Article Tags

You searched “Statutory Bodies”. Your tag search matches the following results:

NHRC Issues Notice in Hirakud Displacement Case

Why in News The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) issued notices to the Chief Secretaries of Odisha and Chhattisgarh over the action taken to...

02 Mar 2021 Statutory Bodies
Accredited Investors

Why in News Recently, the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) sought comments on the proposal to introduce the concept of ‘Accredited...

25 Feb 2021 Statutory Bodies
Securities Appellate Tribunal

Why in News Recently, the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) stayed the order passed by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) that had...

17 Feb 2021 Statutory Bodies
CVC on Delay in Investigations

Why in News The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has recently directed all Ministries/Departments of the Union government to strictly adhere to...

19 Jan 2021 Statutory Bodies
Electoral Bonds and Right to Information

Why in News The Central Information Commission (CIC), the lead body for implementing the Right to Information Act 2005, has ruled that the...

24 Dec 2020 Statutory Bodies
Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir

Why in News The process of establishing Waqf Boards in Jammu and Kashmir and leh-kargil has started recently. Key Points There are thousands of...

08 Dec 2020 Statutory Bodies
Woes of National Commission for Minorities

Why in News Recently, it has been highlighted that the seven-member National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has only one member left after the...

23 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
CCI to Probe Google

Why in News The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has initiated a probe into alleged abuse of dominant position by the company to promote its...

10 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
New Commission for Air Quality Management

This article is based on “More than commission to check air pollution” which was published in The Economic Times on 03/11/2020. It...

04 Nov 2020 Statutory Bodies
SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request

Why in News The Supreme Court has sought a response from the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), to its request to eight...

10 Oct 2020 Statutory Bodies
Issues in Goa Lokayukta

Why in News Recently, Justice Prafulla Kumar Misra has retired from the post of Goa Lokayukta and has highlighted the issues related to the state...

06 Oct 2020 Statutory Bodies
Domestic Systemically Important Insurers

Why in News The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Corporation of India and The New India Assurance Co have been...

26 Sep 2020 Statutory Bodies
Lok Adalat

Why in News Recently, a daily wager in Odisha’s Kandhamal district has moved the Lok Adalat against the Prime Minister of India but the...

25 Sep 2020 Statutory Bodies
RBI Signs Currency Swap for Sri Lanka

Why in News Recently, India and Sri Lanka had a virtual meeting in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. It was attended by the officials from the...

25 Jul 2020 Statutory Bodies
Delimitation in North-east Illegal: Former EC Expert

Why in News Recently, a former legal advisor to the Election Commission (EC) has held that the Centre’s order for setting up a Delimitation...

17 Jul 2020 Statutory Bodies
Re-establishment of PCIM&H

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has given its approval to re-establish Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy...

04 Jun 2020 Statutory Bodies
Associate Members to Delimitation Commission

Why in News Recently, the Lok Sabha Speaker has nominated 15 MPs from Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh to assist...

30 May 2020 Statutory Bodies
NHRC’s Notice to Government on Migrant Deaths

Why in News The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued notices to the Union Home Ministry, the Railway Board and the Bihar and Gujarat...

29 May 2020 Statutory Bodies
Antitrust Case Against Google

Why in News Recently, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has started looking into allegations against the Alphabet Inc’s...

28 May 2020 Statutory Bodies
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Important Schemes and Policies Good Governance Index ‘Good Governance Index’ (GGI) was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public...

