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Direct Payment of Minimum Support Price

Why in News After the recent orders from the Food Corporation of India (FCI), the farm unions warned that the Centre’s insistence on direct...

07 Apr 2021 Issues Relating to Development
National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights

This article is based on “Would cats bell themselves? The wait for the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights” which was...

03 Apr 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin

Why in News Due to adverse impact of Covid-19, only 5.4% of the sanctioned houses under the central government's flagship rural housing scheme,...

31 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Revival of Millet Cultivation

Why in News An International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) supported initiative to revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation, started in...

31 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
The Big Picture: Mines & Minerals (Amendment) Bill

Why in News? Recently, the Lok Sabha has cleared the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment Bill, 2021. The Bill...

24 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Global Water Crisis: UNICEF

Why in News According to a new report released by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), one in five children worldwide reside in areas...

22 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Licensing Conditions for Telecom Companies Amended

Why in News The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has amended licensing conditions for telecom companies. The new norms will be implemented...

12 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Kala-azar Elimination: Bihar to Miss Deadline

Why in News The new cases of Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis have been reported in Bihar’s Muzaffarpur district, casting serious doubt on...

11 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
MT Swarna Krishna: International Women’s Day

Why in News The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has flagged off an all-women crew onboard Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) vessel...

08 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces

Why in News? Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the Union Budget 2021-22 in the defence sector, the Prime...

02 Mar 2021 Issues Relating to Development
6 Years of UJALA and SLNP

Why in News The UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) and SLNP (Street Lighting National Programme) completed six years of successful...

24 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China

Why in News Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to review the need for continuing imposition of...

24 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Health and Budget

This article is based upon “Towards Swasth Bharat” which was published in The Hindu Business Line on February 18, 2021. It talks about...

19 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index

Why in News? Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to bare necessities like drinking water, sanitation,...

16 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
MGNREGS Praised By the Standing Committee on Labour

Why in News Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour in its report “Social Security and Welfare Measures for Inter-State...

12 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Consumer Welfare Fund

Why in News During the ongoing session the Union Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has informed the parliament...

05 Feb 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Youth & Mahatma Gandhi

This article is based on “Mahatma Gandhi’s core values should inspire youth today” which was published in The Indian Express on...

30 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Shadow Entrepreneurship

This article is based on “Rise of shadow entrepreneurship” which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits...

25 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Female Labor Force Participation In India

This article is based on “Enhancing women’s employment is key to economic recovery” which was published in The Hindustan Times on...

21 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Tourism Sector In India

This article is based on “In our past lies our future… Indian tourism hasn’t marketed the precious assets embedded in our...

