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World Youth Skill Day

Why in News Every year, 15th July is observed as the World Youth Skills Day. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in...

16 Jul 2021 Employment
Youth and Food System

Why in News A new UN report on youth and agriculture underscores the urgent need to make agri-food systems more appealing to young people to secure...

09 Jul 2021 Employment
Skilling India

This article is based on “Holistic skilling'' which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 01/07/2021. It talks about the challenges...

02 Jul 2021 Employment
G20 Labour and Employment Ministers’ Meeting

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Labour and Employment has said that India is making collective efforts to reduce gender gaps in labour...

24 Jun 2021 Employment
Improving Employability of the Youth

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment and UNICEF have signed a Statement of Intent to improve employment outcomes for the...

18 Jun 2021 Employment
World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2021 Report: ILO

Why in News Recently, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has released the World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends (WESO) report...

04 Jun 2021 Employment
Registration of Unorganised Workers

Why in News The Supreme Court of India (SC) has directed the Central Government and the State Governments to complete the registration process of...

27 May 2021 Employment
Social Security Code 2020

Why in News The effectiveness of the Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020 in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many. With SS Code...

20 May 2021 Employment
National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved a Rs. 18,100-crore Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for manufacturers of Advanced Chemistry Cell...

17 May 2021 Employment
Startup India Seed Fund Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Government has launched the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS). The Scheme was announced during the...

21 Apr 2021 Employment
Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala

Why in News The Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways seeks to develop 65 lighthouses on public-private-partnership mode. Odisha’s...

12 Apr 2021 Employment
PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the Central Sector Scheme - "Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry...

05 Apr 2021 Employment
Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020: Oxfam

Why in News Recently, the Labour and Employment Minister has informed the Lok Sabha that Oxfam Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index 2020...

24 Mar 2021 Employment
National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program

Why in News The National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program (NETAP) has released its latest edition of the Apprenticeship Outlook Report...

11 Mar 2021 Employment
EPFO: Interest Rate for 2020-21

Why in News Recently, the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) recommended that subscribers be given 8.5% interest rate for Provident Fund...

05 Mar 2021 Employment
PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared Production-Linked incentive (PLI) schemes for pharmaceuticals and IT hardware, including...

26 Feb 2021 Employment
Draft National Migrant Labour Policy

Why in News Recently, NITI Aayog, along with a working subgroup of officials and members of civil society, has prepared a draft National Migrant...

24 Feb 2021 Employment
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries

Why in News The Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) inaugurated 50 artisan-based SFURTI clusters, spread over 18 States, to...

23 Feb 2021 Employment
The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index

Why in News? Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to bare necessities like drinking water, sanitation,...

16 Feb 2021 Employment
The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy

Why in News? The Union Budget for FY 2021-22 presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on Green Energy...