04 May 2020 Statutory Bodies

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'amonth' => 'March',
	'ayear' => '2021',
	'articles' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'title' => 'Article Tags'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-mains-english/sociology-optional-mains-online-en',
		'title' => 'Sociology Mains Test Series 2020 - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-prelims-english/prelims-test-series-2021-online',
		'title' => 'Prelims Test Series 2021 (Online) - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/drishtibooks',
		'title' => 'Get Drishti Publications books & magazines on Amazon - click here!',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/joindrishti',
		'title' => 'Click here for Online Inquiry form to join Drishti IAS programmes',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$amonth = 'March'
$ayear = '2021'
$articles = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7817,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NHRC Issues Notice in Hirakud Displacement Case',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> issued <strong>notices to the Chief Secretaries of Odisha and Chhattisgarh</strong> over the action taken to alleviate the sufferings of people displaced by the construction of the <strong>Hirakud dam over the Mahanadi river</strong> about six decades ago.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 111 villages were submerged due to the construction of Hirakud Dam and around 22,000 families were affected, while about 19,000 families were displaced.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hirakud Dam Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a multipurpose scheme conceived by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/birth-anniversary-of-m-visvesvaraya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Er. M. Visveswaraya</strong></a> in 1937, after recurrence of devastating floods in Mahanadi river. Its first hydro power was commissioned in 1956.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The dam is built across river Mahanadi at about 15 km upstream of Sambalpur town in the state of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Irrigation:</strong> The project provides 1,55,635 hectares of Kharif and 1,08,385 ha of Rabi irrigation in the districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir and Subarnapur. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The water released through the power house irrigates further 4,36,000 ha of regions in Mahanadi Delta.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Generation:</strong> The installed capacity for power generation is 347.5 MW through its two <strong>power houses at Burla</strong>, at the right bank and <strong>Chiplima</strong>, at 22 km downstream of the dam.</li>
<li><strong>Flood Control:</strong> The project provides flood protection to Mahanadi basin including 9500 sq. km of delta area in districts of Cuttack and Puri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614676931_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614676931_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna, and the largest river of Odisha state.</li>
<li>The <strong>catchment area</strong> of the river extends to <strong>Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its basin is bounded by the <strong>Central India hills</strong> on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the <strong>Maikala range on the west.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It rises from a place near <strong>Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh</strong> to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries of the Mahanadi river</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Seonath River</li>
<li>Hasdeo River</li>
<li>Mand River</li>
<li>Ib River</li>
<li>Jonking River</li>
<li>Tel River</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River Dispute:</strong> The Central Government constituted <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong></a> in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is a statutory body established on 12th October, 1993 by the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993. It was amended by the <strong>Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 and Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PHRA Act also provides for the creation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Human Rights Commission</strong></a> at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Obligation:</strong> The <strong>United Nations Paris Principles</strong> provided the international benchmarks against which national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can be accredited by the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI). Paris Principles (1993) were implemented in India by passing PHRA Act, 1993.</li>
<li><strong>Watchdog of Human Rights:</strong> The NHRC is an embodiment of India&rsquo;s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA <strong>defines Human Rights</strong> as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> The commission is a multi-member body consisting of a chairman and four members. A person who has been the Chief Justice of India or a judge of the Supreme Court is a chairman.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong> The chairman and members are <strong>appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister as its head, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of Parliament and the Union Home Minister.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The chairman and members <strong>hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years</strong>, whichever is earlier. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President can remove the chairman or any member from the office under some circumstances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Powers of a Civil Court:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character.</li>
<li>It is empowered to utilise the services of any officer or investigation agency of the Central government or any state government for the purpose of investigating complaints of human rights violation.</li>
<li>It<strong> can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence</strong>, i.e the Commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power to Recommend:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The functions of the commission are mainly recommendatory in nature. It has no power to punish the violators of human rights, nor to award any relief including monetary relief to the victim.</li>
<li>Its recommendations are not binding on the concerned government or authority. But, it should be informed about the action taken on its recommendations within one month.</li>
<li>It has limited role, powers and jurisdiction with respect to the violation of human rights by the members of the armed forces.</li>
<li>It is not empowered to act when human rights violations through private parties take place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nhrc-issues-notices-to-chief-secretaries-of-odisha-chhattisgarh-on-hirakud-displacement/article33964240.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'nhrc-issues-notice-in-hirakud-displacement-case',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7778,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Accredited Investors ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> sought comments on the proposal to introduce the concept of <strong>&lsquo;Accredited Investors&rsquo;</strong> in the Indian securities market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body established in 1992</strong> in accordance with the provisions of the SEBI Act, 1992. Its headquarters is situated in <strong>Mumbai</strong>. One of its functions is to <strong>protect the interests of investors</strong> in securities and to <strong>promote and regulate the securities market.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian markets <strong>have the concept of Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs)</strong>, which include mutual funds, insurance companies or foreign portfolio investors. These investors enjoy greater market access.</li>
<li>However, <strong>an individual investor cannot obtain the QIB status</strong>. The <strong>concept of accredited investor will provide QIB-like status to individual investors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Qualified Institutional Buyers:</strong> They are those institutional investors who are generally perceived to possess expertise and the financial capacities to evaluate and invest in the capital markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accredited investors, <strong>also called qualified investors or professional investors</strong>, are those <strong>who have an understanding of various financial products</strong> and the risks and returns associated with them.</li>
<li>They are able to <strong>make informed decisions regarding their investments</strong> and are recognised by many securities and financial market regulators globally.</li>
<li>Generally, they are allowed to <strong>trade securities that may not be registered with financial authorities.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are entitled to this <strong>privileged access by satisfying requirements</strong> regarding their income, net worth, asset size, governance status or professional experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SEBI&rsquo;s Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEBI has laid out <strong>eligibility criteria for both Indian and non-resident Indians and foreign entities.</strong></li>
<li>It has allowed the <strong>validity of accreditation for a year</strong> from the day it is granted.</li>
<li>Such accreditation is to be carried out via <strong>'Accreditation Agencies&rsquo;</strong> which may be the market infrastructure institutions or their subsidiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The accredited investor concept may <strong>offer benefits to investors and financial product/service providers</strong> such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flexibility in minimum investment amount.</li>
<li>Flexibility and relaxation in regulatory requirements.</li>
<li>Access to products/ services offered exclusively to accredited investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'accredited-investors',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7712,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Securities Appellate Tribunal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Securities Appellate Tribu&shy;nal (SAT)</strong> stayed the order passed by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> that had put a one-year ban on a retail company Chairperson and some other promoters from the securities market.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SAT is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the provisions of Section 15K of the <strong>SEBI Act, 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SAT consists of a <strong>Presiding Officer</strong> and <strong>Two other members.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Presiding officer of SAT shall be <strong>appointed by the Central Government</strong> in consultation with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India</strong></a> or his nominee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has the <strong>same powers as vested in a civil court.</strong> Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT&rsquo;s decision or order can appeal to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the SEBI</strong> or by an adjudicating officer under the SEBI Act,1992.</li>
<li>To hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pfrda-sets-up-panel-on-cyber-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).</strong></a></li>
<li>To hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established in 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>SEBI Act, 1992.</strong></li>
<li>Initially, SEBI was a non-statutory body. In April, <strong>1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets</strong> in India under a resolution of the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term <strong>capital market</strong> refers to facilities and institutional arrangements through which long-term funds, both debt and equity are raised and invested.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The headquarters of SEBI is situated in <strong>Mumbai.</strong></li>
<li>The regional offices of SEBI are located in <strong>Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All decisions taken by SEBI are collectively taken by its Board that consists of a <strong>Chairman and eight other members.</strong></li>
<li>SEBI also <strong>appoints various committees</strong>, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To protect the interests of investors in securities and to <strong>promote and regulate the securities market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Securities</strong> are <strong>tradable financial instruments used to raise capital</strong> in public and private markets.</li>
<li>There are primarily <strong>three types of securities: equity</strong>&mdash;which provides ownership rights to holders; <strong>debt</strong>&mdash;essentially loans repaid with periodic payments; and <strong>hybrids</strong>&mdash;which combine aspects of debt and equity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Registering</strong> and regulating the working of <strong>stock brokers, merchant bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers</strong> and such other intermediaries who may be associated with securities markets in any manner.</li>
<li>SEBI is a <strong>quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive body.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can <strong>draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/sat-stays-sebi-ban-on-biyani-other-future-group-promoters-7191687/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'securities-appellate-tribunal',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7497,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CVC on Delay in Investigations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commission</strong></a> (CVC) has recently directed all Ministries/Departments of the Union government to strictly <strong>adhere to the time limits for various stages of disciplinary proceedings in vigilance cases</strong> since delays were causing undue advantage or harassment to the charged officials.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC has earlier also expressed concerns that despite clear guidelines issued by the <strong>CVC</strong> and the <strong>Department of Personnel &amp; Training,</strong> investigators were not adhering to the <strong>prescribed time limit,</strong> resulting in <strong>investigations taking a much longer time.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Supreme Court</strong></a> has also ordered for limiting the <strong>period of stay granted by a court of law to six months,</strong> barring exceptional cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stay granted by a court of law</li>
<li>Case pending in a court of law</li>
<li>Case kept in abeyance since official had been terminated from service</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Set&rsquo;s Poor Precedent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Undue delay provided <strong>prolonged opportunities to a corrupt public servant</strong> to indulge in inappropriate activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disincentives honest officials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any delay in the conclusion of vigilance related matters is detrimental for an honest public servant, who may have got involved in a vigilance case.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Vigilance Commission is the <strong>apex vigilance institution,</strong> free of control from any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the <strong>Central Government</strong> and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC was set up by the Government in 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee headed by <strong>Shri K. Santhanam.</strong> In 2003, the Parliament enacted <strong>CVC Act</strong> conferring <strong>statutory status on the CVC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVC receives complaints on<strong> corruption or misuse of office</strong> and to recommend appropriate action. Following institutions, bodies, or a person can approach to CVC:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central government</li>
<li>Lokpal</li>
