strong></a> run by Ministry of Housing &amp; Urban Affairs.</li>
<li><strong>Other Flagship Programmes which have the Potential to Generate Employment:</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital India</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission#:~:text=The%20Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission%20(Grameen,launched%20on%20October%202%2C%202014.&amp;text=Together%2C%20they%20aim%20to%20achieve,on%20his%20150th%20Birth%20Anniver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart City Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awaas-yojana-gramin#:~:text=Launch%3A%20To%20achieve%20the%20objective,Involved%3A%20Ministry%20of%20Rural%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Housing for All</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial corridors</a></strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1727860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8520,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2021 Report: ILO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2020-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a> has released the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2020-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends (WESO) report</a> 2021.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622798981_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622798981_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="702" height="296" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has pushed <strong>over 100 million more workers into poverty</strong> worldwide. The world would be <strong>75 million jobs short</strong> at the end of this year compared to if the pandemic had not occurred.</li>
<li>Relative to 2019, an estimated <strong>additional 108 million workers are now extremely or moderately poor</strong>, meaning that they and their family members are having to live on less than USD 3.20 per day (It is the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> poverty line for lower-middle-income countries) in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>purchasing power parity</strong></a> <strong>terms</strong>.</li>
<li>The sharp increase in poverty rates is <strong>due to lost working hours as economies went into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdown</a></strong>, outright job losses, and a decline in access to good quality jobs.</li>
<li>Five years of <strong>progress towards the eradication of working poverty have been undone</strong>, as working poverty rates have now reverted to those of 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rising Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pandemic has <strong>exacerbated existing inequalities in the labour market</strong>, with lower-skilled workers, women, young people or migrants among the most affected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Working Hours:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many people have <strong>held onto their jobs but have seen their working hours cut dramatically.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, <strong>8.8% of global working hours were lost</strong> compared to the fourth quarter of 2019 -- the equivalent of <strong>255 million full-time jobs.</strong></li>
<li>While the situation has improved, <strong>global working hours have far from bounced back</strong>, and the world will <strong>still be short the equivalent of 100 million full-time jobs by the end of this year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unemployment rate of 6.3% <strong>this year (2020-21)</strong>, falling to <strong>5.7% next year (2021-22)</strong> but still up on the <strong>pre-pandemic rate of 5.4% in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women&rsquo;s Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women have <strong>suffered disproportionate job losses</strong> while seeing their unpaid working time increase.</li>
<li>The <strong>burden of intensified childcare and homeschooling activities</strong> has disproportionately fallen on them.</li>
<li>As a result, <strong>women&rsquo;s employment dropped by 5% compared with 3.9% for men.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There will be <strong>pandemic's longer-term &ldquo;scarring&rdquo; effects</strong> on workers and enterprises.</li>
<li>Looking ahead, the projected <strong>employment growth will be insufficient to close the gaps opened up by the crisis,</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Concerted policy efforts are needed to prevent long-lasting damage.</li>
<li>It recommended among other things ensuring <strong>worldwide access to vaccines</strong> and<strong> financial assistance for developing countries</strong> &ndash; including through <strong>debt restructuring, or enhancing social protection systems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>created in 1919</strong>, as part of the <strong>Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I</strong>, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It became a <strong>specialized agency of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> in 1946.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>a tripartite organization</strong>, the only one of its kind bringing together representatives of governments, employers and workers in its executive bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is a founding member</strong> of the ILO with a total 1<strong>87 member States.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 2020</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chair-of-ilo-governing-body-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India assumed the Chairmanship</strong></a> of the Governing Body of ILO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geneva in Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1969, ILO received the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020#:~:text=the%20original%20sequence.-,Peace,weapon%20of%20war%20and%20conflict." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong> </a>for improving fraternity and peace among nations, pursuing decent work and justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> has not just been a public health crisis, <strong>it's also been an employment and human crisis.</strong></li>
