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Competition Commission Of India

Why in News Recently the 12th Annual Day of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) was observed on 20th May. Key Points About: Statutory...

24 May 2021 Statutory Bodies
Regulations Review Authority 2.0

Why in News Recently, the Reserve Bank Of India (RBI) has constituted an Advisory Group to assist the second Regulations Review Authority (RRA...

08 May 2021 Statutory Bodies
Report on Social Stock Exchanges

Why in News A technical group on Social Stock Exchanges (SSEs), constituted by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), has submitted its...

07 May 2021 Statutory Bodies
Model Insurance Villages

Why in News The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has mooted the concept of ‘Model Insurance Village...

06 May 2021 Statutory Bodies
Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972

Introduction Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife: The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was...

03 May 2021 Statutory Bodies
National Commission for Minorities

Why in News Recently, the Delhi High Court has directed the Centre to fill up the vacant posts of chairperson and five other members of the National...

26 Apr 2021 Statutory Bodies
Central Vigilance Commission

Why in News Recently, the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has modified the guidelines pertaining to the transfer and posting of officials in the...

07 Apr 2021 Statutory Bodies
NGT Orders Pollution Control Boards to Increase Capacity

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) to strengthen its capacity and...

02 Apr 2021 Statutory Bodies
Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report

Why in News The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has decided to introduce new requirements for business sustainability reporting by...

26 Mar 2021 Statutory Bodies
Anti-Corruption Strategies

Why in News Recently, the Lokpal of India organized a Webinar on 'Bringing Synergies in Anti-Corruption Strategies’. Key Points Corruption...

25 Mar 2021 Statutory Bodies
NHRC Issues Notice in Hirakud Displacement Case

Why in News The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) issued notices to the Chief Secretaries of Odisha and Chhattisgarh over the action taken to...

02 Mar 2021 Statutory Bodies
Accredited Investors

Why in News Recently, the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) sought comments on the proposal to introduce the concept of ‘Accredited...

25 Feb 2021 Statutory Bodies
Securities Appellate Tribunal

Why in News Recently, the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) stayed the order passed by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) that had...

17 Feb 2021 Statutory Bodies
CVC on Delay in Investigations

Why in News The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has recently directed all Ministries/Departments of the Union government to strictly adhere to...

19 Jan 2021 Statutory Bodies
Electoral Bonds and Right to Information

Why in News The Central Information Commission (CIC), the lead body for implementing the Right to Information Act 2005, has ruled that the...

24 Dec 2020 Statutory Bodies
Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir

Why in News The process of establishing Waqf Boards in Jammu and Kashmir and leh-kargil has started recently. Key Points There are thousands of...

08 Dec 2020 Statutory Bodies
Woes of National Commission for Minorities

Why in News Recently, it has been highlighted that the seven-member National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has only one member left after the...

23 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
CCI to Probe Google

Why in News The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has initiated a probe into alleged abuse of dominant position by the company to promote its...

10 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
New Commission for Air Quality Management

This article is based on “More than commission to check air pollution” which was published in The Economic Times on 03/11/2020. It...

04 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request

Why in News The Supreme Court has sought a response from the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), to its request to eight...