<li>Whistle blowers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is not an<strong> investigating agency.</strong> The CVC either gets the investigation done through the<strong> Central Bureau of Investigation</strong> or through <strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO) in government offices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Vigilance Commission has its own <strong>Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners' Wing</strong> (CTE) and <strong>a wing of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries</strong> (CDI). For investigation work, CVC has to depend on two external sources <strong>CBI and Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO).</li>
<li><strong>The Central Vigilance Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Multi-member Commission consists of a<strong> Central Vigilance Commissioner</strong> (Chairperson) and not more than <strong>two Vigilance Commissioners</strong> (Member).</li>
<li>The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the<strong> President</strong> on the recommendations of a Committee consisting of the<strong> Prime Minister</strong> (Chairperson), the <strong>Minister of Home Affairs</strong> (Member) and the <strong>Leader of the Opposition</strong> in the House of the People (Member).</li>
<li><strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance administration in Departments/Organisations is headed by the <strong>Chief Vigilance Officers</strong> (CVO) and the Commission&rsquo;s activities concerning inquiry or causing inquiry are supported by/carried out through the<strong> CVOs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CVOs in all Departments/organisations</strong> are appointed after prior consultation with the Commission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Their term is <strong>4 years or 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by <strong>order of the President</strong> on the ground of <strong>proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court,</strong> on a reference made to it by the President, has, <strong>on inquiry,</strong> reported that the Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner, as the case may be, ought to be removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cvc-for-expeditious-disposal-of-vigilance-cases/article33602389.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'cvc-on-delay-in-investigations',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7296,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Electoral Bonds and Right to Information',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-years-of-rti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Information Commission (CIC)</strong></a>, the lead body for implementing the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information Act 2005</strong></a>, has ruled that the <strong>disclosure of identity of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/electoral-bonds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">electoral bond scheme</a> donors</strong> will not serve any larger public interest and will <strong>violate provisions of the Act itself</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>electoral bond scheme</strong> allows citizens and corporates to buy monetary instruments from the State Bank of India (SBI) and donate them to political parties, who can redeem them for money.</li>
<li>According to the Association for Democratic Reforms, political parties have received a total of 12,452 <strong>electoral bonds worth Rs. 6210.39 crore</strong> till January 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission observed that the <strong>disclosure</strong> of names of donors and the donees may be <strong>in contravention of</strong> provisions contained in <strong>section 8(1)(e)(j) of the RTI Act</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The said section <strong>exempts a public authority to give a citizen information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship,</strong> unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A fiduciary is a person who holds a <strong>legal or ethical relationship of trust</strong> with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).</li>
<li>The information related to electoral bonds issued to political parties is held by SBI in a fiduciary capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earlier</strong> in January 2020, CIC had <strong>directed the Centre</strong> to <strong>reveal the names of electoral bond scheme donors</strong> who wanted their identities to remain confidential.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Anonymity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither the donor nor the political party is obligated to reveal whom the donation comes from.<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that all political parties who had received donations through electoral bonds must submit details to the Election Commission of India.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>This undercuts a fundamental constitutional principle, the <strong>freedom of political information,</strong> which is an integral element of <strong>Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black Money:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Elimination</strong> of <strong>a cap of 7.5% on corporate donations</strong>, elimination of requirement to reveal political contributions in profit and loss statements and also the elimination of the provision that a corporation must be three years in existence, <strong>undercuts the intent of the scheme</strong>.<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Any <strong>troubled, dying company</strong> can donate an unlimited amount anonymously to a political party giving them a convenient channel for business to round-trip their cash parked in tax havens for a favour or advantage granted in return for something.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defeating Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defeats the fundamental principle of transparency in political finance because it <strong>conceals from public scrutiny the identity of the corporates and moneybags</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetric Opacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government is always in a position to know who the donor is</strong> because the bonds are purchased through the SBI.</li>
<li>This asymmetry of information <strong>threatens to colour the process in favour of whichever political party is ruling</strong> at the time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Electoral Bond</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Electoral Bond is a financial instrument for making donations to <strong>political parties</strong>.</li>
<li>The bonds are <strong>issued in multiples</strong> of Rs. 1,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 1 lakh, Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore <strong>without any maximum limit</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>State Bank of India</strong> is authorised to issue and encash these bonds, which are <strong>valid for fifteen days from the date of issuance</strong>.</li>
<li>These bonds are <strong>redeemable in the designated account of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-national-party-from-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener">registered political party</a></strong>.</li>
<li>The bonds are available for purchase by <strong>any person (who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India)</strong> for a period of ten days each in the months of January, April, July and October as may be specified by the Central Government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A person being an individual can buy bonds, either <strong>singly or jointly</strong> with other individuals.</li>
<li>Donor&rsquo;s name is <strong>not mentioned</strong> on the bond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Information Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is <strong>not a constitutional body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shall consist of the <strong>Chief Information Commissioner (CIC)</strong> and such number of <strong>Central Information Commissioners not exceeding 10</strong> as may be deemed necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are appointed by the <strong>President</strong> on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the <strong>Prime Minister as Chairperson</strong>, the <strong>Leader of Opposition</strong> in the Lok Sabha and a <strong>Union Cabinet Minister</strong> nominated by the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for <strong>such a term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.</li>
<li>They are <strong>not eligible for reappointment</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power and Functions of CIC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the duty of the Commission to <strong>receive and inquire into a complaint</strong> from any person regarding information request under RTI, 2005.</li>
<li>The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds <strong>(suo-moto power)</strong>.</li>
<li>While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a <strong>civil court</strong> in respect of <strong>summoning, requiring documents</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/electoral-bonds-cic-says-revealing-names-of-donors-not-in-public-interest-violates-rti-7115866/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'electoral-bonds-and-right-to-information',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7156,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Waqf Boards in Jammu & Kashmir',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The process of establishing Waqf Boards in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir </strong>and<strong> leh-kargil</strong> has started recently.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are thousands of Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil and the process has been started to <strong>register these Waqf properties. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Digitisation, Geo Tagging/GPS</strong> Mapping of these Waqf properties has also been initiated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government will provide adequate <strong>financial assistance</strong> to construct infrastructure for socio-economic and educational activities on Waqf properties in Jammu-Kashmir and Leh-Kargil under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sanskritik-sadbhav-mandap-pmjvk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram&rdquo;</strong> </a>(PMJVK).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram</strong> (PMJVK) seeks to provide better socio economic infrastructure facilities to the minority communities particularly in the field of <strong>education, health &amp; skill development</strong> which would further lead to lessening of the gap between the national average and the minority communities with regard to backwardness parameters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The erstwhile <strong>Multi-sectoral Development Programme</strong> (MsDP) has been restructured and renamed as Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram for effective implementation since 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Waqf Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Waqf Council is a<strong> statutory body</strong> under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Minority Affairs</strong> set up in 1964 as per the provision given in the Waqf Act, 1954.</li>
<li>It is an<strong> advisory body</strong> to the Central Government on matters concerning the working of the Waqf Boards and the due administration of<strong> Auqaf.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Auqaf</strong> (also spelled awkaf,) is an Arabic word meaning assets.</li>
<li>The Council consists of <strong>Chairperson,</strong> who is the <strong>Union Minister</strong> In charge of Waqf, such other members<strong>, not exceeding 20 in number,</strong> as may be appointed by the <strong>Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Each state has a Waqf Board headed by a chairperson,</strong> one or two nominees from the state government, Muslim legislators and parliamentarians, Muslim members of the state Bar Council, recognised scholars of Islamic theology and mutawalis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1678292" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'waqf-boards-in-jammu-kashmir',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7049,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Woes of National Commission for Minorities',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, it has been highlighted that the seven-member <strong>National Commission for Minorities</strong> (NCM) has<strong> only one member left</strong> after the retirement of its vice-chairperson while the other 5 posts have been vacant since May 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry for Minority Affairs</strong> clarified that the process is underway and there has been a delay in filling the vacancies because of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is <strong>not the first time that vacancies have not been filled</strong> in the NCM. In 2017, all seven posts remained empty for over two months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>2004,</strong> the <strong>standing committee on social justice and empowerment,</strong> headed by <strong>Sumitra Mahajan,</strong> made specific recommendations to strengthen the NCM, highlighting its <strong>insufficient investigative powers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these recommendations were <strong>never implemented</strong> by the then government. The reports tabled by the NCM are <strong>hardly taken up or debated</strong> irrespective of the government in power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 13 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992</a></strong> mandates that the <strong>annual report,</strong> together with the memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, as well as the reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any, be <strong>tabled before Parliament annually.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These <strong>reports have not been tabled</strong> in Parliament <strong>since 2010.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Commission for Minorities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genesis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>1978,</strong> setting up of the<strong> Minorities Commission</strong> (MC) was envisaged in the Ministry of Home Affairs Resolution.</li>
<li>In <strong>1984,</strong> the MC was detached from the Ministry of Home Affairs and placed under the newly created Ministry of Welfare, which excluded linguistic minorities from the Commission&rsquo;s jurisdiction in 1988.</li>
<li>In <strong>1992,</strong> with the enactment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCM Act, 1992</strong></a>, the <strong>MC became a statutory body and was renamed as the NCM.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> the first<strong> Statutory National Commission</strong> was set up and <strong>five religious communities</strong> viz the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) were notified as minority communities.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014,</strong> Jains were also notified as a minority community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCM consists of a <strong>Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five members</strong> and all of them shall be from amongst the minority communities.</li>
<li>Total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government should be from amongst<strong> persons of eminence, ability and integrity.</strong> The Ministry for Minority Affairs recommends the names to the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> Each Member holds office for a <strong>period of three years</strong> from the date of assumption of office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Evaluation of the progress of the development</strong> of minorities under the Union and States.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring of the working of the safeguards</strong> for minorities provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It ensures that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-15-point-programme#:~:text=PM's%20New%2015%20PP%20is,sections%20of%20the%20minority%20communities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 15-point programme</strong></a> is implemented and the programmes for minority communities are actually functioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards</strong> for the protection of the interests of minorities by the central or state governments.</li>