20 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development

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		'article_id' => (int) 8092,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Direct Payment of Minimum Support Price',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>After the recent orders from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-corporation-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Corporation of India (FCI)</strong></a>, the farm unions warned that the Centre&rsquo;s insistence on <strong>direct payment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=MSP%20is%20a%20%E2%80%9Cminimum%20price,they%20procure%20the%20particular%20crop." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minimum Support Price (MSP)</a></strong> could derail the <strong>crop procurement process.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Orders from FCI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Direct Payment of Minimum Support Price (MSP):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Centre wants to<strong> make direct online MSP payment to farmers&rsquo; bank accounts,</strong> to remove middlemen from the process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MSP is the price that government agencies pay whenever they procure the particular crop.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, <strong>arhtiyas (commission agents)</strong> get the payments in their accounts, which they in turn pay to farmers through cheques.</li>
<li>The <strong>Centre has to pay 2.5% commission to arhtiyas</strong> who facilitate procurement of the crop from farmers to government agencies and take commission for that from the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jamabandhi System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FCI order stipulates that tenant farmers and sharecroppers must produce a jamabandhi.</li>
<li>Jamabandhi is a<strong> legal agreement</strong> proving that they have the right to till leased land, in order to get paid for procured crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The FCI&rsquo;s also proposed to <strong>tighten quality requirements for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/alternative-to-msp-crops" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wheat and paddy</a> procurement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transparency and Accountability:</strong> The FCI has insisted that direct payment to farmers&rsquo; bank accounts, bypassing the powerful arhatiyas or commission agents, will lead to greater <strong>transparency and accountability. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Non-Discriminatory in Nature:</strong> There is no selection bias in choosing the beneficiaries based on attributes like caste and land size.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges to the FCI Order:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since arhtiyas play a key role in the Punjab and Haryana farm ecosystem by providing farm loans, the move has been <strong>opposed by a large section of farmers, as well as the Punjab government.</strong></li>
<li>According to farm unions, implementing direct payment in haste can lead to many complex problems that will exclude so many farmers from getting their price of the crop.</li>
<li>Thousands of sharecroppers do not have Jamabandhi or legal agreements and will be hit hard.</li>
<li>The FCI&rsquo;s proposals to <strong>tighten quality requirements for wheat and paddy procurement</strong> are also being opposed.</li>
<li>At a broader level, farmers connected their issues with the FCI with their existing demands to repeal the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong> </a>and enact a legal guarantee for procurement of all crops and minimum support prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Food Corporation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FCI is a<strong> statutory body</strong> set up in 1965 by the <strong>Food Corporations Act 1964 under Department of Food &amp; Public Distribution, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.</strong></li>
<li>It was established against the backdrop of a major shortage of grains, especially wheat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Simultaneously, the <strong>Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)</strong> was created in 1965 to<strong> recommend remunerative prices (MSP) to farmers.</strong> CACP is an attached office of the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has primary duty to undertake purchase, store, move/transport, distribute and sell food grains and other foodstuffs.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of FCI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide <strong>remunerative prices</strong> to farmers.</li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>food security</strong> of the nation by maintaining satisfactory levels of<strong> operational buffer stocks</strong> of food grains.</li>
<li>Distribution of food grains throughout the country for the<strong> Public Distribution System.</strong></li>
<li>Effective <strong>Price Support Operations</strong> for safeguarding the interest of farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farm-unions-protest-fcis-direct-payment-tenancy-documentation-orders/article34245720.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8073,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/governance/would-cats-bell-themselves-the-wait-for-the-national-action-plan-on-business-and-human-rights-76224" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Would cats bell themselves? The wait for the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Down to Earth on 31/03/2021. It talks about the prospects of the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights.</p>
</div>
<p>India endorsed the United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGP) on Business and Human Rights more than a decade ago. Accordingly, it has to evolve a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (NAP) detailing actions to ensure businesses do not violate human rights.</p>
<p>In this pursuit, the Indian government formally announced that it would develop a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights in India at the Business and Human Rights Forum in Geneva in November 2018.</p>
<p>In February 2019, India published a draft NAP on Business and Human Rights, known as the &lsquo;Zero Draft&rsquo;, and also committed to publishing the final NAP in 2020. However, the final NAP is still not framed yet.</p>
<h3>National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights &amp; Its Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goal:</strong> National Action Plan will provide an overview of India&rsquo;s legal framework setting out the State&rsquo;s duty to protect human rights, set the corporate responsibility to respect human rights, and access remedy against business-related human rights violations.</li>
<li><strong>Inspiration:</strong> The vision of India&rsquo;s NAP stems from the Gandhian principle of trusteeship that defines that the purpose of business is to serve all stakeholders.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Experts claim that the Covid-19 pandemic is a litmus test for the concept of stakeholder capitalism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NAP becomes more relevant in the wake of Covid-19 in that the pandemic has exposed several systemic vulnerabilities in how businesses operate.</li>
<li>The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that, due to Covid-19, 400 million Indian workers are at risk of sinking even deeper into poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Commitment:</strong> The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (of which India is a signatory) envisages the Protect-Respect-Remedy principle while the role of the State is to ensure that all three pillars of the principle are working effectively in reality. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 8) focuses upon the realization of human rights in the business sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cases of Business &amp; Human Rights</h3>
<p><strong>Concurrence:</strong></p>
<p>Several plants were shut down in the last two decades on charges of violating human rights and environmental rights:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Coca Cola Co&rsquo;s plants in Plachimada (2004), Mehdiganj (2013), and Hapur (2016)</li>
<li>Hindustan Unilever Ltd&rsquo;s (Mercury) factory in Kodaikanal (2001)</li>
<li>Sterlite Copper plant in Thoothukudi (2018)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Divergence:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a law that prevents companies from advertising tobacco near school premises. But tobacco giant ITC Ltd&rsquo;s notebooks, complete with its logo, are available right inside classrooms. Again, seemingly, there is nothing illegal about it.</li>
<li>More than a million people die in India each year due to consuming tobacco. However, one of the investors of a tobacco company is Life Insurance Corp (LIC), owned by the Government of India.</li>
<li>When children are glued to games like PUBG, the young ones and their parents are blamed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But in a class suit in Canada, parents alleged: &ldquo;companies hire psychologists, who dig into the human brain and they really made the efforts to make the game as addictive as possible&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in Implementation of NAP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extreme Informalization:</strong> India faces an issue of extreme informalisation, low-skilled and low-paying jobs, gender wage gap, the prevalence of child labor, and forced/ bonded labor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Social protection, occupational health and safety, unionization, and collective bargaining remain a challenge in general but particularly for informal workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Levels of Dispossession:</strong> The dispossession of communities from their right to access and control over land, water, and other natural resources necessary for their lives and livelihoods, is also a critical issue that the NAP must address.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Grievance Redressal Mechanisms:</strong> Access to remedy poses a major challenge in the effective implementation of NAP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lack of operational-level grievance mechanisms could be another stumbling block for the rights holders to access remedy mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening CAG:</strong> There is a need to encourage CAG to evolve auditing standards that seek to ensure human-rights compliance and extend the same to all public-private partnerships. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This should ensure respect for human rights in all cases of public procurement and of public investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening CEC:</strong> The Central Election Commissions should be mandated to regulate corporate funding of political parties, including directing mandatory disclosures of donations as well as of any conflict of interests by both businesses and political parties.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening NHRC and SHRCs:</strong> There is a need to expand the powers of the Human Rights Commissions to issue notices to businesses and to create business and human rights ombudsperson to monitor human rights situation in businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening MSME:</strong> India has a significantly large number of micro, small, and medium (MSME) enterprises. The success of India&rsquo;s NAP rests on the ability of the MSME sector to adopt it. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government as well as large companies have a crucial role in building the capacity of the MSME sector through training, awareness, and providing incentives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Synchronizing Education:</strong> Business managers will see human rights only as a risk &mdash; not as intrinsic to the business. Thus, there is a need for a proactive attempt to make Business and Human Rights a core part of the management curriculum.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So that every business manager groomed should be a human rights defender.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Embedding Accountability:</strong> The rising influence and dominance of technology on the future of work, privacy, and inequality is a growing area of concern in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NAP should take steps to embed accountability of technology companies on human rights issues beginning with the rights of workers in the gig economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The NAP process is an opportunity for India to demonstrate leadership in achieving sustainable and inclusive growth and position itself as the world&rsquo;s largest sustainable and responsible economy. The NAP can serve as an important tool to guide Indian businesses to redefine their purpose and emerge out of this pandemic more humane.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>National action plan on business and human rights can serve as an important tool to guide Indian businesses to redefine their purpose and emerge out of this pandemic more humane. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Due to adverse impact of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>, only 5.4% of the sanctioned houses under</strong> the central government's flagship rural housing scheme, <strong>Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin</strong>, have <strong>reached completion for the year 2020-2021.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> To achieve the objective of <strong>&ldquo;Housing for All&rdquo; by 2022</strong>, the erstwhile rural housing scheme <strong>Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)</strong> <strong>was restructured to Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G)</strong> w.e.f 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2016.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry Involved:</strong> Ministry of <strong>Rural development.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>provide a pucca house with basic amenities to all rural families</strong>, who are homeless or living in kutcha or dilapidated houses by the end of <strong>March 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To help rural people Below the Poverty Line (BPL) in construction of dwelling units and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses by providing assistance in the form of a full grant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> People belonging to SCs/STs, freed bonded labourers and non-SC/ST categories, widows or next-of-kin of defence personnel killed in action, ex servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary forces, disabled persons and minorities.</li>
<li><strong>Selection of Beneficiaries:</strong> Through a three stage validation - Socio Economic Caste Census 2011, Gram Sabha, and geo-tagging.</li>
<li><strong>Cost Sharing:</strong> The cost of unit assistance is shared between Central and State Governments in the ratio <strong>60:40</strong> <strong>in plain areas</strong> and <strong>90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The minimum size of the house has been increased to 25 sq.mt (from 20sq.mt) with a hygienic cooking space.</li>
<li>The unit assistance has been increased from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh in plain and from Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 1.30 lakh in hilly states.</li>
<li>The assistance for construction of toilets shall be leveraged through convergence with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGS</strong></a> or any other dedicated source of funding.</li>
<li>Convergence for <strong>piped drinking water, electricity connection, LPG gas connection etc.</strong> different Government programmers are also to be attempted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 55% of the construction</strong> target has been completed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the <strong>2.28 crore houses to be built</strong> for the rural poor, less than <strong>1.27 crore had been built</strong> by January 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Money</strong> has been sanctioned to <strong>almost 85% of beneficiaries.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme has helped in <strong>employment generation.</strong> Many states provided employment to their migrant labourers during lock down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana &ndash; Urban</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> 25<sup>th</sup> June 2015, intends to provide housing for all in urban areas by year 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> Ministry of <strong>Housing and Urban Affairs</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Addresses Urban housing shortage</strong> <strong>among the Urban</strong> <strong>Poor</strong> including the Slum Dwellers by ensuring a pucca house to eligible urban poor.</li>
<li>The Mission <strong>covers the entire urban area</strong> consisting of Statutory Towns, Notified Planning Areas, Development Authorities, Special Area Development Authorities, Industrial Development Authorities or any such authority under State legislation which is entrusted with the functions of urban planning &amp; regulations.</li>
<li>All houses under PMAY(U) <strong>have basic amenities like toilet, water supply, electricity and kitchen.</strong></li>
<li>The Mission <strong>promotes women empowerment</strong> by providing the ownership of houses in the name of female members or in joint name.</li>
<li><strong>Preference is also given to differently abled persons, senior citizens, SCs, STs, OBCs, Minority, single women, transgender</strong> and other weaker &amp; vulnerable sections of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Divided into Four Verticals:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation.</li>
<li>Credit Linked Subsidy.</li>
<li>Affordable Housing in Partnership.</li>
<li>Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-54-of-houses-under-centres-flagship-scheme-reached-completion-so-far-this-year/article34190006.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8043,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Revival of Millet Cultivation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=International%20Fund%20for%20Agricultural%20Development,poverty%2C%20hunger%2C%20and%20malnutrition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong></a> supported initiative to<strong> revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation,</strong> started in the year 2013-14 in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, has given new life to the forgotten crops.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IFAD is a specialized agency of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> and was one of the major outcomes of the <strong>1974 World Food Conference.</strong></li>