10 Oct 2020 Statutory Bodies

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		'article_id' => (int) 8433,
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		'title' => 'Competition Commission Of India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the <strong>12<sup>th</sup> Annual Day</strong> of the <strong>Competition Commission of India (CCI)</strong> was observed on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> May.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Statutory Body:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Competition Commission of India is <strong>a statutory body</strong> responsible for enforcing the objectives of the <strong>Competition Act, 2002.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CCI</strong> was established by the <strong>Central Government</strong> with effect from <strong>14<sup>th</sup> October 2003</strong>, but it became fully functional on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> May, 2009.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>A Chairperson</strong> and <strong>6 Members</strong> appointed by the <strong>Central Government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation of CCI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The CCI</strong> was established under the provisions of the <strong>Competition act 2002:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Competition Act, 2007</strong>, was enacted after amending <strong>Competition Act, 2002</strong>, that led to the establishment of the <strong>CCI and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Competition Appellate Tribunal</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government replaced the <strong>Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)</strong> with the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)</strong></a> <strong>in 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions and Role of CCI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To eliminate practices</strong> having adverse effects on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.</li>
<li>The Competition Commission of India takes the <strong>following measures</strong> to achieve its objectives:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Consumer welfare</strong> to make the markets work for the benefit and welfare of consumers.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure fair and healthy competition</strong> in economic activities in the country for faster and inclusive growth and development of the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Implement competition policies</strong> with an aim to effectuate the most efficient utilization of economic resources.</li>
<li><strong>Develop and nurture effective relations</strong> and interactions with sectoral regulators to ensure smooth alignment of sectoral regulatory laws in tandem with the competition law.</li>
<li><strong>Effectively carry out competition advocacy</strong> and spread the information on benefits of competition among all stakeholders to establish and nurture competition culture in Indian economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of CCI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promote free enterprise:</strong> Competition is important for the preservation of economic freedom and our free enterprise system.</li>
<li><strong>Protect against market distortions:</strong> The need for competition law arises because markets can suffer from failures and distortions, and various players can resort to anti- competitive activities such as cartels, abuse of dominance etc. which adversely impact economic efficiency and consumer welfare.</li>
<li><strong>Promotes domestic industries:</strong> During the era in which the economies are moving from closed economies to open economies, an effective competition commission is essential to ensure the continued viability of domestic industries, carefully balanced with attaining the benefits of foreign investment increased competition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1720343#:~:text=The%20CCI%20was%20established%20under,competitive%20conduct%20came%20into%20force." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8330,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Regulations Review Authority 2.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank Of India (RBI)</strong> </a>has <strong>constituted an Advisory Group to assist the second Regulations Review Authority (RRA 2.0).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RBI has set up the <strong>RRA 2.0, initially for a period of one year from 1<sup>st</sup> May, 2021</strong>, with a view <strong>to streamline regulations and reduce the compliance burden of regulated entities.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1999</strong>, the RBI had set up a <strong>Regulations Review Authority (RRA)</strong> for reviewing the regulations, circulars, reporting systems, based on the feedback from the public, banks, and financial institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RRA 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will focus on <strong>streamlining regulatory instructions, reducing compliance burden</strong> of the <strong>regulated entities</strong> by <strong>simplifying procedures</strong> and <strong>reducing reporting requirements</strong>, wherever possible. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will also obtain feedback from regulated entities.</li>
<li><strong>Regulated entities</strong> include <strong>commercial banks, urban co-operative banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reserve Bank of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI was established on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> April, 1935</strong> in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.</strong></li>
<li>Though originally privately owned, since nationalization in 1949, the Reserve Bank is <strong>fully owned by the Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monetary Authority:</strong> Formulates, implements and monitors the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-monetary-policy-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monetary policy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Recent Initiative:</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Government Securities Acquisition Programme (G-SAP)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulator and supervisor of the financial system:</strong> Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions.</li>
<li><strong>Manager of Foreign Exchange:</strong> Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.</li>
<li><strong>Issuer of currency:</strong> Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation.</li>
<li><strong>Developmental role:</strong> Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.</li>
<li><strong>Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems:</strong> Introduces and upgrades safe and efficient modes of payment systems in the country to meet the requirements of the public at large.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-payments-index-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital Payments Index</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/payments-infrastructure-development-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Payments Infrastructure Development Fund</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whatsapp-upi-and-npci-regulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)</strong></a>, an umbrella organisation for all retail payments systems in India, was set up with the guidance and support of the RBI and Indian Banks&rsquo; Association (IBA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Banker to the Government:</strong> performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments; also acts as their banker.</li>
<li><strong>Banker to banks:</strong> maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wma-borrowings-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ways and Means Advances</strong></a> (WMA) are short-term loan facilities which allow the Centre and states to borrow funds from the RBI to bridge their temporary mismatch between expenditure and receipts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RBI&rsquo;s Publications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consumer-confidence-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Confidence Survey</strong></a> <strong>(CCS - Quarterly)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH - Quarterly)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Financial Stability Report (Half-Yearly)</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-revival-forecast-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Monetary Policy Report</a> (Half-Yearly)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Report on Foreign Exchange Reserves (Half-Yearly)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/rbi-sets-up-advisory-group-to-assist-regulatory-review-authority-7305976/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8323,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Report on Social Stock Exchanges',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>technical group on Social Stock Exchanges (SSEs)</strong>, constituted by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a>, has submitted its report.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI set up the technical group in September, 2020 under the <strong>chairmanship of Harsh Bhanwala</strong>, former chairman of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Earlier, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-stock-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Working Group (WG)</strong></a> on the SSE, <strong>chaired by Ishaat Hussain</strong>, submitted its report in June 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Social Stock Exchanges (SSEs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>idea of the Social Stock Exchange (SSE)</strong> as a platform for <strong>listing social enterprise, voluntary and welfare organisations</strong> so that they <strong>can raise capital was mooted in the Union Budget 2019-20.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social enterprise</strong> can be defined as a <strong>non-loss; non-dividend paying company</strong> created and designed to<strong> address a social problem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was <strong>proposed to be set up under the market regulator SEBI.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>aim</strong> of the initiative is <strong>to help social and voluntary organisations which work for social causes to raise capital</strong> as equity or debt or a unit of mutual fund.</li>
<li>SSE <strong>already exists in countries</strong> such as Singapore, UK, Canada among others. These countries allow firms operating in sectors such as health, environment and transportation to raise capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations of the Group:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Type of the Organisation:</strong> Political and religious organisations, trade organisations as well as corporate foundations should <strong>not be allowed to raise funds through SSEs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> <strong>For Profit Enterprise (FPE) and Not for Profit Organisation (NPO)</strong> will be eligible to tap the SSE if <strong>they are able to show their primary goals are social intent and impact.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Entities listed on SSE will have to disclose their social impact report on an annual basis covering aspects such as <strong>&ldquo;strategic intent and planning, approach, impact score card&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>NPOs</strong> are usually structured as non-governmental organisations, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 8 companies</strong></a>, trusts or societies.<strong> FPEs</strong> can be private limited companies, partnerships or sole proprietorships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different Modes of Fund Raising:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For NPOs</strong>, fundraising through equity, zero coupon zero principal bond, development impact bonds, social impact fund with 100% grants-in grants out provision, and donations by investors through mutual funds.</li>
<li><strong>For FPEs</strong>, fundraising through equity, debt, development impact bonds, and social venture funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligible Activities:</strong> Social enterprises can engage in activities in such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eradicating hunger, poverty, malnutrition and inequality;</strong> promoting health care (including mental health) and sanitation; and making available safe drinking water.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting education, employability</strong> and livelihoods.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting gender equality</strong>, empowerment of women and LGBTQIA+ communities.</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring environmental sustainability</strong>, addressing climate change (mitigation and adaptation), forest and wildlife conservation.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting livelihoods for rural and urban poor</strong>, including enhancing income of small and marginal farmers and workers in the non-farm sector.</li>
<li><strong>Slum area development</strong>, affordable housing and other interventions to build sustainable and resilient cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the Covid-19 effects on the world economy show, it is critical for public and private sources of capital to come together and develop ingenious methods to ensure that capital flow to the social sector is unhindered and capital is utilised effectively to generate a lasting impact for the community.</li>
<li>Institutional support through SSEs ensures that more investors are encouraged to integrate <strong>environmental aspects</strong> (such as resource conservation, environmentally sustainable working practices), <strong>social aspects</strong> (including privacy, data protection, employee welfare) and <strong>governance aspects</strong> (like board diversity, conflicts of interest resolution mechanism, independent oversight of management) into the evaluation of enterprises, moving beyond financial statements.</li>
<li>To this end, all efforts need to be directed to make sure that an <strong>enabling regulatory environment</strong> is created for the planned SSE with a minimal compliance burden imposed on the enterprises, social entrepreneurs and investors.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/sebi-technical-group-report-political-religious-trade-bodies-not-allowed-on-social-bourses-7305130/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8311,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Model Insurance Villages',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)</strong> has mooted the concept of <strong>&lsquo;Model Insurance Village (MIV)&rsquo;</strong> to boost insurance penetration in rural areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the<strong> Economic Survey for 2020-21, India&rsquo;s insurance penetration,</strong> which was at <strong>2.71% in 2001,</strong> has steadily<strong> increased to 3.76% in 2019,</strong> but stayed much below the global average of 7.23%.</li>
<li>Recently, the Parliament has passed the <strong>Insurance Amendment Bill 2021</strong> to increase the<strong> foreign direct investment (FDI) limit in the insurance sector to 74% from 49%.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Concept of Model Insurance Village (MIV):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The idea is to <strong>offer comprehensive insurance protection to all the major insurable risks that villagers are exposed to</strong> and make available covers <strong>at affordable or subsidised cost.</strong></li>
<li>In order to make the premium affordable,<strong> financial support</strong> needs to be explored through <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>, <strong>other institutions, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) funds</a>, government support and support from reinsurance companies.</strong></li>
<li>It may be implemented in <strong>a minimum of 500 villages</strong> in different districts of the country in the first year and <strong>increased to 1,000 villages</strong> in the subsequent two years.</li>