<li><strong>Looking into specific complaints</strong> regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aggrieved persons belonging to the minority communities may approach the concerned State Minorities Commissions for redressal of their grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Getting studies to be undertaken into the problems arising</strong> out of any discrimination against minorities and recommending measures for their removal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>investigates matters of communal conflict and riots.</strong> For example, the<strong> 2011 Bharatpur communal riots,</strong> as well as the <strong>2012 Bodo-Muslim clashes in Assam,</strong> were investigated by the commission and their findings were submitted to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It observes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minorities Rights Day</strong></a> every year on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> December</strong> which marks the adoption of the &ldquo;Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities&rdquo; by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> in <strong>1992.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The declaration states that <strong>countries shall protect the existence of the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities</strong> within their respective territories and encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>NCM Act defines a minority</strong> as &ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government.''<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India has declared <strong>six religions</strong> namely, <strong>Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists</strong> and<strong> Parsis</strong> (Zoroastrian) and <strong>Jain</strong> as religious minorities in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Commission for Minority Education Institution (NCMEI) Act, 2004</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It gives the minority status to the educational institutions on the basis of six religious communities notified by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term<strong> "minority"</strong> is <strong>not defined in the Indian Constitution.</strong> However, the Constitution<strong> recognises religious and linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 15 and 16:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prohibition of discrimination against citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
<li>Citizens&rsquo; right to &lsquo;equality of opportunity&rsquo; in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State, and prohibition in this regard of any discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 25 (1), 26 and 28:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion.</li>
<li>Right of every religious denomination or any section to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, manage its own religious affairs, and own and acquire property and administer it.</li>
<li>People&rsquo;s freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational institutions wholly maintained, recognized, or aided by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.</li>
<li>It <strong>grants protection to both religious minorities as well as linguistic minorities.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> held that the scope of this article is not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as use of the word &lsquo;section of citizens&rsquo; in the Article includes minorities as well as the majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All minorities shall have the <strong>right to establish and administer educational institutions</strong> of their choice.</li>
<li>The protection under Article 30<strong> is confined only to minorities</strong> (religious or linguistic) and does not extend to any section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 350-B:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>7<sup>th</sup> Constitutional (Amendment) Act 1956</strong></a> inserted this article which provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities appointed by the President of India.</li>
<li>It would be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vacancies-unfilled-minorities-panel-has-only-one-member-7061731/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'woes-of-national-commission-for-minorities',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6965,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CCI to Probe Google',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/competition-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Commission of India (CCI)</strong></a> has initiated a probe into alleged abuse of dominant position by the company to promote its <strong>payments app, Google Pay.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCI highlighted<strong> two main anti market practices</strong> by google to unfairly <strong>push Google Pay</strong> it&rsquo;s payment app:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mandatory Use:</strong> Google&rsquo;s policy of <strong>mandatory use</strong> of <strong>Google Play&rsquo;s payment system</strong> for purchasing the apps and IAPs (in-app purchases) in the Play Store.</li>
<li><strong>Exclusionary Practices:</strong> It <strong>excluded</strong> other mobile<strong> wallets/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UPI (Unified Payments Interface)</a></strong> apps as one of the effective payment options in Google Play&rsquo;s payment system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The CCI also criticised Google&rsquo;s policy to charge <strong>30% commission for all app and in-app purchases.&nbsp;</strong>Since Google&rsquo;s Play store cornered about 90% of all downloads, a <strong>significant volume of payments being processed</strong> in the market would thus be <strong>controlled</strong> by it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the application developers raise their subscription fees <strong>to offset the costs</strong> of google&rsquo;s commission or remove/reduce premium/paid subscription offers for users,<strong> it may affect user experience, cost and choice.</strong> Such conditions imposed by the app stores<strong> limit the ability of the app developers</strong> to offer payment processing solutions of their choice to the users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CCI also highlighted reports of Google abusing its <strong>dominant position in the Android-television market by creating barriers for companies</strong> which wanted to use or modify its Android operating systems for their smart televisions.</li>
<li>The probe against Google Pay comes days after the<strong> National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)</strong> allowed rival <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whatsapp-upi-and-npci-regulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Facebook-owned WhatsApp to go live on the UPI</strong></a> in the multi-bank model.</li>
<li>This is Google&rsquo;s<strong> third major antitrust challenge</strong> in India:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the CCI fined Google $21 million for<strong> &lsquo;search bias&rsquo;:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was alleged that Google was indulging in abuse of a dominant position in the market for online search through practices leading to search bias and search manipulation, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2019, the CCI started probing Google for allegedly misusing its <strong>dominant position to reduce the ability of smartphone manufacturers</strong> to opt for alternate versions of its Android mobile operating system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other countries where Google facing antitrust probe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory scrutiny in the European Union for anti-competitive behaviour.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/antitrust-case-against-google-usa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United States Department of Justice (DoJ) also sued Google</strong></a> alleging the company had abused its dominant position in a way that had harmed its competitors as well as customers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Competition Act, 2002</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was passed in 2002 and was amended by the <strong>Competition (Amendment) Act,</strong> 2007. It follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.</li>
<li>The <strong>Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act)</strong> was repealed and<strong> replaced by the Competition Act, 2002,</strong> on the recommendations of <strong>Raghavan committee.</strong></li>
<li>The Act <strong>prohibits</strong> anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations, which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.</li>
<li>In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the<strong> Competition Commission of India</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)</strong></a> were established.</li>
<li>The government replaced COMPAT with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) in 2017.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Competition Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a statutory body responsible for enforcing the objectives of the <strong>Competition Act, 2002.</strong></li>
<li>Composition: A <strong>Chairperson and 6 Members</strong> appointed by the Central Government.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To eliminate practices having adverse effects on competition.</li>
<li>Promote and sustain competition.</li>
<li>Protect the interests of consumers.</li>
<li>Ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Commission is also required <strong>to give an opinion on competition issues</strong> on a reference received from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-be-probed-for-alleged-abuse-of-dominance-7034715/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'cci-to-probe-google',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6921,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Commission for Air Quality Management',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/more-than-commission-to-check-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;More than commission to check air pollution&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Economic Times on 03/11/2020. It talks about the significance and issues related to the newly setup Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</p>
</div>
<p>Air pollution is a serious problem with environmental, public health and economic dimensions. Northern India gets exposed to hazardous levels of air quality almost every year.</p>
<p>Acknowledging this public health hazard, the centre government has promulgated an ordinance. Through this ordinance, the Centre set up a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</strong></a></p>
<p>The commission replaces 22 year old <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epca-on-early-burning-of-crop-residue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority</strong></a> (EPCA) and envisages to streamline the public participation, the inter-State cooperation, the expert involvement and persistent research and innovation.</p>
<p>CAQM is a <strong>statutory mechanism</strong> to coordinate and oversee diverse efforts to improve air quality in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and UP, with the underlying remedial approach. The establishment of CAQM has the potential to address the problem of air pollution but an institution by itself is not a solution.</p>
<h3>Significance of the New Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishing a Statutory Body:</strong> So far, the matter was overseen by the Supreme Court-mandated Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority that had taken decisions like converting public transport to the CNG mode of fuel and imposing a pollution charge on old polluting vehicles.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the EPCA was criticised for not exercising its statutory powers and for merely functioning as an advisory body to the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>Through this ordinance, a statutory body is being set up to regulate the process by coordinating between the Central Government and the states concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consolidated Approach:</strong> The ordinance envisages for consolidated approach towards monitoring, elimination of pollution sources and enforcement.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The commission will have the power to coordinate with relevant state and central governments on the multi-sector plan including industry, power plants, agriculture, transport, residential and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participatory Democracy:</strong> The Commission would function under the oversight of the elected representatives with regular reports to the Parliament.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ordinance claims, adding &ldquo;the highest degree of democratic oversight would ensure effective enforcement of the efforts and proposals of the commission&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Ad-hocism:</strong> As the Commission is to function under the aegis and the overall supervision and guidance of the Central government, the ordinance hopes it would replace multitudes of committees, task forces, commissions and informal groups formed temporarily or otherwise, by various orders of the constitutional courts or the Centre and the States concerned and synergise the efforts of different stake-holders.</li>
<li><strong>Empowered Body:</strong> The new commission will reportedly have more powers &mdash; in its constitution and scope as well in terms of punitive provisions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ordinance talks of a Rs 1 crore fine or five years&rsquo; imprisonment or both for violators of pollution control norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federal Issue:</strong> The ordinance vests the commission with great power and its domain overlaps that of different state bodies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the coordinating body, the commission will be dependent on states for enforcement.</li>
<li>Separately, many areas of the commission&rsquo;s mandate such as ending stubble burning and finding ways to lower carbon emissions from vehicle tailpipes involve economic tradeoffs and fiscal measures.</li>
<li>As the five states are administered by different political parties, politics will have a say in the outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of Judicial Oversight:</strong> The intervention of the Supreme Court in environment protection matters stems from a deep distrust of the Executive. It is due to this Supreme Court established EPCA.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the ordinances dissolve all other committees and authorities that were set up under judicial and administrative orders, there are apprehensions of limiting the role of the judiciary and creating a supra-centralised framework for air-quality management in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Inclusive:</strong> Air pollution impacts health, restrictions imposed to control air pollution impacts agricultural labourers and dealing with stubble burning requires incentives which is the domain of rural development.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, no farmers&rsquo; body has been allowed to be co-opted as members while representatives of any association or commerce or industry&rsquo; can be co-opted as members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unrealistic Punitive Measures:</strong> By putting an unrealistic limit of Rs 1 crore to the fine payable, irrespective of the damage caused to the environment, the Ordinance is deviation from the polluter pays principle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>An impediment to improving air quality has been the inability and unwillingness of the authorities, particularly state governments, to address the issues outside of emergency situations or seasonal spikes.</p>