<li>Founded in 1977, IFAD<strong> focuses on rural poverty reduction,</strong> working with poor rural populations in developing countries to <strong>eliminate poverty, hunger, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Beginning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was started with <strong>1,497 women-farmers from 40 villages &ndash;</strong> mostly from the <strong>Gonda and Baiga tribes &ndash;</strong> growing these two minor millets (Kodo and Kutki) on 749 acres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seed and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The identified farmers were <strong>supplied good-quality seeds and trained by scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University</strong> in Jabalpur and the local Krishi Vigyan Kendra &ndash; on field preparation, line-sowing (as opposed to conventional broadcasting by hand) and application of compost, zinc, bavistin fungicide and other specific plant protection chemicals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self Help Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A federation of the <strong>farmers&rsquo; self-help groups</strong> undertook procurement of the produce and also its mechanical de-hulling (the traditional manual pounding process to remove husk from the grain was time-consuming).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Helped in increasing the <strong>number of farmers growing kodo-kutki</strong> in the project area <strong>to 14,301 in 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>Helped in increasing the acreage to 14,876 acres.</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>meeting nutritional goals</strong> (fighting malnourishment among children).</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>reviving millet cultivation</strong> (crop yields are 1.5-2 times higher than before).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Millets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Millets are often referred to as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/millets-superfood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Superfood</strong></a> and its production can be seen as an approach for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-and-changing-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable agriculture</strong> </a>and a healthy world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Millets in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three major millet crops currently grown in India are<strong> jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet) and ragi (finger millet).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Along with that, India grows a rich array of bio-genetically diverse and<strong> indigenous varieties of &ldquo;small millets&rdquo; like kodo, kutki, chenna and sanwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major producers</strong> include Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Reviving Millet Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nutritional Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are <strong>less expensive and nutritionally superior</strong> to wheat &amp; rice owing to their high protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals like iron content.</li>
<li>Millets are also<strong> rich in calcium and magnesium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> Ragi is known to have the highest calcium content among all the food grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> high iron content can fight high prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a></strong> in Indian women of reproductive age and infants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are also harder and <strong>drought-resistant crops,</strong> which has to do with their <strong>short growing season</strong> (70-100 days, as against 120-150 days for paddy/wheat) and<strong> lower water requirement</strong> (350-500 mm versus 600-1,200 mm).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As low investment is needed for production of millets, these can prove to be a sustainable income source for farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Tackle Health Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets can help<strong> tackle lifestyle problems and health challenges such as obesity and diabetes</strong> as they are<strong> gluten-free and have a low glycemic index</strong> (a relative ranking of carbohydrates in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are rich in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-radicals-may-not-be-all-bad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antioxidants</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preference for Wheat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wheat has gluten proteins that swell and form networks on adding water to the flour, making the dough more cohesive and elastic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resultant chapattis come out soft, which isn&rsquo;t possible with millets that are gluten-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Demand for Processed Food:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has seen a jump in consumer demand for <strong>ultra-processed and ready-to-eat products,</strong> which are high in sodium, sugar, trans-fats and even some carcinogens.</li>
<li>With the <strong>intense marketing of processed foods,</strong> even the rural population started perceiving mill-processed rice and wheat as more aspirational.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Act Promoting Other Grains:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In rural India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act of 2013</strong></a> entitles three-fourths of all households to <strong>5 kg of wheat or rice</strong> per person per month at Rs 2 and Rs 3 per kg, respectively, thus <strong>reducing the demand for millets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promoting Millets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Union Agriculture Ministry, in April 2018,<strong> declared millets as &ldquo;Nutri-Cereals&rdquo;,</strong> considering their &ldquo;high nutritive value&rdquo; and also &ldquo;anti-diabetic properties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>2018 was also observed as <strong>&lsquo;National Year of Millets&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in MSP:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> of Millets, which came as a big price incentive for farmers.</li>
<li>Further, to provide a steady market for the produce, the government has included millets in the public distribution system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Input Support:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has introduced provision of seed kits and inputs to farmers, building value chains through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> and supporting the marketability of millets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>United Nation General Assembly</strong> adopted an India-sponsored resolution to mark 2023 as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Year of Millets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farming of millets<strong> deserves encouragement</strong> especially in view of their climate resilience, short cropping duration and ability to grow on poor soils, hilly terrains and with little rain.</li>
<li>Because of their accessibility to the poor, they <strong>can play an essential role in providing nourishment to people across all income categories</strong> and supporting climate adaptation of rainfed farming systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-madhya-pradeshs-dindoi-a-un-backed-project-aims-to-put-millets-7249608/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8001,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Mines & Minerals (Amendment) Bill',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JiiUXhsEm7I" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha has cleared the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mmdr-amendment-bill-2021#:~:text=The%20Act%20empowers%20the%20central,reserved%20for%20particular%20end%2Duse." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment Bill, 2021.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill amends the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining#:~:text=The%20Union%20Cabinet%20has%20approved,attract%20investment%20in%20coal%20mining.&amp;text=)%20Act%2C%202015.-,The%20Mines%20and%20Minerals%20(Development%20and%20Regulation)%20Act%2C%201957,mining%20leases%20for%20mining%20operations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong></a>, which regulates the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mining-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mining sector in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The MMDR Act, 1957:</strong> The mines and minerals sector is governed by the Mines and Minerals Act of 1957. This act provides for:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The governance of mining leases within the country.</li>
<li>The purpose of why the lease is given.</li>
<li>How to ensure the well being of the people living in the areas where mines are auctioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mineral Potential of India:</strong> India has the same mineral potential as South Africa and Australia. It produces 95 types of minerals but despite this huge mineral potential, the mining sector of India still remains underexplored.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mining sector contributes around 7 to 7.5% of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> of countries like South Africa and Australia whereas it is only 1.75% in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Imports of Minerals:</strong> India is importing around 2.5 lac crore rupees worth minerals.</li>
<li><strong>Underexplored Mining Areas of India:</strong> India has explored only 10% of its <strong>Obvious Geological Potential (OGP)</strong> so far.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only 5% of OGP is being used by India for mining.</li>
<li>In Australia and South Africa, 70-80% of OGP is mined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>MMDR Amendment Bill, 2021</h3>
<p><strong>Objectives:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transparency in the Auction Process:</strong> The bill passed by a <strong>voice vote</strong> (vote given on a topic by responding orally), is aimed at bringing more transparency in the auction processes of the mines.</li>
<li><strong>Enhancing Employment:</strong> The major objective of the amendment is to generate employment in the mining sector and enhance the contribution of the mining sector in the total GDP of the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Mines has claimed an increment of about 55 lakh direct and indirect employment to be generated due to the reforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Attracting Domestic as well as Foreign Investment:</strong> The government, through this amendment, is making an effort to attract domestic as well as foreign investment in the mining sector plus involvement of safe and effective technology in the sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the government has permitted 100% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revised-fdi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FDI under automatic route for sale of coal</strong></a>, for coal mining activities including associated processing infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the Contribution of Mining to GDP:&nbsp;</strong>The objective is to enhance the contribution of the mining sector in the GDP to up to at least 2.75% which at present is around 1.75%.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Proposed Amendments:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Removal of the distinction of Captive and Non-captive Mines:</strong> The MMDR Act, 1957 empowers the central government to reserve any mine as <strong>captive mine</strong> which is utilised for a specific purpose only.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill removes the distinction between captive and non-captive mines. The mines will not be limited to just a specific purpose/industry/sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ores and Minerals Extracted from Captive Mines: </strong>Earlier, the ores extracted from captive mines were only used by captive industries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill allows the leaseholders of captive mines to sell upto 50% of their ore into the open market.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is one caveat; additional charges will have to be paid to the government by the lessee for selling minerals in the open market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 50% cap is flexible, the government can go above the cap if necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Statutory Permissions:</strong> The bill provides that all clearances and licences granted shall continue till the reserves have been mined and post the expiry or termination of the lease, will be transferred to the next successful bidder.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help attract investors as under the previous regime, the new lessee had pre-embedded clearances for only two years, making it difficult to get fresh clearances within this time period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Involvement of Central Government:</strong> As per the bill, if the lease for a mine is expired and the state government is unable to auction a mine, then the central government can step in for auctions; the basic idea is to not leave a mine idle.</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Non-Exclusive License Regime:</strong> In the act, companies have a non-exclusive license for the reconnaissance of the area to find out mineral potential.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment removes the non exclusive license permit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension of Mining Leases to Government Companies:</strong> There are also provisions in the bill which allow the government to extend mining leases to government companies for a period of ten years. The idea is to ensure the utilisation of mine is more efficient.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state governments will be provided additional royalty payments for extending leases to the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>District Mineral Foundation:</strong> It is a trust set up as a non-profit body, in the districts affected by the mining works, to work for the benefit of affected people and areas. It is funded through the contributions from miners.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill provides that the central government can also direct how the money should be spent for the development of the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Environmental Concern:</strong> The reforms in the act unshackle the mining sector of India, as much it is beneficial for the development of the country. Mining is harmful from the environmental point of view.</li>
<li><strong>Tribal Communities:</strong> Several tribal communities and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</a> fall into the mining zones.</strong> Their residence is also threatened by an increase in mining. Their rehabilitation &amp; compensation is another major issue.</li>
<li><strong>Intervention of Central Government in State Matters:</strong> Auction of a mine is a process where the power rests in the hands of state governments. There might exist ambiguity in the case where there are two different political parties in power at center &amp; state.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state governments may <strong>object to the fixing of the royalties for extensions</strong> of leases to the government companies as this may lead to lower revenues as compared to a transparent process of auction.</li>
<li>Moreover, the involvement of the central government in <strong>directing the expenditure of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/district-mineral-foundation-trust-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">district mineral funds</a></strong> is also a matter of concern for the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Encouraging the Mining Sector Reforms:</strong> Reforms in the mining sector will propel the growth in other sectors that are dependent upon it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The boom in the mining production will lead to a boost in a lot of metal and ancillary industries as well. A.lot of industries including the automobile sector will also be benefited with this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Imports:</strong> Despite having so much potential, India imports a large amount of raw materials. In order to fulfill the notion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>self-reliant India</strong></a>, mining is one important aspect to take care of.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently many industries including steel, copper, etc import a large amount of raw materials and intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Introducing an Independent Regulatory Body:</strong> The ambiguity among the different ruling parties at state and central level should not be allowed to hamper the growth of the mining sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, the need is to have an independent regulating authority which should be given power to work in the larger interest of public &amp; economic growth.</li>
<li>Its purpose is to make sure that no particular side is favoured and utilisation of resources for holistic benefit of the country is maximised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation Between Central and State Governments:</strong> In the best interest of mining industries, state governments and central government should cooperate and work together and make sure that mining involves more advanced technologies and is attracting more and more investment so that mining becomes safe for the people involved in mining and living around the mining areas and more employment is generated at the local level.</li>
<li><strong>Handling the Environmental Concerns:</strong> The government at different levels should work together to ensure that mining is environment friendly
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clearance of the projects for mining should be given after <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=UNEP%20defines%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment,project%20prior%20to%20decision%2Dmaking." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong></a>, Seismic studies and taking the Biodiversity into account.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Promote Exports and Employment:</strong> Mineral is a bulky cargo and in order to become an exporter of minerals, India needs to improve its infrastructure in terms of railway racks, port capacities and shipping facilities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India should focus on generating employment too. The sector has huge potential for job creation at local level which can counter the migration and thus prevent cities from getting overburdened.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provision Related to Mining</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The entry at serial No. 23 of List II (State List) to the Constitution of India mandates the state government to own the minerals located within their boundaries,</li>
<li>The entry at serial No. 54 of List I (Central List) mandates the central government to own the minerals within the exclusive economic zone of India (EEZ).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In pursuance to this Mines &amp; Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Act of 1957 was framed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The central government has the ownership over all offshore minerals (ie, minerals extracted from the sea or ocean floor in the Indian maritime zones such as the territorial waters, continental shelf and exclusive economic zones).</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7985,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Water Crisis: UNICEF',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a new report released by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund</strong></a> (UNICEF), <strong>one in five children</strong> worldwide reside in areas of <strong>high or extremely high water vulnerability.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report was released ahead of <strong>World Water Day (22<sup>nd</sup> March).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new report is <strong>part of UNICEF&rsquo;s &lsquo;Water security for all&rsquo;</strong> initiative that identifies areas where physical water scarcity risks overlap with poor water service levels.</li>
