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Labour Reforms

Why in News Recently, the recent versions of three labour codes namely Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020, Code on Social Security Bill, 2020 and...

21 Sep 2020 Employment
Support to Self-Employment Schemes: MSME

Why in News The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) has announced expansion of and doubling of support to beneficiary oriented...

18 Sep 2020 Employment
Urban Employment Crisis

This editorial analysis is based on the article “Urban employment as the focal point” which was published in The Hindu on 15th of...

15 Sep 2020 Employment
Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems: DPIIT

Why in News The Results of the 2nd edition of Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems were released by the Department for Promotion of...

12 Sep 2020 Employment
National Recruitment Agency

This editorial analysis is based on the article For employers and job aspirants, National Recruitment Agency and CET promise transparency which was...

27 Aug 2020 Employment
Economic Measures Suggested by McKinsey

Why in News Recently, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) has released a report titled 'India's turning point: An economic agenda to spur growth and...

27 Aug 2020 Employment
Women in Research And Development

Why in News According to the Science and Technology Indicators (STI), 2018, India’s private sector research companies appear to employ a...

21 Aug 2020 Employment
Issues Related to Minimum Wage

Why in News Recently, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has termed the current minimum wage fixing criteria in the Draft Code on Wages...

20 Aug 2020 Employment
National Recruitment Agency

Why in News The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister has decided to set up a National Recruitment Agency (NRA) to conduct a common...

20 Aug 2020 Employment
Jobs Data: CMIE

Why in News Recently, the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) has released data related to jobs gained or lost during the Covid-19 lockdown...

19 Aug 2020 Employment
Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet

Why in News Recently, Bharat Air Fibre Services have been inaugurated at Akola in Maharashtra providing the residents wireless internet connections...

03 Aug 2020 Employment
ASEEM Portal

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched ‘Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping...

11 Jul 2020 Employment
Draft Rules for Code on Wages Act 2019

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment has published the draft rules framed for the implementation of the Code on Wages Act,...

10 Jul 2020 Employment
Completion of Annual MGNREGA Work Limit

Why in News According to the central scheme database of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA), at least 1.4 lakh...

07 Jul 2020 Employment
Mahajobs Portal: Maharashtra

Why in News The Maharashtra Government has launched a portal named ‘Mahajobs’ for job seekers and employers, owing to the economic...

07 Jul 2020 Employment
Employment Scheme for Urban Poor: Jharkhand

Why in News Jharkhand is set to launch a 100-day employment scheme for urban unskilled workers similar to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural...

23 Jun 2020 Employment
Textile Sector and Atmanirbharta

This article is based on the Textile sector needs a vision and mission which was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 19/06/2020. It talks about...

20 Jun 2020 Employment
Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan

Why in News The Government of India has decided to launch a rural public works scheme ‘Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan’ through...

19 Jun 2020 Employment
Jal Jeevan Mission

Why in News Recently, the Jal Shakti Ministry has announced that the labourers returning to their home states due to covid-19, will be deployed for...

17 Jun 2020 Employment
Sahakar Mitra: Scheme on Internship Programme

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has launched a Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP) i.e. Sahakar...