<li><strong>Every general insurance company and reinsurance company</strong> accepting general insurance business and having offices in India <strong>needs to be involved</strong> for piloting the concept.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Offerings under MIV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Weather Index product or hybrid product combining weather index and indemnity-based insurance protection for various <strong>crops that remains uncovered under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Flexible Farm Insurance Package Policies<strong> targeting comprehensive needs of crops, livestock, farmer, farm implements.</strong></li>
<li>Separate products for<strong> high value agriculture, contract farming and corporate farming community</strong> as their needs are different.</li>
<li><strong>States can be offered macro insurance covers</strong> based on predefined parametric weather indexes covering large complex risks arising out of natural catastrophes affecting the agriculture ecosystem and rural economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges in Spreading Insurance to Rural Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of awareness, limited choice of insurance products, absence of people-friendly and transparent claim settlement mechanisms, and weak network of insurance firms,</strong> are some of the issues and challenges in advancing growth of rural insurance business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Following the recommendations of the <strong>Malhotra Committee report, in 1999,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)</strong> </a>was constituted as an <strong>autonomous body</strong> to regulate and develop the insurance industry.</li>
<li>The<strong> IRDA</strong> was incorporated as a <strong>statutory body in April 2000.</strong></li>
<li>The key <strong>objectives</strong> of the IRDA include the promotion of competition so as to enhance customer satisfaction through increased consumer choice and lower premiums while ensuring the financial security of the insurance market.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Hyderabad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reinsurance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a process whereby one entity (the <strong>reinsurer</strong>) takes on all or part of the risk covered under a policy issued by an insurance company in consideration of a premium payment. In other words, it is a form of an insurance cover for insurance companies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/eying-rural-coverage-irdai-pitches-for-model-insurance-villages/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1620290749139000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3h3ZF4W4lSCHt_Z3jzY1hy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8290,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act</strong></a>, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51 A (g)</strong> of the Constitution states that it shall be the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental duty</strong> </a>of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.</li>
<li><strong>Article 48 A</strong> in the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-180" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Directive Principles of State policy</strong></a>, mandates that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:</strong> The Act was enacted for the protection of plants and animal species. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>Prior to this legislation, India had only five designated national parks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, there are 101 National Parks in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Authorities Appointed under the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Central Government appoints the Director of Wildlife Preservation</strong> and assistant directors and other officers subordinate to the Director.</li>
<li>The <strong>State Governments appoint a Chief Wildlife Warden (CWLW)</strong> who heads the Wildlife Wing of the department and exercises complete administrative control over Protected Areas (PAs) within a state. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governments are also entitled to appoint<strong> Wildlife Wardens in each district.</strong> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition of hunting:</strong> It prohibits the hunting of any wild animal specified in Schedules I, II, III and IV of the act. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> A wild animal listed under these schedules can be hunted/ killed only after getting permission from the Chief Wildlife Warden (CWLW) of the state if: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It becomes dangerous to human life or to property (including standing crops on any land). </li>
<li>It is disabled or suffering from a disease that is beyond recovery. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition of Cutting/Uprooting Specified Plants:</strong> It prohibits the uprooting, damage, collection, possession or selling of any specified plant from any forest land or any protected area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The CWLW, however, may grant permission for uprooting or collecting a specific plant for the purpose of education, scientific research, preservation in a herbarium or if a person/institution is approved to do so by the central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declaration and Protection of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks:</strong> The Central Government can constitute any area as a Sanctuary, provided the area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government can also declare an area (including an area within a sanctuary) as a National Park. </li>
<li>A Collector is appointed by the central government to administer the area declared as a Sanctuary. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitution of Various Bodies:</strong> The WPA act provides for the constitution of bodies to be established under this act such as the <strong>National and State Board for Wildlife, Central Zoo Authority </strong>and<strong> National Tiger Conservation Authority.</strong> </li>
<li><strong>Government Property:</strong> Hunted wild animals (other than vermin), animal articles or meat of a wild animal and ivory imported into India and an article made from such ivory shall be considered as the property of the Government. </li>
</ul>
<h3>Bodies Constituted under the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Board for Wildlife (NBWL):</strong> As per the act, the central government of India shall constitute the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildlife-panel-holds-virtual-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It serves as an<strong> apex body for the review of all wildlife-related matters</strong> and for the approval of projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.</li>
<li>The NBWL is <strong>chaired by the Prime Minister</strong> and is responsible for promotion of conservation and development of wildlife and forests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</strong> is the <strong>Vice-Chairperson</strong> of the board. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The board is &lsquo;advisory&rsquo; in nature and can only advise the Government on policy making for conservation of wildlife.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Standing Committee of NBWL:</strong> The NBWL constitutes a Standing Committee for the purpose of approving all the projects falling within protected wildlife areas or within 10 km of them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee is chaired by the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Board for Wildlife (SBWL):</strong> The state governments are responsible for the constitution of the state board of wildlife. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chief Minister of the state/UT is the chairperson of the board. </li>
<li>The board advises the state government in: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The selection and management of areas to be declared as protected areas. </li>
<li>The formulation of the policy for protection and conservation of the wild life</li>
<li>Any matter relating to the amendment of any Schedule. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Zoo Authority:</strong> The act provides for the constitution of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reconstitution-of-central-zoo-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Zoo Authority</strong></a> consisting of a total 10 members including the Chairperson and a Member-Secretary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Environment Minister is the chairperson.</li>
<li>The authority provides recognition to zoos and is also tasked with regulating the zoos across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It lays down guidelines and prescribes rules under which animals may be transferred among zoos nationally and internationally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):</strong> Following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a> was constituted in 2005 for strengthening tiger conservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union Environment Minister is the Chairperson of NTCA and the State Environment Minister is the Vice-Chairperson. </li>
<li>The Central Government on the recommendations of NTCA declares an area as a Tiger Reserve. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 50 wildlife sanctuaries in India have been designated as Tiger Reserves and are protected areas under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB):</strong> The act provided for the constitution of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)</strong></a> to combat organized wildlife crime in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bureau has its headquarters in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is mandated to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Collect and collate intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities and to disseminate the same to the State to apprehend the criminals.</li>
<li>Establish a centralized wildlife crime data bank.</li>
<li>Assist State Governments to ensure success in prosecutions related to wildlife crimes.</li>
<li>Advise the Government of India on issues relating to wildlife crimes having national and international ramifications, relevant policy and laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Schedules under the Act</h3>
<p>The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 has divided the protection status of various plants and animals under the following six schedules: </p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Schedule I:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It covers endangered species that need rigorous protection. The species are granted protection from poaching, killing, trading etc. </li>
<li>A person is liable to the harshest penalties for violation of the law under this Schedule.</li>
<li>Species under this Schedule are prohibited to be hunted throughout India, except under threat to human life or in case of a disease that is beyond recovery. </li>
<li>Some of the animals granted protection under the Schedule I include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Black Buck</li>
<li>Bengal Tiger</li>
<li>Clouded Leopard</li>
<li>Snow Leopard</li>
<li>Swamp Deer</li>
<li>Himalayan Bear</li>
<li>Asiatic Cheetah </li>
<li>Kashmiri Stag</li>
<li>Fishing Cat</li>
<li>Lion-tailed Macaque</li>
<li>Musk Deer</li>
<li>Rhinoceros </li>
<li>Brow Antlered Deer</li>
<li>Chinkara (Indian Gazelle)</li>
<li>Capped Langur</li>
<li>Golden Langur</li>
<li>Hoolock Gibbon </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schedule II:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Animals under this list are also accorded high protection with the prohibition on their trade.</li>
<li>They cannot be hunted except under threat to human life or if they are suffering from a disease/ disorder that goes beyond recovery. </li>
<li>Some of the animals listed under Schedule II include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Assamese Macaque, Pig Tailed Macaque, Stump Tailed Macaque</li>
<li>Bengal Hanuman langur</li>
<li>Himalayan Black Bear</li>
<li>Himalayan Newt/ Salamander </li>
<li>Jackal </li>
<li>Flying Squirrel, Giant Squirrel</li>
<li>Sperm Whale</li>
<li>Indian Cobra, King Cobra </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schedule III &amp; IV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Species that are not endangered are included under Schedule III and IV. </li>
<li>This includes protected species with hunting prohibited but the penalty for any violation is less compared to the first two schedules.</li>
<li>Animals protected under Schedule III include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chital (spotted deer)</li>
<li>Bharal (blue sheep)</li>
<li>Hyena </li>
<li>Nilgai </li>
<li>Sambhar (deer)</li>
<li>Sponges </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Animals protected under Schedule IV include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flamingo </li>
<li>Hares </li>
<li>Falcons </li>
<li>Kingfishers</li>
<li>Magpie</li>
<li>Horseshoes Crabs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schedule V:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This schedule contains animals that are considered as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhesus-macaque-declared-vermin#:~:text=The%20Union%20Environment%20Ministry%20has,in%20Shimla%20for%20one%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vermin</strong></a> (small wild animals that carry disease and destroy plants and food). These animals can be hunted. </li>
<li>It includes only four species of wild animals: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Common Crows</li>
<li>Fruit Bats</li>
<li>Rats </li>
<li>Mice</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schedule VI:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides for <strong>regulation in cultivation of a specified plant</strong> and restricts its possession, sale and transportation. </li>
<li>Both cultivation and trade of specified plants can only be carried out with prior permission of competent authority.</li>
<li>Plants protected under Schedule VI include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beddomes&rsquo; cycad (Native to India) </li>
<li>Blue Vanda (Blue Orchid) </li>
<li>Red Vanda (Red Orchid) </li>
<li>Kuth (Saussurea lappa) </li>
<li>Slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp.) </li>
<li>Pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8238,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Commission for Minorities',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Delhi High Court has directed the Centre<strong> to fill up the vacant posts of chairperson and five other members of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM)</strong> by 31<sup>st</sup> July 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genesis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1978,</strong> setting up of the <strong>Minorities Commission (MC)</strong> was envisaged in the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs Resolution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1984,</strong> the<strong> MC</strong> was detached from the Ministry of Home Affairs and placed under the newly created <strong>Ministry of Welfare,</strong> which excluded linguistic minorities from the Commission&rsquo;s jurisdiction <strong>in 1988.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1992,</strong> with the enactment of the<strong> NCM Act, 1992,</strong> the <strong>MC</strong> became a statutory body and was <strong>renamed as the NCM.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1993,</strong> the first Statutory National Commission was set up and five religious communities viz <strong>the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists </strong>and<strong> Zoroastrians (Parsis)</strong> were notified as <strong>minority communities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 2014, Jains</strong> were also notified as a<strong> minority community.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCM consists of <strong>a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five members</strong> and all of them shall be from <strong>amongst the minority communities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Total of 7 persons</strong> to be nominated by the <strong>Central Government</strong> should be from amongst persons <strong>of eminence, ability and integrity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> Each Member holds office for a period of three years from the date of assumption of office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Evaluation of the <strong>progress of the development of minorities</strong> under the Union and States.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring of the working of the safeguards for minorities</strong> provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures.</li>