<li>The<strong> initiative aims to mobilise resources, partnerships, innovation and global response to identified hot spots.</strong></li>
<li>UNICEF identified <strong>37 hot-spot countries</strong> where children faced especially distressing circumstances in terms of absolute numbers, where global resources, support and urgent action had to be mobilised.</li>
<li>Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sudan, Tanzania and Yemen were especially vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Children in more than 80 countries</strong> live in areas with high or extremely high water vulnerability.</li>
<li><strong>Eastern and Southern Africa</strong> has the <strong>highest proportion</strong> of children living in such areas, with more than half of children &ndash;<strong> 58%</strong> &ndash; facing difficulty accessing sufficient water every day.</li>
<li>It is followed by <strong>West and Central Africa (31%), South Asia (25%),</strong> and the <strong>Middle East (23%). </strong></li>
<li><strong>More than 155 million children in South Asia</strong> lived in areas with high or even extremely high water vulnerability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Crisis in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has<strong> 4% of the world&rsquo;s freshwater</strong> which has to cater to <strong>17% of the world&rsquo;s population.</strong></li>
<li>As per <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a> report</strong> released in June 2018, India is facing the worst-ever water crisis in history. Approximately 600 million people or roughly around <strong>45% of the population in India is facing high to severe water stress.</strong></li>
<li>The report says that nearly <strong>40% of the population will have absolutely no access to drinking water by 2030 and 6% of India&rsquo;s GDP will be lost by 2050 due to the water crisis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Water Crisis in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Groundwater Board&rsquo;s estimates show that the <strong>groundwater table in most parts of the country has been declining every year</strong> because of over-exploitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the groundwater continues to decline unabated, meeting the country&rsquo;s agricultural and drinking water requirements will become a big challenge.</li>
<li>85% of rural water supply, 45% of urban water supply and over 64% of irrigation now rely on groundwater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to<strong> accumulation of sediments in the water storage area of major and medium irrigation dams</strong> that are currently in use, the<strong> total storage capacity has fallen significantly.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is clearly underlined in the<strong> report &lsquo;Compendium of Silting of Reservoirs in India&rsquo;,</strong> released by the Central Water Commission in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate change</strong> is causing major changes in rainfall levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken by the Central Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain&rdquo; Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The campaign will be implemented during the period 22<sup>nd</sup> March, 2021 to 30<sup>th</sup> November, 2021 - the <strong>pre-monsoon and monsoon period</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>The campaign is <strong>intended to nudge the State and all stakeholders</strong> to create <strong>Rain Water Harvesting Structures (RWHS)</strong> suitable to the climatic conditions and subsoil strata to ensure storage of rainwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rains falling in the four/five months of monsoon are the only source of water for most parts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Budget 2021-22, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)</strong></a> has been announced under the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry to provide universal coverage of water supply to all households through functional taps in all statutory towns in accordance with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal- 6.</strong></a></li>
<li>It complements the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Jal Jeevan Mission (Rural)</strong> </a>which envisages supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government of India <strong>established the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019</strong> to consolidate interrelated functions pertaining to water management.</li>
<li>The Ministry<strong> launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-abhiyan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Shakti Abhiyan</a></strong> &ndash; a campaign for water conservation and water security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken by State Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh &ndash; Jakhni Village (water village), Bundelkhand</li>
<li>Punjab &ndash; Pani Bachao Paise Kamao</li>
<li>Madhya Pradesh &ndash; Kapil Dhara Yojana</li>
<li>Gujarat &ndash; Sujalam Sufalam Yojana</li>
<li>Telangana &ndash; Mission Kakatiya Program</li>
<li>Maharashtra &ndash; Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan</li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh &ndash; Neeru Chettu Programme</li>
<li>Rajasthan &ndash; Mukhya Mantri Jal Swalambhan Abhiyan (MJSA)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Water Day </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is observed annually across the globe on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> March,</strong> with the purpose of highlighting the importance of water, and raising awareness about the water crisis that the world faces.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>website, the main focus of the day is to support the achievement of<strong> sustainable development goals (SDG) 6:</strong> water and sanitation for all by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The resolution to observe World Water Day was first adopted by the UN General Assembly on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> December 1992.</strong></li>
<li>After which<strong> 22<sup>nd</sup> March</strong> was declared as <strong>World Water Day</strong> and is being celebrated around the world since<strong> 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme of World Water Day 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Valuing Water&rdquo;</strong> - To highlight the value of water in our daily lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new <strong>World Water Development Report</strong> is released each year on or near World Water Day, to provide decision-makers with tools to formulate and implement sustainable water policies. This report is coordinated by UNESCO&rsquo;s World Water Development Programme (WWAP) on behalf of UN-Water.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNICEF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF) is <strong>a special program of the United Nations (UN)</strong> devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children.</li>
<li>UNICEF was <strong>created in 1946 as the International Children&rsquo;s Emergency Fund (ICEF)</strong> by the UN relief Rehabilitation Administration to help children affected by World War II.</li>
<li>UNICEF <strong>became a permanent part of the United Nations in 1953.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name was shortened to the United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund but it is still referred to as UNICEF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>UNICEF is<strong> guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical principles and international standards of behaviour towards children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1965</strong> for &ldquo;promotion of brotherhood among the nations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> New York City.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It works in over 190 countries and territories with 7 regional offices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/every-fifth-child-faces-water-scarcity-globally-unicef-report-76048" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7910,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Licensing Conditions for Telecom Companies Amended',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Department of Telecommunications (DoT)</strong> has amended<strong> licensing conditions for telecom companies.</strong> The new norms will be implemented from <strong>15<sup>th</sup> June 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In March 2021, the Union Cabinet approved <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-telecom-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for the telecom sector</strong></a> to <strong>reduce imports</strong> and move towards <strong>self-reliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Licensing Conditions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To<strong> include defence and national security as parameters</strong> when purchasing <strong>&lsquo;trusted telecom products&rsquo;</strong> and sourcing equipment from <strong>&lsquo;trusted telecom equipment sources&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Telecom companies can use<strong> telecom products only from trusted sources</strong> in its network and <strong>must take permission</strong> from the designated authority<strong> (National Cyber Security Coordinator)</strong> if they plan to upgrade their existing network <strong>using telecom equipment that has not been designated as a trusted product.</strong></li>
<li>The new norms <strong>will not impact the annual maintenance contracts or upgrades to existing equipment</strong> already being used by the telcos in their networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trusted Telecom Products/Trusted Telecom Equipment Source:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is simply<strong> a product, a company, or a technology that has been deemed safe by the government</strong> of a nation for use in its crucial and critical infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In December 2020, India&rsquo;s Cabinet Committee on Security had approved the setting up of a new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-security-directive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Security Directive</strong> </a>on the telecommunication sector with an intent <strong>to classify telecom products</strong> and their sources under the <strong>&lsquo;trusted&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;non-trusted&rsquo;</strong> categories.</li>
<li><strong>National Cyber Security Coordinator</strong> has been made the<strong> designated authority for deciding on the list of trusted and non-trusted telecom</strong> equipment sources and products.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its decisions will be made based on approval of a committee headed by the deputy <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unified-commanders-conference#:~:text=The%20National%20Security%20Advisor%20acts,Security%20Advisor%20is%20Ajit%20Doval." target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Security Advisor</a> (NSA).</strong></li>
<li>Apart from the deputy NSA,<strong> the expert committee will have members from other departments and ministries, and independent experts as well</strong> as two members from the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new policy could potentially make it more<strong> difficult for Chinese telecom equipment vendors</strong> like Huawei and ZTE to supply equipment to Indian telecom players in the future. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both Huawei and ZTE <strong>have been under global scrutiny for allegedly installing &lsquo;backdoor&rsquo; or &lsquo;trapdoor&rsquo; vulnerabilities</strong> and<strong> spying for the Chinese government</strong> and have been banned by several countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Telecom equipment plays a vital role in telecom connectivity and data transfer, which has a direct impact on the national security of India therefore this change will <strong>help in strengthening national security of India.</strong></li>
<li>Demand for local equipment will rise which will further promote the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Make-in-India</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/govt-to-telcos-buy-only-from-trusted-sources/article34038934.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7903,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kala-azar Elimination: Bihar to Miss Deadline',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The new cases of <a href="/admin/articles/edit/-news-analysis/kala-azar-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis</strong> </a>have been reported in Bihar&rsquo;s Muzaffarpur district, casting <strong>serious doubt</strong> on the state government&rsquo;s efforts <strong>to eradicate the disease in the state by 2022.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bihar has already <strong>missed the Kala-azar elimination target four times since 2010.</strong></li>
<li>The first deadline was 2010, under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-national-digital-health-mission-data-compliance#:~:text=Health%20Expenditure%3A%20The%20policy%20proposes,23%20by%20the%20year%202025." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Programme</strong></a>, followed by 2015. It was later extended to 2017 and 2020 due to the government&rsquo;s failure to eliminate Kala-azar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kala-azar or Leishmaniasis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is characterized by<strong> irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia.</strong></li>
<li>If the disease is not treated, the<strong> fatality rate</strong> in developing countries can be as high as<strong> 100% within 2 years.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-policy-for-disease-control" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD)</strong></a> affecting almost 100 countries including India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NTDs are a diverse group of <strong>communicable diseases</strong> that prevail in<strong> tropical and subtropical conditions</strong> in 149 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is caused by a <strong>parasite called Leishmania,</strong> which is transmitted through the <strong>bite of sand flies.</strong></li>
<li>There are three types of leishmaniasis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Visceral leishmaniasis,</strong> which affects multiple organs and is the most serious form of the disease.</li>
<li><strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis,</strong> which causes skin sores and is the most common form.</li>
<li><strong>Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis,</strong> which causes skin and mucosal lesions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visceral leishmaniasis, which is commonly known as Kala-azar in India, is fatal in over 95% of the cases, if left untreated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Missing the Deadline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack Direction:</strong> Elimination programmes lack direction and <strong>Kala-azar returns year after year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Widespread Poverty:</strong> It was mostly the poor belonging to the <strong>Dalits, Other Backward Communities and Muslims,</strong> who were the main victims of the disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trend of Decline:</strong> However, there also has been a <strong>trend of decline in the number of Kala-azar cases</strong> in Bihar in the last few years. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were <strong>23,084 cases in 2010,</strong> and by <strong>2020, there were 2,712 cases,</strong> according to official data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Kala-azar Elimination Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Health Policy-2002 set the goal of Kala-azar elimination in India by the year 2010 which was revised to 2015.</li>
<li>Continuing focused activities with high political commitment, <strong>India signed a Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Bangladesh and Nepal</strong> to achieve Kala-azar elimination from the South-East Asia Region (SEAR).</li>
<li><strong>Elimination</strong> is defined as reducing the annual incidence of Kala-azar to<strong> less than 1 case per 10,000 population</strong> at the sub-district level in India.</li>
<li>Presently all programmatic activities are being implemented through the<strong> National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)</strong> which is an umbrella programme for prevention &amp; control of vector borne diseases and is subsumed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NVBDCP is the central nodal agency for prevention and control of six vector borne diseases i.e. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/p-ovale-malaria#:~:text=Malaria%20is%20caused%20by%20Plasmodium,of%20infected%20female%20Anopheles%20mosquito." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malaria</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-dengue-using-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Dengue</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-symposium-on-lymphatic-filariasis#:~:text=Lymphatic%20filariasis%2C%20commonly%20known%20as,severe%20disability%20and%20social%20stigma.&amp;text=Brugia%20Timori%20also%20causes%20the%20disease." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lymphatic Filariasis</strong></a>, Kala-azar, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japanese Encephalitis</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-chikungunya-and-dengue-through-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chikungunya</strong></a> in India.</li>
<li>It works under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/seven-new-cases-of-kala-azar-reported-in-one-week-in-bihar-s-muzaffarpur-75889%23:~:text%3DPublished%253A%2520Wednesday%252010%2520March%25202021%26text%3DSeven%2520new%2520cases%2520of%2520Kala%252Dazar%2520or%2520Visceral%2520Leishmaniasis%2520have,in%2520the%2520state%2520by%25202022.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1615455046677000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1jda8J19X_RpD-_rULcKSF" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7876,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MT Swarna Krishna: International Women’s Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has flagged off an all-women crew onboard <strong>Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)</strong> vessel <strong>MT Swarna Krishna.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative is a part of SCI&rsquo;s ongoing <strong>Diamond Jubilee celebrations</strong> and also to commemorate the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaura-devi-as-part-of-international-women-s-day-celebrations#:~:text=Gaura%20Devi%20as%20Part%20of%20International%20Women%27s%20Day%20Celebrations,-05%20Mar%202020&amp;text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Human%20Resource,8th%20March%20every%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Women&rsquo;s Day</a> (8<sup>th</sup> March).</strong></li>
<li>This is the <strong>first time in the world maritime history</strong> that a cargo ship is being sailed by all women officers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shipping Corporation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SCI was established on<strong> 2<sup>nd</sup> October 1961</strong> by the amalgamation of Eastern Shipping Corporation and Western Shipping Corporation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Two more shipping companies, Jayanti Shipping Company and Mogul Lines Limited, were merged with SCI in 1973 and 1986 respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a Government of<strong> India Public Sector Enterprise.</strong> It operates and manages vessels that service both national and international lines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Mumbai.</li>