<li>Without a <strong>deliberate effort to accelerate the creation of decent jobs, and support the most vulnerable members</strong> of society and the recovery of the hardest-hit economic sectors, <strong>the lingering effects of the pandemic could be with us for years</strong> in the form of lost human and economic potential, and higher poverty and inequality.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to build back better &mdash; <strong>create productive employment opportunities and foster long-term labour market prospects</strong> for the most vulnerable.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8465,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Registration of Unorganised Workers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court of India</a> (SC)</strong> has directed the Central Government and the State Governments to complete the <strong>registration process of unorganized workers</strong> so that they can avail the welfare benefits given under various government schemes.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Observations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record of Migrant Workers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has asked states and Union territories to keep a record of the <strong>returning migrant labourers</strong>, including details about their skills, place of their earlier employment, etc so that the administration can extend necessary help to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Common National Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be <strong>a common national database for all organised workers</strong> situated in different states.</li>
<li>The process initiated by the Ministry of Labour and Employment for creating a <strong>National Database for Unorganised Workers</strong> should be completed with collaboration and coordination of the States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>may serve registration for extending different schemes</strong> by the States and Center.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for Supervision:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be a suitable mechanism <strong>to monitor and supervise whether the benefits of the welfare schemes reach the beneficiaries</strong> which may be from grassroot levels to higher authorities with names and places of beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dry Ration to Stranded Workers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The stranded migrant workers throughout the country should be provided dry ration under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat Scheme</strong></a> or any other scheme found suitable by the Centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migration in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migration</strong></a> is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence, across either internal (within country) or international (across countries) borders.</li>
<li>The latest <strong>government data on migration</strong> comes from the <strong>2011 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the Census, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Migrant workers keep moving from one place to another place in search of work and such workforce also keeps shifting from one sector to another depending upon the opportunities (such as more wages, duration, and continuity of work), hence, it is not easy to keep record/data of migrant labour workforce.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> lockdown has led to an exodus of migrant workers from cities to rural areas and threw the spotlight on the vast number of Indians who live outside their home states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lakhs of migrant workers were rendered jobless as urban areas were shut due to lockdown.</li>
<li>Night shelters run by local authorities began overflowing, and supplies started dwindling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions Related to Migrant Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 112 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Social Security, 2020</strong></a>, registration of unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers was contemplated.</li>
<li><strong>Section 21</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Occupational Health, Safety and Working Conditions</strong></a> enables the provision for maintaining a database of migrant workers to help in targeting, skill mapping and utilising government schemes effectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code ensures that migrant workers get journey allowance once a year from employers to visit their hometowns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979</strong></a>, required all establishments who hired inter-state migrants to be registered, as well as all contractors who recruited these workers to be licensed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Interoperability of Ration Card:</strong> Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation-One Ration Card (ONORC)</strong></a>, the beneficiaries from one state can get their share of rations in other states where the ration card was originally issued.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-food-grain-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY)</a>:</strong> PMGKAY is a part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package (PMGKP)</strong></a> to help the poor fight the battle against Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan (GKRA)</a>:</strong> The scheme provides livelihood opportunities to the returnee <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant</strong> </a>workers and rural citizens who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdown</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEEM Portal</a>:</strong> The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>&lsquo;Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)&rsquo;</strong> <strong>portal</strong> to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Database of labour migrants in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the Vande Bharat Mission and filled SWADES Skill Card, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Migrant Information System (NMIS)</a>:</strong> The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called <strong>&lsquo;NMIS&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would maintain a central repository of migrant workers and help in speedy inter-state communication to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/complete-registration-of-unorganised-workers-as-early-as-possible-sc-to-centre-states-7328853/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8411,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Security Code 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The effectiveness of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020</strong> </a>in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With SS Code 2020, two other codes were passed which are <strong>Code on Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code,</strong> 