13 Jun 2020 Employment

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		'article_id' => (int) 6538,
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		'title' => 'Labour Reforms',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the recent versions of three labour codes namely <strong>Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020, Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</strong> and<strong> Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code Bill, 2020</strong> have been introduced in Lok Sabha.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>raised the threshold for the requirement of a standing order</strong> to<strong> over 300 workers</strong> which implies that industrial establishments with up to 300 workers will not be required to furnish a standing order.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946</strong> makes it obligatory for employers of an industrial establishment<strong> where 100 or more workers are employed to clearly define the conditions of employment and rules of conduct for workmen,</strong> by way of standing orders/services rules and to make them known to the workmen employed.</li>
<li>The new provision for standing order will be <strong>applicable for every industrial establishment wherein 300 or more than 300 workers are</strong> employed or were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months.</li>
<li>It was <strong>earlier suggested by the Standing Committee on Labour</strong> which also suggested that the <strong>threshold be increased accordingly in the Code itself</strong> and the words <strong>&lsquo;as may be notified by the Appropriate Government&rsquo; be removed</strong> because reform of labour laws through the executive route is undesirable and should be avoided to the extent possible.</li>
<li>After becoming a law, <strong>orders will not be dependent on whims and fancies of executives of state governments.</strong></li>
<li>Without the need of a standing order in increased industrial establishments due to the raised threshold, the process of<strong> hiring and firing workers will be more flexible and faster for employers which would</strong> result in increased employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also introduces <strong>new conditions for carrying out a legal strike.</strong> The time <strong>period for arbitration proceedings has been included</strong> in the conditions for workers before going on a legal strike <strong>as against only the time for conciliation at present.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>No person employed in any industrial establishment shall go on strike<strong> without a 60-day notice and during the pendency of proceedings</strong> before a Tribunal or a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Industrial Tribunal</strong></a> and sixty days after the conclusion of such proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>At present,</strong> a person employed in a <strong>public utility service</strong> cannot go on strike unless they give notice for a strike <strong>within six weeks before going on strike or within fourteen days of giving such notice,</strong> which the IR Code now proposes to apply for all the industrial establishments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also proposed to set up a<strong> re-skilling fund for training of retrenched workers</strong> with contribution from the employer, of<strong> an amount equal to 15 days last drawn</strong> by the worker.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will<strong> water down the labour rights for workers in small establishments having less than 300 workers</strong> and would <strong>enable companies to introduce arbitrary service conditions</strong> for workers.</li>
<li>It will give <strong>tremendous amounts of flexibility to the employers</strong> in terms of <strong>hiring and firing, dismissal</strong> for alleged misconduct and retrenchment for economic reasons will be completely possible for all the industrial establishments employing less than 300 workers which is complete demolition of employment security.</li>
<li>The new conditions for carrying out a legal strike<strong> elongate the legally permissible time frame</strong> before the workers can go on a legal strike, making a legal strike near impossible.</li>
<li>It has <strong>expanded to cover all industrial establishments</strong> for the required notice period and other conditions for a legal strike <strong>even though the Standing Committee on Labour had recommended against it beyond the public utility services like water, electricity, natural gas, telephone and other essential services,</strong> as <strong>is the case at present.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>mention of &lsquo;other sources&rsquo; for funding the re-skilling fund is vague.</strong> The reskilling fund is <strong>arbitrarily framed</strong> as the Code has no idea from where the funds for the same will come apart from employers&rsquo; contributions.</li>
<li>These<strong> ambiguities are left to the rule-making processes</strong> and the bureaucrats and, further, there are <strong>unclarities over who will reskill the workers and how adequate the funding will be.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Security Code Bill, 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It<strong> proposes a National Social Security Board</strong> which shall recommend to the central government for formulating suitable schemes for different sections of unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>aggregators employing gig workers will have to contribute 1-2% of their annual turnover for social security,</strong> with the total contribution not exceeding 5% of the amount payable by the aggregator to gig and platform workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code Bill, 2020:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>defined inter-state migrant workers</strong> as the worker who has come on their own from one state and obtained employment in another state, earning up to Rs. 18,000 a month.</li>
<li>The proposed definition <strong>makes a distinction from the present definition of only contractual employment.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>dropped the earlier provision for temporary accommodation</strong> for workers near the worksites and has <strong>proposed a journey allowance,</strong> a lump sum amount of fare to be paid by the employer for to and fro journey of the worker to their native place from the place of their employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govts-new-versions-of-labour-codes-key-proposals-and-concerns-6603354/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Support to Self-Employment Schemes: MSME',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</strong></a> <strong>(MSME)</strong> has announced expansion of and doubling of support to beneficiary oriented Self-Employment schemes aimed at contributing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government will provide assistance to artisans engaged in<strong> Pottery Activity and Beekeeping Activity.</strong></li>
<li>Previously, the Ministry of MSME approved a programme for the benefit of artisans involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-under-gramodyog-vikas-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>manufacturing of Agarbatti under the Gramodyog Vikas Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Pottery Activity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The assistance includes<strong> technical knowhow, quality standardization of products, skill-development to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Self Help Groups</a> (SHGs), encouragement to the successful traditional potter to set up units</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme</strong></a> (PMEGP) scheme, necessary market linkages by tying up with exports and large buying houses etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMEGP is a <strong>credit-linked subsidy scheme</strong> which promotes self-employment through setting up of micro-enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also includes setting up of clusters in <strong>Terracotta, Red clay pottery,</strong> with new innovative value added products to build pottery to crockery/tile making capabilities under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong> aims to make traditional industries more productive and competitive by organizing the traditional industries and artisans into<strong> clusters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Terracotta</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Terracotta is a type of ceramic pottery, made by baking terracotta clay.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;terracotta&rdquo; comes from the Italian words for &ldquo;baked earth.&rdquo;</li>
<li>It is often used for making pipes, bricks, and sculptures.</li>
<li>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/terracotta-grinder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Terracotta Grinder</strong></a> was launched at Varanasi by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tags-to-two-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) terracotta</strong></a> has been given the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Terracotta Figurines</strong> were also made during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization.</strong></a> They were either used as toys or objects of worship and represented birds, dogs, sheep, cattle and monkeys. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The famous terracotta figure of the Mother Goddess was discovered in Mohen-jodaro which shows the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility and prosperity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Beekeeping Activity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>create sustainable employment for the beekeepers/farmers,</strong> help artisans adopt <strong>scientific Beekeeping</strong> &amp; Management practices, utilize available natural resources; and <strong>create awareness about the benefits</strong> of beekeeping in cross pollination.</li>
<li>It involves distributing tools and equipment to migrant labourers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister Gareeb Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyaan</strong></a> (PMGKRA) districts and providing training to the beneficiaries, setting up clusters under the SFURTI Scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMGKRA empowers and provides livelihood opportunities to the <strong>returnee<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> migrant workers</a> and rural citizens</strong> who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of MSME flagged off <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apiary-on-wheels" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo;.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo; is a unique concept designed by the KVIC for the easy upkeep and migration of Bee Boxes having live Bee colonies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beekeeping Development Committee</strong></a> was also constituted in 2019 under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/r-d-expenditure-ecosystem-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister</strong></a> (EAC-PM) to give recommendations to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sector for achieving the target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; incomes by 2022.</strong></a></li>
<li>KVIC also launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong></a> in 2017 under which it provides awareness, training and <strong>&lsquo;Bee Boxes&rsquo; along with Bee Colonies</strong> to the farmers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Honey mission was in line with the &lsquo;Sweet Revolution&rsquo;, launched in 2016 to promote beekeeping and associated activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program will immediately benefit about 1500 artisans, in providing sustainable employment with increased earnings.</li>
<li>Artisans living in <strong>rural areas, Self Help Groups and Migrant workers</strong> will particularly benefit from the program.</li>
<li>In addition to enhancing employment opportunities locally, the programme will also help in<strong> capturing the export market</strong> in such products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSME sector has been badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially the rural enterprise owners. In addition to these self-employment schemes, the government can provide tax relief (GST and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-corporate-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporate tax</strong></a>), give swift refunds, and provide liquidity to rural India (may be through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-Kisan</strong></a>) to boost demand for MSME products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1655512" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6490,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Urban Employment Crisis',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/urban-employment-as-the-focal-point/article32604143.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Urban employment as the focal point&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 15<sup>th</sup> of September 2020. It talks about the employment scenario in present times.</p>
</div>
<p>The contraction of the economy due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>has raised concerns about the employment situation in urban areas. While the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan&rsquo;</strong> </a>launched in June 2020 could be an immediate relief, the ₹50,000-crore employment scheme may not be a suitable substitute for decent urban jobs.</p>
<p>Further, the pandemic and associated policy responses (unplanned lockdown) have exposed the vulnerability of these urban jobs. Thus, for sustenance for the overall economy, there is a need for policy interventions to revive urban employment generation.</p>
<h3>Threats to Employment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Slowdown in Major Employment Generating Sector:</strong> The shrinking sectors that have been affected the most &mdash;construction (&ndash;50%), trade, hotels and other services (&ndash;47%), manufacturing (&ndash;39%), and mining (&ndash;23%) &mdash; are those that create the maximum jobs in the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Reverse Migration:</strong> The magnitude of economic slowdown can be exemplified by a wave of massive &lsquo;reverse migration&rsquo; during the early phase of the lockdown whereby millions of workers returned to their home States due to a loss of livelihoods in cities.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Informal Sector:</strong> According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization</strong></a>, of the 535 million labour force in India in 2019, some 398.6 million have poor quality jobs. Further, the lockdown exposed the state of vulnerable employment in urban low-end informal jobs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vulnerable employment is characterised by inadequate earnings, low productivity and difficult conditions of work that undermine the basic rights of workers.</li>
<li>The high and persistent incidence of vulnerable employment are a reflection of the nature of the structural transformation process, whereby capital and labour transfer from low to higher value-added sectors.</li>
<li>However, in India capital and labour are moving from low value-added activities in a sector to another sector, but not to higher value-added activities.</li>
<li>This leads to a situation where a large proportion of the jobs being created is of poor quality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Number of Working Poor:</strong> Despite higher economic growth in recent years, working poors are increasing in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The service sector-led growth in recent years has intensified this as there is coexistence of strong job creation in some Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-intensive services.</li>
<li>However, along with a significant portion of the jobs being created in &lsquo;traditional low value-added services, where informality and vulnerable forms of employment are dominant.</li>
<li>The poor quality of jobs and high informality are key for the high level of &ldquo;working poors&rdquo;. The <strong>working poor</strong> are working people whose incomes fall below a given poverty line due to low-income jobs and low familial household income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mobilising Localised Resources:</strong> Given the scale of urbanisation, the focus on urban employment generation programmes should be in coordination with local governments.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will require actors at the local level to have more resources at their disposal.</li>
<li>Resource mobilisation could be enabled by the formation of local alliances, involving elected representatives, trade unions, entrepreneurs and community groups</li>