<li><strong>Navratna status:</strong> SCI was also awarded the prestigious <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>"Navratna"</strong></a> status by Indian Government in 2008.</li>
<li><strong>Disinvestment:</strong> In November 2019, the Union Cabinet had accorded ''in-principle'' approval for strategic disinvestment of Government of India's shareholding of 63.75% in SCI along with transfer of management control to a strategic buyer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Women's Day:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is celebrated <strong>annually on 8<sup>th</sup> March.</strong> It includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Celebration of women's achievements,</li>
<li>raising awareness about women's equality,</li>
<li>lobbying for accelerated gender parity,</li>
<li>fundraising for female-focused charities, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Brief History:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s Day was<strong> first celebrated back in 1911 by Clara Zetkin,</strong> who was a German. The <strong>roots of the celebration had been in the labour movement.</strong></li>
<li>It was only <strong>in 1913, however, that the celebrations were shifted to 8<sup>th</sup> March,</strong> and it has remained that way ever since.</li>
<li>International Women's Day was <strong>celebrated for the first time by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> in 1975.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In December 1977, the General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming a <strong>United Nations Day for Women&rsquo;s Rights and International Peace</strong> to be observed on any day of the year by Member States, in accordance with their historical and national traditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>UN</strong> has decided to keep the theme as <strong>&ldquo;Women in leadership: Achieving an equal future in a Covid-19 world&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Meanwhile, some groups of women have called for the theme to be <strong>&ldquo;Choose to challenge&rdquo;,</strong> claiming that the world only became alert about such issues if it was challenged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the UN,<strong> legal restrictions have kept 2.7 billion women from accessing the same choice of jobs as men.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of 2019,<strong> less than 25% of parliamentarians were women.</strong></li>
<li><strong>One in three women</strong> experience <strong>gender-based violence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic, <strong>female labor force participation in India was 20.5%,</strong> according to ILO estimates. Comparable estimates for males was 76%.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-index-2020-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Global Gender Gap Index</strong> </a>(which measures progress towards gender parity), <strong>India slipped to 112<sup>th</sup> place in 2019-20</strong>, simply because over 70 lakh Indian women have dropped out of work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safeguards for Women in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Safeguards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights:</strong> It guarantees all Indians the right to equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State on the basis of gender (Article 15(1)) and special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women (Article 15(3)).</li>
<li><strong>Fundamental Duties:</strong> The Constitution imposes a fundamental duty on every citizen through <strong>Articles 51 (A)(e)</strong> to renounce practices derogatory to dignity of women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legislative Framework:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005:</strong> It provides victims of domestic violence with a means for practical remedy through prosecution.</li>
<li><strong>The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961:</strong> It prohibits the request, payment or acceptance of a dowry.</li>
<li><strong>The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013:</strong> This legislative act seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Schemes:</strong> Women Technology Park, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-gender-equality-in-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions</a> (GATI)</strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Conferences on Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations has organized 4 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-of-families" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>world conferences on women.</strong></a> These took place in<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mexico City, 1975</li>
<li>Copenhagen, 1980</li>
<li>Nairobi, 1985</li>
<li>Beijing, 1995</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 4<sup>th</sup> <strong>World Conference on Women (WCW),</strong> held in Beijing, was one of the largest ever gatherings of the United Nations, and a critical turning point in the world&rsquo;s focus on gender equality and the empowerment of women.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Beijing Declaration</strong> is an agenda for women&rsquo;s empowerment and considered the key global policy document on gender equality.</li>
<li>It sets strategic objectives and actions for the advancement of women and the achievement of gender equality in 12 critical areas of concern like women and health, women in power and decision-making, the girl-child, women and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has proposed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-to-gender-inequality-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Temporary Basic Income (TBI)</strong></a> for poor women in developing countries to help them cope with the effects of the coronavirus pandemic and alleviate the economic pressures they face every day.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-women-crew-of-mt-swarna-krishna-makes-history/article34012475.ece#:~:text=In%20an%20attempt%20to%20acknowledge,Shipping%20and%20Waterways%20said%20on" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7818,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Modernising the Armed Forces',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lKg6SM6wSH8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Addressing a webinar on the effective implementation of the provisions of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a> in the defence sector, the Prime Minister listed a series of measures taken to boost self-reliance in the defence sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM regrets the fact that the country is amongst the biggest defence importers in the world but now, it is working hard to change the situation and also to enhance its capacities and capabilities at a fast pace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A total amount of Rs 4.78 lakh crore has been earmarked for the Ministry of Defence in the Budget, with a nearly 19% increase in capital outlay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A share of the budget has been reserved for domestic procurement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Imports:</strong> India is the<strong> second largest importer in defence</strong> procurement in the world after Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li><strong>PPP Model:</strong> Rs. 2,000 crore worth 7 projects have been proposed in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong></a> mode in the FY 2021-22 for operation of<strong> major ports.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The private sector has been urged to come forward and take up the responsibilities of both designing and manufacturing of defence equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less Importance to the Navy:</strong> The navy has not been given much importance as required.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The share of the budget for the navy is <strong>slightly under 15%</strong> which is an increment from a few years back to around 12&frac12;% but the same was 18% in the FY 2011-12.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative List:</strong> The &lsquo;negative import list&rsquo; has been prepared by the government containing items that India seeks to stop buying from other countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government listed various items including weapons systems and assault rifles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Scenario of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Airforce:</strong> India is gradually moving toward indigenisation in the defence sector, it is only now that India has got its own indigenous aircraft, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is lagging behind in manufacturing of its own engines, avionics and self-sufficient radars.</li>
<li>A lot of<strong> progress in design and development</strong> of different parts of aircrafts has been made but when it comes to a compact aircraft system or a weapon system, <strong>India is a seeker not a manufacturer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong> The Indian army is still woefully short on looking upon manufacturing of armaments like tanks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has made a great breakthrough in terms of artillery guns but the technological edge required to modernise its equipment has not been touched yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Navy:</strong> The navy ought to be given more importance than it has been given as of now as there are immense challenges at the sea; the biggest threat is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-rising-influence-in-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Navy has very serious capability gaps; as per the <strong>Maritime Capability Perspective Plan by 2027,</strong> India ought to have about <strong>200 ships</strong> but there is still a lot to cover to reach the target.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the cause is not mainly funding but procedural delays or some self imposed restrictions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the navy ensures that it has<strong> state of the art SONARs and Radars.</strong> Also, many of the ships contain a high amount of indigenous content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives for Modernisation of the Defence Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capital Acquisition Budget (CAB):</strong> The Defence Ministry has decided to earmark around 64% of its modernisation funds under the capital acquisition budget for 2021-22, a sum of Rs 70,221 crore for purchases from the domestic sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For FY 2020-21, the capital budget allocation for domestic vendors was made at 58%, an amount of Rs 52,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSMEs and Startups:</strong> This increase in CAB will have a positive impact on enhanced domestic procurement, having a multiplier effect on the industries including <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs</strong></a> and start-ups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/def-connect-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence India Startup Challenge (DISC)</strong></a> started by the defence ministry shall be lauded; over 1200 MSMEs participated in the fourth edition of the DISC in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Reliant and Make-in India:</strong> It would also increase employment in the defence sector. Hence, it is a welcome step towards encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government in its negative list, has included light combat helicopters, artillery guns; these items will not be imported by anyone thus encouraging self-reliant India.</li>
<li>The SRIJAN portal has also been launched to facilitate the two initiatives. .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Efforts:</strong> The government has taken initiatives like de-licensing, deregulation, export promotion, encouraging <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FDI</strong></a> etc to liberalise the defence industry.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 3 years, 118 of the total 191 projects which have been sanctioned have gone to the Indian industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated to Modernisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decision Making Process:</strong> The entire <strong>acquisition process of India is very tardy</strong> and the time taken from planning to acquire a defence equipment to actually executing the thought is a quite long procedure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lowering down this time taking procedure to maximum 1-2 years is a big challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Sector Manufacturing and Capability:</strong> The public defence manufacturing sector has really not been able to deliver the way it was mandated to.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sector by itself is not anymore able to cater to all the needs of the defence sector which is why involvement of the private sector should be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing Sector:</strong> India<strong> lacks a proper industrial base</strong> for the manufacturing of defence equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, two defence zones have been set up in Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh which will provide the private sector with a base to operate upon.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will reinvigorate the whole defence economy once these zones come up and begin their manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Holding the Hands:</strong> Getting the private sector into manufacturing; giving them <strong>opportunities to flourish</strong> in the sector and <strong>assuring them</strong> their efforts or investments in the field would not go waste.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of manufacturing a particular weapon system is considerably high and if the private sector still manages to bear that high cost but the system does not get procured then the private sector cannot undertake such a huge loss.</li>
<li>Moreover, there needs to be clarity in the government policies launched particularly for the private sector and enough boost to be provided to the PSU sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investing in the Defence Economy:</strong> The defence economy is not a loss making venture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India modernises its defence sector and reduces the defence imports, it can increase its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> by 2-3% and create lakhs of jobs.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>win-win situation and economically profitable.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As GDP will go up and India will not only become self reliant in the sector but also an exporter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modernising the Ports:</strong> It is not just the shipbuilding but the entire structure of the ports needs a revamp.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sagarmala project</strong></a> is one such initiative to revamp port infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integration the Entire Marine System:</strong> Maritime response to the neighbouring nations is not only about providing the naval support but a much larger contribution of marine merchants, fisheries and its capacity to trade.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is also a <strong>need for a coordinating body at the apex level</strong> that assists in integrating all these sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utilisation of blue economy:</strong> India has an <strong>imperative need of exploiting the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blue economy</a></strong> to its best , not only for itself but also it has responsibility towards the smaller neighbouring nations who have invested their faith within India in terms of their maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has to develop its maritime industrial infrastructure so that it has the ability to look after its own requirements and the requirements of its immediate maritime neighbours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is taking the right steps towards becoming atma nirbhar but there is a need to boost defence PSUs and give them specific tasks to fulfill the desires of defence sector.</li>
<li>Efforts are being continuously made to bring a new policy to get the private sector involved.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it still needs a lot to be done in terms of holding and uplifting them and assuring them that their efforts will not go wasted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to focus on the navy in order to ensure India&rsquo;s maritime security.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Revamping and modernising the ports, shifting from a seeker to a manufacturer and getting a hold on that technical edge that has eluded India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7770,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '6 Years of UJALA  and SLNP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)</strong> and <strong>SLNP (Street Lighting National Programme)</strong> completed six years of successful implementation. The two programmes revamped household and public lighting systems across the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both schemes have been implemented by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meter-national-programme"><strong>Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)</strong></a>, a <strong>joint venture of PSUs under the Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>These programmes <strong>have bagged global awards like the South Asia Procurement Innovation Award</strong> (SAPIA) 2017, <strong>Global Solid State Lighting (SSL) award</strong> of excellence for the transformational contribution to the LED sector, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UJALA is <strong>a zero-subsidy scheme</strong> launched by the Government <strong>in 2015.</strong></li>
<li>It is touted as the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest domestic lighting project.</strong></li>
<li>Also known as the <strong>LED-based Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP)</strong>, it aims to promote the efficient usage of energy for all i.e., its consumption, savings and lighting.</li>
<li>Every domestic household having a metered connection from their respective Electricity Distribution Company is eligible to get the LED bulbs under the Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under UJALA, EESL has distributed over <strong>36.69 crore</strong> LED bulbs across India. This has resulted in estimated <strong>energy savings</strong> of <strong>47.65 billion kWh per year</strong> with <strong>avoided peak demand of 9,540 MW</strong> and estimated <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas (GHG)</a> emission reduction of 38.59 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub> per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has helped in the <strong>growth of domestic LED (Light-Emitting Diode) markets.</strong></li>
<li>It has helped to <strong>bring down the average household electricity bills by 15%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SLNP, <strong>launched in 2015</strong>, is a government scheme to promote energy-efficiency in India.</li>
<li>Under the programme, EESL <strong>replaces the conventional street lights with LEDs at its own costs</strong>, with no upfront investment by the municipalities, thereby making their adoption even more attractive.</li>