2020 and <strong>Industrial Relations Code,</strong> 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>SS Code 2020 subsumes nine regulations</strong> relating to social security, retirement and employee benefits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions of SS Code 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code has <strong>widened coverage by including the unorganised sector,</strong> fixed term employees and gig workers, platform workers, inter-state migrant workers etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Database and Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the aim of making a national database for unorganised sector workers,<strong> registration of all these workers would be done on an online portal</strong> and this registration would be done <strong>on the basis of Self certification</strong> through a simple procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All<strong> records and returns</strong> have to be <strong>maintained electronically. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Security Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be created on the financial side in order to implement social security schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>uniformity in determining wages</strong> for the purpose of social security benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has provided a<strong> wide definition for wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Specific exclusions with ceilings have been provided for<strong> discouraging inappropriate structuring of salaries</strong> to minimise social security benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consultative Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has brought in a facilitating approach by the authorities. Unlike the existing role of inspectors, the <strong>Code provides for an enhanced role of inspector-cum-facilitator</strong> whereby <strong>employers can look for support and advice to enhance compliances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Career Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable that demand for human resources is met and to monitor employment information,<strong> career centres will be established. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stringent Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any failure to deposit employees&rsquo; contributions not only attracts a <strong>penalty of Rs. 1,00,000, but also imprisonment of one to three years.</strong> In case of <strong>repeat offence, the penalties and prosecution is severe,</strong> and no compounding is permitted for repeated offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Online Registration Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>onus lies on informal workers registering as beneficiaries,</strong> further they <strong>do not have digital literacy and connectivity.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there is a <strong>lack of awareness</strong> among informal workers <strong>regarding social security schemes. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Inter-State Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unorganised workers are spread across the length and breadth of India. <strong>Implications</strong> of this code <strong>would be too varied across States</strong> to be administered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complicated Processes &amp; Overlapping Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Providing holistic social security cover for the unorganised workforce in a simple and effective manner is lost in the <strong>Centre-State procedural complications and jurisdictional or institutional overlap. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternity Benefit:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women engaged in the <strong>unorganised sector remain outside the purview of maternity benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employees Provident Fund:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For informal sector workers, <strong>access to employees&rsquo; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">provident fund</a> remains unfulfilled too in the new code.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Payment of Gratuity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although payment of gratuity was expanded in the new Code, it <strong>still remains inaccessible for a vast majority of informal workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SS Code 2020 <strong>merges existing social security laws</strong> and attempts to include informal workers within the ambit of social security administration. However, an examination of the code reveals that <strong>universalisation of social security remains an unfulfilled aspiration.</strong></li>
<li>At a time when India chairs a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> meeting that is<strong> focused on issues of labour, especially informality, it fails to even recognise that India is ageing without social security,</strong> and the demographic dividend of the young workforce that could support the ageing ends in 15 years.</li>
<li>The<strong> provision of social security could be used to formalise the workforce</strong> to a certain extent.</li>
<li><strong>Employers should be made to own up to the responsibility of providing social security</strong> to their workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the state has a responsibility but the<strong> primary responsibility still lies with employers</strong> since they are taking advantage of workers&rsquo; productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-collage-of-laws-that-leaves-the-worker-out-in-the-cold/article34600276.ece"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8383,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved a <strong>Rs. 18,100-crore Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong> for manufacturers of <strong>Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC)</strong> battery storage, to reduce imports.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is called the <strong>National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage (NPACC).</strong> It is under the <strong>Ministry of Heavy Industries &amp; Public Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</strong></li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>The PLI Scheme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>has also been approved for sectors</strong></a> such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops, mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment, white goods, chemical cells and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ACCs are the <strong>new generation of advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy</strong> and convert it back to electric energy as and when required.</li>