09 Feb 2021 Employment

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		'title' => 'World Youth Skill Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Every year, 15<sup>th</sup> July</strong> is observed as the <strong>World Youth Skills Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was designated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To equip young people around the world with <strong>essential skills for employment, work, and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>To achieve the <strong>Incheon Declaration: Education 2030,</strong> &ldquo;which devotes considerable attention to technical and vocational skills development, specifically regarding access to affordable quality<strong> technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions.&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This vision is fully captured by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a><strong>-4,</strong> which aims to <strong>&ldquo;Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To eliminate <strong>gender disparity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Reimagining Youth Skills Post-Pandemic&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State of Youth Employment and Schools during Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the estimates of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, schools were <strong>shut down for over 30 weeks</strong> in <strong>50% of the countries</strong> between <strong>March 2020 and May 2021.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Respondents to a survey of the TVET,</strong> which was jointly collected by <strong>UNESCO, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ILO</a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>,</strong> revealed that <strong>distance learning was the most common way of imparting skills.</strong></li>
<li>Youth employment fell <strong>8.7% last year,</strong> compared with <strong>3.7% for adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Announcement by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> announced the <strong>75 newly sanctioned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jan-shikshan-sansthans#:~:text=Jan%20Shikshan%20Sansthan%20(formerly%20known,the%20region%20of%20their%20establishment." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Shikshan Sansthans</a> ((JJSs) and also launched a portal</strong> made specifically for<strong> JSS.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>JSSs</strong> aim to provide <strong>vocational training to non-literates, neo-literates as well as school dropouts in rural areas,</strong> by identifying skills that might be relevant to the market of that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Curriculum was launched of<strong> 57 new courses aligned with industry demand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken by India for Skilling Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Training Centres (ITIs):</strong> Conceptualized in the year 1950, aims to expand and modernize the existing Long-Term Training ecosystem in India.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>: Launched in 2015, it aims to provide free skill training avenues to youths of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0</strong></a>: It is launched 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>: It was launched in 2015 to <strong>recognize the prior skills acquired by individuals.</strong> It is one of the key components of<strong> PMKVY.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this an individual with a certain set of skills or with prior learning experience is assessed and certified under RPL with grade according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/standardising-skill-training-imparting-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Career Service Project</strong></a>: Launched in 2015 to offer <strong>free online career skills training through its National Career Service (NCS) project</strong> for job-seekers registered with it.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Management and Accreditation of Training Centres (SMART):</strong> It provides a <strong>single window IT application</strong> that focuses on the accreditation, grading, Affiliation and Continuous monitoring of the Training Centres (TC) in the skill ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP)</strong></a>: Its focus is on <strong>district-level skilling ecosystem</strong> through convergence and coordination. It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the World Bank.</li>
<li><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement:</strong> STRIVE scheme is<strong> a World Bank assisted-Government of India project</strong> with the objective of improving the relevance and efficiency of skills training provided through ITIs and apprenticeships.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> Launched in the year 2016, it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuva-scheme-for-young-writers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors&rsquo; (YUVA) scheme</strong></a>, a mentorship programme to train young authors.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushalacharya Awards</strong></a>: Launched to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a>: The scheme is to <strong>provide industry apprenticeship opportunities</strong> to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the <strong>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)</a>:</strong> Launched in 2020, it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Special Initiatives for Tribal Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goal-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Going Online As Leaders' -GOAL</strong></a> are helping tribal population with areas like art and culture, handicraft, textiles and digital literacy among tribal areas leading to entrepreneurship development among the tribal population.</li>
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Yojna</strong></a> is effectively connecting the tribal society with new opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735733" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Youth and Food System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A new <strong>UN report on youth and agriculture</strong> underscores the urgent need to make agri-food systems more appealing to young people to secure the future of global food security and nutrition.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report <strong>&lsquo;Promoting youth engagement and employment in agriculture and food systems&rsquo;</strong> is prepared and shared to the UN by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-on-food-systems-and-nutrition-cfs#:~:text=The%20Committee%20on%20World%20Food,the%20CFS%2047th%20Session." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Committee on World Food Security (CFS).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>CFS</strong> is an inclusive international and intergovernmental platform for all stakeholders to work together on <strong>food security and nutrition for all.</strong> The CFS is hosted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-price-index-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</strong></a> <strong>of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a>&nbsp;</strong>(UN).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Youth in Numbers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Youth aged between 15 and 24 years accounted for <strong>16% of the world&rsquo;s population</strong> in 2019.</li>
<li>Young people were concentrated in <strong>Asia, Central and Southern Asia</strong> with 361 million youth and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia with 307 million youth, followed by sub-Saharan Africa (211 million youth).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> </a>estimated that 440 million youth from the African continent would enter the labour market between 2015 and 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Food systems are the largest employer:</strong> Particularly in the developing countries, yet they often do not provide decent and meaningful work or adequate livelihood opportunities, nor maintain a balance between the needs and rights of different generations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-on-food-systems-and-nutrition-cfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food systems</strong></a> are a <strong>complex web of activities</strong> involving production, processing, handling, preparation, storage, distribution, marketing, access, purchase, consumption, food loss and waste, as well as the outputs of these activities, including social, economic and environmental outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Employment Opportunities: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> has affected labour markets around the world, hurting employment prospects for the youth more than those belonging to other age groups. Globally, employment among the youth fell 8.7% in 2020 compared with 3.7% for adults.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Agri-food systems, if made more appealing and equitable to youth, are a large, <strong>untapped reservoir of employment opportunities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Focusing on Developing Countries:</strong> As almost 88% of the world's 1.2 billion youth live, particularly in Africa, where over 70% of youth subsist on USD 2 per day or less.</li>
<li><strong>Achieving Sustainable Development Goals:</strong> The youth engagement and employment in sustainable agri-food systems is simultaneously a goal to be realized and a means for the achievement of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a>, and of economic well-being.</li>
<li>Youth are on the <strong>front lines to build the food systems of the future,</strong> while also bearing significant risks from <strong>climate change, social and economic inequities, </strong>and<strong> political marginalization.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Approaches, initiatives and policies</strong> to strengthen youth engagement and employment in food systems need to be based on the <strong>pillars of rights, equity, agency and recognition.</strong></li>
<li>Improving youth-focused <strong>social protection programmes, labour laws</strong> and regulations, and <strong>young people's access to resources</strong> (land, forests, fisheries etc), finance, markets, digital technologies, knowledge and information.</li>
<li>Supporting youth-led <strong>start-up initiatives</strong> is also important, and requires a supportive policy environment.</li>
<li>The <strong>redistribution of resources, knowledge and opportunities for youth</strong> can contribute to creating jobs for the youth, as well as directly supporting transitions to sustainable agri-food systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Youth in Numbers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The youth (18-29 years) constitute 22% of India&rsquo;s population, which is more than 261 million people.</li>
<li>According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, the median age of Indian population is around 28 years in 2021 and will become 31 years by 2031.</li>
<li>India is also going through the stage of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/utilising-the-demographic-dividend-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demographic dividend.</strong></a></li>
<li>Hardly<strong> 5% of the youth are engaged in agriculture</strong> though over 60% of the rural people derive their livelihood fully or partly from farming and its related activities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Clearly, the modern youth are disenchanted with agriculture and are shunning it as a profession.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MAYA Roadmap, 2018:</strong> This was formulated in a conference in New Delhi on <strong>&ldquo;Motivating and Attracting Youth in Agriculture&rdquo; (MAYA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MAYA road map envisages offering the youth a variety of avenues and opportunities for economic growth, social respect and application of modern technologies in farming and allied activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ARYA (Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</a></strong> has initiated this programme. Following are its <strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To attract and empower the Youth in Rural Areas to take up various Agriculture, allied and service sectors.</li>
<li>To enable the<strong> Farm Youth to establish network groups</strong> to take up resource and capital intensive activities like processing, value addition and marketing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Policy for Farmers, 2007:</strong> To introduce measures which can help attract and retain youths in farming and processing of farm products for higher value addition by making it intellectually stimulating and economically rewarding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/covid-19-unemployment-make-agri-food-systems-equitable-for-youth-says-un-report-77826" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/omkar-rai/article35084252.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Holistic skilling''</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 01/07/2021. It talks about the challenges pertaining to the skill development in India.</p>
</div>
<p>The success of any endeavour is an interplay of capital, collaboration, regulatory mechanisms and, most importantly, the scientific and technological know-how, put simply, skills.</p>
<p>In India, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>many initiatives</strong></a> have been undertaken in the skills sector by governments in the last decade. However, outcomes are still elusive. According to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/17-12-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Report-2020</strong></a>, only 21.1 per cent of the labour force was skilled in the period 2010-2019 in India.</p>
<p>This dismal result is due to lack of cohesion within policy actions, absence of holistic approach and working in silos. Therefore, if India wants to reap the demographic advantage, it needs to fix the challenges pertaining to skill development in India.</p>
<h3>Issues in Skill Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Piecemeal Approach:</strong> The piecemeal approach to skilling can be seen in this year&rsquo;s Budget which has allocated ₹3,000 crore to realign the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-employability-through-apprenticeship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Apprenticeship Training scheme</strong></a> but has restricted it to only engineering stream and not to other science and arts streams.</li>
<li><strong>Overburdened Responsibility: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Phase III of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana</a></strong>, launched to impart skills development to over 8 lakh persons in 2020-21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it suffers from excessive reliance on the District Skills Development Committees, chaired by District Collectors, who would not be able to prioritise this role, given their other assignments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discontinuity in Policy Process:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Skill Development Agency</strong></a> (NSDA), created in 2013 for resolving the inter-ministerial and inter-departmental issues and eliminating duplicates of efforts of the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it has been now subsumed as part of the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT).</li>
<li>This reflects not only discontinuity in the policy process, but also some obfuscation among policy makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Humongous Number of New Entrants:</strong> According to a 2019 study by the National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC), 7 crore additional people in the working-age of 15-59 years are expected to enter the labour force by 2023.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the sheer magnitude of youth to be skilled, it is paramount that the policy efforts are adequate in all respects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employers&rsquo; Unwillingness:</strong> India&rsquo;s joblessness issue is not only a skills problem, it is representative of the lack of appetite of industrialists and SMEs for recruiting.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to limited access to credit because of Banks&rsquo; NPAs, investment rate has declined and thus has a negative impact on job creation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Separation Between Education &amp; Skills:</strong> There is a need to end the artificial separation of the education system into formal and vocational shall end with such enabling frameworks allowing seamless integration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020</strong></a> envisaged a right policy as it emphasises on integration of vocational and formal education both at school and higher education levels.</li>