<li>This scheme is expected to enable peak demand reduction of 500 MW, annual energy savings of 190 crore kWh, and reduction in 15 lakh tons of CO<sub>2</sub>.</li>
<li>The SLNP has plans to bring <strong>investment</strong> of Rs. <strong>8,000 crores</strong> by <strong>2024</strong> to cover the entire rural India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 1.14 crore smart LED streetlights have been installed till date, enabling an estimated <strong>energy savings of 7.67</strong> billion kWh per year with an <strong>avoided Peak demand of 1,161</strong> MW and an estimated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>greenhouse gas (GHG)</strong></a> emission <strong>reduction of 5.29</strong> million tons CO2 annually.</li>
<li>With the help of the scheme, the <strong>municipalities</strong> were able to <strong>save 5,210 crores</strong> of Rupees in their electricity bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1686309" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7765,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to <strong>review the need for continuing imposition of anti-dumping duty on certain types of steel products imported from China</strong>, following complaints from domestic industry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The duty on the certain <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>steel products</strong></a> was first imposed in February 2017 and is set to expire on 16th May 2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides trade defence support</strong> to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the major private domestic producers of steel have filed an application before the DGTR for a <strong>sunset review of anti-dumping duty</strong> imposed on imports of seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron, alloy or non-alloy steel from China.</li>
<li>The applicants <strong>have alleged that dumping of these products from China has continued even after imposition of anti-dumping duty</strong>, and there has been a significant increase in the volume of imports.</li>
<li><strong>DGTR would review the need for continued imposition of the duties</strong> in force and examine whether the expiry of existing duties is likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping and impact the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anti Dumping Duty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About Dumping:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur<strong> when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price</strong> it normally charges in its own home market.</li>
<li>This is <strong>an unfair trade practice</strong> which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Imposition of Anti-dumping duty is a measure</strong> to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the long-term, anti-dumping duties <strong>can reduce the international competition of domestic companies</strong> producing similar goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>protectionist tariff</strong> that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below fair market value.</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measures as an instrument of fair competition is<strong> permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different From Countervailing Duties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD) is a customs duty on imports providing a protection against the dumping of goods at prices substantially lower than the normal value whereas Countervailing duty is a customs <strong>duty on goods that have received government subsidies</strong> in the originating or exporting country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WTO's Provisions Related to Anti-Dumping Duty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Validity:</strong> An anti-dumping duty is <strong>valid for a period of five years</strong> from the date of imposition unless revoked earlier.</li>
<li><strong>Sunset Review:</strong> It can be extended for a further period of five years through a sunset or expiry review investigation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Sunset review/ expiry review</strong> is an <strong>evaluation of the need for the continued existence of a program</strong> or an agency. It allows for an assessment of the effectiveness and performance of the program or agency.</li>
<li>Such a review <strong>can be initiated suo moto or on the basis of a duly substantiated request</strong> received from or on behalf of the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/china-steel-govt-starts-probe-to-review-anti-dumping-duty/article33916382.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7730,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Health and Budget',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/towards-swasth-bharat/article33873108.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Towards Swasth Bharat&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu Business Line on February 18, 2021. It talks about how increased budgetary allocation in the health sector is a much desired thing for the post-pandemic era and what are the associated issues.</p>
</div>
<p>Today, India is amidst this <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global pandemic</strong></a>, a black swan event which has re-emphasised that our biggest resource is our people and hence, has brought to the forefront an urgent need for stronger health systems to ensure the well being of its people.</p>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget for FY 2021-22</strong></a> has come up with a holistic approach to health, incorporating &lsquo;preventive&rsquo;, &lsquo;curative&rsquo;, and &lsquo;well-being&rsquo; aspects with an increase of 137% as compared to the previous fiscal.</p>
<p>However, the numbers often seem high until evaluated carefully. The outlay on the health sector has been lowered to approximately 10% as compared to the estimates for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FY 2020-21.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Current Situation of Health Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s health infrastructure came under considerable strain in 2020, with 11 million Covid cases and perhaps over a million requiring hospitalisation.</li>
<li>India currently has <strong>one doctor over the population of 1,445</strong> against the WHO norm of 1:1000.</li>
<li>India spent 1.8% of its GDP on health in FY 2020-21 and 1-1.5% in the previous years.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As compared with the OECD countries&rsquo; average of 7.6% and other BRICS countries&rsquo; average of 3.6% on their health sector, this is considerably low.</li>
<li>As a result, India is among the top nations with the highest <strong>Out Of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to estimates, out of pocket expenses in healthcare in India hover close to 62%, nearly thrice the global average of 18%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A report released by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2019 suggested that nearly <strong>one out of every 100 Indian children</strong> does not live to celebrate their fifth birthday on account of either diarrhoea or pneumonia.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Suboptimal access to clean water and sanitation</strong> is directly linked to diseases such as diarrhoea, polio and malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Health Budget 2021</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Budget has committed to an outlay of ₹2,23,846 crore in health and well-being for 2021-22, a <strong>137%</strong> increase over previous year&rsquo;s Budget Estimate of ₹94,452 crores.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes a ₹60,030 crore outlay on drinking water and sanitation, a ₹2,700 crore outlay on nutrition, nearly ₹49,000 crore as Finance Commission grants and ₹35,000 crore toward <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccination</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Water and sanitation sector have received a 179% increase over the previous year&rsquo;s allocation from Rs 21,518 crore to Rs 60,030 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is also in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey&rsquo;s</strong></a> recommendation of increasing public health spending to about 2.5-3% of GDP.</li>
<li>Another important public health-related announcement in Budget 2021 was the government&rsquo;s decision to expand the coverage of the pneumococcal vaccine across the country.</li>
<li>The launch of <strong>Pradhan Mantri Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana (PMANSBY)</strong> was also announced under the budget.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It laid emphasis on the expansion of health and wellness centres along with a ₹13,192 crore <strong>Finance Commission grant</strong> for strengthening the primary health system through local government bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613739640_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613739640_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="660" height="933" /></a></p>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduced budgetary allocation:</strong> The Union Budget 2021-22 allocated Rs 71,268.77 crore to the Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry. However, the revised estimates for last year was Rs 78,866 crores.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This implies the budgetary allocation to the Union health ministry came down by nearly 10%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allocation for vaccination:</strong> Apart from the health outlay, ₹35,000 crore was allocated for COVID-19 vaccination in FY 2021-22.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even assuming the cheapest prices of vaccines for all the citizens, India will be able to vaccinate only 65% of its total population with this amount.</li>
<li>Moreover, this Finance Commission grant for COVID-19 vaccination is a one-time allocation and, therefore, does not strengthen the overall system at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Combined health and water &amp; sanitation sector:</strong> There is an increased allocation for water &amp; sanitation but allocation for nutrition has decreased by 27%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Added together, health, water and sanitation and nutrition make up the claimed 137% increase in allocation to &ldquo;health&rdquo; services with a real decline in healthcare and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The misses:</strong> The budget has clearly missed mentioning any reduction in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> on <strong>active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduction of import duty on medical devices that could have helped reduce the cost of healthcare services for citizens is another aspect missing in the budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>To bring down costs:</strong> Beyond a few islands of excellence such as the AIIMS, investments in other medical colleges shall be encouraged to possibly bring down costs and ramp up quality of health services.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government may focus on medical education, infrastructure and research in an expanded health Budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Private Partnerships:</strong> Emphasising on <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Private Partnerships</a> (PPP)</strong> in other clinical procedures and hospitals and leveraging private sector expertise in the vaccination drive for a quicker and successful achievement of the target.</li>
<li><strong>Incentivised R&amp;D and reduced GST:</strong> Incentivising R&amp;D by additional tax deductions to further support greater investments in new drug developments and reducing GST on life-saving and essential drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Skill enhancement of healthcare workers:</strong> To prepare the existing healthcare workforce to provide the people the proposed healthcare facilities, it is important to give significant attention to their training, re-skilling, and knowledge upgradation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To cater to this need, the government can take into account public-private collaborations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The health sector has found a prominent place in the government&rsquo;s agenda over the last few years, and it has increased even more amid the pandemic.</p>
<p>Although much remains to be done, the Union Budget 2021&ndash;22 has laid a strong foundation to increase the resilience of the sector in the post-COVID-19 era and achieving Universal Health Coverage by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals agenda.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The Union Budget 2021-22 has emphasised on the importance of health by increasing the budgetary allocation by 137% as compared to the previous fiscal.&rdquo; Critically examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ld_BsM3v7ZE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/start-trials-for-mutant-strains/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start trials for mutant strains</strong></a> published in the EconomicTimes on 17 February, 2021. Now watch this on our youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7699,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KsO0iam8o5o" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-mce-fragment="1"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to <strong>bare necessities</strong> like <strong>drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions</strong> continue to exist between urban and rural India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The above inference is drawn from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2020-21</strong></a> in its newly constructed <strong>&ldquo;Bare Necessities Index&rdquo; (BNI).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BNI is built on the idea of <strong>Thalinomics</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-survey-2019-20-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2019-20</strong></a>, through which it had sought to examine the access to food in the country.</li>
<li>The Economic Survey (2020-21) has underlined the <strong>need to focus on reducing variations in the access to bare necessities across states,</strong> between rural and urban areas, and between income groups.</li>
<li>With us moving to a completely digital era, the <strong>bare necessities are no more confined to &ldquo;Roti, Kapda aur Makan&rdquo;</strong> but goes beyond it.</li>
<li><strong>Access to technology; smartphones, internet</strong> and connectivity with the whole nation are the <strong>newly added bare necessities</strong> to go hand in hand with the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thalinomics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the 2019-20 Economic Survey, Thalinomics was introduced to make an <strong>attempt to relate economics to the common person using something that an individual encounters every day -</strong> a plate of food i.e a Thali.</li>
<li>Affordability of Thalis vis-&agrave;-vis a day&rsquo;s pay of a worker has<strong> improved over time,</strong> indicating improved welfare of the common person.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Bare Necessities Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Bare Necessities Index (BNI)</strong> is based on the large annual household survey data.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is constructed using suitable indicators and methodology at district level for all/targeted districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The BNI summarises<strong> 26 indicators on five dimensions -</strong> water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities and has been created for all states for 2012 and 2018 using NSO data.</li>
<li>The index classifies areas on three levels of access- <strong>high, medium, low</strong> to bare necessities.</li>
<li><strong>Utility of data:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To check inter state disparities or a progress of a particular state over time.</li>
<li>To check the efficacy of policies/ schemes implemented to meet these bare necessities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in bare necessities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bare necessities have improved across all States in the country in 2018 as compared to 2012.</li>
<li>Increase in equity is noteworthy as the rich can access private options for public goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps taken to Provide the Bare Necessities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saubhaggya yojana</strong> </a>for housing.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat-pm-jay-sehat-jk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-JAY</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased allocations for some of the bare necessities in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>budget 2020-21</strong></a> such as the health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Government%20will%20launch%20PM%20eVIDYA,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVIDYA</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swayam Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA</strong></a> in the educational sector.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana</strong></a>: It is aimed at incentivising the creation of new employment opportunities during the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organisation%20(WHO,31st%20December%2C%202019)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Covid-19</strong></a> economic recovery phase.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog#:~:text=The%20index%20documents%20the%20progress,which%20covered%20only%2013%20goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Niti Aayog Sustainable Development Goals Index</strong></a>: The index documents the progress made by India&rsquo;s States and Union Territories towards achieving the 2030 SDG targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<p><strong>Internet Facility as a Bare Necessity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the pandemic, besides the bare necessities, the <strong>biggest need was found to be the internet and smartphones,</strong> whether it was about working from home, or attending online classes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most people were able to afford smartphones and the internet, but those who couldn&rsquo;t afford them, were found to be in a very deprived situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Internet facilities and access to smartphones is a necessity in the present that has not been taken into account while preparing the list of bare necessities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To catch up with everyone else in this electronic world, the people who are devoid of these necessities need more uplift than just food and housing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lack of equal internet access is not only a huge inequality in the education sector, but also in the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the increasing use of<strong> telemedicines, e-skilling, e-governance and e-education,</strong> not being provided with the internet facility, a major part of India will continue to be a laggard in this electronic world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kerala which has an enormous <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a>, still there children can be found facing several difficulties due to lack of internet access.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Food, oil and unemployment allowance are provided to them by the government, but the internet is not included in the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Multiplicity of Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are about<strong> 250-300 poverty alleviation schemes</strong> launched by central and state government at the district level which are<strong> almost similar in nature.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This multiplicity of schemes is very infructuous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This<strong> brings inefficiency</strong> within the effective functioning of schemes and <strong>opens windows for corruption.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Framing the policies keeping in mind the future needs and possibilities:</strong> The schemes shall be futuristic keeping in mind that the idea of bare necessities have changed over the years and will definitely change even more for the upcoming generation.</li>