<li>Ensures that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-15-point-programme#:~:text=PM's%20New%2015%20PP%20is,sections%20of%20the%20minority%20communities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 15-Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities</strong></a> is implemented and the programmes for minority communities are actually functioning.</li>
<li><strong>Making recommendations</strong> for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of minorities by the central or state governments.</li>
<li><strong>Looking into specific complaints</strong> regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.</li>
<li>Investigates <strong>matters of communal conflict and riots.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, the 2011 Bharatpur communal riots, as well as the 2012 Bodo-Muslim clashes in Assam, were investigated by the commission and their findings were submitted to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Observes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minorities Rights Day</strong></a> every year on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> December</strong> which marks the adoption of the &ldquo;Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities&rdquo; by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> in <strong>1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>NCM Act</strong> defines a minority as <strong>&ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government.''</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India has declared <strong>six religions</strong> namely, <strong>Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists</strong> and <strong>Parsis</strong> (Zoroastrian) and <strong>Jain</strong> as religious minorities in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Commission for Minority Education Institution (NCMEI) Act, 2004</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It gives the minority status to the educational institutions on the basis of six religious communities notified by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term <strong>"minority"</strong> is not defined in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution <strong>recognises religious and linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 15 and 16:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prohibition of discrimination against citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
<li>Citizens&rsquo; right to &lsquo;equality of opportunity&rsquo; in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State, and prohibition in this regard of any discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 25 (1), 26 and 28:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion.</li>
<li>Right of every religious denomination or any section to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, manage its own religious affairs, and own and acquire property and administer it.</li>
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational institutions wholly maintained, recognized, or aided by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.</li>
<li>It <strong>grants protection to both religious minorities as well as linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that the scope of this article is not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as use of the word &lsquo;section of citizens&rsquo; in the Article includes minorities as well as the majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All minorities shall have the<strong> right to establish and administer educational institutions</strong> of their choice.</li>
<li>The protection under Article 30 is<strong> confined only to minorities</strong> (religious or linguistic) and does not extend to any section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 350-B:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>7<sup>th</sup> Constitutional (Amendment) Act 1956</strong></a> inserted this article which provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities appointed by the President of India.</li>
<li>It would be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/fill-up-vacant-post-of-ncm-chairperson-hc-tells-centre/article34409636.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8100,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Central Vigilance Commission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)</strong></a> has modified the guidelines pertaining to the transfer and posting of officials in the vigilance units of government organisations, restricting their tenure to three years at one place.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 3 principal actors at the national level in the fight against corruption: the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a>, the CVC and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-cybercrime-investigation-and-forensics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>tenure of personnel in a vigilance unit at one place</strong> including lower level functionaries, should be<strong> limited to three years only.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>tenure may be extended to three more years,</strong> although at a different place of posting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The personnel, who have<strong> completed more than five years</strong> in vigilance units at the same place, should be <strong>shifted on top priority basis.</strong></li>
<li>After transfer from the vigilance unit, <strong>a compulsory cooling off period of three years should be observed</strong> before a person can be considered again for posting in the vigilance unit of the organisation concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been observed that undue long stay of an official in such a sensitive post at one place, has the <strong>potential of developing vested interests, apart from giving rise to unnecessary complaints/allegations etc.</strong></li>
<li>To<strong> ensure transparency, objectivity, and uniformity in approach.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Vigilance Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Central Vigilance Commission is conceived to be the <strong>apex vigilance institution, free of control from any executive authority,</strong> monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government.</li>
<li>It <strong>advises various authorities</strong> in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC was set up by the Government in February, 1964 on the recommendations of the <strong>Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by K. Santhanam.</strong></li>
<li>The Parliament enacted<strong> Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 (CVC Act)</strong> conferring statutory status on the CVC.</li>
<li>It is an<strong> independent body</strong> which is<strong> only responsible to the Parliament.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It submits its report to the<strong> President of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exercise superintendence over the functioning of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/c-b-i-and-consent-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI)</strong></a> insofar as it relates to the investigation of offences under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-corruption-law-covers-deemed-universities#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20has%20held,under%20the%20anti%2Dcorruption%20law." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CVC receives complaints on corruption or misuse of office and recommends appropriate action.</li>
<li>Following institutions, bodies, or a person can approach CVC: <strong>Central government, Lokpal and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whistleblowers-protection-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Whistle blowers</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CVC has<strong> no investigation wing of its own as it depends on the CBI and the Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO)</strong> of central organizations, while CBI has its own investigation wing drawing its powers from <strong>Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> multi-member Commission</strong> consisting of a <strong>Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson)</strong> and not more than<strong> 2 Vigilance Commissioners (Member).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Commissioners:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President of India</strong> on the recommendations of a committee consisting of Prime Minister, Union Home Minister and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha (if there is no Leader of Opposition then the leader of the single largest Opposition party in the Lok Sabha).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their term is <strong>4 years or 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removal is <strong>done by the President</strong> on grounds of bankruptcy, unsound mind, infirmity of body or mind, sentenced to imprisonment for a crime, or engages in paid employment or has acquired financial or other interest that might affect his judgment.</li>
<li>He can also be removed for <strong>proved misbehaviour</strong> or incapacity if the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Supreme Court</strong> </a>inquiry finds him guilty.</li>
<li>They can also resign by writing to the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/central-vigilance-commission-officers-to-be-transferred-every-3-years/article34256889.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8058,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NGT Orders Pollution Control Boards to Increase Capacity',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/10-years-of-national-green-tribunal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> directed the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) to strengthen its capacity and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a> to form a uniform recruitment criteria.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order was to <strong>ensure better monitoring for improved compliance of environmental norms.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier in January 2021, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>had taken suo motu cognizance of pollution of water bodies by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-s-view-on-pollution-in-yamuna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>untreated sewage in Haryana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Plea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2018, a case was filed with NGT&rsquo;s principal bench for revising existing monitoring mechanism by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This included an interval of mandatory inspections of <strong>highly polluting</strong> industries and policy for auto renewal of <strong>Consent to Operate (CTO) c</strong>ertificate under <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974</strong></a> as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tackling-the-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plea pointed out that an earlier report of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-aquifer-mapping-and-management-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)</strong> </a>had established <strong>deterioration of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depleting-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ground water quality in Haryana.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/comptroller-and-auditor-general-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)</strong></a> of India&rsquo;s 2016 report also recorded operation of several projects without valid consent to establish or CTO certificates, showing ineffectiveness of monitoring mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGTs Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The NGT passed an order for the Haryana government to revisit its inspection policy and make it adequate to ensure effective enforcement of law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Haryana's Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Haryana government, in compliance to the NGT order, proposed a revised policy with increased frequency of inspection, installation of online monitoring devices to capture real-time data and pre-verification of documents before issuing renewal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inspection at <strong>higher frequencies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capacity enhancement</strong> of SPCBs/<strong>Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)</strong> with <strong>consent funds.</strong></li>
<li>Capacity enhancement of CPCB utilising <strong>environment compensation funds.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Annual performance audit</strong> of state PCBs/PCCs.</li>
<li><strong>CPCB to prepare a format</strong> containing qualifications, minimum eligibility criteria and required experience for key positions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the name of &lsquo;ease of doing business&rsquo;, powers and authorities of SPCB have been compromised. The latest judgement of NGT is a<strong> fresh start to the long-delayed initiative of strengthening CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs.</strong></li>
<li>The judgment of NGT could be termed as landmark. The <strong>NGT has tried to erase the bottlenecks, which were being used to halt the strengthening of environmental regulation.</strong></li>
<li>The important part of the judgement is asking <strong>CPCB to come out with standard recruitment rules</strong> which can be followed by all states. The existing SPCBs recruitment rules have not been updated for decades.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CPCB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CPCB is a <strong>statutory organisation</strong> which was constituted in September, 1974 under the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was entrusted with the powers and functions under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tackling-the-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
<li>It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change of the provisions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SPCB:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They supplement the CPCB as they are a statutory organization entrusted to implement Environmental Laws and rules within the jurisdiction of a state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Compensation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Environmental compensation is a policy instrument for the protection of the environment which works on the<strong> &lsquo;Polluter Pays Principle&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Compensation Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> specialised type of fund</strong> collected by<strong> charging the environmental violations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Illegal discharge in water bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/how-this-landmark-ngt-order-will-shape-the-future-of-india-s-pollution-control-bodies-76187" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8021,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong> </a>has decided to introduce new requirements for business sustainability reporting by listed entities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This new report will be called the <strong>Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report</strong> (BRSR) and <strong>will replace</strong> the existing Business Responsibility Report (BRR).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SEBI, in 2012, mandated the top 100 listed entities</strong> by market capitalisation <strong>to</strong> <strong>file Business Responsibility Reports (BRR)</strong> as per the disclosure requirement emanating from the <strong>'National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business' (NVGs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2019, the <strong>Ministry of Corporate Affairs revised NVGs</strong> and formulated the <strong>National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct (NGRBC).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In December 2019, SEBI<strong> extended the BRR requirement to the top 1000 listed entities</strong> by market capitalisation, from the financial year 2019-20.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Listed Entity:</strong> A company whose shares are traded on an official stock exchange.</li>