<p>Therefore, while coordination between authorities is, no doubt, a precondition for clearing the air, these have to be founded on policies to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/air-pollution-concerted-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bring a holistic plan</strong></a> and enable behavioural changes for farmers to incentivise them to give up <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stubble-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stubble burning.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604490758_image0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604490758_image0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafcff;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss to what extent the newly established Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas will be successful in combating air pollution in the region.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQmV02jUMpI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/end-of-the-tunnel/article33005879.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;End of the tunnel?: On GST revenues&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on November 03<sup>rd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'posturl' => 'new-commission-for-air-quality-management',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC on NCPCR’s Repatriation Request',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has sought a response from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/children-abandoning-education-in-mica-mining-districts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)</strong></a>, to its request to eight States for immediate repatriation of children living in care homes with their families.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repatriation Request:</strong> The NCPCR requested to Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Mizoram, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Meghalaya for repatriation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These States combinedly have 1.84 lakh children in care homes.</li>
<li>This accounts for over 70% of the children in care homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Activism:</strong> The court is<strong> suo motu</strong> monitoring the condition and welfare of children placed in care homes across the country during the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The active role of the judiciary, even in the executive or legislative sphere, for upholding the rights of citizens and preserving the constitution is known as judicial activism.</li>
<li>The court questioned if the NCPCR could issue such general directions to the States without considering the education, health, safety of the children, the consent of their parents and their economical situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On individual basis:</strong> Repatriation ought to be considered on an individual basis for child safety.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sovereignty-unconstrained-right#:~:text=An%20amicus%20curiae%20(literally%2C%20%22,the%20issues%20in%20the%20case." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>amicus curiae</strong></a> (&ldquo;friend of the court&rdquo; - one who assists the court advice regarding questions of law or fact ), the NCPCR direction violated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice Act of 2015</strong></a> since the pandemic would make a child more vulnerable to domestic abuse.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, comprehensively addresses children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.</li>
<li>As per the <strong>Section 27(1) of the Act,</strong> Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) are to be constituted by State Government by notification in the Official Gazette for every district, for exercising the powers and to discharge the duties conferred on such Committees in relation to children in need of care and protection under JJ Act, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NCPCR&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> The NCPCR, suggested the need for a child to grow up in a familial environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, in an April 2020 order, the court had directed juvenile authorities to &ldquo;proactively consider whether a child or children should be kept in the child care institutions considering the best interest, health and safety concerns&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Care Homes:</strong> The children being taken in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/survey-of-child-care-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> child care homes</strong></a>, are not only those who are orphans/abandoned children, but also children <strong>hailing from downtrodden/financially unstable families.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, if there is any child who is either being brought up by a single parent or comes from a family which is not able to bring up the child properly, then that child can avail all the facilities at a care home.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The facilities for children like individual bedding, proper nutrition and diet, toys, hygiene and maintenance of the CCI/Homes, sufficient water, health check-ups, educational facilities based on the age and special needs of the child.</li>
<li>All the children in these care homes are required to study in nearby government schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCPCR is a<strong> statutory body</strong> set up in <strong>March 2007</strong> under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>It is under the<strong> administrative control of the Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission's mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</li>
<li>It inquires into <strong>complaints</strong> relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aser-report-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>It monitors the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approved-changes-to-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Individual case basis of repatriation is a reasonable step to begin with.</li>
<li>Meanwhile there must be strengthened monitoring of child care institutions regarding the proper facilities.</li>
<li>Elements of sensitivity can be inducted with training in the staff at child care homes so as to understand the needs of children.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-questions-ncpcr-on-children-repatriation/article32812837.ece#:~:" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'sc-on-ncpcr-s-repatriation-request',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6662,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Issues in Goa Lokayukta',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Justice Prafulla Kumar Misra has retired from the post of Goa<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Lokayukta</strong> </a>and has highlighted the issues related to the state office and the proceedings.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lokpal and Lokayukta</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013</strong> provided for the <strong>establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>"India Against Corruption Movement"</strong> led by <strong>Anna Hazare put pressure</strong> on the then government at the Centre and resulted in the<strong> passing of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2013,</strong> in both the Houses of Parliament.</li>
<li>It received <strong>assent from the President on 1<sup>st</sup> January 2014</strong> and <strong>came into force on 16<sup>th</sup> January 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These institutions are <strong>statutory bodies without any constitutional status.</strong></li>
<li>They perform the <strong>function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption</strong> against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by <strong>Dr L. M. Singhvi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goa Lokayukta Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even much before the enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 itself, <strong>many states had already set up the institution of Lokayuktas.</strong></li>
<li>It was sent to the <strong>Central government in 2003</strong> and<strong> passed in the Assembly only in October 2011,</strong> after it was reintroduced.</li>
<li>It is <strong>modelled upon Karnataka and Kerala&rsquo;s Lokayukta Acts </strong>but <strong>with less strict provisions.</strong></li>
<li>This Act is intended to <strong>remove grievances of individual(s) against maladministration of government officials.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>complaint</strong> under this Act can be filed<strong> either on the basis of an allegation</strong> or on the <strong>basis of the grievance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> During his tenure, the office of the Lokayukta received 191 cases, 133 of which were disposed of. Among the 58 <strong>pending cases are 21 in which he sent reports to the government,</strong> but the <strong>state government has not acted</strong> and <strong>Action Taken Reports</strong> are still awaited.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pending Cases:</strong> His <strong>recommendations included</strong> initiation of disciplinary action, transfer, probe into mishandled funds, misuse of powers of ministers and bureaucrats, detailed investigation by the Anti-Corruption Bureau or a declaration that an elected functionary is unfit to hold office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highlighted Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overburdened:</strong> Officials stalled preliminary enquiry by avoiding registering an <strong>FIR</strong> and hence <strong>many cases went to Lokayukta</strong> because of that.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To overcome it, he referred to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s</strong></a> <em><strong>Lalita Kumari versus Government of Uttar Pradesh judgment (2013)</strong> </em>where the court has clearly said that whenever anyone comes to the police station and makes a complaint of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cognisable offence</strong></a> the police officer is bound to register an FIR, under the <strong>Section 154 of Criminal Procedure Code</strong> (CrPC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Governance:</strong> His reports were<strong> indicative of the lack of governance,</strong> irrespective of any party of power of the day and highlighted<strong> bureaucratic apathy and apathy of politicians.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Less Powers:</strong> The state act <strong>does not have the powers of the prosecution</strong> that the Karnataka and Kerala Acts have,<strong> nor does it have a provision for contempt of the Lokayukta&rsquo;s orders.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Staff:</strong> Lokayukta has an investigation wing in which police officers are supposed to be deputed however, it <strong>lacked an adequate number of qualified personnel.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Power of Prosecution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Section 17 of the Goa Lokayukta Act, the <strong>power to prosecute should be given to the Lokayukta.</strong></li>
<li>It is there in Karnataka and Kerala acts but not present in Goa Act, where it is under &lsquo;initiation of Prosecution&rsquo; and says that if the Lokayukta notices that an offence has been committed, then (s)he may pass an order and the appropriate authority &ldquo;shall&rdquo; initiate prosecution against the public functionary.</li>
<li>The <strong>initiation of prosecution should not be left to the discretion</strong> and the &ldquo;shall&rdquo; here means that the opinion of the Lokayukta is mandatory to be followed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power to Punish on Contempt:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While making the rules, the Act <strong>should have been included with the power to punish on contempt of the orders of Lokayukta,</strong> which is still not available under the rules of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Commitment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Act requires a retired Chief Justice or a retired Supreme Court judge to be appointed as the Lokayukta.</strong> It means, whoever comes and joins would have taken the oath twice and joining the Lokayukta office will be the third oath, <strong>tripling the commitment.</strong></li>
<li>(S)he must be <strong>true to the oath and continue to be committed to discharging the duty without fear or favour, affection or ill will.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/goa-lokayukta-justice-prafulla-kumar-misra-6704552/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'issues-in-goa-lokayukta',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6593,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Domestic Systemically Important Insurers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-lic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Life Insurance Corporation of India</strong></a> (LIC), <strong>General Insurance Corporation of India</strong> and The <strong>New India Assurance Co</strong> have been identified as <strong>Domestic Systemically Important Insurers (D-SIIs) for 2020-21</strong> by insurance regulator, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India&nbsp;(<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IRDAI</a>).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRDAI would identify D-SIIs on an <strong>annual basis</strong> and disclose the names of such insurers for public information</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Requirements for D-SIIs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three public sector insurers have been asked to raise the level of corporate governance.</li>
<li>Identify all relevant risks and promote a sound risk management culture.</li>
<li>The D-SIIs will also be subjected to enhanced regulatory supervision of the IRDAI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Systemically Important Insurers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>D-SIIs are perceived as insurers that are <strong>&lsquo;too big or too important to fail&rsquo; (TBTF)</strong>.</li>
<li>D-SIIs refer to insurers of such size, market importance and domestic and global interconnectedness whose distress or failure would cause a significant dislocation in the domestic financial system.</li>
<li>Thus, the continued functioning of D-SIIs is critical for the uninterrupted availability of insurance services to the national economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The insurance sector had grown exponentially in the last 15 years and a few of the insurers have a sizeable market share and interconnected with other financial institutions as well.</li>
<li>With perception of TBTF and the perceived expectation of government support may amplify risk taking, reduce market discipline, create competitive distortions, and increase the possibility of distress in future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the nature of operations and their systemic importance, the failure of D-SIIs has the potential to cause significant disruption to the essential services they provide to the policyholders and, in turn, to the overall economic activity of the country</li>
<li>These considerations require that D-SIIs should be subjected to <strong>additional regulatory measures</strong> to deal with the <strong>systemic risks</strong> and <strong>moral hazard</strong> issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Systemic risk</strong> is the possibility that an event at the company level could trigger severe instability or collapse an entire industry or economy.</li>
<li><strong>Moral hazard</strong> is a situation in which one party gets involved in a risky event knowing that it is protected against the risk and the other party will incur the cost. It arises when both the parties have incomplete information about each other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In January 2019, IRDAI announced the formation of a committee on D-SIIs.</li>
<li>The constitution of the committee came in the backdrop of the <strong>International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS)</strong> asking all member countries to have a regulatory framework to deal with Domestic-SIIs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>IAIS</strong> is a voluntary membership organization of insurance supervisors from over 200 jurisdictions, constituting 97% of the world's insurance premiums. It is the international standards-setting body for the insurance sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Domestic Systemically Important Bank (D-SIBs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>D-SIB means that the bank is too big to fail. According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>, some banks become systemically important due to their size, cross-jurisdictional activities, complexity and lack of substitute and interconnection. Banks whose assets exceed 2% of GDP are considered part of this group.</li>