<li><strong>Digital education aspect:</strong> One of the easiest ways is to target the younger, school-going generation and take into account what they need so that they get equal access to education.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatnet-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net</strong></a> must be accelerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discouraging multiplicity of schemes:</strong> The high number of infructuous schemes shall be integrated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Quality should be raised instead of quantity, a few but well organised and effective schemes must be preferred over too many schemes creating chaos and confusions.</li>
<li><strong>Convergence of these schemes</strong> is needed, so that the schemes which are not necessary should be done away with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Keeping the traditional as well as new needs into consideration:</strong> It is not an &lsquo;either this-or that&rsquo; situation, India shall focus on the traditional bare needs along with including smartphones and internet facilities as a basic need to bridge a digital divide in this technological era.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly introduced &ldquo;digital aspect&rdquo; of bare needs must be addressed but the traditional needs must not be compromised, they must be taken into account at a priority basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The need of proper health facilities:</strong> The most important traditional bare need is <strong>public health which adheres to sewage and sanitation.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A medical condition called <strong>environmental enteropathy</strong> is caused by poor health and sanitation conditions which<strong> infects people&rsquo;s ability to absorb nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Environmental enteropathy (also called tropical enteropathy) is a<strong> subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination</strong> and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and intestinal inflammation.</li>
<li>Besides, every block hospital should be upgraded, upgradation of the hospitals will ultimately lead to the quantum leap in the health services available at the block level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bare Necessities Index is a <strong>good way to ensure equal access to the bare necessities</strong> across sectors, states and the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shows that there needs to be a<strong> special focus on public health.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multiplicity of schemes has to be addressed and integrated; <strong>better synergy shall be there among the centre and states.</strong></li>
<li>The status of basic needs in the country must be improved as it would lead to the growth of the country and bring improvement in the rank of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Human development Index (HDI)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7674,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MGNREGS Praised By the Standing Committee on Labour',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliamentary Standing Committee</strong> </a>on Labour in its report <strong>&ldquo;Social Security and Welfare Measures for Inter-State Migrant Workers&rdquo;</strong> praised <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)</strong></a> for providing <strong>sustainable livelihood</strong> to the <strong>unskilled workers</strong> including the inter-state <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant labourers.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Standing Committees Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MGNREGS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 provides for a <strong>specific and significant welfare provision, constitutive of the very idea of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">citizenship</a>.</strong></li>
<li>There is no<strong> &ldquo;better scheme&rdquo;</strong> to provide<strong> &ldquo;sustainable livelihood&rdquo;</strong> to unskilled workers.</li>
<li>Over 7 crore households (10.43 crore individuals) have already availed of the scheme and 330 crore person days have been created till February 2021 during the current <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>financial year</strong></a>. This is the <strong>highest for any year since inception of the scheme in 2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migrant Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>1.08 crore migrant workers returned to their home</strong> states during the <strong>pandemic.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>absence of reliable and authentic data/information</strong> on the numbers of migrant workforce and their movement back to their home States following the outbreak of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pandemic</strong></a> has apparently <strong>impacted the relief and rehabilitation measures.</strong></li>
<li>There were a number of appreciable initiatives launched by the Government <strong>(eg: <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-03-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</a>)</strong>, which are aimed at benefiting the Migrant Labour.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>However, no guidelines were issued</strong> nor enforced for distribution of relief material to stranded Migrant Labourers.</li>
<li><strong>No element of Social Audit</strong> prescribed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Standing Committees Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Instant and Immediate Relief:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Pandemic</strong> </a>and the resultant challenges and lacunae observed in the system must be addressed so as to <strong>strengthen the preparedness to effectively deal with any such emergent situations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credible Database to be Prepared:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credible databases of unorganized workers especially that of migrant labourers be put in place to <strong>ensure seamless delivery of relief packages to them at the time of distress.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier in december 2020, the Government has decided to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>create a database of migrant workers, including workers in the informal economy.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is one of the largest work guarantee programmes in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched on 2<sup>nd</sup> February 2006</li>
<li>The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed on 23<sup>rd</sup> August 2005.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The primary objective of the scheme is <strong>to guarantee 100 days of employment</strong> in every financial year to <strong>adult members of any rural household</strong> willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Right to Work:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike earlier employment guarantee schemes, the act <strong>aims at addressing the causes of chronic poverty through a rights-based framework.</strong></li>
<li>At least <strong>one-third of beneficiaries have to be women.</strong></li>
<li>Wages must be paid according to the statutory minimum wages specified for agricultural labourers in the state under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/labour-laws-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minimum Wages Act, 1948</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand-Driven Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most important part of MGNREGA&rsquo;s design is <strong>its legally-backed guarantee for any rural adult to get work within 15 days</strong> of demanding it, failing which an &lsquo;unemployment allowance&rsquo; must be given.</li>
<li>This demand-driven scheme enables the self-selection of workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decentralised planning:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an emphasis on strengthening the process of decentralisation by giving a significant role in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)</strong></a> in planning and implementing these works.</li>
<li>The act mandates <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/appointment-of-government-servants-as-gram-panchayat-administrator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gram sabhas</a> to recommend the works</strong> that are to be undertaken and at least 50% of the works must be executed by them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613117208_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613117208_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pandemic has demonstrated the <strong>importance of decentralised governance. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gram panchayats need to be provided with adequate resources, powers, and responsibilities</strong> to sanction works, provide work on demand, and authorise wage payments to ensure there are no delays in payments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Auditing</strong> creates accountability of performance, especially towards immediate stakeholders. Hence, there is a <strong>need to to create awareness regarding government policies and measures in rural areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-better-scheme-than-nregs-for-sustainable-livelihood-of-unskilled-workers-house-panel-7184983/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7624,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Consumer Welfare Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>During the ongoing session the Union Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has informed the parliament about <strong>Consumer Welfare Fund (CWF)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up under the <strong>Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017</strong>. The consumer welfare fund rules of 1992 have been subsumed under the CGST rules, 2017.</li>
<li>The Fund has been set up by the <strong>Department of Revenue (Ministry of Finance)</strong> and is being operated by the <strong>Department of Consumer Affairs (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &amp; Public Distribution)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To promote and protect the welfare of the consumers. <strong>Few Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of<strong> Consumer Law Chairs/ Centres of Excellence in Institutions/Universities</strong> of repute to foster research and training on consumer related issues.</li>
<li>Projects for <strong>spreading consumer literacy and awareness</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Inititatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A pan-India consumer awareness campaign &lsquo;JagoGrahakJago&rsquo; through print, electronic, outdoor and social media platforms.</li>
<li>Celebration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-consumer-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Consumer Rights Day/National Consumer Day</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consumer-protection-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Protection Act, 2019</strong></a> has been implemented.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The new Act covers e-commerce transactions, it allows electronic filing of complaints, hearing and/or examining parties through video-conferencing for procedural ease and reduces inconvenience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government has set up a National Consumer Helpline (NCH) to handle the consumer grievances.</li>
<li>Consumer awareness programmes are being organized through the network of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bureau of Indian Standards</a> (BIS)</strong> across the country for promoting the concept of standardization, certification and quality consciousness among consumers as well as manufactures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1694559" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7584,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Youth & Mahatma Gandhi',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mahatma-gandhi-ideals-martyrs-day-7167074/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s core values should inspire youth today&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 30/01/2021. It talks about what inspiration the youth of India can draw from Mahatma Gandhi.</p>
</div>
<p>Every year, on the occasion of Martyrs&rsquo; Day, people in India and worldwide pay homage to the sacrifices made by <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>. Apart from the commitment to the ideal of non-violence, the need to rise above casteism, communalism, regionalism are core values that Mahatma Gandhi professed.</p>
<p>However, modernization combined with globalization has changed life in general and the lifestyle of youth in particular in the last few decades, leading to change in social institutions and structures.</p>
<p>Besides, the substantive demographic change in terms of population, political decadence, rising unemployment, and eroding value system combined with the excessive market-oriented economy has made life very complicated for the new generation.</p>
<p>In order to make the youth of modern India deal with these issues, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/relevance-of-gandhism-today" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>need is to inculcate Gandhian values among</strong></a> the youth in earnest to make them more vivacious and active for nation-building.</p>
<h3>Issues With Present Day Youth and Modern Lifestyle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growing Intolerance in Society Leading To Violence:</strong> The youth of today is a victim of intolerance, impatience, and misjudged convictions. These factors combine to lead most of them on to a path of violence.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The situation deteriorates further when the expectation bar of lifestyle attainments is raised and cannot deliver accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Materialism Leading To The Hedonistic Lifestyle:</strong> There is a growing materialistic tendency in society, that compels the individual to look for more and more new items of the material world. This attitude leads to hedonism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A hedonist does not go by any logic, rationale, or need-based accrual of items.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education Disparity:</strong> Today&rsquo;s young generation is a victim of an education that envisages certifying him/her to be worthy of the market.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this led to a dichotomy between the public and private institutions and subsequently resulted in disparity in education and unemployment among the youth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Scarcity:</strong> It is one of the most serious concerns among the youth in our country. The employment market is unable to keep pace with ever-growing job-seekers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the bigger irony is that the current employment market is a systematic waning of rural-based employment, where the majority of job-seekers exist.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Youth Can Learn From Gandhian Ideals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tackling Intolerance &amp; Violence:</strong> Intolerance &amp; Violence are two sides of the same coin. Mahatma Gandhi successfully weaponized truth, satyagraha, and peace during India&rsquo;s struggle for independence.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These ideals inspired great men across the world, including Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Their lives stand as a testament to their indomitable will and the courage to practice the ideals.</li>
<li>Therefore, the youth of India must draw inspiration and learn how to tackle intolerance &amp; violence peacefully.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selfless Nationalism:</strong> The youth of today must emulate their lives and engage themselves wholeheartedly in serving the nation while scripting the story of India&rsquo;s success.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As Mahatma Gandhi aptly remarked: &ldquo;The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.&rdquo;</li>
<li>With ingenuity and innovation, the nation&rsquo;s youth should chart the course of India&rsquo;s development, lending impetus to the concept of vocal for local.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Means Over Ends:</strong> The Gandhian maxim of &ldquo;means are more important than the end&rdquo; implies that one needs to focus on the means, not merely the achievement of an end at any cost.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to Gandhiji, to accumulate more than is required would be a sort of theft. Therefore, to control hedonism in society, the youth need to be endowed with the Gandhian value of Samthistha.</li>
<li>According to Gandhiji Samthistha, it comprises austerity, forbearance, asceticism, spirituality, and the self-effacing spirit of sacrifice.</li>
<li>Thus, following Samthistha can help one to dissociate from materialism or hedonism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gandhian Model of Education:</strong> Gandhiji believed education should be value-based and mass-oriented.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He always advocated for true, national education. True education develops a balanced intellect, which presupposes a harmonious growth of body, mind, and soul.</li>
<li>This Gandhian principle of education may help resolve this kind of disparity, maybe not entirely, but to a large extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developing Atma-Nirbharta:</strong> The current unemployment situation warrants a considerable reorientation exercise in the education system and demands entrepreneurs to be hoisted to take care of job requirements both at the national and local levels.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, Gandhiji insisted on imparting vocational training to youth to become self-reliant with such training, with education linked with practical experience.</li>
<li>The vocational education will impart necessary skills and help address the unemployment issue, especially in rural areas.</li>
<li>This would help to make a Bharat that is atmanirbhar or self-reliant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The youth is very vibrant and energetic, dynamic, and capable of achieving, provided that they remain on the right track. Therefore, India&rsquo;s youth must remember Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s words, which stated:<strong> &ldquo;Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.&rdquo;</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdfff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to make the youth of India more vivacious and take an active role in nation-building,&nbsp;the need is to inculcate Gandhian values. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GeG6MaW8tjI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/covid-19-economy-imf-gdp-growth-7165745/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;On the upswing&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Indian Express on January 29<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7553,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurship',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Rise of shadow entrepreneurship&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits and issues associated with the Shadow Entrepreneurship.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a business school professor allegedly misused his faculty position to provide fake certificates to students. This is one of the many cases whereby people across the globe get cheated, owing to the unregulated nature of online activities.</p>