<li><strong>Market Capitalization:</strong> It refers to how much a company is worth as determined by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-stock-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> stock</strong> </a>market. It is defined as the total market value of all outstanding shares.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To calculate a company's market cap, multiply the number of outstanding shares by the current market value of one share.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BRSR, which is from an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/esg-funds-becoming-popular-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Environmental, Social and Governance (&ldquo;ESG&rdquo;)</strong></a> <strong>perspective,</strong> is intended to enable businesses to engage more meaningfully with their stakeholders.</li>
<li>It will<strong> encourage businesses to go beyond regulatory financial compliance and report on their social and environmental impacts.</strong></li>
<li>The BRSR will be <strong>applicable to the top 1000 listed entities</strong> (by market capitalization), for reporting on a<strong> voluntary basis for FY 2021 &ndash; 22</strong> and on a <strong>mandatory basis from FY 2022 &ndash; 23.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainability Reporting:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> disclosure and communication of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals&mdash;</strong>as well as a company&rsquo;s progress towards them.</li>
<li>The benefits of sustainability reporting include<strong> improved corporate reputation, building consumer confidence, increased innovation, and even improvement of risk management.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental, Social, and Governance Goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals are a set of standards for a company&rsquo;s operations that force companies to follow better governance, ethical practices, environment-friendly measures and social responsibility.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental criteria</strong> consider how a company performs as a steward of nature.</li>
<li><strong>Social criteria</strong> examine how it manages relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities where it operates.</li>
<li><strong>Governance</strong> deals with a company&rsquo;s leadership, executive pay, audits, internal controls, and shareholder rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Responsible Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The philosophy of responsible business is based on the principle of business being accountable to all its stakeholders towards global developments which are increasingly seeking businesses to be responsible and sustainable towards their environment and society.</li>
<li>In light of ever-increasing global challenges relating to <strong>climate change, environmental risks, growing inequality,</strong> etc., business leaders have been compelled, and have also found it to be in their interest, to reimagine the role of businesses in the society and not view them merely as economic units for generating wealth.</li>
<li>The performance of a company must be measured not only on the return to shareholders, but also on how it achieves its <strong>environmental, social, and good governance objectives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/compliance-burden-reduced-for-listed-cos-but-disclosures-go-up-7245387/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8009,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anti-Corruption Strategies',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Lokpal of India</strong> organized a Webinar on <strong>'Bringing Synergies in Anti-Corruption Strategies&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corruption</strong> can be defined as the <strong>abuse of entrusted power for private gain.</strong> It can impact a nation&rsquo;s development in various ways.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Corruption:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Political Costs:</strong> The political costs of corruption are manifested in weakened public trust in political institutions, reduced political participation, perversion of the electoral process, restricted political choices available to citizens and loss of legitimacy of the democratic system.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Costs:</strong> Corruption reduces economic efficiency by misallocation of resources in favour of <strong>rent seeking</strong> activities, increasing the cost of public transactions, acting as an additional tax on business thereby reducing investment, reducing genuine business competition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rent Seeking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a concept in public choice theory as well as in economics, that involves seeking to increase one's share of existing wealth without creating new wealth.</li>
<li>It results in reduced economic efficiency through misallocation of resources, reduced wealth-creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, and potential national decline.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;"></ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Costs:</strong> Corruption distorts the value systems and wrongly attaches elevated status to occupations that have rent seeking opportunities. This results in a disillusioned public, a weak civil society, which attracts unscrupulous leaders to political life.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental Costs:</strong> Environmentally devastating projects are given preference in funding, because they are easy targets for siphoning off public money into private pockets.</li>
<li><strong>Issues of national security:</strong> Corruption within security agencies can lead to a threat to national security, including through distortion of procurement, recruitment of ineligible persons, providing an easy route for smuggling of weapons and terrorist elements into the country and money laundering.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Framework for Fighting Corruption:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajya-sabha-passes-amendments-to-anti-corruption-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988</strong></a> provides for penalties in relation to corruption by public servants and also for those who are involved in the abetment of an act of corruption. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Amendment of 2018 criminalised both bribe-taking by public servants as well as bribe giving by any person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002</strong></a> aims to prevent instances of money laundering and prohibits use of the 'proceeds of crime' in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The offence of money laundering prescribes strict punishment, including imprisonment of up to 10 years and the attachment of property of accused persons (even at a preliminary stage of investigation and not necessarily after conviction).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Companies Act, 2013</strong></a> provides for corporate governance and prevention of corruption and fraud in the corporate sector. The term 'fraud' has been given a broad definition and is a criminal offence under the Companies Act.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In cases involving fraud specifically, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serious-fraud-investigation-office-sfio" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Serious Frauds Investigation Office (SFIO)</strong></a> has been set up under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, which is responsible for dealing with white collar crimes and offences in companies.</li>
<li>The SFIO conducts investigation under the provisions of the Companies Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Indian Penal Code, 1860</strong> sets out provisions which can be interpreted to cover bribery and fraud matters, including offences relating to criminal breach of trust and cheating.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2020#:~:text=Transfer%20of%20foreign%20contribution%3A%20The,registered%20to%20accept%20foreign%20contributions." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010</strong></a> regulates the acceptance and use of foreign contributions and hospitality by individuals and corporations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Prior registration or prior approval of the Ministry of Home Affairs is required for receipt of foreign contributions and in the absence of such registration or approval, receipt of foreign contributions may be considered illegal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Framework:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</strong></a> provides for an establishment of an ombudsman for the central and state governments (Lokpal and Lokayuktas, respectively). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These bodies are required to act independently from the government and have been empowered to investigate allegations of corruption against public servants, which include the prime minister and other ministers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commission</strong></a> though created in 1964, became an independent statutory body only in 2003 by an Act of Parliament. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its mandate is to oversee the vigilance administration and to advise and assist the executive in matters relating to corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lokpal and Lokayukta</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013</strong> provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill was passed in 2013 in both the Houses of Parliament and came into force on 16th January 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These institutions are <strong>statutory bodies</strong> without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an <strong>"ombudsman&rdquo;</strong> and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lokpal is a <strong>multi-member body</strong>, that consists of one chairperson and a maximum of 8 members.</li>
<li>Out of the maximum eight members, half to be judicial members and minimum 50% of the Members will be from SC/ ST/ OBC/ Minorities and women.</li>
<li>The Chairperson of the Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or the former Judge of Supreme Court or an eminent person with impeccable integrity and outstanding ability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>term of office</strong> for Lokpal Chairman and Members is 5 years or till the age of 70 years.</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction of Lokpal</strong> includes Prime Minister, Ministers, members of Parliament, Groups A, B, C and D officers and officials of Central Government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the jurisdiction of the Lokpal included the Prime Minister except on allegations of corruption relating to international relations, security, the public order, atomic energy and space.</li>
<li>The Lokpal does not have jurisdiction over Ministers and MPs in the matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthen oversight institutions </strong> to ensure resources reach those most in need. Anti-corruption authorities and oversight institutions must  have sufficient funds, resources  and  independence  to perform their duties.</li>
<li><strong>Publish relevant data and guarantee access  to information</strong> to ensure the public receives easy, accessible, timely and meaningful information.</li>
<li>All agencies should cooperate to eradicate corruption. <strong>Preventive corruption measures</strong> must be appreciated and adopted as <strong>&ldquo;Prevention is better than cure&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1707009&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1616661736994000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2rsfLRmIkYa9w9TilW5jQP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7817,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NHRC Issues Notice in Hirakud Displacement Case',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> issued <strong>notices to the Chief Secretaries of Odisha and Chhattisgarh</strong> over the action taken to alleviate the sufferings of people displaced by the construction of the <strong>Hirakud dam over the Mahanadi river</strong> about six decades ago.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 111 villages were submerged due to the construction of Hirakud Dam and around 22,000 families were affected, while about 19,000 families were displaced.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hirakud Dam Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a multipurpose scheme conceived by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/birth-anniversary-of-m-visvesvaraya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Er. M. Visveswaraya</strong></a> in 1937, after recurrence of devastating floods in Mahanadi river. Its first hydro power was commissioned in 1956.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The dam is built across river Mahanadi at about 15 km upstream of Sambalpur town in the state of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Irrigation:</strong> The project provides 1,55,635 hectares of Kharif and 1,08,385 ha of Rabi irrigation in the districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir and Subarnapur. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The water released through the power house irrigates further 4,36,000 ha of regions in Mahanadi Delta.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Generation:</strong> The installed capacity for power generation is 347.5 MW through its two <strong>power houses at Burla</strong>, at the right bank and <strong>Chiplima</strong>, at 22 km downstream of the dam.</li>
<li><strong>Flood Control:</strong> The project provides flood protection to Mahanadi basin including 9500 sq. km of delta area in districts of Cuttack and Puri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614676931_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614676931_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna, and the largest river of Odisha state.</li>
<li>The <strong>catchment area</strong> of the river extends to <strong>Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its basin is bounded by the <strong>Central India hills</strong> on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the <strong>Maikala range on the west.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It rises from a place near <strong>Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh</strong> to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries of the Mahanadi river</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Seonath River</li>
<li>Hasdeo River</li>
<li>Mand River</li>
<li>Ib River</li>
<li>Jonking River</li>
<li>Tel River</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River Dispute:</strong> The Central Government constituted <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong></a> in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is a statutory body established on 12th October, 1993 by the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993. It was amended by the <strong>Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 and Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PHRA Act also provides for the creation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Human Rights Commission</strong></a> at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Obligation:</strong> The <strong>United Nations Paris Principles</strong> provided the international benchmarks against which national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can be accredited by the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI). Paris Principles (1993) were implemented in India by passing PHRA Act, 1993.</li>
<li><strong>Watchdog of Human Rights:</strong> The NHRC is an embodiment of India&rsquo;s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA <strong>defines Human Rights</strong> as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> The commission is a multi-member body consisting of a chairman and four members. A person who has been the Chief Justice of India or a judge of the Supreme Court is a chairman.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong> The chairman and members are <strong>appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister as its head, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of Parliament and the Union Home Minister.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The chairman and members <strong>hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years</strong>, whichever is earlier. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President can remove the chairman or any member from the office under some circumstances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Powers of a Civil Court:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character.</li>
<li>It is empowered to utilise the services of any officer or investigation agency of the Central government or any state government for the purpose of investigating complaints of human rights violation.</li>
<li>It<strong> can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence</strong>, i.e the Commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power to Recommend:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The functions of the commission are mainly recommendatory in nature. It has no power to punish the violators of human rights, nor to award any relief including monetary relief to the victim.</li>
<li>Its recommendations are not binding on the concerned government or authority. But, it should be informed about the action taken on its recommendations within one month.</li>
<li>It has limited role, powers and jurisdiction with respect to the violation of human rights by the members of the armed forces.</li>
<li>It is not empowered to act when human rights violations through private parties take place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nhrc-issues-notices-to-chief-secretaries-of-odisha-chhattisgarh-on-hirakud-displacement/article33964240.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7778,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Accredited Investors ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> sought comments on the proposal to introduce the concept of <strong>&lsquo;Accredited Investors&rsquo;</strong> in the Indian securities market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body established in 1992</strong> in accordance with the provisions of the SEBI Act, 1992. Its headquarters is situated in <strong>Mumbai</strong>. One of its functions is to <strong>protect the interests of investors</strong> in securities and to <strong>promote and regulate the securities market.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian markets <strong>have the concept of Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs)</strong>, which include mutual funds, insurance companies or foreign portfolio investors. These investors enjoy greater market access.</li>
<li>However, <strong>an individual investor cannot obtain the QIB status</strong>. The <strong>concept of accredited investor will provide QIB-like status to individual investors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Qualified Institutional Buyers:</strong> They are those institutional investors who are generally perceived to possess expertise and the financial capacities to evaluate and invest in the capital markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accredited investors, <strong>also called qualified investors or professional investors</strong>, are those <strong>who have an understanding of various financial products</strong> and the risks and returns associated with them.</li>
<li>They are able to <strong>make informed decisions regarding their investments</strong> and are recognised by many securities and financial market regulators globally.</li>
<li>Generally, they are allowed to <strong>trade securities that may not be registered with financial authorities.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are entitled to this <strong>privileged access by satisfying requirements</strong> regarding their income, net worth, asset size, governance status or professional experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SEBI&rsquo;s Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEBI has laid out <strong>eligibility criteria for both Indian and non-resident Indians and foreign entities.</strong></li>
<li>It has allowed the <strong>validity of accreditation for a year</strong> from the day it is granted.</li>
<li>Such accreditation is to be carried out via <strong>'Accreditation Agencies&rsquo;</strong> which may be the market infrastructure institutions or their subsidiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The accredited investor concept may <strong>offer benefits to investors and financial product/service providers</strong> such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flexibility in minimum investment amount.</li>
<li>Flexibility and relaxation in regulatory requirements.</li>
<li>Access to products/ services offered exclusively to accredited investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7712,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Securities Appellate Tribunal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Securities Appellate Tribu&shy;nal (SAT)</strong> stayed the order passed by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> that had put a one-year ban on a retail company Chairperson and some other promoters from the securities market.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SAT is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the provisions of Section 15K of the <strong>SEBI Act, 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SAT consists of a <strong>Presiding Officer</strong> and <strong>Two other members.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Presiding officer of SAT shall be <strong>appointed by the Central Government</strong> in consultation with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India</strong></a> or his nominee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has the <strong>same powers as vested in a civil court.</strong> Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT&rsquo;s decision or order can appeal to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the SEBI</strong> or by an adjudicating officer under the SEBI Act,1992.</li>
<li>To hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfrda-sets-up-panel-on-cyber-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).</strong></a></li>
<li>To hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established in 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>SEBI Act, 1992.</strong></li>
<li>Initially, SEBI was a non-statutory body. In April, <strong>1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets</strong> in India under a resolution of the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term <strong>capital market</strong> refers to facilities and institutional arrangements through which long-term funds, both debt and equity are raised and invested.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The headquarters of SEBI is situated in <strong>Mumbai.</strong></li>
<li>The regional offices of SEBI are located in <strong>Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All decisions taken by SEBI are collectively taken by its Board that consists of a <strong>Chairman and eight other members.</strong></li>
<li>SEBI also <strong>appoints various committees</strong>, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To protect the interests of investors in securities and to <strong>promote and regulate the securities market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Securities</strong> are <strong>tradable financial instruments used to raise capital</strong> in public and private markets.</li>
<li>There are primarily <strong>three types of securities: equity</strong>&mdash;which provides ownership rights to holders; <strong>debt</strong>&mdash;essentially loans repaid with periodic payments; and <strong>hybrids</strong>&mdash;which combine aspects of debt and equity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Registering</strong> and regulating the working of <strong>stock brokers, merchant bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers</strong> and such other intermediaries who may be associated with securities markets in any manner.</li>
<li>SEBI is a <strong>quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive body.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can <strong>draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/sat-stays-sebi-ban-on-biyani-other-future-group-promoters-7191687/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7497,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CVC on Delay in Investigations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commission</strong></a> (CVC) has recently directed all Ministries/Departments of the Union government to strictly <strong>adhere to the time limits for various stages of disciplinary proceedings in vigilance cases</strong> since delays were causing undue advantage or harassment to the charged officials.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC has earlier also expressed concerns that despite clear guidelines issued by the <strong>CVC</strong> and the <strong>Department of Personnel &amp; Training,</strong> investigators were not adhering to the <strong>prescribed time limit,</strong> resulting in <strong>investigations taking a much longer time.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Supreme Court</strong></a> has also ordered for limiting the <strong>period of stay granted by a court of law to six months,</strong> barring exceptional cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stay granted by a court of law</li>
<li>Case pending in a court of law</li>
<li>Case kept in abeyance since official had been terminated from service</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Set&rsquo;s Poor Precedent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Undue delay provided <strong>prolonged opportunities to a corrupt public servant</strong> to indulge in inappropriate activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disincentives honest officials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any delay in the conclusion of vigilance related matters is detrimental for an honest public servant, who may have got involved in a vigilance case.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Vigilance Commission is the <strong>apex vigilance institution,</strong> free of control from any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the <strong>Central Government</strong> and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC was set up by the Government in 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee headed by <strong>Shri K. Santhanam.</strong> In 2003, the Parliament enacted <strong>CVC Act</strong> conferring <strong>statutory status on the CVC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC receives complaints on<strong> corruption or misuse of office</strong> and to recommend appropriate action. Following institutions, bodies, or a person can approach to CVC:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central government</li>
<li>Lokpal</li>
<li>Whistle blowers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is not an<strong> investigating agency.</strong> The CVC either gets the investigation done through the<strong> Central Bureau of Investigation</strong> or through <strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO) in government offices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Vigilance Commission has its own <strong>Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners' Wing</strong> (CTE) and <strong>a wing of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries</strong> (CDI). For investigation work, CVC has to depend on two external sources <strong>CBI and Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO).</li>
<li><strong>The Central Vigilance Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Multi-member Commission consists of a<strong> Central Vigilance Commissioner</strong> (Chairperson) and not more than <strong>two Vigilance Commissioners</strong> (Member).</li>
<li>The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the<strong> President</strong> on the recommendations of a Committee consisting of the<strong> Prime Minister</strong> (Chairperson), the <strong>Minister of Home Affairs</strong> (Member) and the <strong>Leader of the Opposition</strong> in the House of the People (Member).</li>
<li><strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance administration in Departments/Organisations is headed by the <strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO) and the Commission&rsquo;s activities concerning inquiry or causing inquiry are supported by/carried out through the<strong> CVOs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CVOs in all Departments/organisations</strong> are appointed after prior consultation with the Commission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Their term is <strong>4 years or 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by <strong>order of the President</strong> on the ground of <strong>proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court,</strong> on a reference made to it by the President, has, <strong>on inquiry,</strong> reported that the Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner, as the case may be, ought to be removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cvc-for-expeditious-disposal-of-vigilance-cases/article33602389.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7296,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Electoral Bonds and Right to Information',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-years-of-rti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Information Commission (CIC)</strong></a>, the lead body for implementing the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information Act 2005</strong></a>, has ruled that the <strong>disclosure of identity of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/electoral-bonds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">electoral bond scheme</a> donors</strong> will not serve any larger public interest and will <strong>violate provisions of the Act itself</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>electoral bond scheme</strong> allows citizens and corporates to buy monetary instruments from the State Bank of India (SBI) and donate them to political parties, who can redeem them for money.</li>
<li>According to the Association for Democratic Reforms, political parties have received a total of 12,452 <strong>electoral bonds worth Rs. 6210.39 crore</strong> till January 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission observed that the <strong>disclosure</strong> of names of donors and the donees may be <strong>in contravention of</strong> provisions contained in <strong>section 8(1)(e)(j) of the RTI Act</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The said section <strong>exempts a public authority to give a citizen information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship,</strong> unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A fiduciary is a person who holds a <strong>legal or ethical relationship of trust</strong> with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).</li>
<li>The information related to electoral bonds issued to political parties is held by SBI in a fiduciary capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earlier</strong> in January 2020, CIC had <strong>directed the Centre</strong> to <strong>reveal the names of electoral bond scheme donors</strong> who wanted their identities to remain confidential.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Anonymity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither the donor nor the political party is obligated to reveal whom the donation comes from.<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that all political parties who had received donations through electoral bonds must submit details to the Election Commission of India.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>This undercuts a fundamental constitutional principle, the <strong>freedom of political information,</strong> which is an integral element of <strong>Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black Money:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Elimination</strong> of <strong>a cap of 7.5% on corporate donations</strong>, elimination of requirement to reveal political contributions in profit and loss statements and also the elimination of the provision that a corporation must be three years in existence, <strong>undercuts the intent of the scheme</strong>.<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Any <strong>troubled, dying company</strong> can donate an unlimited amount anonymously to a political party giving them a convenient channel for business to round-trip their cash parked in tax havens for a favour or advantage granted in return for something.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defeating Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defeats the fundamental principle of transparency in political finance because it <strong>conceals from public scrutiny the identity of the corporates and moneybags</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetric Opacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government is always in a position to know who the donor is</strong> because the bonds are purchased through the SBI.</li>
<li>This asymmetry of information <strong>threatens to colour the process in favour of whichever political party is ruling</strong> at the time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Electoral Bond</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Electoral Bond is a financial instrument for making donations to <strong>political parties</strong>.</li>
<li>The bonds are <strong>issued in multiples</strong> of Rs. 1,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 1 lakh, Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore <strong>without any maximum limit</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>State Bank of India</strong> is authorised to issue and encash these bonds, which are <strong>valid for fifteen days from the date of issuance</strong>.</li>
<li>These bonds are <strong>redeemable in the designated account of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-national-party-from-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener">registered political party</a></strong>.</li>
<li>The bonds are available for purchase by <strong>any person (who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India)</strong> for a period of ten days each in the months of January, April, July and October as may be specified by the Central Government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A person being an individual can buy bonds, either <strong>singly or jointly</strong> with other individuals.</li>
<li>Donor&rsquo;s name is <strong>not mentioned</strong> on the bond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Information Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is <strong>not a constitutional body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shall consist of the <strong>Chief Information Commissioner (CIC)</strong> and such number of <strong>Central Information Commissioners not exceeding 10</strong> as may be deemed necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are appointed by the <strong>President</strong> on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the <strong>Prime Minister as Chairperson</strong>, the <strong>Leader of Opposition</strong> in the Lok Sabha and a <strong>Union Cabinet Minister</strong> nominated by the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for <strong>such a term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.</li>
<li>They are <strong>not eligible for reappointment</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power and Functions of CIC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the duty of the Commission to <strong>receive and inquire into a complaint</strong> from any person regarding information request under RTI, 2005.</li>
<li>The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds <strong>(suo-moto power)</strong>.</li>
<li>While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a <strong>civil court</strong> in respect of <strong>summoning, requiring documents</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/electoral-bonds-cic-says-revealing-names-of-donors-not-in-public-interest-violates-rti-7115866/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7156,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The process of establishing Waqf Boards in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir </strong>and<strong> leh-kargil</strong> has started recently.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are thousands of Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil and the process has been started to <strong>register these Waqf properties. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Digitisation, Geo Tagging/GPS</strong> Mapping of these Waqf properties has also been initiated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government will provide adequate <strong>financial assistance</strong> to construct infrastructure for socio-economic and educational activities on Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sanskritik-sadbhav-mandap-pmjvk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram&rdquo;</strong> </a>(PMJVK).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram</strong> (PMJVK) seeks to provide better socio economic infrastructure facilities to the minority communities particularly in the field of <strong>education, health &amp; skill development</strong> which would further lead to lessening of the gap between the national average and the minority communities with regard to backwardness parameters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The erstwhile <strong>Multi-sectoral Development Programme</strong> (MsDP) has been restructured and renamed as Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram for effective implementation since 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Waqf Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Waqf Council is a<strong> statutory body</strong> under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Minority Affairs</strong> set up in 1964 as per the provision given in the Waqf Act, 1954.</li>
<li>It is an<strong> advisory body</strong> to the Central Government on matters concerning the working of the Waqf Boards and the due administration of<strong> Auqaf.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Auqaf</strong> (also spelled awkaf,) is an Arabic word meaning assets.</li>
<li>The Council consists of <strong>Chairperson,</strong> who is the <strong>Union Minister</strong> In charge of Waqf, such other members<strong>, not exceeding 20 in number,</strong> as may be appointed by the <strong>Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Each state has a Waqf Board headed by a chairperson,</strong> one or two nominees from the state government, Muslim legislators and parliamentarians, Muslim members of the state Bar Council, recognised scholars of Islamic theology and mutawalis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1678292" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7049,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Woes of National Commission for Minorities',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, it has been highlighted that the seven-member <strong>National Commission for Minorities</strong> (NCM) has<strong> only one member left</strong> after the retirement of its vice-chairperson while the other 5 posts have been vacant since May 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry for Minority Affairs</strong> clarified that the process is underway and there has been a delay in filling the vacancies because of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is <strong>not the first time that vacancies have not been filled</strong> in the NCM. In 2017, all seven posts remained empty for over two months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>2004,</strong> the <strong>standing committee on social justice and empowerment,</strong> headed by <strong>Sumitra Mahajan,</strong> made specific recommendations to strengthen the NCM, highlighting its <strong>insufficient investigative powers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these recommendations were <strong>never implemented</strong> by the then government. The reports tabled by the NCM are <strong>hardly taken up or debated</strong> irrespective of the government in power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 13 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992</a></strong> mandates that the <strong>annual report,</strong> together with the memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, as well as the reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any, be <strong>tabled before Parliament annually.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These <strong>reports have not been tabled</strong> in Parliament <strong>since 2010.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Commission for Minorities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genesis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>1978,</strong> setting up of the<strong> Minorities Commission</strong> (MC) was envisaged in the Ministry of Home Affairs Resolution.</li>
<li>In <strong>1984,</strong> the MC was detached from the Ministry of Home Affairs and placed under the newly created Ministry of Welfare, which excluded linguistic minorities from the Commission&rsquo;s jurisdiction in 1988.</li>
<li>In <strong>1992,</strong> with the enactment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCM Act, 1992</strong></a>, the <strong>MC became a statutory body and was renamed as the NCM.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> the first<strong> Statutory National Commission</strong> was set up and <strong>five religious communities</strong> viz the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) were notified as minority communities.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014,</strong> Jains were also notified as a minority community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCM consists of a <strong>Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five members</strong> and all of them shall be from amongst the minority communities.</li>
<li>Total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government should be from amongst<strong> persons of eminence, ability and integrity.</strong> The Ministry for Minority Affairs recommends the names to the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> Each Member holds office for a <strong>period of three years</strong> from the date of assumption of office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Evaluation of the progress of the development</strong> of minorities under the Union and States.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring of the working of the safeguards</strong> for minorities provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It ensures that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-15-point-programme#:~:text=PM's%20New%2015%20PP%20is,sections%20of%20the%20minority%20communities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 15-point programme</strong></a> is implemented and the programmes for minority communities are actually functioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards</strong> for the protection of the interests of minorities by the central or state governments.</li>
<li><strong>Looking into specific complaints</strong> regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aggrieved persons belonging to the minority communities may approach the concerned State Minorities Commissions for redressal of their grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Getting studies to be undertaken into the problems arising</strong> out of any discrimination against minorities and recommending measures for their removal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>investigates matters of communal conflict and riots.</strong> For example, the<strong> 2011 Bharatpur communal riots,</strong> as well as the <strong>2012 Bodo-Muslim clashes in Assam,</strong> were investigated by the commission and their findings were submitted to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It observes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minorities Rights Day</strong></a> every year on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> December</strong> which marks the adoption of the &ldquo;Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities&rdquo; by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> in <strong>1992.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The declaration states that <strong>countries shall protect the existence of the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities</strong> within their respective territories and encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>NCM Act defines a minority</strong> as &ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government.''<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India has declared <strong>six religions</strong> namely, <strong>Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists</strong> and<strong> Parsis</strong> (Zoroastrian) and <strong>Jain</strong> as religious minorities in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Commission for Minority Education Institution (NCMEI) Act, 2004</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It gives the minority status to the educational institutions on the basis of six religious communities notified by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term<strong> "minority"</strong> is <strong>not defined in the Indian Constitution.</strong> However, the Constitution<strong> recognises religious and linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 15 and 16:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prohibition of discrimination against citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
<li>Citizens&rsquo; right to &lsquo;equality of opportunity&rsquo; in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State, and prohibition in this regard of any discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 25 (1), 26 and 28:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion.</li>
<li>Right of every religious denomination or any section to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, manage its own religious affairs, and own and acquire property and administer it.</li>
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational institutions wholly maintained, recognized, or aided by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.</li>
<li>It <strong>grants protection to both religious minorities as well as linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that the scope of this article is not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as use of the word &lsquo;section of citizens&rsquo; in the Article includes minorities as well as the majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All minorities shall have the <strong>right to establish and administer educational institutions</strong> of their choice.</li>
<li>The protection under Article 30<strong> is confined only to minorities</strong> (religious or linguistic) and does not extend to any section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 350-B:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>7<sup>th</sup> Constitutional (Amendment) Act 1956</strong></a> inserted this article which provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities appointed by the President of India.</li>
<li>It would be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vacancies-unfilled-minorities-panel-has-only-one-member-7061731/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6965,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CCI to Probe Google',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/competition-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Commission of India (CCI)</strong></a> has initiated a probe into alleged abuse of dominant position by the company to promote its <strong>payments app, Google Pay.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCI highlighted<strong> two main anti market practices</strong> by google to unfairly <strong>push Google Pay</strong> it&rsquo;s payment app:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mandatory Use:</strong> Google&rsquo;s policy of <strong>mandatory use</strong> of <strong>Google Play&rsquo;s payment system</strong> for purchasing the apps and IAPs (in-app purchases) in the Play Store.</li>
<li><strong>Exclusionary Practices:</strong> It <strong>excluded</strong> other mobile<strong> wallets/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UPI (Unified Payments Interface)</a></strong> apps as one of the effective payment options in Google Play&rsquo;s payment system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The CCI also criticised Google&rsquo;s policy to charge <strong>30% commission for all app and in-app purchases.&nbsp;</strong>Since Google&rsquo;s Play store cornered about 90% of all downloads, a <strong>significant volume of payments being processed</strong> in the market would thus be <strong>controlled</strong> by it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the application developers raise their subscription fees <strong>to offset the costs</strong> of google&rsquo;s commission or remove/reduce premium/paid subscription offers for users,<strong> it may affect user experience, cost and choice.</strong> Such conditions imposed by the app stores<strong> limit the ability of the app developers</strong> to offer payment processing solutions of their choice to the users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CCI also highlighted reports of Google abusing its <strong>dominant position in the Android-television market by creating barriers for companies</strong> which wanted to use or modify its Android operating systems for their smart televisions.</li>