<li>Presently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-monetisation-for-funding-deficit-sbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State Bank of India</a> (SBI), ICICI Bank, and HDFC Bank have been identified as DSIBs in India.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Should such a bank fail, there would be significant disruption to the essential services they provide to the banking system and the overall economy.</li>
<li>The <strong>too-big-to-fail</strong> tag also indicates that in case of distress, the government is expected to support these banks.</li>
<li>Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in funding. It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic risks and moral hazard issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/lic-gic-new-india-assurance-identified-as-d-siis/article32695701.ece#:~:text=The%20Life%20Insurance%20Corporation%20of,21%20by%20insurance%20regulator%20IRDAI." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'domestic-systemically-important-insurers',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6585,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Lok Adalat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a daily wager in Odisha&rsquo;s Kandhamal district has moved the <strong>Lok Adalat</strong> against the Prime Minister of India but the hearing is yet to begin.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He allegedly failed to get an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar card</strong> </a>registered in his name despite various attempts due to technical glitches in taking his fingerprint.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term &lsquo;Lok Adalat&rsquo; means<strong> &lsquo;People&rsquo;s Court&rsquo;</strong> and is based on<strong> Gandhian principles.</strong></li>
<li>As per the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a>, it is an old form of adjudicating system<strong> prevailed in ancient India</strong> and its validity has not been taken away even in the modern days too.</li>
<li>It is<strong> one of the components of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-mechanisms-paper-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alternative Dispute Resolution</a></strong> (ADR) system and delivers<strong> informal, cheap and expeditious justice</strong> to the common people.</li>
<li>The<strong> first Lok Adalat camp</strong> was organised in <strong>Gujarat in 1982</strong> as a<strong> voluntary and conciliatory agency</strong> without any statutory backing for its decisions.</li>
<li>In view of its growing popularity over time, it was <strong>given statutory status</strong> under the <strong>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.</strong> The Act makes the provisions relating to the organisation and functioning of the Lok Adalats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>State/District Legal Services Authority</strong> or the <strong>Supreme Court/High Court/Taluk Legal Services Committee</strong> may organise Lok Adalats at such intervals and places and for exercising such jurisdiction and for such areas as it thinks fit.</li>
<li>Every Lok Adalat organised for an area shall <strong>consist of such number of serving or retired judicial officers and other persons of the area as may be specified</strong> by the agency organising.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generally, a Lok Adalat consists of a<strong> judicial officer as the chairman</strong> and a <strong>lawyer (advocate) and a social worker as members.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Legal Services Authority</strong> </a>(NALSA) along with other Legal Services Institutions <strong>conducts Lok Adalats.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NALSA was constituted under the<strong> Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987</strong> which came into <strong>force on 9<sup>th</sup> November 1995</strong> to establish a<strong> nationwide uniform network for providing free and competent legal services to the weaker sections</strong> of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Lok Adalat shall have jurisdiction to determine and to arrive at a compromise or settlement between the parties to a dispute<strong> in respect of:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any case pending before any court, or</li>
<li>Any matter which is falling within the jurisdiction of any court and is not brought before such court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Any case</strong> pending before the court can be referred to the Lok Adalat for <strong>settlement if:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Parties agree to settle the dispute in the Lok Adalat or one of the parties applies for referral of the case to the Lok Adalat or court is satisfied that the matter can be solved by a Lok Adalat.</li>
<li>In the case of a pre-litigation dispute, the matter can be referred to the Lok Adalat on receipt of an application from any one of the parties to the dispute.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Matters</strong> such as matrimonial/family disputes, criminal (compoundable offences) cases, land acquisition cases, labour disputes, workmen&rsquo;s compensation cases, bank recovery cases, etc. are being taken up in Lok Adalats.</li>
<li>However, the Lok Adalat shall have<strong> no jurisdiction in respect of any case or matter relating to an offence not compoundable under any law.</strong> In other words, the offences which are non-compoundable under any law fall outside the purview of the Lok Adalat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Lok Adalat shall have the <strong>same powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure</strong> (1908).</li>
<li>Further, a Lok Adalat shall have the <strong>requisite powers to specify its own procedure for the determination of any dispute</strong> coming before it.</li>
<li>All proceedings before a Lok Adalat shall be <strong>deemed to be judicial proceedings within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code</strong> (1860) and every Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be a Civil Court for the purpose of the Code of Criminal Procedure (1973).</li>
<li>An <strong>award</strong> of a Lok Adalat shall be <strong>deemed to be a decree of a Civil Court or an order of any other court.</strong></li>
<li>Every award made by a Lok Adalat shall be<strong> final and binding on all the parties to the dispute. No appeal shall lie to any court against the award</strong> of the Lok Adalat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no court fee</strong> and if court fee is already paid the <strong>amount will be refunded</strong> if the dispute is settled at Lok Adalat.</li>
<li>There is<strong> procedural flexibility and speedy trial</strong> of the disputes. There is <strong>no strict application of procedural laws</strong> while assessing the claim by Lok Adalat.</li>
<li>The parties to the dispute can <strong>directly interact with the judge through their counsel which is not possible in regular courts</strong> of law.</li>
<li>The<strong> award by the Lok Adalat is binding</strong> on the parties and it has the status of a decree of a civil court and it is<strong> non-appealable,</strong> which<strong> does not cause the delay</strong> in the settlement of disputes finally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Permanent Lok Adalats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987</strong> was <strong>amended in 2002</strong> to provide for the establishment of the Permanent Lok Adalats to <strong>deal with cases pertaining to the public utility services</strong> like transport, postal, telegraph etc.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These have been <strong>set up as permanent bodies.</strong></li>
<li>It shall consist of <strong>a Chairman</strong> who is or has been a district judge or additional district judge or has held judicial office higher in rank than that of the district judge and <strong>two other persons having adequate experience in public utility services.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>shall not have jurisdiction in respect of any matter relating to an offence not compoundable under any law.</strong> The jurisdiction of the Permanent Lok Adalats is upto Rs. 1 Crore.</li>
<li>Before the dispute is brought before any court, any party to the dispute may make an application to the Permanent Lok Adalat for settlement of the dispute. <strong>After an application is made</strong> to the Permanent Lok Adalat, <strong>no party to that application shall invoke jurisdiction of any court</strong> in the same dispute.</li>
<li>It shall <strong>formulate the terms of a possible settlement and submit them to the parties for their observations</strong> and in case the parties reach an agreement, the Permanent Lok Adalat shall pass an award in terms thereof. In case parties to the dispute <strong>fail to reach an agreement,</strong> the Permanent Lok Adalat <strong>shall decide the dispute on merits.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>major drawback of the Lok Adalats</strong> is that if the parties do not arrive at any compromise or settlement, the <strong>case is either returned to the court of law or the parties are advised to seek a remedy in a court of law.</strong> This causes <strong>unnecessary delay</strong> in the dispensation of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Every award made by the Permanent Lok Adalat shall be<strong> final and binding</strong> on all the parties thereto and <strong>shall be by a majority of the persons constituting</strong> the Permanent Lok Adalat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-man-sues-modi-after-failing-to-get-aadhaar-card-despite-21-attempts/article32683655.ece#:~:text=A%20daily%20wager%20in%20Odisha's,his%20name%20despite%2021%20attempts.&amp;text=No%20other%20family%20members%20of,card%20registered%20in%20their%20names." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'lok-adalat',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6007,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'RBI Signs Currency Swap for Sri Lanka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-sri-lanka-relations#:~:text=Indo%2DSri%20Lankan%20Accord%20was,known%20as%20The%20Thirteenth%20Amendment)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Sri Lanka</strong></a> had a <strong>virtual meeting</strong> in the wake of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic.</a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was attended by the officials from the Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Finance, representatives of the Sri Lankan government and the <strong>Export-Import (Exim) Bank.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exim Bank is the premier export finance institution of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> has agreed to a <strong>USD 400 million currency swap facility</strong> for <strong>Sri Lanka till November 2022 to boost the foreign reserves </strong>and<strong> ensure the financial stability of the country.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/currency-swap-arrangement-for-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Currency Swaps</strong></a> are used to obtain foreign currency loans at a better interest rate than could be obtained by borrowing directly in a foreign market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central banks and Governments engage in currency swaps with foreign counterparts <strong>to meet short term foreign exchange liquidity requirements</strong> or to <strong>ensure adequate foreign currency to avoid Balance of Payments (BOP) crisis</strong> till longer arrangements can be made.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The decision comes five months after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka-3#:~:text=At%20the%20invitation%20of%20the,and%20Tirupati%20(Andhra%20Pradesh)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa had visited New Delhi</strong></a> and a recent bilateral discussion on rescheduling Colombo&rsquo;s outstanding debt repayment to India.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka owes USD 960 million to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government and industry representatives from both countries also participated in a webinar on <strong>&lsquo;Deepening Economic Collaboration between India and Sri Lanka&rsquo;,</strong> organised by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry</strong></a> (FICCI) in association with other institutes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka highlighted that<strong> non-tariff barriers in receiving countries create difficulties</strong> in market access.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> nontariff barrier</strong> is a way to restrict trade by using barriers other than a tariff. These include quotas, embargoes, sanctions, and levies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To resolve that, it <strong>urged FICCI to collaborate with the Sri Lankan Mission</strong> in New Delhi to <strong>help boost the export of its spices and concentrates</strong> to the Indian market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Dynamics of India-Sri Lanka Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has not commented anything on the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>conflict between India and China</strong></a>, both of which are its closest partners.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka has <strong>not taken any final decision on the East Container Terminal (ECT) project</strong> at the <strong>Colombo Port.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been widespread protests alleging the Sri Lankan Government of giving away national assets to India even though <strong>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s Port Authority will retain 100% ownership</strong> of the facility.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2019, Sri Lanka, India and Japan signed a tripartite Memorandum of Cooperation</strong> and <strong>agreed to jointly develop the ECT Project.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>November 2019,</strong> India announced a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>USD 450 million Line of Credit to Sri Lanka</strong></a>, to <strong>help strengthen its infrastructure and economy</strong> which showed a proactive, relation-building approach.</li>
<li>India <strong>assisted Sri-Lanka in tackling Covid-19</strong> and also <strong>helped in the &lsquo;Suwa Seriya&rsquo; ambulance service.</strong> The assistance shows<strong> good links in the health sector,</strong> including telemedicine, between both countries.</li>
<li><strong>Popular Tamil leaders in Sri Lanka still invoke India</strong> on the pending political solution to the<strong> Tamil question,</strong> which at times <strong>can give an impression of India interfering in internal matters of Sri Lanka.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>1983,</strong> India played an active role in the war between <strong>Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhalese majority.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1987,</strong> the <strong>Indo-Lanka Accord</strong> was signed to provide a political solution to Sri Lanka&rsquo;s conflict.</li>
<li>It proposed the <strong>establishment of a provincial council system and devolution of power</strong> for nine provinces in Sri Lanka (also known as <strong>The Thirteenth Amendment).</strong></li>
<li>However, Tamil leaders <strong>feel helpless and keep appealing to India</strong> but with its growing geopolitical concerns in the region,<strong> India is unlikely to take any strong position</strong> on the issue now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri Lankan President pointed towards <strong>India&rsquo;s varying amounts of developmental assistance in the northern Tamil region </strong>and <strong>highlighted the discriminatory tendencies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s attitude and relationship with her immediate neighbours</strong> depend on their <strong>appreciation of India&rsquo;s regional security concerns.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India expects her neighbours to <strong>serve as buffer states</strong> in the event of an extra-regional threat and <strong>not proxies of the outside powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries can<strong> explore possible collaborations in textiles, information technology and agribusiness,</strong> few of the sectors on which India has a stronghold.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka should <strong>facilitate, protect and promote a liberal ecosystem for Indian investors</strong> and welcome Indian businesses in <strong>developing industrial zones, automotive components, pharma, textiles and engineering.</strong></li>