<p>The abovesaid case highlights the ill-effects of the global rise of shadow entrepreneurship. Shadow entrepreneurs manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services but they do not register their businesses. Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense.</p>
<p>Moreover, India has one of the highest numbers of shadow entrepreneurs in the world and with a rising gig economy, understanding shadow entrepreneurship becomes incredibly important.</p>
<h3>Positives of Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Employment:</strong> Presently, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector is unable to provide adequate formal employment opportunities to the youth. Moreover, there is a mismatch between education and job skills in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the phenomenon of shadow entrepreneurship is seen as a potential driver of job growth and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Market Gap:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs can help release the associated distortions and frictions in the market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can offer complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers might not be able to access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Social Services:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurialism may extend welfare support of government schemes, as they can address the accessibility, availability, or affordability issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Informal Labour:</strong> As Shadow Entrepreneurship is largely unregulated, it provides little job security and few benefits to its workers like social security, insurance, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is an extension of India&rsquo;s informal labor, which has been prevalent for a long time and has remained unregulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampering Economic Growth:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship results in loss of tax revenue, the unfair competition to registered businesses, and also poor productivity - factors that hinder economic development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, as the Shadow Entrepreneurship businesses are not registered, it takes them beyond the reach of the law and makes shadow economy entrepreneurs vulnerable to corrupt government officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Implications:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship may also have cross-border and national security implications. For instance, the recently reported suspicious loans being provided by Chinese instant loan providers online.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Scams:</strong> It will also mean that unscrupulous individuals who are not entrepreneurs per se but are complementary service providers will potentially take more advantage of these post-pandemic market constraints, extracting money from consumers by means such as document forgery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formalization:</strong> Informal sector entrepreneurship, poverty, and inequality are conditioned by a country's economic and political institutions. Therefore, Government policies could play a big role in helping shadow economy entrepreneurs transition to the formal economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, with proper economic and political frameworks in place, individuals are more likely to become 'formal' entrepreneurs and register their businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonization:</strong> There is a need for associated harmonization of activities between competition authorities of governments (in India&rsquo;s case the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education, or finance).</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> Given the magnitude of shadow entrepreneurship in India, it is not possible to formalize it in a short span of time. Therefore, the need of the hour is enabling legislation that regulates and provides social security benefits also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the recent <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</a></strong>, is a step in the right direction. For the first time, it acknowledges platform workers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gig workers</strong></a> as new occupational categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship may temporarily tackle issues like the unemployment crisis or market gap but given monitoring needs of public goods distribution for the developing world, without regulation, the situation could spiral out of control.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7522,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Female Labor Force Participation In India',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/enhancing-women-s-employment-is-key-to-economic-recovery-101610976913528.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Enhancing women&rsquo;s employment is key to economic recovery&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 19/01/2021. It talks about constraints and solutions regarding declining Female Labor Force Participation in India.</p>
</div>
<p>India continues to struggle to provide its women with equal opportunity. In 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic, female labor force participation in India was 23.5%, according to ILO estimates.</p>
<p>The pandemic has made this situation worse. It has hit women disproportionately &mdash; because they work in sectors that have been the hardest hit; work more than men do in the informal economy; or because they are the primary caregivers at home.</p>
<p>As the recovery of the Indian economy requires a concerted effort of both government and citizenry, women can become a critical part of the economic recovery. Thus, there is a need to ameliorate long-standing issues that hamper female labor force participation in India.</p>
<h3>Constraints In Female Labor Force Participation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stereotyping In Society:</strong> India&rsquo;s societal norms are such that women are expected to take the responsibility of family care and childcare. This stereotype is a critical barrier to women&rsquo;s labor force participation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, women are in constant conflict over-allotment of time for work and life is a war of attrition for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> In India in 2019, internet users were 67% male and 33% female, and this gap is even bigger in rural areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This divide can become a barrier for women to access critical education, health, and financial services, or to achieve success in activities or sectors that are becoming more digitized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Disruption:</strong> Women hold most of the administrative and data-processing roles that artificial intelligence and other technologies threaten to usurp.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As routine jobs become automated, the pressure on women will intensify and they will experience higher unemployment rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Gender-Related Data:</strong> Globally, major gaps in gendered data and the lack of trend data make it hard to monitor progress.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, too, significant gaps in data on the girl child prevent a systematic longitudinal assessment of the lives of girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> Owing to Covid-19, global female employment is 19% more at risk than male employment (ILO estimates).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For India, several estimates show that, compared to men, women were 9.5% less likely to be employed in August 2020 compared to August 2019.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-index-2020-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Global Gender Gap Index</strong></a> (which measures gaps that exist in the economic participation of women), India slipped to 112th place this year, simply because over 70 lakh Indian women have dropped out of work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>As a report by McKinsey Global Institute suggests that if women participated in the Indian economy at the level men do, annual GDP could be increased by 60% above its projected GDP by 2025. Given this, governments at all levels, civil society, and citizenry should take adequate measures to ensure gender equality.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Full-Time Child Care:</strong> The Integrated Child Development Scheme provides some support, but it is not a full-time child care solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the &ldquo;Sangini Centres&rdquo; of Self Employed Women&rsquo;s Association (SEWA) provide full-day child care for 0-5-year-olds, including nutrition, health, and child care.</li>
<li>Thus, similar centers should be significantly expanded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Digital Divide:</strong> To address this, partnerships between the public and private sectors will be most effective.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Actions will need to address affordability of phones and computers, female digital literacy and its social context, and inadequate technical content dedicated to women and girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flexible Working:</strong> The pandemic-induced remote working scenario has taught the corporate world that seamless work-life integration is possible not only for women but for male professionals as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even as India Industries adds more diversity and inclusion initiatives such as increased maternity leave, mandatory paternity leave, the right to and choice of work for women depends greatly on organizations continuing the practice of flexible working.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Incentives:</strong> Women have a higher elasticity of labor supply than men (their labor supply is more responsive to their take-home wages) &mdash; lower income taxes for women can incentivize their participation.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging Women Entrepreneurship:</strong> Creating job opportunities is the need of the hour. However, encouraging more women to become entrepreneurs will provide a long-term solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By creating jobs, fuelling innovation, and furthering investment in health and education, entrepreneurship among women could transform India&rsquo;s economy and society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prioritizing Gender Statistics:</strong> A UN Women Initiative called &ldquo;Making Every Woman and Girl Count&rdquo; was launched in 2016 to help prioritize gender data, ensure regular production of quality and comparable gender statistics, and ensure that data are accessible and used to inform policy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to incorporate such an initiative in India as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>World Bank, noted that &ldquo;no country can develop and achieve its full potential if half of its population is locked in non-remunerative, less productive and non-economic activities.&rdquo;</p>
<p>Therefore, in a country where young women&rsquo;s education is now at par with men&rsquo;s, ignoring that half of the population isn&rsquo;t participating equally in the economy means we are missing out on innovation, entrepreneurship, and productivity gains.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Since the woman&rsquo;s economic engagement is related to her own and her family&rsquo;s well-being, the continuing decline in women&rsquo;s labor force participation is a cause for concern, and both affect and reflects these worrying gender gaps. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JfmRv-Nj3cM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/dont-put-all-eggs-in-manufacturing-basket/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Don&rsquo;t put all eggs in manufacturing basket&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on January 20<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7512,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Tourism Sector In India',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/in-our-past-lies-our-future-indian-tourism-hasnt-marketed-the-precious-assets-embedded-in-our-heritage-to-full-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;In our past lies our future&hellip; Indian tourism hasn&rsquo;t marketed the precious assets embedded in our heritage to full potential&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 19/01/2021. It talks about the constraints &amp; opportunities associated with the tourism sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic last year has brought almost all areas of the business to a standstill. Arguably, the worst affected has been the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tourism and hospitality industry</strong></a>, which had to bear the brunt of lockdowns and social distancing.</p>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-tourism-day#:~:text=reaching%20these%20goals.-,United%20Nations%20World%20Tourism%20Organisation,with%20headquarters%20at%20Madrid%2C%20Spain." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)</strong></a>, this is by far the worst crisis international tourism has faced since records began in 1950.</p>
<p>Now as the vaccines are available, life will return back to normalcy. Given this, India should seek to actively support the tourism sector, as the sector contributes an estimated 10% to the Indian economy and is our biggest ambassador to the world.</p>
<p>Further, India has inherent competitive advantages as it offers a diverse portfolio of niche tourism products - cruises, adventure, medical, wellness, sports, eco-tourism, film, rural and religious tourism. This competitive advantage will help India become a tourism hub in the world.</p>
<h3>Constraints in Tourism Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Infrastructure and Connectivity:</strong> Deficiencies in infrastructure and inadequate connectivity hamper tourist visits to some heritage sites.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, India has various tourist destinations but few circuits or segments such as the Golden Triangle (Delhi-Agra-Jaipur).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promotion and Marketing:</strong> Although it has been increasing, online marketing/branding remains limited and campaigns are not coordinated. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tourist information centers are poorly managed, making it difficult for domestic and foreign tourists to access information with ease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Skills:</strong> The number of adequately trained individuals for the tourism and hospitality sector is a key challenge to giving visitors a world-class experience. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A limited number of multilingual trained guides, and the limited local awareness and understanding of the benefits and responsibilities associated with tourist growth act as constraints on the sector&rsquo;s growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Underutilization of Tourism Potential:</strong> Out of 140 countries, India ranked 8<sup>th</sup> on cultural resources and business travel, 13<sup>th</sup> on price competitiveness, and 14<sup>th</sup> on natural resources in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Travel &amp; Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite these superb rankings, India&rsquo;s overall tourism competitiveness ranking at 34 reveals that India has not monetized or marketed the precious assets embedded in its heritage to their full potential, as other countries do.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One India One Tourism&rsquo; Approach:</strong> Tourism encompasses multiple ministries and takes place in and within states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It thus requires a National Tourism Council, an empowered legislative body that will enable fast-tracking of Centre-state level tourism matters and will create a &lsquo;One India One Tourism&rsquo; approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tourism Should be Declared as Infrastructure:</strong> Tourism infrastructure projects, viz., hotels, resorts, equipment, parks, etc., having a project cost more than Rs. 1 crore should be notified as &lsquo;infrastructure&rsquo; to enable promoters to avail loans on a priority basis.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Development:</strong> There is a need to connect local communities to tourism by encouraging them to set up small enterprises to supply the tourism industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Employment opportunities can be expanded by ensuring that investors and operators in the organized sector are encouraged to hire staff locally</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation of Heritage Sites:</strong> Conservation and development of all heritage sites should be undertaken and completed through either government funding or through NGOs/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> (CSR) activities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Tourism&rsquo;s <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swadesh Darshan and National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD)</strong> </a>schemes are already undertaking the development or maintenance of heritage sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Ease of Tourism:</strong> To truly ensure a seamless tourist transportation experience we need to standardize all interstate road taxes and make them payable at a single point which will facilitate the ease of doing business.</li>
<li><strong>Incredible India 2.0:</strong> Given the diversity of tourism in India, there is a need to actively promote and market niche tourism like Buddhist circuit, Swadesh Darshan, Adventure tourism in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Government of India can launch the Incredible India 2.0 campaign, which will promote tourism in 100 Smart &amp; Swachh Tourist Destination Sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Given opportunities in the Tourism sector, it can act as an engine to revive growth and showcases brand India to the world.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611146393_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611146393_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Given opportunities in the Tourism sector, it can act as an engine to revive growth and showcases brand India to the world. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UuEi-Y_YBsQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <strong><a href="/admin/articles/edit/&lt;iframe%20width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https:/www.youtube.com/embed/UuEi-Y_YBsQ&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Whatever it takes: On govt. powers to combat vaccine hesitancy&rdquo;</a></strong> published in The Hindu on January 19<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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