<li>The NEP also proposed a pilot &lsquo;hub-n-spoke&rsquo; model with the conceptual framework of ITI becoming a &lsquo;Hub&rsquo; for providing VET related training and exposure to students of adjoining 5-7 schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skills survey:</strong> Surveys can be conducted to find the exact skill requirements from the employers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Analysis of such surveys would help in designing course structures of the training programs and thus standardized course curriculum or training delivery systems can be developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced Expenditure on Education and Training:</strong> In the long run, Skill India will also not be enough if government expenditures in education remain low and if, therefore, the ground isn&rsquo;t prepared for proper training.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case, the proposal of NEP to enhance public expenditure on education to 6% of GDP is a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Imbibing International Success Models:</strong> India needs to learn from technical and vocational training/education models in China, Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Singapore, who had similar challenges in the past, along with learning from its own experiences to adopt a comprehensive model that can bridge the skill gaps and ensure employability of youths.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>To make <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Atmanirbhar</strong></a>, all the skilling efforts need to be brought under one platform to eliminate silos and duplications. A sturdy institutional framework with practical and real pathways to change course between mainstream and vocational programmes needs to be put in place.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafcff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>To make Bharat Atmanirbhar, all the skilling efforts need to be brought under one platform to eliminate silos and duplications. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8689,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G20 Labour and Employment Ministers’ Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister for Labour and Employment</strong> has said that<strong> India is making collective efforts</strong> to <strong>reduce gender gaps</strong> in <strong>labour force participation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was delivering the Ministerial Address on Declaration and Employment Working Group Priorities at <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> Labour and Employment Ministers&rsquo; Meeting.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues Discussed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Employment Working Group deliberated upon key issues, including <strong>women employment, social security and remote working.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2014, G20 Leaders pledged in Brisbane to<strong> reduce the gap in labour force participation rates</strong> between men and women by <strong>25%</strong> by<strong> 2025,</strong> with the aim of bringing<strong> 100 million women into the labour market,</strong> increasing global and inclusive growth, and reducing poverty and inequality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Highlighted by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Educational and Skilling Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New National Education Policy, 2020:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims for reforms in<strong> school and higher education systems.</strong></li>
<li>India is strengthening its educational and skilling efforts to ensure quality education from preschool to senior secondary stage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skill Development Mission:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to create <strong>convergence across sectors and States</strong> in terms of <strong>skill training activities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It enables the youth to take up industry related skill training to assist them in securing better opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital educational content</strong> has been made available on various e-learning platforms like<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> DIKSHA</a>, SWAYAM.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Employment Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is paying up to 24% of wages towards EPF contributions for new employees as well as those who lost their jobs in the pandemic and are being re-employed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Ensure Women Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Wages, 2019:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will reduce gender-based discrimination in wages, recruitment and conditions of employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides financial support to women entrepreneurs to start small enterprises.</li>
<li>Collateral free loans worth Rs 9 lakh crore have been disbursed under this scheme.</li>
<li>There are around 70% of women in this scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020#:~:text=The%20SS%20Code%202020%20merges,security%20remains%20an%20unfulfilled%20aspiration." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Social Security:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may now include even self-employed and all other classes of workforce into the folds of social security coverage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Others:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women can now work even <strong>during night hours</strong> and the duration of paid <strong>maternity leave</strong> has been increased from <strong>12 weeks to 26 weeks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 Roadmap Towards and Beyond the Brisbane Target:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has been developed for achieving equal opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the labour markets as well as societies in general.</li>
<li>The G20 Roadmap Towards and Beyond the Brisbane Target has been set as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing the <strong>quantity and quality of women&rsquo;s employment.</strong></li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>equal opportunities</strong> and achieving better outcomes in the labour market.</li>
<li>Promoting a more <strong>even distribution of women and men</strong> across sectors and occupations.</li>
<li>Tackling the<strong> gender pay gap.</strong></li>
<li>Promoting<strong> a more balanced distribution of paid and unpaid work</strong> between women and men.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing discrimination and gender stereotypes</strong> in the labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Labour Force Participation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The labor force participation rate indicates the percentage of all people of working age who are employed or are actively seeking work.</li>
<li>India continues to struggle to provide its women with equal opportunity.</li>
<li>In 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic, female labor force participation in India was 23.5%, according to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ILO</strong> </a>estimates.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong></a>, 2018-19, the female labour force participation rates (LFPR) among women aged above 15 years are as low as 26.4% in rural areas and 20.4% in urban areas in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Constraints in Female Labor Force Participation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stereotyping in Society:</strong> India&rsquo;s societal norms are such that women are expected to take the responsibility of family care and childcare. This stereotype is a critical barrier to women&rsquo;s labor force participation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, women are in constant conflict over-allotment of time for work and life is a war of attrition for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> In India in 2019, internet users were 67% male and 33% female, and this gap is even bigger in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This divide can become a barrier for women to access critical education, health, and financial services, or to achieve success in activities or sectors that are becoming more digitized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Disruption:</strong> Women hold most of the administrative and data-processing roles that artificial intelligence and other technologies threaten to usurp.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As routine jobs become automated, the pressure on women will intensify and they will experience higher unemployment rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Gender-Related Data:</strong> Globally, major gaps in gendered data and the lack of trend data make it hard to monitor progress.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, too, significant gaps in data on the girl child prevent a systematic longitudinal assessment of the lives of girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> Owing to Covid-19, global female employment is 19% more at risk than male employment (ILO estimates).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Work opportunities for women are restricted to a few sectors. Policies are needed to promote access to employment across the spectrum of sectors and occupations, investments in diversified sectors and upgrade to high-end activities, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas along with infrastructural support like transport, housing, sanitation facilities, lights and so on.</li>
<li>Encouraging female entrepreneurship can promote a broader dynamic economy, elevate the economic role of women, and therefore distribute the benefits of growth more equitably.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1729764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Improving Employability of the Youth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment</strong> and <strong>UNICEF</strong> have signed a <strong>Statement of Intent</strong> to improve employment outcomes for the youth in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census 2011</strong></a>, every fifth person in India is a youth (15-24 years).</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNICEF</strong></a> is a s<strong>pecial program of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN)</strong> devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-s-children-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;The State of the World's Children'</strong></a> is UNICEF's flagship report.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Purpose of this Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It intends to provide a <strong>platform for cooperation between the Ministry and UNICEF</strong> to leverage the existing mainstreamed initiatives of both parties in select states.</li>
<li>This will <strong>co-create and implement solutions</strong> at scale to tackle the <strong>employment and skilling challenges</strong> for adolescents and youth in India, with focus on <strong>vulnerable populations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable Populations include</strong> young people with special needs, youth leaving care institutions, migrant youth, victims of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/child-labour-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child labour</strong></a>, violence, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child marriage</strong></a> and trafficking and like other matter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Areas of Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Connecting young people with employment opportunities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Upskilling of young people on 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</strong> including life skills, financial skills, digital skills, vocations skills etc.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening National Career Service (NCS).</strong></li>
<li>Support in <strong>Job forecasting</strong> by exploring the gaps.</li>
<li>Supporting <strong>direct dialogue and the establishment of a feedback mechanism</strong> between youth and policy stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Career Service (NCS)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2015</strong>, within the umbrella of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-governance plan</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> one-stop solution</strong> that provides a wide array of employment and career related services to the citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment.</li>
<li><strong>Three Pillars:</strong> The NCS project reaches out to the people of this country through its three essential pillars i.e.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A well designed ICT based portal which is <strong>NCS portal,</strong></li>
<li>Country wide set up of <strong>Model Career Centers</strong> and</li>
<li>Interlinkage with all the states through <strong>employment exchanges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNICEF&rsquo;s Initiative (YuWaah):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>India chapter of Generation Unlimited (GenU) &ndash; YuWaah</strong> &ndash; was <strong>born in 2018.</strong></li>
<li>GenU is a <strong>global multi-stakeholder platform</strong> that aims to prepare young people to transition to productive work and active citizenship.</li>
<li>In India, <strong>by 2030</strong>, YuWaah aims to ensure, the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Build <strong>pathways for 100 million young people</strong> to aspirational economic opportunities.</li>
<li>Facilitate <strong>200 million young people to gain relevant skills</strong> for productive lives and the future of work.</li>
<li><strong>Partner with 300 million young people as changemakers</strong> and create spaces for developing their leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Initiatives Taken to Improve Employability of the Youth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Youth Policy-2014</strong> provides a holistic Vision for the youth of India which is &ldquo;to empower the youth of the country to achieve their full potential, and through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)</a>:</strong> It was <strong>introduced in 2008</strong> for generation of employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises in rural as well as urban areas. It is administered by the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)</a>:</strong> It was launched in 2015 for providing <strong>loans up to Rs. 10 lakh</strong> to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro-enterprises. It has a focu<strong>s on self-employment.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Rojgar ProtsahanYojana (PMRPY)</a>:</strong> It has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment for incentivising employers for promoting employment generation.</strong> The Government is paying the entire employer&rsquo;s contribution towards EPF and EPS for all eligible new employees for all sectors for 3 years.</li>
<li>Increased public expenditure on schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-grameen-kaushalya-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong> </a>scheme run by Ministry of Rural Development and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM)</strong></a> run by Ministry of Housing &amp; Urban Affairs.</li>
<li><strong>Other Flagship Programmes which have the Potential to Generate Employment:</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital India</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission#:~:text=The%20Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission%20(Grameen,launched%20on%20October%202%2C%202014.&amp;text=Together%2C%20they%20aim%20to%20achieve,on%20his%20150th%20Birth%20Anniver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart City Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awaas-yojana-gramin#:~:text=Launch%3A%20To%20achieve%20the%20objective,Involved%3A%20Ministry%20of%20Rural%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Housing for All</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial corridors</a></strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1727860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8520,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2021 Report: ILO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2020-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a> has released the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2020-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends (WESO) report</a> 2021.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622798981_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622798981_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="702" height="296" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has pushed <strong>over 100 million more workers into poverty</strong> worldwide. The world would be <strong>75 million jobs short</strong> at the end of this year compared to if the pandemic had not occurred.</li>
<li>Relative to 2019, an estimated <strong>additional 108 million workers are now extremely or moderately poor</strong>, meaning that they and their family members are having to live on less than USD 3.20 per day (It is the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> poverty line for lower-middle-income countries) in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>purchasing power parity</strong></a> <strong>terms</strong>.</li>
<li>The sharp increase in poverty rates is <strong>due to lost working hours as economies went into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdown</a></strong>, outright job losses, and a decline in access to good quality jobs.</li>
<li>Five years of <strong>progress towards the eradication of working poverty have been undone</strong>, as working poverty rates have now reverted to those of 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rising Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pandemic has <strong>exacerbated existing inequalities in the labour market</strong>, with lower-skilled workers, women, young people or migrants among the most affected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Working Hours:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many people have <strong>held onto their jobs but have seen their working hours cut dramatically.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, <strong>8.8% of global working hours were lost</strong> compared to the fourth quarter of 2019 -- the equivalent of <strong>255 million full-time jobs.</strong></li>
<li>While the situation has improved, <strong>global working hours have far from bounced back</strong>, and the world will <strong>still be short the equivalent of 100 million full-time jobs by the end of this year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unemployment rate of 6.3% <strong>this year (2020-21)</strong>, falling to <strong>5.7% next year (2021-22)</strong> but still up on the <strong>pre-pandemic rate of 5.4% in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women&rsquo;s Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women have <strong>suffered disproportionate job losses</strong> while seeing their unpaid working time increase.</li>
<li>The <strong>burden of intensified childcare and homeschooling activities</strong> has disproportionately fallen on them.</li>
<li>As a result, <strong>women&rsquo;s employment dropped by 5% compared with 3.9% for men.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There will be <strong>pandemic's longer-term &ldquo;scarring&rdquo; effects</strong> on workers and enterprises.</li>
<li>Looking ahead, the projected <strong>employment growth will be insufficient to close the gaps opened up by the crisis,</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Concerted policy efforts are needed to prevent long-lasting damage.</li>
<li>It recommended among other things ensuring <strong>worldwide access to vaccines</strong> and<strong> financial assistance for developing countries</strong> &ndash; including through <strong>debt restructuring, or enhancing social protection systems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>created in 1919</strong>, as part of the <strong>Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I</strong>, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It became a <strong>specialized agency of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> in 1946.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>a tripartite organization</strong>, the only one of its kind bringing together representatives of governments, employers and workers in its executive bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is a founding member</strong> of the ILO with a total 1<strong>87 member States.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 2020</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chair-of-ilo-governing-body-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India assumed the Chairmanship</strong></a> of the Governing Body of ILO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geneva in Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1969, ILO received the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020#:~:text=the%20original%20sequence.-,Peace,weapon%20of%20war%20and%20conflict." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong> </a>for improving fraternity and peace among nations, pursuing decent work and justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> has not just been a public health crisis, <strong>it's also been an employment and human crisis.</strong></li>
<li>Without a <strong>deliberate effort to accelerate the creation of decent jobs, and support the most vulnerable members</strong> of society and the recovery of the hardest-hit economic sectors, <strong>the lingering effects of the pandemic could be with us for years</strong> in the form of lost human and economic potential, and higher poverty and inequality.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to build back better &mdash; <strong>create productive employment opportunities and foster long-term labour market prospects</strong> for the most vulnerable.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8465,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Registration of Unorganised Workers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court of India</a> (SC)</strong> has directed the Central Government and the State Governments to complete the <strong>registration process of unorganized workers</strong> so that they can avail the welfare benefits given under various government schemes.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Observations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record of Migrant Workers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has asked states and Union territories to keep a record of the <strong>returning migrant labourers</strong>, including details about their skills, place of their earlier employment, etc so that the administration can extend necessary help to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Common National Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be <strong>a common national database for all organised workers</strong> situated in different states.</li>
<li>The process initiated by the Ministry of Labour and Employment for creating a <strong>National Database for Unorganised Workers</strong> should be completed with collaboration and coordination of the States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>may serve registration for extending different schemes</strong> by the States and Center.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for Supervision:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be a suitable mechanism <strong>to monitor and supervise whether the benefits of the welfare schemes reach the beneficiaries</strong> which may be from grassroot levels to higher authorities with names and places of beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dry Ration to Stranded Workers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The stranded migrant workers throughout the country should be provided dry ration under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat Scheme</strong></a> or any other scheme found suitable by the Centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migration in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migration</strong></a> is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence, across either internal (within country) or international (across countries) borders.</li>
<li>The latest <strong>government data on migration</strong> comes from the <strong>2011 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the Census, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Migrant workers keep moving from one place to another place in search of work and such workforce also keeps shifting from one sector to another depending upon the opportunities (such as more wages, duration, and continuity of work), hence, it is not easy to keep record/data of migrant labour workforce.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> lockdown has led to an exodus of migrant workers from cities to rural areas and threw the spotlight on the vast number of Indians who live outside their home states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lakhs of migrant workers were rendered jobless as urban areas were shut due to lockdown.</li>
<li>Night shelters run by local authorities began overflowing, and supplies started dwindling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions Related to Migrant Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 112 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-security-code-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Social Security, 2020</strong></a>, registration of unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers was contemplated.</li>
<li><strong>Section 21</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Occupational Health, Safety and Working Conditions</strong></a> enables the provision for maintaining a database of migrant workers to help in targeting, skill mapping and utilising government schemes effectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code ensures that migrant workers get journey allowance once a year from employers to visit their hometowns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979</strong></a>, required all establishments who hired inter-state migrants to be registered, as well as all contractors who recruited these workers to be licensed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Interoperability of Ration Card:</strong> Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation-One Ration Card (ONORC)</strong></a>, the beneficiaries from one state can get their share of rations in other states where the ration card was originally issued.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-food-grain-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY)</a>:</strong> PMGKAY is a part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package (PMGKP)</strong></a> to help the poor fight the battle against Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan (GKRA)</a>:</strong> The scheme provides livelihood opportunities to the returnee <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant</strong> </a>workers and rural citizens who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdown</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEEM Portal</a>:</strong> The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>&lsquo;Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)&rsquo;</strong> <strong>portal</strong> to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Database of labour migrants in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the Vande Bharat Mission and filled SWADES Skill Card, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Migrant Information System (NMIS)</a>:</strong> The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called <strong>&lsquo;NMIS&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would maintain a central repository of migrant workers and help in speedy inter-state communication to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/complete-registration-of-unorganised-workers-as-early-as-possible-sc-to-centre-states-7328853/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8411,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Security Code 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The effectiveness of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020</strong> </a>in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With SS Code 2020, two other codes were passed which are <strong>Code on Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code,</strong> 2020 and <strong>Industrial Relations Code,</strong> 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>SS Code 2020 subsumes nine regulations</strong> relating to social security, retirement and employee benefits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions of SS Code 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code has <strong>widened coverage by including the unorganised sector,</strong> fixed term employees and gig workers, platform workers, inter-state migrant workers etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Database and Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the aim of making a national database for unorganised sector workers,<strong> registration of all these workers would be done on an online portal</strong> and this registration would be done <strong>on the basis of Self certification</strong> through a simple procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All<strong> records and returns</strong> have to be <strong>maintained electronically. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Security Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be created on the financial side in order to implement social security schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>uniformity in determining wages</strong> for the purpose of social security benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has provided a<strong> wide definition for wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Specific exclusions with ceilings have been provided for<strong> discouraging inappropriate structuring of salaries</strong> to minimise social security benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consultative Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has brought in a facilitating approach by the authorities. Unlike the existing role of inspectors, the <strong>Code provides for an enhanced role of inspector-cum-facilitator</strong> whereby <strong>employers can look for support and advice to enhance compliances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Career Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable that demand for human resources is met and to monitor employment information,<strong> career centres will be established. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stringent Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any failure to deposit employees&rsquo; contributions not only attracts a <strong>penalty of Rs. 1,00,000, but also imprisonment of one to three years.</strong> In case of <strong>repeat offence, the penalties and prosecution is severe,</strong> and no compounding is permitted for repeated offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Online Registration Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>onus lies on informal workers registering as beneficiaries,</strong> further they <strong>do not have digital literacy and connectivity.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there is a <strong>lack of awareness</strong> among informal workers <strong>regarding social security schemes. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Inter-State Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unorganised workers are spread across the length and breadth of India. <strong>Implications</strong> of this code <strong>would be too varied across States</strong> to be administered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complicated Processes &amp; Overlapping Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Providing holistic social security cover for the unorganised workforce in a simple and effective manner is lost in the <strong>Centre-State procedural complications and jurisdictional or institutional overlap. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternity Benefit:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women engaged in the <strong>unorganised sector remain outside the purview of maternity benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employees Provident Fund:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For informal sector workers, <strong>access to employees&rsquo; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">provident fund</a> remains unfulfilled too in the new code.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Payment of Gratuity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although payment of gratuity was expanded in the new Code, it <strong>still remains inaccessible for a vast majority of informal workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SS Code 2020 <strong>merges existing social security laws</strong> and attempts to include informal workers within the ambit of social security administration. However, an examination of the code reveals that <strong>universalisation of social security remains an unfulfilled aspiration.</strong></li>
<li>At a time when India chairs a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> meeting that is<strong> focused on issues of labour, especially informality, it fails to even recognise that India is ageing without social security,</strong> and the demographic dividend of the young workforce that could support the ageing ends in 15 years.</li>
<li>The<strong> provision of social security could be used to formalise the workforce</strong> to a certain extent.</li>
<li><strong>Employers should be made to own up to the responsibility of providing social security</strong> to their workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the state has a responsibility but the<strong> primary responsibility still lies with employers</strong> since they are taking advantage of workers&rsquo; productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-collage-of-laws-that-leaves-the-worker-out-in-the-cold/article34600276.ece"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8383,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved a <strong>Rs. 18,100-crore Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong> for manufacturers of <strong>Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC)</strong> battery storage, to reduce imports.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is called the <strong>National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage (NPACC).</strong> It is under the <strong>Ministry of Heavy Industries &amp; Public Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</strong></li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>The PLI Scheme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>has also been approved for sectors</strong></a> such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops, mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment, white goods, chemical cells and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ACCs are the <strong>new generation of advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy</strong> and convert it back to electric energy as and when required.</li>
<li>Such battery storages will <strong>cater not only to electric vehicles but also to the consumer electronics</strong> industry and electricity grids.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NPACC Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The plan is<strong> to set up 50 gigawatt hour (GWh) manufacturing capacity for ACC batteries</strong> by attracting investments totaling Rs. 45,000 crore.</li>