<li>Such battery storages will <strong>cater not only to electric vehicles but also to the consumer electronics</strong> industry and electricity grids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NPACC Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The plan is<strong> to set up 50 gigawatt hour (GWh) manufacturing capacity for ACC batteries</strong> by attracting investments totaling Rs. 45,000 crore.</li>
<li>Requires each selected ACC battery Storage manufacturer to set-up <strong>an ACC manufacturing facility of minimum 5 GWh</strong> <strong>capacity</strong>, achieve <strong>a domestic value addition of at least 25%</strong> and incur the mandatory <strong>investment Rs.225 crore /GWh</strong> within <strong>2 Years.</strong></li>
<li>Furthermore, the beneficiary firms need to ensure <strong>a minimum 60% domestic value addition</strong> at the Project level within <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>incentive</strong> will be disbursed <strong>over a period of five years.</strong> It will be paid out <strong>on the basis of sales, energy efficiency, battery life cycle, and localization levels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits from NPACC Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Facilitate <strong>demand creation for battery storage</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Facilitate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make-in-India</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Facilitate demand for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electric Vehicles (EVs)</strong></a>, which are proven to be significantly less polluting. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A key contributing factor to <strong>reduce India's GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Import substitution</strong> of around Rs. 20,000 crore every year.</li>
<li><strong>Impetus to Research &amp; Development</strong> to achieve higher specific energy density and cycles in ACC.</li>
<li>Promote <strong>newer and niche cell technologies.</strong><br /><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1717938#:~:text=The%20Cabinet%2C%20chaired%20by%20Prime,Fifty%20(50)%20Giga%20Watt%20Hour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a><strong></strong></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8196,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Startup India Seed Fund Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government has launched the <strong>Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Scheme was announced during the<strong> &lsquo;Prarambh: StartupIndia International Summit&rsquo;</strong> which marked<strong> the five-year anniversary of the Startup India initiative.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Launched by:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a> with an outlay of Rs. 945 Crore.</li>
<li><strong>Some Eligibility Conditions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A startup, recognized by DPIIT, <strong>incorporated not more than 2 years ago</strong> at the time of application.</li>
<li>Startups <strong>should not have received more than Rs. 10 lakh of monetary support</strong> under any other Central or State Government scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>support an estimated 3,600 entrepreneurs through 300 incubators </strong>in the <strong>next 4 years.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>Experts Advisory Committee (EAC),</strong> constituted by DPIIT, will be <strong>responsible for the overall execution</strong> and monitoring of the Scheme.</li>
<li><strong>Grants of upto Rs. 5 crore will be provided to the eligible incubators</strong> selected by the committee.</li>
<li>The <strong>selected incubators will provide grants of up to Rs. 20 lakh</strong> for validation of proof of concept, or prototype development, or product trials to <strong>startups.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Investments of up to Rs. 50 lakh will be provided to the startups</strong> for market entry, commercialization, or scaling up through convertible debentures or debt-linked instruments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>help in creating a robust startup ecosystem in Tier 2 and 3 regions,</strong> as the smaller towns in India are often not provided with appropriate funding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Startup India Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>envisages building a robust Startup ecosystem in the country</strong> for nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding entrepreneurs. It was launched in 2016.</li>
<li>The <strong>action plan</strong> of this initiative<strong> focuses on following three areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Simplification and Handholding.</li>
<li>Funding Support and Incentives.</li>
<li>Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Startup Innovation Challenges:</strong> It is a fantastic opportunity for any startup to leverage their networking and fund-raising efforts.</li>
<li><strong>National Startup Awards:</strong> It seeks to recognize and reward outstanding startups and ecosystem enablers that are contributing to economic dynamism by spurring innovation and injecting competition.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranking-of-states-on-support-to-startup-ecosystems-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems:</strong></a> It is an evolved evaluation tool aimed to strengthen the support of States and UTs to holistically build their startup ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>SCO Startup Forum:</strong> The first-ever <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a> Startup Forum was launched in October 2020 to develop and improve startup ecosystems collectively.</li>
<li><strong>Prarambh:</strong> The &lsquo;Prarambh&rsquo; Summit aims to provide a platform to the startups and young minds from around the world to come with new ideas, innovation and invention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Seed Funding</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It typically<strong> represents the first official money</strong> that a business venture or enterprise raises.</li>
<li>It helps a company to finance its first steps, including things like market research and product development.</li>
<li>There are many potential investors in a seed funding situation: founders, friends, family, incubators, venture capital companies and more.</li>