<li>There should be <strong>continued high-level engagement on building economic and people-to-people links.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both of them should focus on increasing the volume and quality of people-to-people links, without assuming they will naturally result from geographical proximity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Relations between India and Sri Lanka have been great as friends and neighbours, comparatively.</li>
<li>In the current times of pandemic, the fact that several Indian companies are involved in the race to develop a vaccine presents India with a potentially huge, once-in-a-generation opportunity to cement its goodwill with the neighbourhood by securing regional access to these vaccines.</li>
<li>The bilateral relationship between both countries is an important cornerstone of a peaceful and prosperous South Asia. Examples of Singapore-Malaysia and New Zealand-Australia indicate that a smaller country's economic success is tied to having a strong or at least stable relationship with its larger neighbour.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-signs-currency-swap-facility-for-sri-lanka/article32186056.ece#:~:text=The%20Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India,directly%20in%20a%20foreign%20market." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'rbi-signs-currency-swap-for-sri-lanka',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5919,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Delimitation in North-east Illegal: Former EC Expert',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a former legal advisor to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission</strong></a> (EC) has held that the Centre&rsquo;s order for setting up a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/delimitation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></a> for <strong>Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Assam and Nagaland </strong>is<strong> &ldquo;unconstitutional&rdquo; </strong>and<strong> &ldquo;illegal&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/associate-members-to-delimitation-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government constituted</strong></a> a Delimitation Commission to redraw Lok Sabha and assembly constituencies of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delimitation-of-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir</strong></a> and the four northeastern states on <strong>6<sup>th</sup> March 2020.</strong></li>
<li>It is headed by the former <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> judge Ranjana Prakash Desai.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Last delimitation exercise (2002-08) kept out</strong> Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Nagaland because the <strong>data used for it from 2001 Census was challenged for being defective.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> tribal communities</strong> in the four states feared that the delimitation exercise <strong>would change the composition of seats reserved for them,</strong> hurting their electoral interests.</li>
<li>The <strong>Delimitation Act of 2002</strong> was amended on <strong>14<sup>th</sup> January 2008,</strong> to empower the President to<strong> postpone the exercise in these states</strong> after violence erupted.</li>
<li>Subsequently, <strong>Parliament decided that EC would carry out the delimitation exercise</strong> in the four states and introduced the <strong>Section 8A of the Representation of the People (RP) Act 1950</strong> for this purpose.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The decision of Parliament was based on<strong> earlier precedence of the EC being vested with the authority to redraw boundaries</strong> of constituencies including when <strong>Delhi was delimited into 70 seats in 1991-92 </strong>and <strong>Uttarakhand into 70 seats in 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre's order for setting up a Delimitation Commission is <strong>illegal because it violates the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/representation-of-people-s-act-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Representation of the People Act 1950.</a></strong></li>
<li>Section 8A of the RP Act 1950, introduced by Parliament in 2008, states that delimitation in the four northeastern states would fall within the EC&rsquo;s remit.</li>
<li>Hence, any delimitation exercise by the new Delimitation Commission would be <strong>declared void and result in wastage of huge public funds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delimitation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Delimitation is the act of redrawing boundaries of Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies to represent changes in population and is done on the basis of the preceding Census.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide <strong>equal representation to equal segments</strong> of a population.</li>
<li><strong>A fair division of geographical areas</strong> so that one political party does not have an advantage over others in an election.</li>
<li>To <strong>follow the principle of &ldquo;One Vote One Value&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> It was appointed by the President of India and works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Basis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 82</strong> provides the Parliament to enact a Delimitation Act after every Census.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Census Act of 1948</strong> provides for the permanent scheme of conducting population Census. It is carried out in a ten years interval.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 170</strong> provides division of State into territorial constituencies as per Delimitation Act after every Census.</li>
<li>Once the Act enacted by the Parliament is in force, the Union government sets up a Delimitation Commission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> It is usually composed of the retired Supreme Court judge, Chief Election Commissioner and respective states&rsquo; Election Commissioners.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It determines the number and boundaries of constituencies to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.</li>
<li>It also identifies the seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, wherever their population is relatively large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/former-ec-expert-says-centre-move-on-delimitation-in-ne-states-illegal-6509706/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'delimitation-in-north-east-illegal-former-ec-expert',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5528,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Re-establishment of PCIM&H',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has given its approval to re-establish <strong>Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy</strong> (PCIM&amp;H) as a<strong> subordinate office</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of AYUSH</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian Medicine</strong> (PLIM) and <strong>Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Laboratory</strong> (HPL), central laboratories established at <strong>Ghaziabad</strong> (Uttar Pradesh) since <strong>1975,</strong> will be merged into the PCIM&amp;H.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, PCIM&amp;H is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the aegis of Ministry of AYUSH, established since <strong>2010.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afghanistan-first-country-to-recognise-indian-pharmacopoeia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pharmacopoeia</strong></a> is an <strong>officially recognized book of standards</strong> as per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges#:~:text=The%20Drugs%20and%20Cosmetics%20Act%2C%201940,distribution%20of%20drugs%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 </strong></a>and<strong> Rules 1945</strong> thereunder.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <strong>Second Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act</strong>, it is designated as the official book of standards for drugs imported and/or manufactured for sale, stock or exhibition for sale or distribution in India.</li>
<li>It specifies the<strong> standards of drugs manufactured and marketed in India</strong> in terms of their <strong>identity, purity and strength.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The merger intends to accord legal status to the merged structure of PCIM&amp;H and its laboratory by making the necessary amendments and enabling provisions in the <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consultations have been done with the Director General Health Services, Drugs Controller General and the <strong>Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board</strong> (ASUDTAB).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of the Merger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Optimum use of infrastructural facilities, technical manpower and financial resources of the three organizations for enhancing their standardised outcomes.</li>
<li>Focused and cohesive development of standards of AYUSH drugs and publication of pharmacopoeias and formularies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASUDTAB is a<strong> statutory body</strong> under the provisions of<strong> Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>advises the central and state governments</strong> in regulatory matters of <strong>Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) drugs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Accelerated Shelf Life Testing</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an indirect method of measuring and estimating the stability of a product by storing the product under controlled conditions that increase the rate of degradation occurring in the product under normal storage conditions.</li>
<li>ASLT is <strong>useful for a number of purposes like:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To predict product stability including colour.</li>
<li>To determine product safety under abuse conditions.</li>
<li>To troubleshoot in the initial stages of product development.</li>
<li>To assess the packaging performance of a product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1629039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 're-establishment-of-pcim-h',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5485,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Associate Members to Delimitation Commission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha Speaker has nominated 15 MPs <strong>from Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh</strong> to assist the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/delimitation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong> </a>in <strong>redrawing the Lok Sabha and the Assembly constituencies</strong> of the northeastern States and the Union Territory of Ladakh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The appointments are made <strong>after the Delimitation Commission&rsquo;s request</strong> to the <strong>presiding officers of Lok Sabha and the Assemblies</strong> to nominate associate members.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has constituted a Delimitation Commission to <strong>redraw Lok Sabha and assembly constituencies of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delimitation-of-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir</a></strong> and the northeastern states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland.</li>
<li>It is headed by the<strong> former Supreme Court judge</strong> Ranjana Prakash Desai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission intends to delimit the constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) in <strong>accordance with the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly are to increase with due reservations for SC and STs. It also includes few seats reserved for Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The J&amp;K experienced the <strong>last delimitation exercise </strong>in <strong>1995.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has often been argued that the delimitation exercise was held back deliberately to ensure greater representation of Kashmir in the legislative assembly and Parliament rather than Jammu area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delimitation in Northeastern States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The delimitation in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland will be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the<strong> Delimitation Act, 2002.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The delimitation exercise in<strong> Assam</strong> will be <strong>resumed after 12 years</strong> which was <strong>put on hold in 2008</strong> after situation in the state was reported not to be conducive because of <strong>serious threat to the peace and public order.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Delimitation Commission is<strong> appointed</strong> by the<strong> President of India</strong> and works in <strong>collaboration with the Election Commission of India.</strong></li>
<li>Delimitation literally means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country to represent changes in population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Basis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 82</strong> provides the Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Census Act (1948)</strong> provides for the permanent scheme of conducting population Census. It is carried out in a <strong>ten years interval.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 170</strong> provides division of State into territorial constituencies as per Delimitation Act after every Census.</li>
<li>Once the Act enacted by the Parliament is in force, the Union government sets up a Delimitation Commission.</li>
<li>The <strong>first delimitation exercise</strong> was carried out by the President (with the help of the Election Commission) in 1950-51.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Delimitation Commission Act</strong> was enacted in <strong>1952.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is usually composed of the retired Supreme Court judge, Chief Election Commissioner and Respective State Election Commissioners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide <strong>equal representation</strong> to equal segments of a population.</li>
<li><strong>Fair division of geographical areas</strong> so that one political party doesn&rsquo;t have an advantage over others in an election.</li>
<li>To follow the principle of <strong>&ldquo;One Vote One Value&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It determines the <strong>number and boundaries of constituencies</strong> to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.</li>
<li>It also identifies the <strong>seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,</strong> wherever their population is relatively large.</li>
<li>In case of difference of opinion among members of the Commission, the <strong>opinion of the majority</strong> prevails.</li>
<li>The Delimitation Commission in India is a <strong>high power body</strong> whose orders have the force of law and <strong>cannot be called in question before any court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> 42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 1976 froze</strong> the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to the states and the division of each State into territorial constituencies till the year 2000 at the 1971 level.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>84<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2001</strong> extended this ban on readjustment for another<strong> 25 years (i.e., upto year 2026),</strong> without affecting the total number of seats based on the 1971 census.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 84<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2001 also empowered the government to undertake readjustment and rationalisation of territorial constituencies in the states on the basis of the <strong>population figures of 1991 census.</strong></li>
<li>Later,<strong> the 87<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2003</strong> provided for the delimitation of constituencies on the<strong> basis of the 2001 census</strong> and not 1991 census.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The appointment of associated members from the respective States will help the delimitation commission<strong> to resolve grievances of these States</strong> as stated above.</li>