<li>Requires each selected ACC battery Storage manufacturer to set-up <strong>an ACC manufacturing facility of minimum 5 GWh</strong> <strong>capacity</strong>, achieve <strong>a domestic value addition of at least 25%</strong> and incur the mandatory <strong>investment Rs.225 crore /GWh</strong> within <strong>2 Years.</strong></li>
<li>Furthermore, the beneficiary firms need to ensure <strong>a minimum 60% domestic value addition</strong> at the Project level within <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>incentive</strong> will be disbursed <strong>over a period of five years.</strong> It will be paid out <strong>on the basis of sales, energy efficiency, battery life cycle, and localization levels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits from NPACC Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Facilitate <strong>demand creation for battery storage</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Facilitate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make-in-India</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Facilitate demand for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electric Vehicles (EVs)</strong></a>, which are proven to be significantly less polluting. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A key contributing factor to <strong>reduce India's GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Import substitution</strong> of around Rs. 20,000 crore every year.</li>
<li><strong>Impetus to Research &amp; Development</strong> to achieve higher specific energy density and cycles in ACC.</li>
<li>Promote <strong>newer and niche cell technologies.</strong><br /><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1717938#:~:text=The%20Cabinet%2C%20chaired%20by%20Prime,Fifty%20(50)%20Giga%20Watt%20Hour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a><strong></strong></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8196,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Startup India Seed Fund Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government has launched the <strong>Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Scheme was announced during the<strong> &lsquo;Prarambh: StartupIndia International Summit&rsquo;</strong> which marked<strong> the five-year anniversary of the Startup India initiative.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Launched by:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a> with an outlay of Rs. 945 Crore.</li>
<li><strong>Some Eligibility Conditions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A startup, recognized by DPIIT, <strong>incorporated not more than 2 years ago</strong> at the time of application.</li>
<li>Startups <strong>should not have received more than Rs. 10 lakh of monetary support</strong> under any other Central or State Government scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>support an estimated 3,600 entrepreneurs through 300 incubators </strong>in the <strong>next 4 years.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>Experts Advisory Committee (EAC),</strong> constituted by DPIIT, will be <strong>responsible for the overall execution</strong> and monitoring of the Scheme.</li>
<li><strong>Grants of upto Rs. 5 crore will be provided to the eligible incubators</strong> selected by the committee.</li>
<li>The <strong>selected incubators will provide grants of up to Rs. 20 lakh</strong> for validation of proof of concept, or prototype development, or product trials to <strong>startups.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Investments of up to Rs. 50 lakh will be provided to the startups</strong> for market entry, commercialization, or scaling up through convertible debentures or debt-linked instruments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>help in creating a robust startup ecosystem in Tier 2 and 3 regions,</strong> as the smaller towns in India are often not provided with appropriate funding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Startup India Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>envisages building a robust Startup ecosystem in the country</strong> for nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding entrepreneurs. It was launched in 2016.</li>
<li>The <strong>action plan</strong> of this initiative<strong> focuses on following three areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Simplification and Handholding.</li>
<li>Funding Support and Incentives.</li>
<li>Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Government Initiatives: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Startup Innovation Challenges:</strong> It is a fantastic opportunity for any startup to leverage their networking and fund-raising efforts.</li>
<li><strong>National Startup Awards:</strong> It seeks to recognize and reward outstanding startups and ecosystem enablers that are contributing to economic dynamism by spurring innovation and injecting competition.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranking-of-states-on-support-to-startup-ecosystems-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems:</strong></a> It is an evolved evaluation tool aimed to strengthen the support of States and UTs to holistically build their startup ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>SCO Startup Forum:</strong> The first-ever <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a> Startup Forum was launched in October 2020 to develop and improve startup ecosystems collectively.</li>
<li><strong>Prarambh:</strong> The &lsquo;Prarambh&rsquo; Summit aims to provide a platform to the startups and young minds from around the world to come with new ideas, innovation and invention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Seed Funding</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It typically<strong> represents the first official money</strong> that a business venture or enterprise raises.</li>
<li>It helps a company to finance its first steps, including things like market research and product development.</li>
<li>There are many potential investors in a seed funding situation: founders, friends, family, incubators, venture capital companies and more.</li>
<li>One of the most common types of investors participating in seed funding is a so-called <strong>"angel investor."</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Angel investors tend to appreciate riskier ventures (such as startups with little by way of a proven track record so far) and expect an equity stake in the company in exchange for their investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The department was earlier called Department of Industrial Policy &amp; Promotion and was renamed as DPIIT in January, 2019.</li>
<li>It comes under the<strong> Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
<li>In 2018, matters related to<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> e-commerce</strong> </a>were transferred to the Department and in 2019, the Department was given charge for matters related to Internal Trade, welfare of traders and their employees and Startups.</li>
<li>The role of DPIIT is to promote/accelerate industrial development of the country by facilitating investment in new and upcoming technology,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> foreign direct investment</strong></a> and support balanced development of industries.</li>
<li><strong>Major engagements of DPIIT:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of states</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Corridors</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-nations-investment-promotion-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Invest India</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India initiative</a>, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8125,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Potential of Lighthouses for Tourism: Sagarmala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> seeks to <strong>develop 65 lighthouses</strong> on public-private-partnership mode. <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s five lighthouses</strong> present huge potential for tourism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry wants to develop lighthouses as hubs of tourism under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala project</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Five lighthouses of Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;False Point&rsquo; island lighthouse:</strong> It is situated off the Kendrapara coast. It is the British era lighthouse and its location close to massive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves#:~:text=Mangrove%20forests%20perform%20multiple%20ecological,sediment%20to%20form%20new%20land" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mangrove vegetation</strong></a> infested with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-crocodile-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>crocodiles</strong></a> makes it an adventurous tourist place on the eastern coast.</li>
<li><strong>Paradip lighthouse:</strong> It also holds tourism potential because of its proximity to the port town and Cuttack and Bhubaneswar cities (100 km). It was commissioned in the 1980s.</li>
<li><strong>Gopalpur lighthouse:</strong> It is located in Ganjam district. If it is developed as a place of tourist interest, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika Lake</a> and the Gopalpur beach</strong> will be added attractions.</li>
<li><strong>Chandrabhaga lighthouse:</strong> It is 10 km from the world famous <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark temple</strong></a>. It had withstood the severity of cyclones such as the Super Cyclone (1999), Phailin (2013) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-fani" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fani</a> (2019).</li>
<li><strong>Puri lighthouse:</strong> It is 4 km from the 12th century <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jagannath-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shree Jagannath Temple</strong></a>, which is also a tourist place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lighthouse Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of Lighthouses:</strong> India has as many as 189 lighthouses dotting its vast coastline including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives for Promoting Lighthouse based Tourism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>enhance &amp; develop the existing lighthouses &amp; its surrounding areas</strong> into a Tourism Destination, Maritime Landmark, and Heritage Precinct.</li>
<li>To<strong> develop allied Maritime Infrastructure</strong> like National Maritime Museums &amp; National Lighthouse Museums.</li>
<li>To explore the possibilities of developing these projects under various modes including the possibilities of <strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> by integrating commercially viable interventions at the feasible locations in order to make the project viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The advantages behind creation of lighthouses into a tourism product are that it shall <strong>help in attracting tourists</strong> from across the world &amp; locally and thereby create a source of revenue for the government, <strong>employment opportunities for local people, increase in commerce</strong> through purchase and sale of goods and services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sagarmala Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sagarmala Programme was <strong>approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015</strong> which aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</li>
<li>The vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to <strong>reduce logistics cost for EXIM</strong> (Export-Import) and <strong>domestic trade</strong> with minimal infrastructure investment.</li>
<li>Sagarmala <strong>could boost India&rsquo;s merchandise exports</strong> to USD 110 billion by 2025 and create an estimated 10 million new jobs (four million in direct employment).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618224639_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="753" height="295" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of the Sagarmala Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Port Modernization &amp; New Port Development:</strong> De-bottlenecking and capacity expansion of existing ports and development of new Greenfield ports.</li>
<li><strong>Port Connectivity Enhancement:</strong> Enhancing the connectivity of the ports to the hinterland, optimizing cost and time of cargo movement through multi-modal logistics solutions including domestic waterways (inland water transport and coastal shipping).</li>
<li><strong>Port-linked Industrialization:</strong> Developing port-proximate industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones to reduce logistics cost and time of EXIM and domestic cargo.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Community Development:</strong> Promoting sustainable development of coastal communities through skill development &amp; livelihood generation activities, fisheries development, coastal tourism etc.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal Shipping &amp; Inland Waterways Transport:</strong> Impetus to move cargo through the sustainable and environment-friendly coastal and inland waterways mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Public-Private Partnerships</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public-private partnerships involve <strong>collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company</strong> that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centers.</li>
<li>Financing a project through a public-private partnership can <strong>allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place</strong>.</li>
<li>Public-private partnerships <strong>often involve concessions of tax</strong> or other operating revenue, protection from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally public services and property <strong>to private sector</strong>, for-profit entities.</li>
<li>It can create <strong>complex principal-agent problems,</strong> such as corrupt dealings, pay-offs to political cronies, etc.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commonly adopted model of PPPs</strong></a> include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) ,Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT), Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate-Maintain-Transfer (OMT), etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lighthouses-in-odisha-hold-huge-tourism-potential/article34296290.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8074,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a> - <strong>"Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI)"</strong> entailing an <strong>outlay of Rs. 10,900 crore.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to boost domestic manufacturing and cut down on import bills, the <strong>central government in March 2020 introduced a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PLI</a> scheme</strong> that aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>Apart from inviting foreign companies to set shop in India, the scheme also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>PLI Scheme<strong> has also been approved for sectors</strong> such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops, mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment, white goods, chemical cells and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the PLISFPI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To support creation of<strong> global food manufacturing champions.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>strengthen select Indian brands of food products</strong> for global visibility and wider acceptance in the international markets.</li>
<li>To increase <strong>employment opportunities of off-farm jobs.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure <strong>remunerative prices of farm produce</strong> and higher income to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of PLISFPI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>support food manufacturing entities with stipulated minimum Sales and willing to make minimum stipulated investment</strong> for expansion of processing capacity and Branding abroad.</li>
<li>The<strong> first component</strong> relates to<strong> incentivising manufacturing of four major food product segments</strong> viz. Ready to Cook/ Ready to Eat (RTC/ RTE) foods, Processed Fruits &amp; Vegetables, Marine Products, Mozzarella Cheese.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also covers organic products, free-range eggs, poultry meat and egg products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> second component</strong> relates to<strong> support for branding and marketing abroad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> Scheme will be implemented over <strong>a six year period from 2021-22 </strong>to<strong> 2026-27.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Expansion of processing capacity</strong> to generate<strong> processed food output of Rs. 33,494 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Create employment for nearly <strong>2.5 lakh persons by the year 2026-27.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Scheme Related to Food Processing Industry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampda Yojana (PMKSY)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1708692" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8003,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020: Oxfam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Labour and Employment Minister has informed the Lok Sabha that <strong>Oxfam Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index 2020</strong> lacked clarity and did not take into account provisions of the four<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> new labour codes</strong></a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582005_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616582005_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="404" height="322" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Index ranked countries <strong>measuring their policies and actions in three areas</strong> that it said are proven to be directly related to reducing inequality:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Public services (health, education and social protection)</li>