<li>This can also be the key to solving other problems faced by cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Localised Employment-Intensive Investment Policies:</strong> A major local initiative would be to design and implement employment-intensive investment policies. In this pursuit:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Local enterprise formation needs to be an integral part of the strategy, with converging interests for workers and entrepreneurs on issues related to technology and productivity enhancement.</li>
<li>Also, Small and micro enterprises which are the fulcrum of industrialisation, need extra support to balance the interests between labour and capital as neither have collective bargaining powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prioritising Urban Infrastructure:</strong> There is a need to prioritise urban infrastructure as it accounts for a large share of total investments in the overall economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A labour- intensive approach to building municipal infrastructure can be a cost-effective alternative to capital intensive-approach as wage rates are low.</li>
<li>Infrastructure investments would spur employment, generate earnings and contribute to small enterprise formation.</li>
<li>Construction of low-cost housing is another activity that can be carried out using labour-intensive methods, while yielding substantial collateral benefits for urban dwellers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launching of Urban Employment Scheme:</strong> There is need for immediate launch of an urban employment scheme oriented toward building large-scale medical, health and sanitation infrastructure in cities and towns across India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a> can be expanded for urban areas, both in terms of increasing the budgetary allocations and the guaranteed minimum number of days of work.</li>
<li>Other immediate employment generation can be to expand networks of essential services as a part of welfare interventions of State and local governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase Incentives to Reduce Migration:</strong> Focusing on rural development to increase employment opportunities in rural areas and to enhance the provision of services like education, health, electricity and water and sanitation services are effective means to control rural to urban migration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Given the economic contraction, there is a need to generate more jobs and reduce vulnerabilities by providing decent wages &amp; job security in urban areas. Thus, the present crisis calls for a multi-pronged strategy to tackle the issue of urban jobs.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600166325_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600166325_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebf7d5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The Covid-19 pandemic and associated policy responses have exposed the vulnerability of the employment scenario in India&rdquo;. Discuss the statement and the role of localised interventions in resolving the unemployment crisis.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VATpruy9CBg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/need-to-curb-nsa-misuse-from-cow-slaughter-to-silencing-critics-some-states-have-been-quick-to-invoke-the-law/2081291/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Need to curb NSA misuse&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in the Financial express on September 12<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6464,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems: DPIIT',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Results of the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition of <strong>Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems</strong> were released by the <strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DPIIT has recently released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business Rankings of the States-2019</strong> </a>based on the State Business Reform Action Plan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> The rankings were started with an objective of fostering <strong>competitiveness, mutual learning</strong> and propel States and Union Territories (UTs) to work proactively towards uplifting the startup ecosystem.</li>
<li><strong>Framework:</strong> The 2019 Ranking Framework has <strong>seven broad reform areas consisting of 30 action points</strong> ranging from institutional support, easing compliances, relaxation in public procurement norms, incubation support, seed funding support, venture funding support, and awareness and outreach.</li>
<li><strong>Participation:</strong> 22 States and 3 Union Territories.</li>
<li><strong>2 Categories:</strong> To establish uniformity and ensure standardization in the ranking process, States and UTs have been divided into two groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category Y: All UTs except Delhi and all States in North East India except Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Category X: All other States and UT of Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Results:</strong> The States and UTs were classified as: Best Performers, Top Performers, Leaders, Aspiring Leaders and Emerging Startup Ecosystems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gujarat</strong> was the Best performer in <strong>Category X</strong> followed by Karnata and Kerala. Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu occupied the lowest positions.</li>
<li><strong>Andaman and Nicobar Islands</strong> was the Best performer in <strong>Category Y.</strong> Sikkim secured the bottom place.</li>
<li>Gujarat had secured the Best Performer position previous year as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902676_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902676_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Startup Landscape in India</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902722_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902722_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Start Up India Fund</a>:</strong> Under the Startup India program, the Government created the 'Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) with a corpus of INR 10,000 crore.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-reforms-for-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Policy Reforms for Startups</strong></a>: These include requirement of distributable profits for three years for a company to be eligible to issue shares with differential voting rights.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/start-up-cells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start-up Cells</strong></a>: The Cell will work towards redressal of grievances &amp; tax-related issues of Startups with respect to the administration of the Income-tax Act, 1961.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-startup-advisory-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Startup Advisory Council</strong></a>: To advise the Centre on measures needed to build a strong ecosystem for nurturing innovation and start-ups in the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aatmanirbhar-bharat-arise-atal-new-india-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge</strong></a>: It is a national initiative to promote research &amp; innovation and increase competitiveness of Indian startups and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aim-icrest-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AIM-iCREST</strong></a>: It is an Incubator Capabilities Enhancement program launched by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> for a Robust Ecosystem focused on creating high performing Startups.</li>
<li>More than <strong>1300 Startups</strong> have been supported by <strong>seed funding</strong> from State Governments. In addition to seed funding, 10 States have created <strong>Venture Funds</strong> or a Fund of funds and 218 startups have been provided with venture funding support.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Seed funding :</strong> It is the initial capital used when starting a business.</li>
<li><strong>Venture Funds:</strong> This generally comes after the seed funding round. It is a means of equity financing for rapidly-growing private companies for expansion or purchase of a company. It is provided by venture capitalists after carefully scrutinizing the projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative will help in<strong> capacity-building of States</strong> and building a robust Start-up ecosystem in the country for<strong> nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding entrepreneurs,</strong> as envisaged by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start-up India Initiative</strong></a> launched in 2016. This is necessary for the country to realize the dream of becoming a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2024.</li>
<li>There is a need to ease the access to funding to Start-ups, especially those from small cities and the need for simplification of regulations. The central and state governments would have to invest heavily in Research &amp; Development and upcoming technologies, to build further on their competitive value addition to this exercise.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653368" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6315,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'National Recruitment Agency',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-national-recruitment-agency-nra-jobs-6571275/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For employers and job aspirants, National Recruitment Agency and CET promise transparency</a> which was published in the Indian Express on 27th of August 2020. It analyses the newly announced body National Recruitment Agency and its consequences for the students in India.</p>
</div>
<p>The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Modi has decided to set up a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Recruitment Agency (NRA)</a>. The proposed NRA will conduct a common preliminary examination for various recruitments in the central government.</p>
<p>At present, candidates seeking government jobs have to appear for separate examinations conducted by multiple recruiting agencies for various posts. After the advent of the NRA, the whole process would be unified and will make the cumbersome process easy for students and the agencies.</p>
<h3>National Recruitment Agency (NRA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NRA is a testing agency which would conduct the Common Eligibility Examination (CET) for non-gazetted Group B and C posts.</li>
<li>Initially it will conduct the recruitment examinations for Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs), Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) and Staff Selection Commission(SSC) and would gradually expand its operations.</li>
<li>National Recruitment Agency will be a Society registered under the Societies Registration Act,1860.</li>
<li>The NRA will be a specialist body bringing the state-of-the-art technology and best practices to the field of Central Government recruitment.</li>
<li>However, the present recruitment agencies i.e, IBPS, RRB and SSC will remain in place.</li>
<li>Based on the screening done at the CET score level, final selection for recruitment shall be made through separate specialised Tiers (II, III, etc.) of examination which shall be conducted by these respective recruitment agencies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Composition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be headed by a Chairman of the rank of the Secretary to the Government of India.</li>
<li>The NRA will have representatives from the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Finance/Department of Financial Services, Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs) and Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>The Process</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The examinations will be conducted in 12 languages and will be based on a common curriculum.</li>
<li>There will be a common registration, single fee and gradually the candidates need not travel outside the district to appear for the examination.</li>
<li>There will be a special focus on creating examination infrastructure in the 117 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aspirational Districts</a>.</li>
<li>A standardised question bank with multiple questions of similar difficulty levels will be created in a central server.</li>
<li>An algorithm will be used to jumble and dole out different questions, so that each candidate receives a different question paper, reducing the chances of cheating and paper leakage.</li>
<li>Scores will be generated quickly, delivered online and be valid for a three-year period.</li>
<li>Students can write the test multiple times as long as they are within the eligible age limit, with their best score being taken into account.</li>
<li>The test will be conducted for three levels i.e, graduate, higher secondary (12<sup>th</sup> pass) and the matriculate (10<sup>th</sup> pass) candidates.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As of now, aspirants have to take different exams that are conducted by various agencies for central government jobs.</li>
<li>According to the Department of Personnel and Training, on an average 2.5 crore to 3 crore aspirants appear for about 1.25 lakh vacancies in the central government every year.</li>
<li>At present, candidates seeking government jobs have to appear for separate examinations conducted by multiple recruiting agencies for various posts.</li>
<li>Candidates have to pay fees to multiple recruiting agencies and also have to travel long distances for appearing in various exams.</li>
<li>Women candidates especially from rural areas face constraints in appearing in multiple examinations as they have to arrange for transportation and places to stay in places that are far away.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aspirants <strong>do not have to apply and appear separately for multiple recruitment</strong> exams. They will be able to apply once for a single or multiple recruitment exams in various departments and take the Common Eligibility Test (CET).</li>
<li>CET would significantly <strong>reduce the lengthy recruitment cycle</strong> as some of the recruitment departments might decide to skip their tier 2 or second level test and go ahead with the recruitment based on CET score followed by physical tests and medical examination. This will reduce the time taken by the agencies to hire the candidates.</li>
<li>Candidates who clear CET once, will be eligible to attempt for the second level exam thrice (once every year).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, those who pass the PT and fail in Main exam (tier 2) have to again appear for the PT next year and start afresh. This way, CET will <strong>save their time and energy and will also improve their quality</strong> as they would devote their time for mains exam and not screening exam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Candidates will have the facility to give a <strong>choice of centres</strong> and they would be allotted the chosen centres, based on availability. They will be given an option to schedule their own tests at their choice centres.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ultimate aim is to reach a stage wherein candidates can schedule their own tests at Centres of their choice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government has sanctioned a sum of Rs 1517.57 crore for the NRA. The expenditure will be undertaken over a period of three years. The cost will also be incurred for setting up exam infrastructure in 117 districts with large numbers of aspirants. The proposal is expected to ease the access to aspirants residing in rural areas.</li>
<li>Candidates especially residing in <strong>hilly and rural areas</strong> will not have to incur additional expenses for travel, boarding, lodging to reach their exam centres that are usually far from their hometown. Single exam will reduce the financial burden on candidates.</li>
<li>Girls generally depend on a guardian (father/brother/ husband) to accompany them in reaching their exam centres if it is far away from their hometown. The location of test centres in every district <strong>would benefit the candidates, particularly women</strong>.</li>
<li>CET would be <strong>available in a number of languages,</strong> benefitting aspirants from different regions of the country. Presently, most of the exams are conducted in English and Hindi languages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With growing emphasis on transferring services to the private sector, there may be fewer government jobs on offer in the future.</li>
<li>Only 14% of public employment comes under the purview of the Centre (predominantly in railways &amp; defence), with the rest falling within the purview of States. Similar reform is needed at State level.</li>
<li>The long-term relevance of such reforms will depend on the commitment of governments to raise the level of public employment and expand services to the public.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NRA stands out as a unique model as it marks a paradigm shift in the government recruitment process.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s also in tune with the Modi government&rsquo;s mantra of <strong>&ldquo;Ease of Living for the Young Job Aspirants&rdquo;</strong> by facilitating ease of recruitment, selection and job placement.</li>
<li>The NRA is a combination of convenience and cost-effectiveness for candidates.</li>
<li>Moreover, the multiple recruitment examinations are a burden on the candidates, as also on the respective recruitment agencies, involving avoidable/repetitive expenditure, law and order, security related issues and venue-related problems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598532021_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598532021_image1.png" width="814" height="458" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #08a39b;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong>Analyse the need of a National Recruitment Agency in India. Can it bring transformation in the public sector recruitment process.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tladIhkTUzU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/down-but-not-out-the-hindu-editorial-on-islamic-state-presence-in-west-asia-and-north-africa/article32440692.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Down, but not out: On Islamic State&rdquo;</a> which was published on August 26<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6306,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Measures Suggested by McKinsey',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>McKinsey Global Institute (MGI)</strong> has released a report titled <strong>'India's turning point: An economic agenda to spur growth and jobs'.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report identifies a reform agenda that could be implemented in the next 12 to 18 months to increase productivity and create jobs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increasing Workforce:</strong> Given the increasing urbanisation and population trends, there will be<strong> 90 million additional workers</strong> in search of<strong> non-farm jobs by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Triple Job Creation:</strong> To cater to that, <strong>India will have to triple job creation to 12 million</strong> gainful non-farm jobs per year from the 4 million achieved between 2013 to 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Required GDP Growth:</strong> The<strong> Gross Domestic Product (GDP),</strong> which is set to contract by over 5% in 2020-21, needs to go up to <strong>8-8.5% per annum</strong> for the next decade to create the opportunities in the <strong>post <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> era.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Promising Sectors: Manufacturing</strong> and the <strong>construction</strong> sectors offer the most opportunities for economic growth and also for higher employment.</li>
<li><strong>Risk of Stagnation:</strong> The country risks <strong>a decade of stagnating incomes and quality of life</strong> if urgent steps are not taken to spur growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Suggested:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Shift: Global trends</strong> such as <strong>digitization</strong> and automation, shifting supply chains, urbanization, rising incomes and demographic shifts, and a greater focus on sustainability, health, and safety can become the<strong> hallmarks of the post pandemic economy. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Higher Productivity through Privatisation: Privatisation</strong> of 30 or so of the largest state-owned enterprises to potentially double their productivity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government also had a focus on privatisation under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector Specific Focus:</strong> Framing <strong>sector-specific pro-growth policies</strong> to attract investment in manufacturing, real estate, agriculture, healthcare and retail.</li>
<li><strong>Labour Reforms:</strong> Creation of <strong>flexible labour markets</strong> for industry with better benefits and safety nets for workers.</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in Infrastructure:</strong> India needs to<strong> unlock supply in land markets</strong> to reduce land costs by 20-25%, enable<strong> efficient power distribution</strong> to reduce commercial and industrial tariffs by 20-25%; and improve the ease and<strong> reduce the cost of doing business.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Going Big:</strong> India needs to<strong> triple its number of large firms</strong> having revenues of over USD 500 million.</li>
<li><strong>Efficient Financing: Streamlining fiscal resources</strong> can deliver USD 2.4 trillion in investment while boosting entrepreneurship by lowering the cost of capital for enterprises by about 3.5 percentage points.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Measures are required to channel more household savings to capital markets, to reduce the cost of credit intermediation, and to streamline government finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bad Bank:</strong> Creation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bad-bank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;bad bank&rsquo;</strong></a> can take care of the inoperative assets.</li>
<li><strong>Responsibility for Reforms:</strong> A bulk <strong>60% of the reforms</strong> will have to be undertaken by <strong>states</strong> and the remaining <strong>40% by the Centre.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-needs-to-create-90-mn-non-farm-jobs-by-30-report-11598498230380.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6246,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Women in Research And Development',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Science and Technology Indicators (STI), 2018,</strong> India&rsquo;s private sector research companies appear to <strong>employ a larger proportion of women in core research and development activities</strong> than government-funded major scientific agencies do.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India had 3,41,818 scientists in R&amp;D with nearly 2,03,759 employed by government institutions or in the higher education sector, as of 2018.</li>
<li>Of the 20,351 women employed in private R&amp;D companies, about<strong> three in four</strong> were involved in &ldquo;R&amp;D activities&rdquo;.</li>
<li>However, of the 23,008 women in major scientific agencies (government), <strong>fewer than half</strong> were in the same &lsquo;R&amp;D activities&rsquo; category.</li>
<li>Also, for <strong>every one woman, there are six</strong> male scientists in<strong> private</strong> sector R&amp;D establishments. However, the ratio is<strong> four for one</strong> in major scientific agencies.</li>
<li>The bulk of scientists (in private and publicly funded organisations included) were in &lsquo;Engineering Technology&rsquo; followed by the Medical Sciences and Natural Sciences.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Science and Technology Indicators (STI)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The STI is a periodic compendium of the state of scientific research in India.</li>
<li>It is prepared by the <strong>National Science and Technology Management Information System,</strong> a division of the <strong>Department of Science Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for low participation of women in R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recruiters and managers at private firms are held<strong> more accountable</strong> to hire as well as promote female employees, as compared to those in government offices.</li>
<li>The large drop in the number of women between the doctoral and professional stages appears to be in part due to<strong> social pressure on women</strong> to have a family which is seen as incompatible with a professional career.</li>
<li>There are also <strong>patriarchal attitudes in hiring practices,</strong> so many women are discriminated against at this stage as well, with administrators deciding that women &lsquo;should&rsquo; be opting for family over a career.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Women in STEM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong> </a>data from 2014-16 shows that only around <strong>30% of female students</strong> select STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)-related fields in higher education.</li>
<li>Female enrolment is particularly<strong> low</strong> in information technology (3%), natural science, mathematics and statistics (5%) and engineering and allied streams (8%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research as a Profession:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to a 2018 fact sheet prepared by UNESCO on women in science, only <strong>28.8% of researchers are women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Share in Nobel Prizes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Between <strong>1901 and 2019,</strong> 334 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prizes</strong></a> have been awarded to 616 Laureates in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine, of which just <strong>20 have been won by women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Share in Abel Prizes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abel-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>American mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck</strong></a> became the first woman to win the Abel Prize, following 16 male mathematicians.</li>
<li>The Abel Prize is a Norwegian prize awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more <strong>outstanding mathematicians.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Share in Fields Medals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Fields Medal so far has also been awarded to only one woman mathematician, the late Maryam Mirzakhani of Iran, as opposed to 59 men since 1936.</li>
<li>The Fields Medal is awarded<strong> every four years</strong> by the <strong>International Congress of Mathematicians</strong> to recognize outstanding mathematical achievement for existing work and for the promise of future achievement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Scenario</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Women in STEM:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The female enrolment in science streams rose from 2010-11 to 2015-16.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> report in 2015-16, 9.3% of female students in Undergraduate (UG) courses were enrolled in engineering, compared to 15.6% across genders. Conversely, 4.3% of female students were enrolled in medical science, compared to 3.3% across genders.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research as a Profession:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Only 13.9% of women work as a researcher in India. At <strong>master&rsquo;s and doctoral levels, female enrolment</strong> remained<strong> lower</strong> than overall enrolment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Presence at Technical Professions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The NITI Aayog report has also found that in over 620 institutes and universities, including IITs, NITs, ISRO, and DRDO, the presence of women was 20.0% among Scientific and Administrative Staff, 28.7% among Post-Doctoral Fellows, and 33.5% among PhD scholars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Gap Index</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-index-2020-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Global Gender Gap Index 2020</strong></a>, a study covering 153 economies, India has slipped to the 112<sup>th</sup> spot from its 108<sup>th</sup> position in 2018.</li>
<li>The report also says it would take nearly a hundred years to close the gender gap in various fields in India compared to the time it would take in other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Work Participation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <strong>World Bank,</strong> India ranks <strong>163<sup>rd</sup> out of 181 countries</strong> in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/declining-female-labour-force-participation-editorial-upsc-ias-economy-gender-inequality-gktoday" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> female labour force participation.</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, India is one of the few countries in the world where women&rsquo;s work participation rates have fallen sharply &mdash; from 29% in 2004-5 to 22% in 2011-12 and to 17% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inequality at Work:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <strong>Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE),</strong> a large percentage of all the jobs lost last year were held by women. Out of the 11 million jobs lost in 2018, women accounted for 8.8 million.</li>
<li><strong>Indian women <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/declining-female-labour-force-participation-editorial-upsc-ias-economy-gender-inequality-gktoday" target="_blank" rel="noopener">receive 34% fewer wages</a></strong> than men for equivalent work, spend around five hours a day on unpaid care work compared to a mere half an hour for men and are primarily engaged in low-paying, informal sector work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Promote Women in Science</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vigyan Jyoti Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-gender-equality-in-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vigyan Jyoti Scheme</strong></a> is launched by the <strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology (DST).</strong></li>
<li>It is intended to create a<strong> level-playing field</strong> for the <strong>meritorious girls in high school</strong> to pursue Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in their higher education.</li>
<li>It also offers exposure for girl students from the rural background to help to plan their journey from school to a job of their choice in the field of science.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GATI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-gender-equality-in-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI)</strong> </a>will develop a <strong>comprehensive Charter and a framework for assessing Gender Equality</strong> in STEM</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>KIRAN Scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN) Scheme</strong></a> is started by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong> aimed to <strong>bring gender parity in the Science &amp; Technology sector</strong> by inducting more women talent in the research &amp; development domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BBBP</strong> </a>is the joint initiative of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Human Resource Development to ensure<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> survival, protection, and empowerment of the girl child.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-science-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Science Day (NSD)</strong></a> was celebrated on 28<sup>th</sup> February 2020 with the theme &lsquo;Women In Science&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Dr Niti Kumar,</strong> a senior scientist from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)</strong></a>, Lucknow received <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women Excellence Award-2020</strong></a> on this occasion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aishe-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report 2018-19</strong></a>, the gender gap in the country <strong>narrowed</strong> as compared to the previous year, i.e. 2017-18.</li>
<li>Initiatives like<strong> She-box</strong> are ensuring <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-boost-womens-workforce-participation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>workplace safety</strong></a> and boost better participation of women in all areas of economy,</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inequalities in gender participation in science emanate from social-economic issues, which can be treated by bringing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/subdued-gender-participation-in-stem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>behavioural change.</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-needs-more-women-parliamentarians" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>better political representation of women</strong></a> can go a long way in deconstructing the stereotype of women</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-boost-womens-workforce-participation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Better workforce participation</strong></a> can only be brought by collective effort of the society and the people in governance.</li>
<li>Growth in jobs must be inclusive and new jobs need to be secure with <strong>better work conditions, including social security benefits.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/private-firms-employ-more-women-in-rd/article32406949.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6233,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Issues Related to Minimum Wage',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> </a>has termed the<strong> current minimum wage fixing criteria</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules, 2020</strong> </a>as ambiguous.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 7<sup>th</sup> July 2020, the Central government published the<strong> Draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules, 2020</strong> in the Official Gazette and placed it in the public domain inviting objections and suggestions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fixation of the Minimum Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of Consumption Units:</strong> The Wage Code provides for the fixation of the minimum wage keeping in view the standard working class family,<strong> the equivalent of 3 adult consumption units.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The assumption that a standard working class family consists just of 3 adult consumption units is questionable.</li>
<li>This number has been arrived at by counting the male worker as 1 consumption unit, his wife as 0.8 consumption unit and two children as 0.6 consumption units each.</li>
<li>Such an assumption about the food requirements of the members of a family seems flawed. Furthermore, families with dependent elders are not considered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expenses:</strong> The minimum wage under the code has been fixed by considering the estimate of expenses incurred towards food, clothing, shelter, fuel, electricity, children's education and medical requirements. It also includes expenses on contingencies and miscellaneous items. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the criteria prescribed for the fixation of the minimum wage<strong> have not taken into consideration all the expenses incurred to meet the minimum needs of a family in the present day.</strong></li>
<li>For instance, the expenses incurred towards transport, mobile phone bills and internet connection bills have not been considered at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clothing:</strong> The clothing requirement at 66 metres of cloth per year per standard working class family is unrealistically low. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also does not take into consideration the additional clothing requirements of people in cold regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Housing:</strong> The housing rent expenditure will be factored at 10% of the expenditure on food and clothing, which is unrealistic considering that the rent towards decent housing for a family in and around metropolitan areas will amount to at least Rs. 5000 per month.</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Fixation of Wages:</strong> The fixation of minimum wages under the draft code has been kept on a day basis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, trade union leaders have opined that fixation of wages on a day basis could disadvantage workers when compared to the fixation of minimum wages on a monthly basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fixation of Floor Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Code on Wages, 2020 mentions the concept of a<strong> floor wage,</strong> which empowers the central government to fix floor wages taking into account the minimum living standards of workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> floor wage is a baseline wage</strong> below which minimum wages cannot be fixed by state governments.</li>
<li>The Wage Code permits the fixation of <strong>different floor level wages for different geographical areas.</strong> However, this has <strong>given rise to the fear of flight of capital</strong> from areas where the wage is higher to areas where the wage is lower.</li>
<li>There is also fear that it will lead to <strong>fixation of low wages by state governments</strong> in a bid to attract greater investments thus depressing the minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, the wage rules do not outline the exact criteria and methods for fixation of floor wage rates by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Stating the exact methods of fixation of floor wage.</strong> This would enable the setting of the floor wage at an appropriate level after the wage code comes into effect.</li>
<li><strong>Fixing the periodicity of revision of the minimum wage.</strong> Of the two components of the minimum wage &mdash; basic wage and dearness allowance &mdash; the paper suggests revision of the basic wage every five years, a part which is missing in the proposed minimum wage rules.</li>
<li><strong>Refining the rules</strong> and suggesting relying on the evidence-based approach by holding consultations with representative organizations of workers and employers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/minimum-wage-criteria-rules-ambiguous-ilo-6561799/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6228,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Recruitment Agency',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister has decided to set up a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Recruitment Agency (NRA)</strong></a> to conduct a <strong>common preliminary examination</strong> for various recruitments in the central government.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NRA will conduct the <strong>Common Eligibility Test (CET)</strong> for recruitment to<strong> non-gazetted posts</strong> in government and public sector banks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Approximately 1.25 lakh government jobs are advertised every year for which 2.5 crore aspirants appear in various examinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This test aims to <strong>replace multiple examinations</strong> conducted by different recruiting agencies for selection to government jobs advertised each year, with a <strong>single online</strong> test.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government also plans to provide outreach and awareness facilities to assist candidates in rural and far flung areas to familiarize them with the online examination system.</li>
<li>A 24x7 helpline will be set up for answering queries, complaints and queries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The present recruitment agencies&ndash;<strong> Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) and the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS)&mdash;</strong> will remain in place.</li>
<li>Based on the preliminary screening done at the CET score level, final selection for recruitment shall be made through <strong>separate specialised Tiers</strong> (II, III, etc.) of examination which shall be <strong>conducted by the respective recruitment agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of CET:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Common Eligibility Test will be held<strong> twice a year.</strong></li>
<li>There will be different CETs for <strong>graduate level, 12<sup>th</sup> Pass level and 10<sup>th</sup> pass level</strong> to facilitate recruitment to vacancies at various levels.</li>
<li>The curriculum for CET would be <strong>common.</strong></li>
<li>The CET will be conducted in<strong> 12 major Indian languages.</strong> This is a major change, as hitherto examinations for recruitment to Central Government jobs were held <strong>only in English and Hindi.</strong></li>
<li>Initially, CET will cover recruitments made by three agencies : viz. SSC, RRB and IBPS at <strong>Group B and C (non -technical)</strong> posts. This will be expanded in a phased manner.</li>
<li>CET will be held in <strong>1,000 centres</strong> across India in a bid to remove the currently prevalent urban bias. There will be an examination centre in<strong> every district</strong> of the country. There will be a special thrust on creating <strong>examination infrastructure in the 117 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aspirational districts.</a></strong></li>
<li>CET will be a first level test to shortlist candidates and the score will be <strong>valid for three years.</strong></li>
<li>There shall be <strong>no restriction on the number of attempts</strong> to be taken by a candidate to appear in the CET subject to the <strong>upper age limit.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Age relaxation for<strong> SC/ST and OBC</strong> candidates as per existing rules will apply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NRA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Recruitment Agency will be a Society registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act,1860.</strong></li>
<li>It will be headed by a <strong>Chairman</strong> of the rank of the Secretary to the Government of India. It will have<strong> representatives</strong> of the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Finance/Department of Financial Services, the SSC, RRB &amp; IBPS.</li>
<li>The Government has sanctioned a sum of Rs. 1517.57 crore for the National Recruitment Agency (NRA).</li>
<li>The expenditure will be undertaken over a <strong>period of three years.</strong></li>
<li>It is envisioned that the NRA would be a specialist body bringing the state-of-the-art technology and best practices to the field of Central Government recruitment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present, candidates seeking government jobs have to appear for separate examinations conducted by <strong>multiple recruiting agencies</strong> for various posts.</li>
<li>Candidates have to <strong>pay fees</strong> to multiple recruiting agencies and also have to travel long distances for appearing in various exams.</li>
<li><strong>Women candidates</strong> especially from rural areas<strong> face constraints</strong> in appearing in multiple examinations as they have to arrange for transportation and places to stay in places that are far away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Students:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle</strong> of appearing in multiple examinations.</li>
<li>Single examination fee would <strong>reduce the financial burden</strong> that multiple exams imposed.</li>
<li>Since exams will be held in every district, it would substantially <strong>save travel and lodging cost</strong> for the candidates. Examination in their own district would encourage more and <strong>more women candidates</strong> also to apply for government jobs.</li>
<li>Applicants are required to register on a <strong>single Registration portal.</strong></li>
<li>It will also prevent the issue of <strong>clashing examination dates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle of conducting preliminary/screening tests</strong> of candidates.</li>
<li>Drastically <strong>reduces the time of recruitment cycle.</strong></li>
<li>Brings <strong>standardization</strong> in examination pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Reduces costs</strong> for different recruiting agencies. <strong>Rs 600 crore savings</strong> expected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Staff Selection Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Staff Selection Commission is an <strong>attached office of the Department of Personnel and Training</strong> under the<strong> Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.</strong></li>
<li>The Government of India, in the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, vide its resolution dated the 4<sup>th</sup> November 1975 constituted a Commission called the Subordinate Services Commission. The same was re-designated as Staff Selection Commission effective from 26<sup>th</sup> September 1977.</li>
<li>It makes recruitment to various <strong>Group &ldquo;B&rdquo; and Group &ldquo;C&rdquo; posts</strong> in the various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India and in Subordinate Offices.</li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Institute of Banking Personnel Selection</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBPS is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> formed in 1984.</li>
<li>It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and also a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950.</li>
<li>It was created to render <strong>assistance to organisations in the areas of personnel such as recruitment, selection, placement, etc.</strong></li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>Mumbai, Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/national-recruitment-agency-nra-government-jobs-6561491/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6221,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Jobs Data: CMIE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)</strong> has released data related to jobs gained or lost during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong></a> period (April-July 2020).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CMIE is a leading <strong>business information company.</strong> It was established in 1976, primarily as an independent think tank.</li>
<li>CMIE produces <strong>economic and business databases</strong> and develops specialised analytical tools to deliver these to its customers for decision making and for research. It<strong> analyses the data to decipher trends in the economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Salaried Jobs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They suffered a <strong>total loss estimated to be 18.9 million</strong> during April-July 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>17.7 million salaried jobs were lost in April. After gaining 3.9 million jobs in June, 5 million jobs were again lost in July.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>offer better terms of employment</strong> and better wages, and have a<strong> higher share in urban parts</strong> of the country than rural parts.</li>
<li>They are<strong> more resilient to economic shocks</strong> and not lost easily, however, once lost they are far more difficult to retrieve.</li>
<li>Only 21% of all employment in India is in the form of a salaried employment.</li>
<li>Loss of urban salaried jobs is likely to have a particular <strong>debilitating impact on the economy,</strong> besides causing<strong> immediate hardship to middle-class households.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the lockdown was announced, several companies across sectors have taken to job cuts, along with salary reductions and leave without pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal and Non-Salaried Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This category of job has <strong>shown improvement</strong> during the April-July 2020 increasing to 325.6 million in July 2020 from 317.6 million in 2019, an increase of 2.5%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is because of the<strong> opening of the country in a phased manner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This category of employment <strong>accounted for about 32% of the total employment but it suffered 75%</strong> of the hit in April 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of total 121.5 million jobs lost in April 2020, 91.2 million of the jobs were lost from this category.</li>
<li>Small traders, hawkers and daily wage labourers were the worst hit by the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farm Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The jobs lost in the non-farm sectors have resulted in <strong>people moving towards farm employment.</strong> The farm sector gained 14.9 million jobs in the April-July 2020 period.</li>
<li>In 2019, 42.39% of the workforce in India was employed in agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="631" height="378" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/lockdown-takes-toll-on-18-9-mn-salaried-jobs-informal-sector-shows-silver-lining-6560451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6086,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Bharat Air Fibre Services</strong> have been inaugurated at <strong>Akola in Maharashtra</strong> providing the residents <strong>wireless internet connections</strong> on demand.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bharat Air Fibre services are being <strong>introduced by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)</strong> as a part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> initiative by the Government of India. It is <strong>being scaled pan-India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>provide BSNL fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) wireless connectivity up to a range of 20 km</strong> from the BSNL points of presence.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>connectivity speed is 100 Mbps</strong> and BSNL is offering <strong>various broadband plans in wireline and wireless segments</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a huge demand for high-speed broadband service in the present situation as there is the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migration</strong></a> of people from metro cities to rural areas due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The service is becoming popular due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-work-from-home-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Work from Home</strong></a> (WFH), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-learning</strong></a>, <strong>online shopping, gaming and entertainment,</strong> etc. amidst <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BSNL is also providing <strong>unlimited free voice calling</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> It provides high-speed broadband to subscribers of remote areas by <strong>bridging the gap of last-mile connectivity through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ham-radio" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radio waves</a></strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A vast network of <strong>Optical Fibre</strong> has been laid by BSNL up to nearest Telephone Exchange or Mobile Tower and from there the connectivity is provided to subscribers over wireless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="545" height="398" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Customers at remote locations will be benefitted as BSNL comes with the <strong>cheapest services</strong> with the support of <strong>Telecom Infrastructure Partners</strong> (TIPs).</li>
<li>These services are <strong>wireless</strong> and there are <strong>very low chances of interruption</strong> in services locally.</li>
<li>BSNL is <strong>tying up with local entrepreneurs/unemployed youth</strong> on revenue sharing basis thereby <strong>generating employment</strong> in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will earn a regular monthly income of about one lakh per month thereby <strong>becoming self-reliant</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This service could be a game-changer for rural areas as with a little <strong>integration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a></strong> (IoT) <strong>and sensors</strong>, the <strong>moisture content of soil can be known</strong> on a real-time basis, so that <strong>irrigation can be planned</strong>, resulting in <strong>saving of water and thereby increasing productivity</strong>.</li>
<li>Sensors can be <strong>tied to the neck of dairy cattle, enabling continuous recording of body temperature</strong> so as to know the exact time when milk output is best.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642996" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5859,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'ASEEM Portal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>&lsquo;Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)&rsquo; portal</strong> to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Portal is expected to improve the information flow and bridge the demand-supply gap in the skilled workforce market.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Developed and Managed By: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong> in collaboration with Bengaluru-based company &lsquo;Betterplace&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Platform:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>real-time data analytics</strong> about the demand and supply patterns including - industry requirements, skill gap analysis, demand per district/ state/cluster, key workforce suppliers, key consumers, migration patterns and multiple potential career prospects for candidates.</li>
<li>It will enable<strong> policymakers</strong> to take a more objective view of various sectors in the economy.</li>
<li>Driven by Prime Minister&rsquo;s assertion of &lsquo;India as a talent powerhouse&rsquo; at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-global-week-2020-india-inc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Global Week 2020 Summit</strong></a>, it will further<strong> re-engineer the vocational training landscape</strong> in the country ensuring a skilling, up-skilling and reskilling in a more organised set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong> Also available as an application (app), it consists of three IT based interfaces:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employer Portal:</strong> Employer onboarding, demand aggregation, candidate selection.</li>
<li><strong>Dashboard:</strong> Reports, trends, analytics, and highlight gaps.</li>
<li><strong>Candidate Application:</strong> Create &amp; track candidate profile, share job suggestions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Skilled Workforce:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have provision for registration and data upload for workers across job roles, sectors and geographies.</li>
<li>It will help in strengthening industry-relevant skills and explore emerging job opportunities especially in the post Covid era.</li>
<li>Candidate data coming to <strong>Skill India Portal</strong> from various state and central skilling schemes will be integrated including that from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>, Fee-based Programs, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm#:~:text=and%20Urban%20Affairs.-,Deendayal%20Antyodaya%20Yojana%2DNational%20Urban%20Livelihoods%20Mission%20(DAY%2DNULM,livelihood%20opportunities%20through%20skill%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Database of labour migrants</strong> in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a> and filled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Employers:</strong> They will be able to assess the availability of a skilled workforce and formulate their hiring plans.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSDC is a <strong>not-for-profit public limited company incorporated in 2008</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956</strong></a> (corresponding to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013).</li>
<li>It was <strong>set up by the Ministry of Finance </strong>as a<strong> Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> model.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India through the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49%</strong> of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions.</li>
<li>Its mandate is also to enable a support system which focuses on quality assurance, information systems and train the trainer academies either directly or through partnerships.</li>
<li><strong>Skill India Portal</strong> is an initiative by the NSDC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637755" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5849,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Rules for Code on Wages Act 2019',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment</strong> has published the draft rules framed for the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-code-on-wages-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act, 2019.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new draft rules have been circulated afresh for<strong> public comments and suggestions for a period of 45 days</strong> from the date of publishing, 7<sup>th</sup> July 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The latest draft rules are <strong>similar to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=Code%20on%20Wages%20Act%202019,-The%20new%20wage&amp;text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener">preliminary draft published in November 2019</a></strong> with <strong>one major change.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry has <strong>changed the work requirement for eligibility for minimum wages and other benefits from nine hours to eight.</strong></li>
<li>The latest draft clarified the issue as the nine hours mentioned <strong>earlier included one hour of rest,</strong> which has <strong>now been mentioned separately</strong> from the eight working hours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Code on Wages Act 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aims to <strong>transform the old and obsolete labour laws</strong> into <strong>more accountable and transparent</strong> ones and seeks to pave the way for the <strong>introduction of minimum wages and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">labour reforms</a></strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Removes the multiplicity of wage definitions,</strong> which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li><strong>Regulates the wages and bonus payments</strong> in all employments where any industry, trade, business, or manufacturing is being carried out.</li>
<li><strong>Links minimum wage</strong> across the country to the <strong>skills of the employee </strong>and the<strong> place of employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It simplifies the methodology to fix minimum wage by <strong>doing away with the &lsquo;type of employment&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seeks to<strong> universalise the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment</strong> of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to ensure <strong>&lsquo;Right to Sustenance&rsquo;</strong> for every worker and intends to<strong> increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</strong></li>
<li>Employees getting <strong>monthly salary</strong> shall get the salary by <strong>7<sup>th</sup> of next month,</strong> those working on a<strong> weekly basis</strong> shall get the salary on the <strong>last day of the week</strong> and <strong>daily wagers</strong> should get it on the <strong>same day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Government is empowered to fix the floor wages</strong> by taking into account the living standards of workers. It may set different floor wages for different geographical areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>minimum wages</strong> decided by the central or state governments <strong>must be higher than the floor wage.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitution of India,<strong> labour</strong> is a subject in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule</strong></a> where both the Central and State Governments are competent to enact legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calculation of Minimum Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the draft rules, the<strong> basis for calculating the minimum wage</strong> would be a standard working-class family of one earning worker, a spouse and two children, a net intake of 2,700 calories per day each, 66 metres of cloth per year, rent expenditure equal to 10% of the food and clothing expenditure, fuel, electricity and other miscellaneous expenses of 20% of minimum wage and expenditure on children&rsquo;s education, medical care, recreation and contingencies amounting to 25% of the minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It subsumes the <strong>following four labour laws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936.</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948.</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Centre shall constitute a <strong>technical committee</strong> which would <strong>advise on the skill categories,</strong> while an <strong>advisory board may recommend the minimum wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></a> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wage includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and clothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the minimum income necessary to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; includes education, health, insurance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a mean between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Starvation Wage:</strong> It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/labour-ministry-notifies-draft-on-minimum-wages/article32034447.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5821,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Completion of Annual MGNREGA Work Limit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the central scheme database of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA)</a></strong>, at<strong> least 1.4 lakh poor rural households</strong> have completed their quota of 100 days of work for the first three months of the year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Therefore, they will not be eligible for further benefits under the rural employment guarantee scheme for the rest of the year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall, <strong>23 lakh households</strong> have already completed 60 days of work.</li>
<li>Another<strong> seven lakh households</strong> have completed 80 days and are on the verge of running out of work.</li>
<li>With almost 60,000 households which have completed 100 days of work, <strong>Chhattisgarh</strong> has the <strong>highest rate</strong> among States, followed by <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> with almost 24,500 households in this category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, Andhra Pradesh maintains its own database showing that 8.6% of all beneficiary households in the State have already completed 100 days of work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19 pandemic:</strong> Due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nationwide lockdown</strong></a> has resulted in thousands of unemployed migrant workers returning to their villages and now dependent on MGNREGA wages.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Demand for Work:</strong> The demand for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mgnrega-trends" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong> </a>work almost <strong>doubled</strong> in June as there is no other work available for many people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Construction sector, which usually absorbs a large number of workers, has also collapsed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monsoon Season:</strong> In many areas, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoon</strong></a> is the hungry season and many people are desperate for work and dependent on MGNREGA wages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also expected that in December the situation would be worse especially for <a href="/tags/issues-related-to-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/elderly-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>elderly</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>disabled</strong> </a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tribals</strong></a> when agriculture work is over and there will be no work from MGNREGA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Expansion of the Scheme:</strong> The MGNREGA scheme contains a provision for an <strong>expansion of the scheme</strong> to allow for <strong>150 days of work</strong> per household for districts affected by drought or other natural disaster.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given that Covid-19 was declared a national disaster, this provision may be implemented immediately across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in limit:</strong> The limit should be <strong>imposed per adult individual</strong> rather than per household.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Wage:</strong> There is a demand for an increase to 200 days per individual at a daily wage rate of ₹600. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The current wage rate of Rs. 200 per day does not even match up to minimum wage rates in most States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farming:</strong> Getting employment from the Agriculture and farms is an option which can be provided to the migrants.Eg. Migrants workers being deployed in the Litchi farms of Bihar.</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> It was announced in March that the workers under the MGNREGA would get a hike of <strong>Rs. 2000</strong> each on an average.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan</strong> was started to provide employment to migrant labourers who returned home during the lockdown. The scheme covers six states &mdash; Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Odisha.</li>
<li>It has as a provision to grant 125 days of employment to migrants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>MGNREGA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,</strong> earlier known as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed in 2005 to augment employment generation and social security in India.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The primary objective of the scheme is to guarantee <strong>100 days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household</strong> willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work.</li>
<li>It covers all districts of India except the <strong>ones with 100% urban population.</strong></li>
<li>It is one of the<strong> largest work guarantee programmes</strong> in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MGNREGA has come to the nation&rsquo;s aid in combating growing poverty. Even programmes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swacchh Bharat</strong> </a>and <a href="/printpdf/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> are being merged to leverage its utility, reach and value.</li>