<li>One of the most common types of investors participating in seed funding is a so-called <strong>"angel investor."</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Angel investors tend to appreciate riskier ventures (such as startups with little by way of a proven track record so far) and expect an equity stake in the company in exchange for their investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The department was earlier called Department of Industrial Policy &amp; Promotion and was renamed as DPIIT in January, 2019.</li>
<li>It comes under the<strong> Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
<li>In 2018, matters related to<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> e-commerce</strong> </a>were transferred to the Department and in 2019, the Department was given charge for matters related to Internal Trade, welfare of traders and their employees and Startups.</li>
<li>The role of DPIIT is to promote/accelerate industrial development of the country by facilitating investment in new and upcoming technology,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> foreign direct investment</strong></a> and support balanced development of industries.</li>
<li><strong>Major engagements of DPIIT:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of states</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Corridors</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-nations-investment-promotion-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Invest India</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India initiative</a>, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8125,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> seeks to <strong>develop 65 lighthouses</strong> on public-private-partnership mode. <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s five lighthouses</strong> present huge potential for tourism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry wants to develop lighthouses as hubs of tourism under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala project</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Five lighthouses of Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;False Point&rsquo; island lighthouse:</strong> It is situated off the Kendrapara coast. It is the British era lighthouse and its location close to massive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves#:~:text=Mangrove%20forests%20perform%20multiple%20ecological,sediment%20to%20form%20new%20land" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mangrove vegetation</strong></a> infested with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-crocodile-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>crocodiles</strong></a> makes it an adventurous tourist place on the eastern coast.</li>
<li><strong>Paradip lighthouse:</strong> It also holds tourism potential because of its proximity to the port town and Cuttack and Bhubaneswar cities (100 km). It was commissioned in the 1980s.</li>
<li><strong>Gopalpur lighthouse:</strong> It is located in Ganjam district. If it is developed as a place of tourist interest, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika Lake</a> and the Gopalpur beach</strong> will be added attractions.</li>
<li><strong>Chandrabhaga lighthouse:</strong> It is 10 km from the world famous <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark temple</strong></a>. It had withstood the severity of cyclones such as the Super Cyclone (1999), Phailin (2013) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-fani" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fani</a> (2019).</li>
<li><strong>Puri lighthouse:</strong> It is 4 km from the 12th century <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jagannath-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shree Jagannath Temple</strong></a>, which is also a tourist place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lighthouse Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of Lighthouses:</strong> India has as many as 189 lighthouses dotting its vast coastline including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives for Promoting Lighthouse based Tourism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>enhance &amp; develop the existing lighthouses &amp; its surrounding areas</strong> into a Tourism Destination, Maritime Landmark, and Heritage Precinct.</li>
<li>To<strong> develop allied Maritime Infrastructure</strong> like National Maritime Museums &amp; National Lighthouse Museums.</li>
<li>To explore the possibilities of developing these projects under various modes including the possibilities of <strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> by integrating commercially viable interventions at the feasible locations in order to make the project viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The advantages behind creation of lighthouses into a tourism product are that it shall <strong>help in attracting tourists</strong> from across the world &amp; locally and thereby create a source of revenue for the government, <strong>employment opportunities for local people, increase in commerce</strong> through purchase and sale of goods and services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sagarmala Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sagarmala Programme was <strong>approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015</strong> which aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</li>
<li>The vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to <strong>reduce logistics cost for EXIM</strong> (Export-Import) and <strong>domestic trade</strong> with minimal infrastructure investment.</li>
<li>Sagarmala <strong>could boost India&rsquo;s merchandise exports</strong> to USD 110 billion by 2025 and create an estimated 10 million new jobs (four million in direct employment).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="753" height="295" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of the Sagarmala Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Port Modernization &amp; New Port Development:</strong> De-bottlenecking and capacity expansion of existing ports and development of new Greenfield ports.</li>
<li><strong>Port Connectivity Enhancement:</strong> Enhancing the connectivity of the ports to the hinterland, optimizing cost and time of cargo movement through multi-modal logistics solutions including domestic waterways (inland water transport and coastal shipping).</li>