<li>Taxation</li>
<li>Workers&rsquo; rights</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nigeria, Bahrain and India,</strong> which experienced the world&rsquo;s fastest-growing outbreak of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, were among the <strong>world&rsquo;s worst-performing countries in tackling inequality</strong> going into the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Position on the Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall, India ranked 129 in the CRI index</strong> out of 158 countries <strong>on government policies, and actions</strong> in areas of public services of education, health, social protection, taxation, and workers&rsquo; rights.</li>
<li>India slipped from rank <strong>141</strong> in the year 2018<strong> to</strong> <strong>151</strong> in the year 2020 with <strong>weak labour rights and high incidence of vulnerable employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highest presence of the informal sector for men was in Uttar Pradesh at 86.9% and for women was in Andhra Pradesh at 73.6%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In terms of its<strong> public services, it ranked 141.</strong></li>
<li>India has been ranked <strong>19</strong> on the <strong>taxation pillar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for India&rsquo;s Poor Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exploiting Labours in Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several state governments in India have <strong>used Covid-19 as a pretext to increase daily working hours from 8 to 12 hours</strong> a day and <strong>suspend minimum pay legislation,</strong> devastating the livelihoods of millions of poor workers now battling hunger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Health Budget:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>health budget was the fourth lowest</strong> with half of its population having access to most essential health services, and more than 70% of health spending being met by people themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most workers<strong> earn less than half of the minimum wage,</strong> 71% don&rsquo;t have any written job contract while 54% do not get paid leave.</li>
<li>Only around <strong>10% of the workforce in India is formal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In response to the coronavirus pandemic, governments must dramatically improve their efforts on progressive spending, taxation and workers&rsquo; pay and protection as part of National Inequality Reduction Plans under <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goal</a> (SDG) 10.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG 10:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status within a country.</li>
<li>It also addresses inequalities among countries, including those related to representation, migration and development assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Indian Initiatives to Reduce Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased allocation for health in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22 by <strong>137%.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-tax-vivad-se-vishwas-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Act, 2020</strong> </a>to provide for resolution of pending tax disputes.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transparent-taxation-honoring-the-honest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Transparent Taxation - Honoring The Honest&rsquo;</strong> </a>platform to honour the honest taxpayers of the country.</li>
<li>Introduced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code, 2020, Code on Social Security, 2020 and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-PG Pathshala</strong></a>: An initiative of the Ministry of Education to provide e-content <strong>for studies.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM</strong></a>: it provides for an<strong> integrated platform for online courses.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy (NEP), 2020</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam International is a group of <strong>independent <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-governmental organisations</a></strong> formed in 1995.</li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the <strong>Oxford Committee for Famine Relief,</strong> founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International <strong>Secretariat is based in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Inequality Crisis Report</strong></a> by Oxfam in January 2021 claimed that <strong>India&rsquo;s richest 1% hold more than four-times the wealth held by the bottom 70%</strong> of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inequality Virus Report</strong></a> in January 2021 also found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply increased the existing inequalities in India and around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-slams-oxfam-inequality-index/article34136349.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7902,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Employability Through Apprenticeship Program (NETAP)</strong> has released its latest edition of the <strong>Apprenticeship Outlook Report</strong> for 2021 (January-June 2021).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Apprenticeship is a Skill Training program</strong> wherein a person is engaged by a company as an apprentice and gains classroom (theory) learning for a short period, followed by on-the-job (practical) training.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Employability through Apprenticeship Program:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up in 2014 as a 100% employer-funded <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public-Private Partnership (PPP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The program was launched by the<strong> Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> and TeamLease Skills University (Gujarat).</li>
<li>It is in accordance with the <strong>National Employability Enhancement Mission</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AICTE.</strong></a></li>
<li>NETAP was structured to <strong>overcome the challenges of the Apprenticeship Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NETAP <strong>proposed to appoint 2 lac apprentices every year</strong> for the next 10 years. At peak capacity, it will be the world's largest apprenticeship program.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will help the unemployed youth to build skills through <strong>Learning by doing and Learning while earning</strong> along with providing them with access to practical skills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Employability Enhancement Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a pioneering initiative taken<strong> jointly by AICTE and Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced in <strong>2013,</strong> the NEEM aims to<strong> offer practical trainings to enhance employability</strong> of any person who: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Is either pursuing graduation/diploma in any technical or non-technical stream, or</li>
<li>Have discontinued studies of degree or diploma courses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A NEEM Trainee is any registered person who has a <strong>minimum education up to Class X</strong> and is <strong>between 16 to 40 years</strong> of age.</li>
<li>A total of <strong>23 industries</strong> have been listed in the NEEM where a trainee can be enrolled. It includes the automobile industry, pharmaceuticals, electronics &amp; hardware, food processing, healthcare services and the financial sector.</li>
<li>The NEEM is envisioned to place at least 10,000 students per year in registered companies or registered industries for the purpose of providing training.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Findings of the Apprenticeship Outlook Report:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Apprenticeship Ecosystem:</strong> Some 41% of the employers in India are keen on hiring apprentices while 58% of enterprises want to increase the quantum of their apprenticeship hiring this year.</li>
<li><strong>Leading Cities: Chennai</strong> has emerged as the most apprentice friendly city.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among non-metro cities, <strong>Ahmedabad and Nagpur</strong> are the most promising cities for apprenticeship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leading Sectors:</strong> The manufacturing, automobiles and ancillaries, and retail are the leading sectors.</li>
<li><strong>Positive Trend for Hiring Women Apprentices:</strong> Overall the preference for women apprentices has increased by 10% from the previous half year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This trend was more visible in <strong>Bengaluru, Mumbai and Kolkata.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s working-age population is estimated to continue to increase through 2041.</strong> This will have major implications on the required rate of job creation in the economy.</li>
<li>Statistics show that <strong>approximately 3% of children dropout after grade 5<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> in the country</strong> owing to socio-economic challenges. Apprenticeship can be an important mechanism for seamless transitioning from school to work and bridging of skill-gap in the workforce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to Promote Apprenticeships:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apprenticeship Act of 1961 (and the Amendments to the Act).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a></li>
<li>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuwaah-youth-skilling-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>YuWaah Youth Skilling Initiative </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/study-shows-rise-in-hiring-of-apprentices/article34030620.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7853,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EPFO: Interest Rate for 2020-21',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO</strong></a>) recommended that subscribers be given <strong>8.5% interest rate for Provident Fund contributions (under Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds Scheme)</strong> for 2020-2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds (EPF) Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/withdrawal-from-epf-accounts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EPF</strong></a> is the main scheme under the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme <strong>offers the institution of provident funds</strong> for factory employees and other establishments.</li>
<li>The employee and employer each contribute 12% of the employee&rsquo;s basic salary and dearness allowance towards EPF.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey</strong></a> 2016-17 had suggested that <strong>employees be allowed to choose</strong> whether or not to save <strong>12%</strong> of their salary into EPF or keep it as take home pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per current laws, <strong>a person mandatorily becomes a member of EPF if his monthly salary does not exceed Rs. 15,000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Interest Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The interest rate was <strong>kept the same</strong> as the previous year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 2020, EPFO had<strong> reduced interest rate on provident fund deposits to 8.5%</strong> for the year 2019-2020.</li>
<li>The interest rate was <strong>8.65% in 2018-19 </strong>and<strong> 8.55% for 2017-18.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Returns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Amid falling interest rates owing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-economic-slowdown-due-to-covid-19#:~:text=The%20government%20is%20likely%20to,the%20fiscal%20year%202019%2D20." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic slowdown</strong></a> throughout 2020 due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, the EPFO has managed to<strong> hold</strong> on to <strong>the high interest rate</strong> of 8.5% in the current year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for High Returns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The interest rate recommended was a r<strong>esult of the income from interest from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mutual-funds-and-emerging-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">debt investment</a></strong> and <strong>income from equity investment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EPFO had decided to <strong>liquidate investment in equity</strong> through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-bond-exchange-traded-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exchange traded funds</strong></a>, which it had started in <strong>2015-2016.</strong></li>
<li>This has <strong>enabled EPFO to provide higher return</strong> to its subscribers and still allowing EPFO with healthy surplus to act as cushion for providing higher return in future also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Debt Investment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It refers to an investor<strong> lending money</strong> to a firm or project sponsor with the expectation that the borrower will <strong>pay back the investment with interest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equity Investment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the money that is invested in a company <strong>by purchasing shares</strong> of that company in the stock market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Employees Provident Fund Organisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>government organization</strong> that manages <strong>provident fund and pension accounts</strong> for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India.</li>
<li>It implements the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 provides for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is administered by the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment, Government of India.</li>
<li>It is <strong>one of the World's largest Social Security Organisations</strong> in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/epfo-fixes-85-interest-on-epf-deposits-for-2020-21/article33987718.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7786,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked incentive (PLI)</strong></a> schemes for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-pharma-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pharmaceuticals</strong></a> and<strong> IT hardware,</strong> including laptops, which would cost the government as much as Rs. 22,350 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the government had announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme for medical devices, mobile phones</strong></a> and specified active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a proposed outlay of Rs. 51,311 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to give companies<strong> incentives on incremental sales</strong> from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also <strong>aims to encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IT Hardware Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme, worth Rs. 7350 crore, will <strong>offer 1-4% cash incentives</strong> on net incremental sales (over<strong> base year</strong> 2019-20) for IT products manufactured in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Target Segments</strong> include Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs and Servers.</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 4 years</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India will be well positioned as a global hub for <strong>Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM)</strong> on account of integration with global value chains, thereby becoming a destination for IT Hardware exports.</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation</strong> potential of over 1,80,000 (direct and indirect) over 4 years.</li>
<li>Provide impetus to <strong>Domestic Value Addition</strong> for IT Hardware which is expected to <strong>rise to 20-25% by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020</strong> focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas <strong>this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.</strong></li>
<li>It intends to give <strong>incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drug manufacturers</strong> applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and<strong> will be placed into one of three categories</strong> based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-the-orphan-drug-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>orphan drugs</strong></a>, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></a>, Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Category:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20World%20Health,2018%20against%209.5%20million%20globally." target="_blank" rel="noopener">cancer</a></strong>, anti-diabetic, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-retroviral</strong></a>, anti-infective and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular</strong></a> drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For First and Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by <strong>8%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 6%</strong> for the sixth year of production under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Third Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>5%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four years, <strong>4%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 3%</strong> for the sixth year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduced Dependency on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to<strong> cheaper alternatives from China.</strong></li>
<li>The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly <strong>70% of the bulk drugs it imports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhance Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth <strong>USD 40 billion in value.</strong></li>
<li>The country contributes <strong>3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-clears-pli-scheme-to-boost-manufacturing-of-laptops-tablets-pcs-7202926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7764,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft National Migrant Labour Policy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>, along with a working subgroup of officials and members of civil society, has prepared a <strong>draft National Migrant Labour policy.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in December 2020, the Indian government decided to create a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants#:~:text=The%20Government%20has%20decided%20to,workers%20in%20the%20informal%20economy.&amp;text=As%20per%20the%20Census%2C%20India,31%25%20of%20the%20population)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>database of migrant</strong></a> workers, including workers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-6-billion-risk-losing-jobs-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>informal economy</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migration:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migration</strong></a> is the <strong>movement of people away from their usual place of residence,</strong> across either internal (within country) or international (across countries) borders.</li>
<li>The latest government data on migration comes from the 2011 <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a>.</strong> As per the Census, India had <strong>45.6 crore migrants in 2011</strong> (38% of the population) compared to <strong>31.5 crore migrants in 2001</strong> (31% of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Issues with Migrants:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Independent Migrants:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Inter State Migrant Workers Act, 1979</strong> covers only labourers migrating through a contractor, and<strong> leaves out independent migrants.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Building Organisations (CBO):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absence of CBO and administrative staff in the source states has hindered access to development programmes, <strong>pushing tribals towards migration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Engagement by State Governments:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State labour departments have little engagement with migration issues, and are in <strong>halting human trafficking mode.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middlemen:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The local administration, given the usual constraints of manpower, is not in a position to monitor, making the way <strong>for middlemen</strong> to thrive on the situation and entrap migrants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Draft Approach:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The draft describes two approaches to policy design:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Focus on <strong>cash transfers, special quotas,</strong> and <strong>reservations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enhance the agency and capability</strong> of the community and thereby remove aspects that come in the way of an individual&rsquo;s own natural ability to thrive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Facilitate Migration:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Migration should be acknowledged as an <strong>integral part of development,</strong> and government policies should not hinder but seek to<strong> facilitate internal migration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase Wages:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the draft asks source states to<strong> raise minimum wages</strong> to bring major shifts in local livelihood of tribals which may result in stemming migration to some extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Database:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There should be a <strong>central database to help employers &ldquo;fill the gap between demand and supply&rdquo;</strong> and ensure <strong>&ldquo;maximum benefit of social welfare schemes&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It asks the Ministries and the Census office to be<strong> consistent with the definitions of migrants and subpopulations,</strong> capture seasonal and circular migrants, and <strong>incorporate migrant-specific variables in existing surveys.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migration Resource Centres:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministries of Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, and Housing and Urban Affairs should use Tribal Affairs migration data to<strong> help create migration resource centres in high migration zones.</strong></li>
<li>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship should focus on <strong>skill-building</strong> at these centres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Education should take measures under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education Act 2009</strong></a> to <strong>mainstream migrant children&rsquo;s education,</strong> to map migrant children, and to provide local-language teachers in migrant destinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shelter and Accomodation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should address issues of <strong>night shelters, short-stay homes, and seasonal accommodation</strong> for migrants in cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Handling Cells:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Legal Services authority (NALSA)</strong></a> and Ministry of Labour should set up <strong>grievance handling cells and fast track legal responses</strong> for trafficking, minimum wage violations, and workplace abuses and accidents for migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Report of the Working Group on Migration,</strong> released in January 2017 by the then Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation<strong> recommended a comprehensive law for these workers,</strong> which would form the legal basis for an architecture of social protection.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This was in line with the recommendations of a <strong>2007 report by the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector</strong> under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A rights-based approach to welfare and social security would <strong>work only if the workers have agency, politicisation, unionisation and mobilisation</strong> as workers in the past have forced parties and governments to see welfare as an essential aspect of industrial development.</li>
<li>The government has taken steps to ensure portability of welfare schemes, especially access to the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> public distribution system</strong></a>, beyond state borders. <strong>More needs to be done on that front.</strong></li>
<li>The NITI Aayog draft is a <strong>prompt to reimagine labour-capital relations</strong> while integrating the migrant workers within the formal workforce. This is <strong>necessary to build a compassionate society and a competitive economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/niti-aayog-migrant-workers-policy-covid-lockdown-7201753/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7756,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME)</strong> inaugurated 50 artisan-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI</strong></a> clusters, spread over 18 States, to provide a boost to the MSME sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of MSME is implementing a Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI) with a view to organize traditional industries and artisans into clusters to make them competitive and increase their income.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of MSME launched this scheme in the year 2005 with the view to promote Cluster development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> is the nodal Agency for promotion of Cluster development for Khadi as well as for Village Industries products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SFURTI clusters are of two types i.e., <strong>Regular Cluster</strong> (500 artisans) with Government assistance of up to Rs. 2.5 crore and <strong>Major Cluster</strong> (more than 500 artisans) with Government assistance up to Rs. 5 crore.</li>
<li>The Ministry<strong> supports various interventions</strong> including setting up of infrastructure through Common Facility Centers (CFCs), procurement of new machineries, creating raw material banks, design intervention, improved packaging, improved skills and capacity development, etc.</li>
<li>Besides, the scheme focuses on <strong>strengthening the cluster governance systems</strong> with the active participation of the stakeholders, so that they are able to gauge the emerging challenges and opportunities and respond to them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is done through building innovative and traditional skills, improved technologies, advanced processes, market intelligence and new models of public-private partnerships, so as to gradually replicate similar models of cluster- based traditional Industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Recent Initiatives to Promote MSME Sector</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum (UAM):</strong> It is a simple one-page registration form to promote ease of doing business for MSMEs in India.</li>
<li><strong>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE):</strong> The scheme promotes innovation &amp; rural entrepreneurship through rural Livelihood Business Incubator (LBI), Technology Business Incubator (TBI) and Fund of Funds for start up creation in the agro-based industry.</li>
<li><strong>Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme:</strong> To facilitate easy flow of credit, guarantee cover is provided for collateral free credit extended to MSMEs.</li>
<li><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP):</strong> It is a credit linked subsidy scheme, for setting up of new micro-enterprises and to generate employment opportunities in rural as well as urban areas of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS) for Technology Upgradation:</strong> CLCSS aims at facilitating technology upgradation of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) by providing 15% capital subsidy for purchase of plant &amp; machinery.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700034" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7699,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KsO0iam8o5o" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-mce-fragment="1"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to <strong>bare necessities</strong> like <strong>drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions</strong> continue to exist between urban and rural India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The above inference is drawn from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2020-21</strong></a> in its newly constructed <strong>&ldquo;Bare Necessities Index&rdquo; (BNI).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BNI is built on the idea of <strong>Thalinomics</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-survey-2019-20-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2019-20</strong></a>, through which it had sought to examine the access to food in the country.</li>
<li>The Economic Survey (2020-21) has underlined the <strong>need to focus on reducing variations in the access to bare necessities across states,</strong> between rural and urban areas, and between income groups.</li>
<li>With us moving to a completely digital era, the <strong>bare necessities are no more confined to &ldquo;Roti, Kapda aur Makan&rdquo;</strong> but goes beyond it.</li>
<li><strong>Access to technology; smartphones, internet</strong> and connectivity with the whole nation are the <strong>newly added bare necessities</strong> to go hand in hand with the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thalinomics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the 2019-20 Economic Survey, Thalinomics was introduced to make an <strong>attempt to relate economics to the common person using something that an individual encounters every day -</strong> a plate of food i.e a Thali.</li>
<li>Affordability of Thalis vis-&agrave;-vis a day&rsquo;s pay of a worker has<strong> improved over time,</strong> indicating improved welfare of the common person.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Bare Necessities Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Bare Necessities Index (BNI)</strong> is based on the large annual household survey data.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is constructed using suitable indicators and methodology at district level for all/targeted districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The BNI summarises<strong> 26 indicators on five dimensions -</strong> water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities and has been created for all states for 2012 and 2018 using NSO data.</li>
<li>The index classifies areas on three levels of access- <strong>high, medium, low</strong> to bare necessities.</li>
<li><strong>Utility of data:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To check inter state disparities or a progress of a particular state over time.</li>
<li>To check the efficacy of policies/ schemes implemented to meet these bare necessities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in bare necessities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bare necessities have improved across all States in the country in 2018 as compared to 2012.</li>
<li>Increase in equity is noteworthy as the rich can access private options for public goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps taken to Provide the Bare Necessities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saubhaggya yojana</strong> </a>for housing.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat-pm-jay-sehat-jk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-JAY</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased allocations for some of the bare necessities in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>budget 2020-21</strong></a> such as the health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Government%20will%20launch%20PM%20eVIDYA,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVIDYA</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swayam Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA</strong></a> in the educational sector.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana</strong></a>: It is aimed at incentivising the creation of new employment opportunities during the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organisation%20(WHO,31st%20December%2C%202019)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Covid-19</strong></a> economic recovery phase.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog#:~:text=The%20index%20documents%20the%20progress,which%20covered%20only%2013%20goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Niti Aayog Sustainable Development Goals Index</strong></a>: The index documents the progress made by India&rsquo;s States and Union Territories towards achieving the 2030 SDG targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<p><strong>Internet Facility as a Bare Necessity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the pandemic, besides the bare necessities, the <strong>biggest need was found to be the internet and smartphones,</strong> whether it was about working from home, or attending online classes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most people were able to afford smartphones and the internet, but those who couldn&rsquo;t afford them, were found to be in a very deprived situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Internet facilities and access to smartphones is a necessity in the present that has not been taken into account while preparing the list of bare necessities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To catch up with everyone else in this electronic world, the people who are devoid of these necessities need more uplift than just food and housing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lack of equal internet access is not only a huge inequality in the education sector, but also in the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the increasing use of<strong> telemedicines, e-skilling, e-governance and e-education,</strong> not being provided with the internet facility, a major part of India will continue to be a laggard in this electronic world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kerala which has an enormous <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a>, still there children can be found facing several difficulties due to lack of internet access.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Food, oil and unemployment allowance are provided to them by the government, but the internet is not included in the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Multiplicity of Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are about<strong> 250-300 poverty alleviation schemes</strong> launched by central and state government at the district level which are<strong> almost similar in nature.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This multiplicity of schemes is very infructuous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This<strong> brings inefficiency</strong> within the effective functioning of schemes and <strong>opens windows for corruption.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Framing the policies keeping in mind the future needs and possibilities:</strong> The schemes shall be futuristic keeping in mind that the idea of bare necessities have changed over the years and will definitely change even more for the upcoming generation.</li>