<li>Therefore, it needs an urgent extension for those who have already completed the work limits.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initiatives must be taken to impart skills</strong></a> in the workers so that they can take alternative livelihoods during such situations.</li>
<li>Gram panchayats need to be provided with adequate resources, powers, and responsibilities to sanction works, provide work on demand, and authorise wage payments to tackle the crisis of the migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-demand-surge-14-lakh-families-have-reached-annual-mgnrega-work-limit/article32006305.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5814,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mahajobs Portal: Maharashtra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Maharashtra Government</strong> has launched a portal named <strong>&lsquo;Mahajobs&rsquo;</strong> for job seekers and employers, owing to the economic situation caused by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To make local manpower available to companies and employment opportunities to workers.</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The job seekers and providers/industrial units can <strong>register</strong> themselves on the Portal.</li>
<li>The Portal has identified <strong>17 sectors</strong> including engineering, logistics, and chemicals, and provides for<strong> selecting jobs across 950 trades</strong> mainly for local youth who would need to produce <strong>domicile certificates.</strong></li>
<li>There would be regular reviews of the jobs provided. There would be a study on the kind of problems faced by employers as well as youth seeking employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed by:</strong> Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC).</li>
<li><strong>Corresponding Initiative at the National Level: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Career Service Project</a>,</strong> implemented by the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment, works towards bridging the gap between job seekers and employers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/uddhav-thackeray-launches-mahajobs-portal-for-unemployed-local-youth/article32007572.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5693,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Employment Scheme for Urban Poor: Jharkhand',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Jharkhand is set to launch a 100-day employment scheme for <strong>urban unskilled workers</strong> similar to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fund-crunch-in-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme</strong> </a>(MGNREGS) amid the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-global-unemployment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>increasing unemployment.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the Government of India has launched a <strong>rural public works</strong> scheme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan&rsquo;</strong></a> to provide livelihood opportunities to the returnee migrant workers and <strong>rural citizens.</strong></li>
<li>Even Jharkhand launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jharkhand-launches-employment-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three employment schemes</strong></a> earlier to create wage employment for<strong> workers in rural areas.</strong> In this context, an <strong>employment guarantee scheme for urban poor</strong> is unique and timely intervention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Name of the Scheme:</strong> The scheme will be known as <strong>Mukhyamantri SHRAMIK (Shahri Rozgar Manjuri For Kamgar) Yojana.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Enhancing livelihood security for<strong> urban poor.</strong> They will be given priority in the existing schemes. If they could not be accommodated in existing schemes, exclusive schemes for the purpose will be created and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) would be given separate funds for this.</li>
<li><strong>Basic Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The workers will be able demand work either in writing or orally for a <strong>minimum of seven days and a maximum of 100 days.</strong></li>
<li>If a worker has a child of five years or less, then a female worker will need to be employed&mdash;to take care of the child&mdash;and paid the minimum wage. All<strong> basic amenities, medical facilities, registration as well as a social security</strong> will be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand based Work:</strong> The work will be demand based and divided into various categories like cleanliness, water harvesting, tree plantation, public works construction or repair and managing shelter homes, among others.</li>
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:</strong> Workers will be paid the minimum wage as notified by the state government.</li>
<li><strong>Decent Wage:</strong> The wages under the proposed Yojana are likely to be at least 40% higher than that provided under the MGNREGA programme in the state.</li>
<li><strong>Swift Transfer of Wages:</strong> The amount will be credited to the bank account of workers, either after work or within seven days of the completion of work. In any situation, the payment has to be made within 15 days of the completion of work.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment Allowance:</strong> Like MGNREGA, the scheme will also have a provision for unemployment allowance where a person who has asked for work does not get it within 15 days will be liable to be paid <strong>one-fourth of the minimum wage</strong> as allowance for the <strong>first month, half the wage</strong> in the <strong>second month,</strong> and the<strong> full minimum wage</strong> amount in the <strong>third month of no work.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Job Cards &amp; Dedicated Website:</strong> Urban workers will also be registered and they would be provided job cards. A special website is also being designed, similar to the website functions in MGNREGS.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> The scheme will be implemented by the urban development and housing department through the state urban livelihood mission. Municipal commissioners, executive offices or special officers of municipal bodies will be the nodal officer of the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Large Number of Casual Labours:</strong> There are about 13-14 lakh households in urban areas of Jharkhand, of which around 15% are employed as casual labourers. An estimated 25% households in urban areas have been adversely affected by the extended lockdown.</li>
<li><strong>Influx of Migrants:</strong> There was a need for a scheme like this because of the huge influx of migrant workers to the state. This will help the migrant workers who returned to urban Jharkhand after the coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Mapping of Migrants:</strong> Skill mapping of 2.5 lakh workers has revealed that 30% of workers who returned from different states are unskilled labourers.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Urban Poor:</strong> Till now there was a notion that poor means rural people. So, a lot of poor alleviation schemes were launched for rural areas. However, there is also a chunk of urban poor and they also need job guarantee like in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Examples from Other States:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently,<strong> the Odisha</strong> government announced a <strong>Rs 100-crore Urban Wage Employment Initiative.</strong></li>
<li>Kerala also runs<strong> Ayyankali Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme (AUEGS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AUEGS aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in urban areas by guaranteeing <strong>hundred days of wage-employment</strong> in a financial year to an <strong>urban household</strong> whose adult members<strong> volunteer to do unskilled manual work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>"Yuva Swabhiman Yojana&rdquo;</strong> of <strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> provides employment for both skilled and unskilled workers among <strong>urban youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These types of interventions by the States are a welcome step which give urban residents the right to work and thereby ensure the<strong> right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>Programmes like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities Mission</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)</strong></a> have disproportionately focussed on development of bigger towns and cities. Hence, it is important to re-focus our attention to improving the livelihoods and ecology of urban areas beyond India&rsquo;s major cities.</li>
<li>An urban employment guarantee programme not only improves <strong>incomes of workers but also has multiplier effects on the economy.</strong> It will <strong>boost local demand</strong> in small towns, <strong>improve public infrastructure and services, spur entrepreneurship, build skills of workers and create a shared sense of public goods.</strong> Hence, the time is ripe for an employment guarantee programme in urban India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-plans-job-guarantee-scheme-for-urban-poor-6471603/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5677,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Textile Sector and Atmanirbharta',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/textile-sector-needs-a-vision-and-mission/article31862988.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Textile sector needs a vision and mission</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 19/06/2020. It talks about significance, challenges and the way forward for the textile sector.</p>
</div>
<p>Amid economic crisis due to covid-19 pandemic, the government has embraced &lsquo;self-reliance&rsquo; as a development strategy to reboot the Indian economy. It is about tapping India&rsquo;s inherent strengths to emerge stronger as a nation, economically and in all other aspects.</p>
<p>However, the government should not lose sight of sectors which are already self-reliant and can, with a little help, play a larger role in the global market. The textile sector is one such sector.</p>
<p>Even though Indian textile industry is one of the oldest industries of the Indian economy, it is also a fact that the Indian textiles industry finds it difficult to compete with much smaller global players such as Bangladesh and Vietnam.</p>
<p>It can be corroborated that there are some deep-rooted problems with the sector, and these need to be addressed to see any long-term sustainable revival in the sector. In this context, there is an urgent need to identify some of the challenges and the way forward for the textile sector.</p>
<h3>Significance of Textile Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The sector accounts for 7% of India&rsquo;s manufacturing output, 2% of GDP, 12% of exports and employs directly and indirectly about 10 crore people.</li>
<li>Owing to the abundant supply of raw material and labour, India is-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The largest producer of cotton, accounting for 25% of the global output.</li>
<li>The world&rsquo;s second-largest producer of textiles and garments after China.</li>
<li>The second-largest producer of man-made fibres &mdash; polyester and viscose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most importantly, in India a strong domestic market is available.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in Textile Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being dominated by the unorganized sector and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its limitations of access to the latest technology (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Inflexible labour laws:</strong> India's system of <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/relaxation-in-labour-laws-trade-unions-coronavirus-effect-6403530/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour regulations is rather complex</strong></a>. There are over 200 labour laws, including a quarter of Central Acts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several labour laws such as the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 put limitations on firm size and not allow manufacturing firms to grow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tax structure issues:</strong> The tax structure <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong> </a>makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the $40-billion level for the last six years.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh, which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of foreign investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, yet the industry attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of only US$ 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Toward an organised sector:</strong> India can make the sector organised by setting up mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will increase the scale of production and help Indian players to produce faster and at a lower cost with maximum efficiency in operation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate modernisation of the industry:</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of the obsolete machinery and technology. This can help increase the production and productivity of the textile industry and thereby increase the export also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programmes such as the National Technical Textiles Mission, Amended Technology Up-gradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS) and Integrated Wool Development Programme (IWDP) should be implemented in the most effective manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme was introduced by the Government in 1999 to facilitate new and appropriate technology for making the textile industry globally competitive and to reduce the capital cost for the textile industry.</li>
<li>In 2015, the government approved "Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)" for technology upgradation of the textiles industry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Attracting Foreign Investments (FDI):</strong> The Indian government has come up with a number of export promotion policies for the textiles sector. For example, India has allowed<strong> 100% FDI</strong> in the Indian textiles sector under the automatic route.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To increase the ease of doing business for foreign investors, the single-window clearances and all kinds of resolution mechanisms should be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for rational labour laws:</strong> Several high-level expert panels have recommended to remove limitations on firm size and allow flexibility in hiring and firing.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need for early rationalisation of such labour laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing export:</strong> India also needs to sign trade agreements with developed countries to enhance export opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) can help gain duty-free access to large textile markets such as the EU, Australia and the UK.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector. Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it. In this context, the new Textiles Policy 2020 being formulated by the Centre should aim at developing a competitive textile sector which is modern, sustainable and inclusive.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592652921_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592652921_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0fcf9;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;A competitive textile sector is modern, sustainable and inclusive.&rdquo; Discuss the challenges and measures that should be taken to develop such a competitive textile sector in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L9fJqBQmOGo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/at-the-high-table-the-hindu-editorial-on-indias-un-security-council-win/article31863713.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;At the high table: On India&rsquo;s U.N. Security Council win&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on June 19<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5664,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government of India has decided to launch a <strong>rural public works scheme &lsquo;Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan&rsquo;</strong> through video-conferencing from village <strong>Telihar in Khagaria district of Bihar</strong> on 20<sup>th</sup> June 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> The scheme will empower and provide livelihood opportunities to the <strong>returnee <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrant</a> workers and rural citizens</strong> who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Duration and Outlay:</strong> This campaign will work in <strong>mission mode for 125 days</strong> with an outlay of<strong> Rs. 50,000 crore.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> A total of <strong>116 districts</strong> across <strong>six states,</strong> namely <strong>Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand</strong> and<strong> Odisha</strong> (where maximum migrant workers have returned) have been chosen for the campaign.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These districts are estimated to <strong>cover about 2/3 of such migrant workers.</strong></li>