<li><strong>Port-linked Industrialization:</strong> Developing port-proximate industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones to reduce logistics cost and time of EXIM and domestic cargo.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Community Development:</strong> Promoting sustainable development of coastal communities through skill development &amp; livelihood generation activities, fisheries development, coastal tourism etc.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Shipping &amp; Inland Waterways Transport:</strong> Impetus to move cargo through the sustainable and environment-friendly coastal and inland waterways mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Public-Private Partnerships</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public-private partnerships involve <strong>collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company</strong> that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centers.</li>
<li>Financing a project through a public-private partnership can <strong>allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place</strong>.</li>
<li>Public-private partnerships <strong>often involve concessions of tax</strong> or other operating revenue, protection from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally public services and property <strong>to private sector</strong>, for-profit entities.</li>
<li>It can create <strong>complex principal-agent problems,</strong> such as corrupt dealings, pay-offs to political cronies, etc.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commonly adopted model of PPPs</strong></a> include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) ,Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT), Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate-Maintain-Transfer (OMT), etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lighthouses-in-odisha-hold-huge-tourism-potential/article34296290.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8074,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a> - <strong>"Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI)"</strong> entailing an <strong>outlay of Rs. 10,900 crore.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to boost domestic manufacturing and cut down on import bills, the <strong>central government in March 2020 introduced a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PLI</a> scheme</strong> that aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>Apart from inviting foreign companies to set shop in India, the scheme also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>PLI Scheme<strong> has also been approved for sectors</strong> such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops, mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment, white goods, chemical cells and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the PLISFPI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To support creation of<strong> global food manufacturing champions.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>strengthen select Indian brands of food products</strong> for global visibility and wider acceptance in the international markets.</li>
<li>To increase <strong>employment opportunities of off-farm jobs.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure <strong>remunerative prices of farm produce</strong> and higher income to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of PLISFPI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>support food manufacturing entities with stipulated minimum Sales and willing to make minimum stipulated investment</strong> for expansion of processing capacity and Branding abroad.</li>
<li>The<strong> first component</strong> relates to<strong> incentivising manufacturing of four major food product segments</strong> viz. Ready to Cook/ Ready to Eat (RTC/ RTE) foods, Processed Fruits &amp; Vegetables, Marine Products, Mozzarella Cheese.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also covers organic products, free-range eggs, poultry meat and egg products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> second component</strong> relates to<strong> support for branding and marketing abroad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> Scheme will be implemented over <strong>a six year period from 2021-22 </strong>to<strong> 2026-27.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Expansion of processing capacity</strong> to generate<strong> processed food output of Rs. 33,494 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Create employment for nearly <strong>2.5 lakh persons by the year 2026-27.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Scheme Related to Food Processing Industry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampda Yojana (PMKSY)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1708692" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8003,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020: Oxfam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Labour and Employment Minister has informed the Lok Sabha that <strong>Oxfam Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index 2020</strong> lacked clarity and did not take into account provisions of the four<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> new labour codes</strong></a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582005_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582005_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="404" height="322" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Index ranked countries <strong>measuring their policies and actions in three areas</strong> that it said are proven to be directly related to reducing inequality:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Public services (health, education and social protection)</li>
<li>Taxation</li>
<li>Workers&rsquo; rights</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nigeria, Bahrain and India,</strong> which experienced the world&rsquo;s fastest-growing outbreak of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, were among the <strong>world&rsquo;s worst-performing countries in tackling inequality</strong> going into the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Position on the Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall, India ranked 129 in the CRI index</strong> out of 158 countries <strong>on government policies, and actions</strong> in areas of public services of education, health, social protection, taxation, and workers&rsquo; rights.</li>
<li>India slipped from rank <strong>141</strong> in the year 2018<strong> to</strong> <strong>151</strong> in the year 2020 with <strong>weak labour rights and high incidence of vulnerable employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highest presence of the informal sector for men was in Uttar Pradesh at 86.9% and for women was in Andhra Pradesh at 73.6%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In terms of its<strong> public services, it ranked 141.</strong></li>