<li>The involvement of associate members from Lok Sabha and Assemblies will also help to <strong>maintain transparency and integrity of the delimitation commission</strong> which strives for equal representation to equal segments of the population in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-speaker-nominates-15-mps-to-the-delimitation-commission/article31698154.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'associate-members-to-delimitation-commission',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5478,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NHRC’s Notice to Government on Migrant Deaths',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> has issued notices to the Union Home Ministry, the Railway Board and the Bihar and Gujarat governments in connection with the <strong>reported deaths of some migrant workers on Shramik Special trains</strong> and the lack of food and water for the passengers on these trains.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government had <strong>started Shramik Special trains from 1<sup>st</sup> May, 2020</strong> to ferry migrant workers back to their home States after they were stranded in different parts of the country due the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19</strong></a> induced lockdown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of these poor migrants were daily wage workers who lost their work and livelihood as businesses and establishments shut down. In the absence of money and jobs, and bereft of any food, savings, or shelter in large cities, they started moving back to their villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>NHRC took suo motu (on its own) cognisance</strong> of media reports about the trains not only starting late, but also taking many more days to reach their destinations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many migrant labourers lost their lives during their journey due to the longer duration and the absence of arrangements for drinking water and food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Commission observed that the contents of the media reports, if true, amount to <strong>gross violation of human rights.</strong> The State has failed to protect the lives of the poor labourers on board the trains.</li>
<li>The NHRC has issued notices to the Chief Secretaries of Bihar and Gujarat governments, the chairman of the Railway Board and the Union Home Secretary, <strong>seeking their reports within four weeks.</strong></li>
<li>Also, recently, the <strong>Supreme Court</strong> directed that the State from where workers started their journey and the State where they were headed should pool their travel expenses between them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the train journey, railways would be in charge of providing migrant workers drinking water and meals. In case of bus journeys, the State where they started from had to take care of their food and water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Statutory Body:</strong> NHRC was established on 12<sup>th</sup> October, 1993. The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PHRA Act also provides for the creation of a State Human Rights Commission at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Line with Paris Principles:</strong> Paris Principles were adopted for the promotion and protection of human rights in October 1991, and were endorsed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1993.</li>
<li><strong>Watchdog of Human Rights in the country:</strong> The NHRC is an embodiment of India&rsquo;s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA defines Human Rights as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> The commission is a multi-member body consisting of a chairman and five members. The chairperson should be a retired chief justice of India or a judge of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong> The chairman and members are appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee consisting of the Prime Minister as its head, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, leaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of Parliament and the Union Home Minister.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The chairman and members hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President can remove the chairman or any member from the office under some circumstances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre does not seem to have<strong> a nationwide action plan</strong> to tally the exact number of labourers stranded in various parts of the country. The government should work with the grass roots administrative mechanism, including the district and panchayats, to create lists accurately identifying the stranded workers.</li>
<li>Preparing a <strong>comprehensive database of the migrant</strong> workers&rsquo; source and destination, demography, employment patterns and skill sets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help in skill development, providing social security benefits, planning for mass transit of migrant labour and preparing for any contingency plan in emergency situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Migrant workers related issues have complex Centre-State and inter-State dimensions. There is a need to empowerthe<a href="/summary-of-important-reports/capacity-building-for-conflict-resolution-2nd-arc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Inter-State Council</strong></a>, set up under Article 263 of the Constitution to effectively and comprehensively deal with larger issues related to migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nhrc-issues-notice-to-govt-on-migrant-deaths/article31697865.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'nhrc-s-notice-to-government-on-migrant-deaths',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5460,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Antitrust Case Against Google',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/competition-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Commission of India</strong></a> (CCI) has started looking into allegations against the <strong>Alphabet Inc&rsquo;s Google.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the allegations, Google is <strong>abusing its market position to unfairly promote its mobile payments app</strong> (Google Pay) in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The complaint alleges the USA tech giant <strong>more prominently showcases its Google Pay</strong> app inside its Android app store in India, giving it an <strong>unfair advantage</strong> over apps of competitors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Google Pay allows users to do <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-transactions-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital transactions</strong></a>, inter-bank fund transfers and bill payments.</li>
<li>It <strong>competes with</strong> Softbank-backed Paytm and Walmart&rsquo;s PhonePe, both of which are prominently used in India.</li>
<li>Facebook&rsquo;s WhatsApp is also planning a similar service in the near future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Google has not responded to the allegations yet and is expected to respond in due course.</li>
<li>The CCI can direct its investigations unit to conduct a wider probe into the allegations or dismiss the case if it finds no merit in it. Google will appear before the CCI, which will then decide on the way forward.</li>
<li>This is Google&rsquo;s <strong>third major antitrust challenge in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the CCI fined Google $21 million for &lsquo;search bias&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was alleged that Google was indulging in abuse of a dominant position in the market for online search through practices leading to search bias and search manipulation, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>2019,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/google-and-amazon-to-face-antitrust-scrutiny" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CCI started probing Google</strong></a> for allegedly misusing its dominant position to reduce the ability of smartphone manufacturers to opt for alternate versions of its Android mobile operating system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Antitrust Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antitrust law, also referred to as <strong>Competition law,</strong> aims to protect trade and commerce from unfair restraints, monopolies and price-fixing.</li>
<li>It <strong>ensures that fair competition</strong> exists in an open-market economy.</li>
<li>The <strong>Competition Act, 2002 is India&rsquo;s antitrust law.</strong> It repealed and replaced the <strong>Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act)</strong> on the recommendations of the<strong> Raghavan committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>The Competition Act, 2002</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was passed in<strong> 2002</strong> and was amended by the <strong>Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007.</strong> It follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.</li>
<li>The Act<strong> prohibits</strong> anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations, which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.</li>
<li>In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the<strong> Competition Commission of India</strong> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Competition Appellate Tribunal</strong></a> (COMPAT) were established.</li>
<li>The government <strong>replaced COMPAT</strong> with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal</strong></a> <strong>(NCLAT) in 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Competition Commission of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> statutory body</strong> responsible for enforcing the objectives of the <strong>Competition Act, 2002.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong> A Chairperson and 6 Members appointed by the Central Government.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To eliminate practices having adverse effects on competition.</li>
<li>Promote and sustain competition.</li>
<li>Protect the interests of consumers.</li>
<li>Ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Commission is also<strong> required to give an opinion on competition issues</strong> on a reference received from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/google-faces-antitrust-case-in-india/article31689733.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'antitrust-case-against-google',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5230,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Good Governance Index&rsquo; (GGI) was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Day</strong></a> i.e. 25<sup>th</sup> December, 2019.</li>
<li>It is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and UTs.</li>
<li>The objectives of GGI are to provide <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>quantifiable data</strong> </a>to compare the state of governance in all states and UTs, enable states and UTs to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result-oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a></p>
<p>The Chairperson, Lokpal, Sh. Justice P. C. Ghose and its eight members were administered the Oath of Office.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</strong></a></li>
<li>These institutions are statutory bodies without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>In India, the concept of constitutional ombudsman was first proposed by the then law minister Ashok Kumar Sen in parliament in the early 1960s.</li>
<li>The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</li>
<li>The Bill was passed in 2013 in both the Houses of Parliament and came into force on 16 January 2014.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Amendment Bill, 2019</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament passed the Right To Information Amendment Bill, 2019.</li>
<li>In this amendment, it is proposed to amend the Right to Information Act, 2005 so as to provide that the term of office of, and the salaries, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of, the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners and the State Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners, shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right To Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right To Information (RTI)</strong></a> marked its 14<sup>th</sup> anniversary on 12<sup>th</sup> October 2019.</li>
<li>The right to information gained power when <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> was adopted in 1948 providing everyone the right to seek, receive, information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political rights 1966</strong> states that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, the freedom to seek and impart information and ideas of all kinds.</li>
<li>The RTI Act, 2005 <strong>did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law.</strong> Instead, <strong>it tasked and mandated officials in every office to change their attitude</strong> and duty from one of secrecy to one of sharing and openness.</li>
<li>Right to information has been seen as the key to<strong> strengthening participatory democracy</strong> and ushering in people-centred governance.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objectives of the Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To empower the citizens</li>
<li>To promote transparency and accountability</li>
<li>To contain corruption and</li>
<li>To enhance people&rsquo;s participation in democratic process.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Important Facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shillong Declaration:</strong> Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in association with Ministry of Electronics &amp; Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India and the State Government of Meghalaya organized the 22<sup>nd</sup> National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) 2019 on 8-9<sup>th</sup> August, 2019 at Shillong, Meghalaya.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Shillong Declaration&rsquo; outlines the roadmap on e-Governance of the Nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nagpur Resolution:</strong> Adopted in December 2019, to empower the citizens by policy interventions for better service delivery through timely updation of citizens charters, implementation of enactments and benchmarking standards for continuous improvement, among others.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centralized-public-grievances-redress-and-monitoring-system-cpgrams" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS):</strong></a> It is an <strong>online web-enabled system</strong> developed by<strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> (Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT [MeitY]), in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The underlying idea was to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Information Commission (CIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIC was established in 2005 by the Central Government under the provisions of Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>The Chief Information Commissioner heads the Central Information Commission.</li>
<li>It hears appeals from information-seekers who have not been satisfied by the public authority and also addresses major issues concerning the RTI Act.</li>
<li>CIC submits an annual report to the Union government on the implementation of the provisions of RTI Act.</li>
<li>The Right to Information Act of 2005 provides for the creation of a State Information Commission at the state level.</li>
<li>It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc.under the concerned state government.</li>
<li>The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners appointed by the Governor.</li>
</ul>',
		'posturl' => 'year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-personnel-public-grievances-and-pensions',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	}
]
$tags = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'id' => (int) 302,
		'tag' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'colorcode' => 'FFFFFF',
		'posturl' => 'statutory-bodies',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'metakeyword' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'metadescription' => 'Statutory Bodies',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 9,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Tag Search Results

You searched “Statutory Bodies”. Your tag search matches the following results: