Mains Practice Questions - 10 Apr, 2026

Case Study

Mr. Vivek Deshmukh is the District Magistrate of a mineral-rich district where the State Government has approved a large infrastructure project, a multi-purpose industrial corridor expected to generate employment, boost regional development, and attract investment.
The project requires acquisition of a large tract of land, a significant portion of which belongs to small and marginal farmers, as well as forest land traditionally used by tribal communities for livelihood and cultural practices. The government has offered compensation as per legal provisions, along with promises of rehabilitation, employment opportunities, and skill development.

While some landowners are willing to accept compensation, a substantial section of tribal communities and farmers are resisting the acquisition. They argue that the compensation does not reflect the long-term value of their land and that monetary payments cannot substitute their cultural and livelihood ties to the land. Civil society groups have joined the protest, raising concerns about displacement, environmental degradation, and violation of tribal rights.

At the same time, the State Government is keen to fast-track the project, viewing it as a flagship initiative with potential political and economic benefits. Senior officials informally advise Mr. Deshmukh to “ensure smooth acquisition” and avoid delays. There are also reports that some local intermediaries are trying to manipulate consent records and pressure villagers into signing agreements.

Meanwhile, the region suffers from chronic underdevelopment, lack of employment, poor infrastructure, and migration, which the project aims to address. Delaying or cancelling the project could deprive the region of much-needed economic opportunities.

Mr. Deshmukh must decide how to proceed with land acquisition while balancing development goals, rights of affected communities, and ethical governance.

Questions

1. What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
2. What options are available to Mr. Deshmukh? Evaluate the merits and demerits of each.
3. What should be the most ethical course of action for Mr. Deshmukh? Justify your answer in terms of justice, equity, and sustainable development.