<li>The probe against Google Pay comes days after the<strong> National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)</strong> allowed rival <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whatsapp-upi-and-npci-regulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Facebook-owned WhatsApp to go live on the UPI</strong></a> in the multi-bank model.</li>
<li>This is Google&rsquo;s<strong> third major antitrust challenge</strong> in India:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the CCI fined Google $21 million for<strong> &lsquo;search bias&rsquo;:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was alleged that Google was indulging in abuse of a dominant position in the market for online search through practices leading to search bias and search manipulation, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2019, the CCI started probing Google for allegedly misusing its <strong>dominant position to reduce the ability of smartphone manufacturers</strong> to opt for alternate versions of its Android mobile operating system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other countries where Google facing antitrust probe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory scrutiny in the European Union for anti-competitive behaviour.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/antitrust-case-against-google-usa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United States Department of Justice (DoJ) also sued Google</strong></a> alleging the company had abused its dominant position in a way that had harmed its competitors as well as customers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Competition Act, 2002</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was passed in 2002 and was amended by the <strong>Competition (Amendment) Act,</strong> 2007. It follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.</li>
<li>The <strong>Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act)</strong> was repealed and<strong> replaced by the Competition Act, 2002,</strong> on the recommendations of <strong>Raghavan committee.</strong></li>
<li>The Act <strong>prohibits</strong> anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations, which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.</li>
<li>In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the<strong> Competition Commission of India</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)</strong></a> were established.</li>
<li>The government replaced COMPAT with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) in 2017.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Competition Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a statutory body responsible for enforcing the objectives of the <strong>Competition Act, 2002.</strong></li>
<li>Composition: A <strong>Chairperson and 6 Members</strong> appointed by the Central Government.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To eliminate practices having adverse effects on competition.</li>
<li>Promote and sustain competition.</li>
<li>Protect the interests of consumers.</li>
<li>Ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Commission is also required <strong>to give an opinion on competition issues</strong> on a reference received from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-be-probed-for-alleged-abuse-of-dominance-7034715/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6921,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Commission for Air Quality Management',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/more-than-commission-to-check-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;More than commission to check air pollution&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Economic Times on 03/11/2020. It talks about the significance and issues related to the newly setup Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</p>
</div>
<p>Air pollution is a serious problem with environmental, public health and economic dimensions. Northern India gets exposed to hazardous levels of air quality almost every year.</p>
<p>Acknowledging this public health hazard, the centre government has promulgated an ordinance. Through this ordinance, the Centre set up a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</strong></a></p>
<p>The commission replaces 22 year old <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epca-on-early-burning-of-crop-residue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority</strong></a> (EPCA) and envisages to streamline the public participation, the inter-State cooperation, the expert involvement and persistent research and innovation.</p>
<p>CAQM is a <strong>statutory mechanism</strong> to coordinate and oversee diverse efforts to improve air quality in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and UP, with the underlying remedial approach. The establishment of CAQM has the potential to address the problem of air pollution but an institution by itself is not a solution.</p>
<h3>Significance of the New Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishing a Statutory Body:</strong> So far, the matter was overseen by the Supreme Court-mandated Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority that had taken decisions like converting public transport to the CNG mode of fuel and imposing a pollution charge on old polluting vehicles.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the EPCA was criticised for not exercising its statutory powers and for merely functioning as an advisory body to the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>Through this ordinance, a statutory body is being set up to regulate the process by coordinating between the Central Government and the states concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consolidated Approach:</strong> The ordinance envisages for consolidated approach towards monitoring, elimination of pollution sources and enforcement.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The commission will have the power to coordinate with relevant state and central governments on the multi-sector plan including industry, power plants, agriculture, transport, residential and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participatory Democracy:</strong> The Commission would function under the oversight of the elected representatives with regular reports to the Parliament.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ordinance claims, adding &ldquo;the highest degree of democratic oversight would ensure effective enforcement of the efforts and proposals of the commission&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Ad-hocism:</strong> As the Commission is to function under the aegis and the overall supervision and guidance of the Central government, the ordinance hopes it would replace multitudes of committees, task forces, commissions and informal groups formed temporarily or otherwise, by various orders of the constitutional courts or the Centre and the States concerned and synergise the efforts of different stake-holders.</li>
<li><strong>Empowered Body:</strong> The new commission will reportedly have more powers &mdash; in its constitution and scope as well in terms of punitive provisions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ordinance talks of a Rs 1 crore fine or five years&rsquo; imprisonment or both for violators of pollution control norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federal Issue:</strong> The ordinance vests the commission with great power and its domain overlaps that of different state bodies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the coordinating body, the commission will be dependent on states for enforcement.</li>
<li>Separately, many areas of the commission&rsquo;s mandate such as ending stubble burning and finding ways to lower carbon emissions from vehicle tailpipes involve economic tradeoffs and fiscal measures.</li>
<li>As the five states are administered by different political parties, politics will have a say in the outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of Judicial Oversight:</strong> The intervention of the Supreme Court in environment protection matters stems from a deep distrust of the Executive. It is due to this Supreme Court established EPCA.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the ordinances dissolve all other committees and authorities that were set up under judicial and administrative orders, there are apprehensions of limiting the role of the judiciary and creating a supra-centralised framework for air-quality management in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Inclusive:</strong> Air pollution impacts health, restrictions imposed to control air pollution impacts agricultural labourers and dealing with stubble burning requires incentives which is the domain of rural development.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, no farmers&rsquo; body has been allowed to be co-opted as members while representatives of any association or commerce or industry&rsquo; can be co-opted as members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unrealistic Punitive Measures:</strong> By putting an unrealistic limit of Rs 1 crore to the fine payable, irrespective of the damage caused to the environment, the Ordinance is deviation from the polluter pays principle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>An impediment to improving air quality has been the inability and unwillingness of the authorities, particularly state governments, to address the issues outside of emergency situations or seasonal spikes.</p>
<p>Therefore, while coordination between authorities is, no doubt, a precondition for clearing the air, these have to be founded on policies to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/air-pollution-concerted-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bring a holistic plan</strong></a> and enable behavioural changes for farmers to incentivise them to give up <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stubble-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stubble burning.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604490758_image0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604490758_image0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafcff;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss to what extent the newly established Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas will be successful in combating air pollution in the region.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQmV02jUMpI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/end-of-the-tunnel/article33005879.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;End of the tunnel?: On GST revenues&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on November 03<sup>rd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has sought a response from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/children-abandoning-education-in-mica-mining-districts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong></a>, to its request to eight States for immediate repatriation of children living in care homes with their families.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repatriation Request:</strong> The NCPCR requested to Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Mizoram, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Meghalaya for repatriation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These States combinedly have 1.84 lakh children in care homes.</li>
<li>This accounts for over 70% of the children in care homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Activism:</strong> The court is<strong> suo motu</strong> monitoring the condition and welfare of children placed in care homes across the country during the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The active role of the judiciary, even in the executive or legislative sphere, for upholding the rights of citizens and preserving the constitution is known as judicial activism.</li>
<li>The court questioned if the NCPCR could issue such general directions to the States without considering the education, health, safety of the children, the consent of their parents and their economical situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On individual basis:</strong> Repatriation ought to be considered on an individual basis for child safety.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sovereignty-unconstrained-right#:~:text=An%20amicus%20curiae%20(literally%2C%20%22,the%20issues%20in%20the%20case." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>amicus curiae</strong></a> (&ldquo;friend of the court&rdquo; - one who assists the court advice regarding questions of law or fact ), the NCPCR direction violated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice Act of 2015</strong></a> since the pandemic would make a child more vulnerable to domestic abuse.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, comprehensively addresses children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.</li>
<li>As per the <strong>Section 27(1) of the Act,</strong> Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) are to be constituted by State Government by notification in the Official Gazette for every district, for exercising the powers and to discharge the duties conferred on such Committees in relation to children in need of care and protection under JJ Act, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NCPCR&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> The NCPCR, suggested the need for a child to grow up in a familial environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, in an April 2020 order, the court had directed juvenile authorities to &ldquo;proactively consider whether a child or children should be kept in the child care institutions considering the best interest, health and safety concerns&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Care Homes:</strong> The children being taken in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/survey-of-child-care-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> child care homes</strong></a>, are not only those who are orphans/abandoned children, but also children <strong>hailing from downtrodden/financially unstable families.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, if there is any child who is either being brought up by a single parent or comes from a family which is not able to bring up the child properly, then that child can avail all the facilities at a care home.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The facilities for children like individual bedding, proper nutrition and diet, toys, hygiene and maintenance of the CCI/Homes, sufficient water, health check-ups, educational facilities based on the age and special needs of the child.</li>
<li>All the children in these care homes are required to study in nearby government schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCPCR is a<strong> statutory body</strong> set up in <strong>March 2007</strong> under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>It is under the<strong> administrative control of the Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission's mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</li>
<li>It inquires into <strong>complaints</strong> relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aser-report-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>It monitors the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approved-changes-to-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Individual case basis of repatriation is a reasonable step to begin with.</li>
<li>Meanwhile there must be strengthened monitoring of child care institutions regarding the proper facilities.</li>
<li>Elements of sensitivity can be inducted with training in the staff at child care homes so as to understand the needs of children.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-questions-ncpcr-on-children-repatriation/article32812837.ece#:~:" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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