<li>India has been ranked <strong>19</strong> on the <strong>taxation pillar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for India&rsquo;s Poor Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exploiting Labours in Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several state governments in India have <strong>used Covid-19 as a pretext to increase daily working hours from 8 to 12 hours</strong> a day and <strong>suspend minimum pay legislation,</strong> devastating the livelihoods of millions of poor workers now battling hunger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Health Budget:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>health budget was the fourth lowest</strong> with half of its population having access to most essential health services, and more than 70% of health spending being met by people themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most workers<strong> earn less than half of the minimum wage,</strong> 71% don&rsquo;t have any written job contract while 54% do not get paid leave.</li>
<li>Only around <strong>10% of the workforce in India is formal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In response to the coronavirus pandemic, governments must dramatically improve their efforts on progressive spending, taxation and workers&rsquo; pay and protection as part of National Inequality Reduction Plans under <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goal</a> (SDG) 10.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG 10:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status within a country.</li>
<li>It also addresses inequalities among countries, including those related to representation, migration and development assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Indian Initiatives to Reduce Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased allocation for health in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22 by <strong>137%.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-tax-vivad-se-vishwas-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Act, 2020</strong> </a>to provide for resolution of pending tax disputes.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transparent-taxation-honoring-the-honest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Transparent Taxation - Honoring The Honest&rsquo;</strong> </a>platform to honour the honest taxpayers of the country.</li>
<li>Introduced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code, 2020, Code on Social Security, 2020 and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-PG Pathshala</strong></a>: An initiative of the Ministry of Education to provide e-content <strong>for studies.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM</strong></a>: it provides for an<strong> integrated platform for online courses.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy (NEP), 2020</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam International is a group of <strong>independent <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-governmental organisations</a></strong> formed in 1995.</li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the <strong>Oxford Committee for Famine Relief,</strong> founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International <strong>Secretariat is based in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Inequality Crisis Report</strong></a> by Oxfam in January 2021 claimed that <strong>India&rsquo;s richest 1% hold more than four-times the wealth held by the bottom 70%</strong> of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inequality Virus Report</strong></a> in January 2021 also found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply increased the existing inequalities in India and around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-slams-oxfam-inequality-index/article34136349.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7902,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program (NETAP)</strong> has released its latest edition of the <strong>Apprenticeship Outlook Report</strong> for 2021 (January-June 2021).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Apprenticeship is a Skill Training program</strong> wherein a person is engaged by a company as an apprentice and gains classroom (theory) learning for a short period, followed by on-the-job (practical) training.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Employability through Apprenticeship Program:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up in 2014 as a 100% employer-funded <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public-Private Partnership (PPP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The program was launched by the<strong> Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> and TeamLease Skills University (Gujarat).</li>
<li>It is in accordance with the <strong>National Employability Enhancement Mission</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AICTE.</strong></a></li>
<li>NETAP was structured to <strong>overcome the challenges of the Apprenticeship Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NETAP <strong>proposed to appoint 2 lac apprentices every year</strong> for the next 10 years. At peak capacity, it will be the world's largest apprenticeship program.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will help the unemployed youth to build skills through <strong>Learning by doing and Learning while earning</strong> along with providing them with access to practical skills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Employability Enhancement Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a pioneering initiative taken<strong> jointly by AICTE and Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced in <strong>2013,</strong> the NEEM aims to<strong> offer practical trainings to enhance employability</strong> of any person who: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Is either pursuing graduation/diploma in any technical or non-technical stream, or</li>
<li>Have discontinued studies of degree or diploma courses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A NEEM Trainee is any registered person who has a <strong>minimum education up to Class X</strong> and is <strong>between 16 to 40 years</strong> of age.</li>
<li>A total of <strong>23 industries</strong> have been listed in the NEEM where a trainee can be enrolled. It includes the automobile industry, pharmaceuticals, electronics &amp; hardware, food processing, healthcare services and the financial sector.</li>