<li>The chosen districts <strong>include 27 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aspirational Districts</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong> are those districts in India which are <strong>affected by poor socio-economic indicators.</strong> These are aspirational in the context, that improvement in these districts can lead to the overall improvement in human development in India. It is a <strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> It will involve <strong>intensified and focused implementation of 25 different types of works </strong>to <strong>provide employment</strong> to the migrant workers on one hand and <strong>create infrastructure in the rural regions</strong> of the country on the other hand.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The workers will help build gram panchayat bhawans and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lack-of-anganwadis-in-urban-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anganwadi centres</strong></a>, national highway works, railway works and water conservation projects, among others across six states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participants: 12 different Ministries/Departments,</strong> namely, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Road Transport and Highways, Mines, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Environment, Railways, etc. will be coordinating for the implementation of the scheme.</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong> The villages will join this programme through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Common Service Centres</strong></a> (CSCs) and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krishi-vigyan-kendra-kvk-conference-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Krishi Vigyan Kendras</a></strong> (KVKs) maintaining the norms of <strong>social distancing</strong> in the wake of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Common Service Centres</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Common Services Centres are a strategic cornerstone of the <strong>National <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Governance</a> Plan</strong> (NeGP).</li>
<li>It was approved in <strong>May 2006</strong> to introduce e-governance on a massive scale under the <strong>National Common Minimum Programme.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To provide high quality and cost-effective video, voice and data content and services, in the areas of e-governance, education, health, telemedicine, entertainment as well as other private services.</li>
<li>A <strong>highlight</strong> of the CSCs is that it <strong>offers web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas,</strong> including application forms, certificates and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Krishi Vigyan Kendras</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an integral part of the <strong>National Agricultural Research System</strong> (NARS).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>one of the largest</strong> national agricultural research systems in the world. It consists of <strong>scientists, technical staff, administration support staff</strong> and auxiliary staff.</li>
<li>Such a large number of research and other personnel are required because India is blessed with a <strong>variety of agro-climatic conditions</strong> and it <strong>conducts research on all aspects of agriculture</strong> to suit these diversified conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first KVK was established in <strong>1974 at Puducherry.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> Assessment of location specific technology modules in agriculture and allied enterprises, through technology assessment, refinement and demonstrations.</li>
<li>KVKs also produce quality technological products (seed, planting material, bio-agents, livestock) and make it available to farmers.</li>
<li>The KVK scheme is <strong>100% financed by the Government of India and funds are sanctioned</strong> to Agricultural Universities, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icar-to-set-up-farmers-innovation-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research</strong></a> (ICAR) institutes, related Government Departments and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Government Organizations</strong></a> (NGOs) working in Agriculture.</li>
<li>These are crucial to fulfilling the target of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/technology-and-doubling-farmers-income" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; income by 2022</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1632231" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5649,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Jal Jeevan Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Shakti Ministry</strong></a> has announced that the labourers returning to their home states due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>covid-19</strong></a>, will be deployed for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Jal Jeevan Mission aims for providing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/piped-water-connection-by-2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>piped drinking water to all rural households by 2024</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The <strong>Jal Shakti Ministry</strong> is the nodal ministry for the implementation of the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Jal Shakti Ministry has directed various States that returning labour, <strong>especially those working in the construction sector (skilled, unskilled and semi-skilled)</strong>, may be deployed to expedite the completion of works under the scheme.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an arrangement that could provide <strong>employment</strong> to the currently <strong>unemployed workers</strong>.</li>
<li>The mission is being used as a way to ameliorate some of the effects of the <strong>mass <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a> of inter-State workers</strong> back to their home States in the wake of the Covid -19 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Huge Demand for Work:</strong> It has been created because of <strong>workers returning</strong> to their home states from different parts of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is clear from the fact that allocations under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a> have already been hiked by ₹40,000 crore over and above the ₹60,000 crore already allocated.</li>
<li>While the MGNREGA is an old programme, the new Jal Jeevan Mission also has funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tap Water Connections:</strong> There is a need for tap water connections in several households under the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A revalidation exercise of households and status of tap water found that out of <strong>19.04 crore rural households in the country, 3.23 crore households</strong> had tap connections and <strong>15.81 crore households</strong> have to be provided functional tap connections.</li>
<li>Apart from the ₹11,000 crore in the budget, ₹12,000 crore has been allocated from extra budgetary allowances, and <strong>50% of the ₹60,750 crore allocated by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</a></strong> for rural local bodies is tied to grants for <strong>water bodies and sanitation</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Construction Sector:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill mapping</strong></a> by various State governments has shown that a majority of inter-State workers returning home are from the <strong>construction sector</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Uttar Pradesh alone, 16 lakh out of the <strong>18 lakh migrant labour</strong> mapped till now are from this sector.</li>
<li>The State has assured funding of ₹3,382 crore under the Jal Jeevan Mission which would be utilised in providing employment in rural areas to returning migrants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong> envisages supply of <strong>55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024</strong>.</li>
<li>JJM focuses on <strong>integrated demand and supply-side management of water</strong> at the local level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of local infrastructure for source sustainability measures as mandatory elements, like <strong>rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and management of household wastewater for reuse</strong>, would be undertaken in convergence with other government programmes/schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mission is based on a <strong>community approach to water</strong> and includes extensive Information, Education and Communication as a key component of the mission.</li>
<li>JJM looks to <strong>create a jan andolan for water</strong>, thereby making it everyone&rsquo;s priority.</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> The fund sharing pattern between the Centre and states is 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern States, 50:50 for other states, and 100% for Union Territories.</li>
<li>The total allocation to the scheme is over ₹3 lakh crore.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Jal Shakti Ministry</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has created a <strong>new ministry called &lsquo;Jal Shakti&rsquo;</strong> after merging Ministries of Water Resources, River Development &amp; Ganga Rejuvenation along with Drinking Water and Sanitation.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Jal Shakti&rsquo; ministry will <strong>encompass issues ranging from providing clean drinking water, international and inter-states water disputes, to the Namami Gange project</strong> aimed at cleaning Ganga and its tributaries, and sub-tributaries.</li>
<li>The ministry will roll out the government&rsquo;s ambitious plan <strong>(&lsquo;Nal se Jal&rsquo; scheme under Jal Jeevan Plan)</strong> to provide piped water connection to every household in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skill Development Mission</strong></a> was successful to create a pool of manpower skilled in masonry, plumbing, fitting, electricity etc, there is a growing realisation that <strong>returning inter-State labour could be deployed</strong> in different sectors due to the prevailing situation of Covid -19.</li>
<li>There is a need to encourage all States to consider the existing skill development plans and provide employment to migrant workers.</li>
<li>There is a requirement of a <strong>strategic framework</strong> to provide the returning citizens with suitable employment opportunities through discussions with key stakeholders including State Governments, Industry Associations and Employers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/returning-labourers-may-be-deployed-for-jal-jeevan-mission-work-jal-shakti-ministry-tells-states/article31819391.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5618,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sahakar Mitra: Scheme on Internship Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has launched a <strong>Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP) i.e. Sahakar Mitra.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an initiative by the <strong>National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)</strong> for young professionals. It is expected to be beneficial for both i.e. <strong>cooperatives</strong> as well as for the<strong> young professionals.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the government launched <b><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'The Urban Learning Internship Program (TULIP) Portal'</a></b> to provide internship opportunities to thousands of fresh graduates and engineers of the country under the 'Smart City' projects.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sahakar Mitra scheme will help <strong>cooperative institutions</strong> access <strong>new and innovative ideas of young professionals</strong> while the interns will gain experience of working in the field to be self-reliant.</li>
<li>It <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Scheme%20to%20Promote%20Young%20Entrepreneurs%20in%20Cooperatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>will provide the young professionals</strong> </a><strong>an opportunity of practical exposure and learning</strong> from the working of NCDC and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bihar-to-sell-kashmiri-apples" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cooperatives</strong></a> as a paid intern.</li>
<li>It would also provide an opportunity to professionals from academic institutions to develop leadership and entrepreneurial roles through cooperatives as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmers Producers Organizations (FPO)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India)</strong></a>, it focuses on the importance of<strong> Vocal for Local.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Professional <strong>graduates</strong> in disciplines such as Agriculture and allied areas, IT, etc.</li>
<li>Professionals who are <strong>pursuing or have completed their MBA degrees</strong> in Agribusiness, Cooperation, Finance, International Trade, Forestry, Rural Development, Project Management, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCDC has designated funds for the<strong> paid internship program</strong> under which each intern will get <strong>financial support</strong> over a <strong>4 months internship period.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Cooperative Development Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) was established by an Act of Parliament in 1963 <strong>as a statutory Corporation</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> NCDC functions through its <strong>Head Office at New Delhi</strong> and multiple Regional Offices.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objectives of NCDC are<strong> planning and promoting programmes for production, processing, marketing, storage, export and import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock</strong> and certain other notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.</li>
<li>The NCDC has the <strong>unique distinction of being the sole statutory organisation</strong> functioning as an <strong>apex financial and developmental institution</strong> exclusively devoted to the<strong> cooperative sector.</strong></li>
<li>It is a major financial institution for cooperatives, and has <strong>recently started Mission Sahakar 22,</strong> which aims to <strong>double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>About Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a>, a<strong> cooperative</strong> is an <strong>autonomous association of persons united voluntarily</strong> to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. E.g. FPOs as cooperatives.</li>
<li><strong>An FPO,</strong> formed <strong>by a group of farm producers,</strong> is a <strong>registered body with producers</strong> as shareholders in the organisation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with <strong>business activities related to the farm produce</strong> and it works for the benefit of the member producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Provisions of Indian Constitution related to Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011 added a new Part IXB right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo; was added after &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo; in<strong> Art. 19(1)(c) under Part III of the Constitution.</strong> This enables all the <strong>citizens to form cooperatives by giving it the status of fundamental right of citizens.</strong></li>
<li>A new<strong> Article 43B</strong> was added in the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV)</strong> regarding the<strong> &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCDC should develop some techniques to evaluate the performance of cooperatives and encourage them to perform better.</li>
<li>The scheme will provide a boost to government-academia-industry-civil society linkages.</li>
<li>Further, India needs to learn from <strong>technical and vocational training/education models in China, Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Singapore,</strong> and adopt a comprehensive model that can bridge the<strong> skill gaps and ensure employability</strong> of youths.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1631125" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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