<li><strong>Digital education aspect:</strong> One of the easiest ways is to target the younger, school-going generation and take into account what they need so that they get equal access to education.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatnet-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net</strong></a> must be accelerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discouraging multiplicity of schemes:</strong> The high number of infructuous schemes shall be integrated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Quality should be raised instead of quantity, a few but well organised and effective schemes must be preferred over too many schemes creating chaos and confusions.</li>
<li><strong>Convergence of these schemes</strong> is needed, so that the schemes which are not necessary should be done away with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Keeping the traditional as well as new needs into consideration:</strong> It is not an &lsquo;either this-or that&rsquo; situation, India shall focus on the traditional bare needs along with including smartphones and internet facilities as a basic need to bridge a digital divide in this technological era.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly introduced &ldquo;digital aspect&rdquo; of bare needs must be addressed but the traditional needs must not be compromised, they must be taken into account at a priority basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The need of proper health facilities:</strong> The most important traditional bare need is <strong>public health which adheres to sewage and sanitation.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A medical condition called <strong>environmental enteropathy</strong> is caused by poor health and sanitation conditions which<strong> infects people&rsquo;s ability to absorb nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Environmental enteropathy (also called tropical enteropathy) is a<strong> subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination</strong> and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and intestinal inflammation.</li>
<li>Besides, every block hospital should be upgraded, upgradation of the hospitals will ultimately lead to the quantum leap in the health services available at the block level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bare Necessities Index is a <strong>good way to ensure equal access to the bare necessities</strong> across sectors, states and the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shows that there needs to be a<strong> special focus on public health.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multiplicity of schemes has to be addressed and integrated; <strong>better synergy shall be there among the centre and states.</strong></li>
<li>The status of basic needs in the country must be improved as it would lead to the growth of the country and bring improvement in the rank of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Human development Index (HDI)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n739bdyShz0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Union Budget for FY 2021-22</strong> </a>presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on <strong>Green Energy initiatives.</strong></li>
<li>Budget 2021 has proposed the launch of the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong> in this fiscal year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additional capital infusion for solar energy and renewable energy aspects has also been proposed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reforms in the budget have particularly focussed on <strong>green-growth.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is expected to enhance the uptake of cleaner fuels in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Budget 2021-22 talks about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme</strong></a> in Solar Manufacturing, <strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong> and the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PLI scheme has also been extended to the <strong>ACCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The emphasis on <strong>green <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hydrogen</a></strong> in the budget was in line with technological development and with a long-term vision towards <strong>reduced dependency on minerals and rare-earth element</strong>-based batteries as energy storage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the key clean fuel for the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time there is<strong> private financing of ₹18,000 crore for 20,000 buses</strong> and innovative financing with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnerships</strong> </a>which would revolutionise the way public transport systems and buses function in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is to promote<strong> less dependency on personal vehicles</strong> and eventually <strong>bring down the carbon footprints.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Hydrogen Energy Mission <strong>aims to reduce petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution,</strong> and contribute to more diverse and <strong>efficient energy infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li>It is now proposed to launch a Hydrogen Energy Mission in 2021-22 for generating <strong>hydrogen from green power sources.</strong></li>
<li>Green Hydrogen Mission is not only<strong> essential to decarbonise heavy industries</strong> like steel and cement, it also <strong>holds the key to clean electric mobility</strong> that doesn&rsquo;t depend on rare minerals.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy will be launched to <strong>phase out old and unfit vehicles.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the scheme <strong>private vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years</strong> will be eligible to be scrapped.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will help in<strong> encouraging fuel efficient, environment friendly vehicles</strong> thereby reducing vehicular pollution and oil import bill.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vehicles would undergo<strong> fitness tests in automated fitness centres</strong> after their defined period is over.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Energy and Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India in leading countries:</strong> India comes in the list of the leading countries in terms of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/power-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Power Sector</strong> </a>or the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan#:~:text=The%20renewable%20energy%20capacity%20in,year%20as%20we%20move%20forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></a> sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks at the<strong> fifth position among the countries of the world</strong> when it comes to the size of its <strong>energy economy.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>fourth largest solar installed capacity country</strong> in the world and<strong> third largest renewable energy installed capacity</strong> country in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar energy:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</strong> </a>aimed to achieve<strong> 20 GW</strong> solar capacity by the year <strong>2022.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the target was increased from <strong>20 GW to 100 GW by 2022</strong> in the 2015 Union Budget of India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s total solar power capacity alone has increased by more than 11 times since 2014 to June 2020, from <strong>2.6 GigaWatts (GW) to 38 GW.</strong></li>
<li>To encourage domestic production, the duties on <strong>solar inverters</strong> have been increased from <strong>5% to 20%,</strong> and on<strong> solar lanterns</strong> from<strong> 5% to 15%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable energy:</strong> The Government of India had set a target of <strong>175 GW</strong> renewable power installed capacity by the end of 2022.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes <strong>60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power</strong> and<strong> 5 GW from small hydro power.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is <strong>currently 136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36%</strong> of its total energy capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>2030 renewable targets</strong> were announced to be<strong> 450 gigawatt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green energy and infrastructure development:</strong> The budget primarily focuses on spending on infrastructure development and no infrastructure project can be completed without energy involved in it
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the present context, the energy involved has to be<strong> clean energy.</strong></li>
<li>The solar energy at present is<strong> available at 2 rs/unit</strong> which is even cheaper than the energy generated from a new coal power plant.</li>
<li>The domestic manufacturing capacity has been enhanced by the PLI schemes for manufacturing solar panels.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through the 2021-22 budget, the PLI scheme has been extended to the 10 sectors including <strong>automobile, pharma,</strong> electronic/<strong>technology</strong> products and manufacturing of <strong>advanced chemical cells battery</strong> (for electric vehicles).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACCs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ACCs are the new generation advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy and convert it back to electric energy as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Hydrogen</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hydrogen Energy Mission is one of the biggest announcements in the union budget 2021-22, specifying the<strong> hydrogen as green hydrogen.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When hydrogen is extracted from water using electrolysis powered by renewable energy, it is called green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Green hydrogen energy is vital for India to meet its <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets</strong> </a>and ensure regional and national energy security, access and availability.</li>
<li>Currently, about<strong> 6 tonnes of hydrogen is produced</strong> in the country which will go up by <strong>5 times in 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Green Hydrogen?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrogen can act as an<strong> energy storage option,</strong> which would be essential to meet intermittencies (of renewable energy) in the future.</li>
<li>In terms of mobility, for long distance mobilisations for either urban freight movement within cities and states or for passengers, it is a very promising initiative.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen can be used in railways, large ships, buses or trucks where electric-vehicles have a limitation for not having enough capacity for long distance travels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hydrogen has the potential to be the key renewable target in supporting infrastructure as well.</li>
<li>Hydrogen can be used:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a carrier</li>
<li>As a fuel cum energy storage alternative for petrol and diesel</li>
<li>Directly as a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clean-fuel-hydrogen" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fuel</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Countries across the world such as <strong>Japan</strong> are banging on hydrogen as a future energy media.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Germany</strong> and many other <strong>EU countries</strong> have already set an<strong> ambitious green hydrogen policy.</strong></li>
<li>Even countries like<strong> UAE</strong> and <strong>Australia</strong> that are traditionally considered as the laggards of climate action have moved towards green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In terms of challenges the <strong>cost of renewable electricity from</strong> hydrogen specifically, is the major problem. Public investments need to strategize and channel well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, currently hydrogen is around <strong>$6- $8/kg</strong> which is a price too high to bring it into conventional use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other main hurdle is <strong>transporting hydrogen</strong> to long distances.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen in gaseous form is highly inflammable.</li>
<li>To ship liquid hydrogen, it needs to be chilled to -253&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compared to other gases (or fuels),<strong> hydrogen lacks smell,</strong> which makes any<strong> leak detection almost impossible</strong> thus increasing the potential dangers.</li>
<li>To succeed as a renewable energy based economy, it is <strong>not just the manufacturing sector</strong> where India would want to excel but the<strong> entire supply chain.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India is at about <strong>2-3 gw of solar photovoltaic</strong> module manufacturing capacity.</li>
<li>For the given 450 gw renewable targets for 2030, India needs <strong>30-40 gw of capacity addition</strong> of renewables per year which requires having:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Maximum domestic manufacturing capability</li>
<li>Increasing the custom duty on solar panels as it will incentivise domestic players in india to set up manufacturing of solar panels and making the entire supply chain robust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pilot initiatives:</strong> India needs a strategy in place to launch such a big mission, such as a <strong>few pilot initiatives.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is one of the alternative sources of energy that India really needs to consider from its energy security perspective and transportation or mobilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efforts at all levels:</strong> The budget perspective presses that a lot more needs to be done <strong>not only at center but at state level too.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 11 states in India now have rolled out their own electric mobility plans and are focussing not only at manufacturing or job but also in <strong>demand creation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring &ldquo;All&rdquo;ternatives:</strong> Not sticking to just one alternate resource but exploring other sources too.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For either intra or inter-city movements, different technologies can co-exist and can give different contributions.</li>
<li>1 kg of hydrogen can work about 100 km but roughly it would take 7-8 litres of petrol for the same distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentivising the concept of green and clean energy: Green labelling of products</strong> needs to be in place so that consumers are aware that what they are consuming is environment friendly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to push them into using green energy, they must be<strong> made aware of the benefits</strong> of the energy they are consuming. Also, there can be<strong> extensive marketing and awareness campaigns.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building:</strong> It should not only be about awareness but also about building the capacity of the industries so that we have manufacturing in place and eventually more job opportunities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planning a road map where we generate employment while setting up green energy infrastructure and reducing carbon emission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive expenditure on R&amp;D:</strong> There should be a good spending on R&amp;D and technology adoption in hydrogen energy and e-Vehicles because that is one area where India had a setback in Solar Photovoltaics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More capital infusion in R&amp;D and infrastructure is needed to reap the benefits of various geographical locations in terms of solar energy and an emerging untapped option of hydrogen energy to replace conventional energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving towards Green Energy is indeed a win-win situation; it will lead to not only the usage of cleaner energy for a cleaner environment but also it will boost various sectors of manufacturing and employment.</li>
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