<li>The NEEM is envisioned to place at least 10,000 students per year in registered companies or registered industries for the purpose of providing training.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Findings of the Apprenticeship Outlook Report:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Apprenticeship Ecosystem:</strong> Some 41% of the employers in India are keen on hiring apprentices while 58% of enterprises want to increase the quantum of their apprenticeship hiring this year.</li>
<li><strong>Leading Cities: Chennai</strong> has emerged as the most apprentice friendly city.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among non-metro cities, <strong>Ahmedabad and Nagpur</strong> are the most promising cities for apprenticeship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leading Sectors:</strong> The manufacturing, automobiles and ancillaries, and retail are the leading sectors.</li>
<li><strong>Positive Trend for Hiring Women Apprentices:</strong> Overall the preference for women apprentices has increased by 10% from the previous half year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This trend was more visible in <strong>Bengaluru, Mumbai and Kolkata.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s working-age population is estimated to continue to increase through 2041.</strong> This will have major implications on the required rate of job creation in the economy.</li>
<li>Statistics show that <strong>approximately 3% of children dropout after grade 5<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> in the country</strong> owing to socio-economic challenges. Apprenticeship can be an important mechanism for seamless transitioning from school to work and bridging of skill-gap in the workforce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to Promote Apprenticeships:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apprenticeship Act of 1961 (and the Amendments to the Act).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a></li>
<li>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuwaah-youth-skilling-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>YuWaah Youth Skilling Initiative </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/study-shows-rise-in-hiring-of-apprentices/article34030620.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7853,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EPFO: Interest Rate for 2020-21',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO</strong></a>) recommended that subscribers be given <strong>8.5% interest rate for Provident Fund contributions (under Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds Scheme)</strong> for 2020-2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds (EPF) Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/withdrawal-from-epf-accounts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EPF</strong></a> is the main scheme under the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme <strong>offers the institution of provident funds</strong> for factory employees and other establishments.</li>
<li>The employee and employer each contribute 12% of the employee&rsquo;s basic salary and dearness allowance towards EPF.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey</strong></a> 2016-17 had suggested that <strong>employees be allowed to choose</strong> whether or not to save <strong>12%</strong> of their salary into EPF or keep it as take home pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per current laws, <strong>a person mandatorily becomes a member of EPF if his monthly salary does not exceed Rs. 15,000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Interest Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The interest rate was <strong>kept the same</strong> as the previous year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 2020, EPFO had<strong> reduced interest rate on provident fund deposits to 8.5%</strong> for the year 2019-2020.</li>
<li>The interest rate was <strong>8.65% in 2018-19 </strong>and<strong> 8.55% for 2017-18.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Returns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Amid falling interest rates owing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-economic-slowdown-due-to-covid-19#:~:text=The%20government%20is%20likely%20to,the%20fiscal%20year%202019%2D20." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic slowdown</strong></a> throughout 2020 due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, the EPFO has managed to<strong> hold</strong> on to <strong>the high interest rate</strong> of 8.5% in the current year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for High Returns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The interest rate recommended was a r<strong>esult of the income from interest from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mutual-funds-and-emerging-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">debt investment</a></strong> and <strong>income from equity investment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EPFO had decided to <strong>liquidate investment in equity</strong> through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-bond-exchange-traded-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exchange traded funds</strong></a>, which it had started in <strong>2015-2016.</strong></li>
<li>This has <strong>enabled EPFO to provide higher return</strong> to its subscribers and still allowing EPFO with healthy surplus to act as cushion for providing higher return in future also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Debt Investment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It refers to an investor<strong> lending money</strong> to a firm or project sponsor with the expectation that the borrower will <strong>pay back the investment with interest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equity Investment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the money that is invested in a company <strong>by purchasing shares</strong> of that company in the stock market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Employees Provident Fund Organisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>government organization</strong> that manages <strong>provident fund and pension accounts</strong> for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India.</li>
<li>It implements the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 provides for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is administered by the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment, Government of India.</li>
<li>It is <strong>one of the World's largest Social Security Organisations</strong> in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/epfo-fixes-85-interest-on-epf-deposits-for-2020-21/article33987718.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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