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The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid

Why in News? The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in...

12 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Spectrum Auctions

Why in News Bidding for the sixth round of spectrum auction for radio waves worth Rs. 3.92 lakh crore will start from 1st March 2020. The...

08 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
Sagarmala Seaplane Services

Why in News The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways is starting the ambitious Project of Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS) with potential...

05 Jan 2021 Issues Relating to Development
India’s First Fully Automated Metro

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated the country’s first fully automated Metro, (Driverless Metro) on Delhi Metro’s...

29 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
India’s Stabilising Population: NFHS-5

Why in News Recent data from National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) shows that India's population is stabilising as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)...

23 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Recognition of Prior Learning Programme

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is conducting a Special Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) programme for...

23 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020

Why in News Recently, the government has notified the Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020, which would allow consumers in India to access...

23 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
District Mineral Foundation Trust Funds

Why in News Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Deputy Commissioner has ordered an audit and an impact assessment of utilisation of funds from the District Mineral...

22 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Social Entrepreneurship

Why in News Recently, the Confederation of Indian Industry (Southern Region) has announced a competition on social entrepreneurship. The...

21 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Sixth Schedule Areas

This article is based on “Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule: Why the constitutional protection needs to be revisited” which was...

19 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Mid-term Review of National Hydrology Project

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Jal Shakti has reviewed the progress made under the National Hydrology Project (NHP) in its...

18 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Recommendations on Reservation

Why in News Recently, an eight-member committee, appointed by the government for suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in...

18 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
National Security Directive

Why in News Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Security has approved the setting up of a new National Security Directive on the telecommunication...

18 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Data Related to Women: NFSH-5

Why in News Recently, the first-phase data of the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) 2019-20 has been released by the Ministry of Health and...

16 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
New World Tech Order and India’s Role

Why in News? At the IIT 2020 GlobaL Summit, the Prime Minister said that the post-Covid world will be about re-learning, re-thinking and...

16 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India

Why in News Recently, the NITI Aayog has released a white paper, “Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India” which is envisaged...

15 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
National Family Health Survey-5

Why in News Recently, the first-phase data of the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) 2019-20 has been released by the Ministry of Health and...

14 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Formulation of Policy for 3D Printing

Why in News The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) will soon come up with a policy aimed at promoting 3D printing on an...

14 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Parliamentary Scrutiny

This article is based on “Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny” which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about...

12 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development
Changing Paradigms of Human Rights

This article is based on “Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis” which was published in The...

11 Dec 2020 Issues Relating to Development

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		'title' => 'The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wvy_6E2YisY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in Karnataka.</li>
<li>The government has set the energy roadmap, envisaging more than double the share of cleaner natural gas in the consumption basket, diversifying sources of energy, connecting the nation with one gas pipeline grid and bringing affordable fuel to people and industry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A gas-based economy is crucial for an Atmanirbhar Bharat and work is being done in the direction of <strong>'One Nation, One Gas Grid'.</strong></li>
<li>The pipeline grid is expected to not only help improve clean energy access, but also aid in the development of city gas projects.</li>
<li>The government is also considering the proposal of bringing natural gas under the ambit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good and Services Tax.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>One Nation, One Gas Grid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional grids.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One Nation, One Gas Grid refers to the integration of these regional grids thus establishing a National Grid for providing energy produced by natural gas to various stakeholders like the central government, the state governments, the public and the private sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Objective and Need of One Nation &amp; One Gas Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meeting the targets:</strong> The initiative of the Indian government will help meet its target of reaching 15% natural gas in its energy basket mix by 2030 which is currently at 6.2-6.5% whereas the global average is 23-24%.</li>
<li><strong>Connecting the nation:</strong> With one nation and one gas grid, the energy produced from natural gas will be supplied to the whole country via a single source.</li>
<li><strong>Improving regional imbalance:</strong> It will help in improving the regional imbalance of gas availability as currently the natural gas is only in limited pockets of the country.</li>
<li><strong>India as a gas based economy:</strong> One nation, one gas grid which will help emerge India as a gas based economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will not only lead to robust development in the economy but also encourage a clean environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cleaner environment:</strong> In times when conventionalsSources are depleting and mining is being extended to a greater depth and area, natural gas can prove to be a boon by preventing deforestation and desertification.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce import dependency:</strong> The import dependency of natural gas in India has reached to 53%. In order to reduce this high percentage, the government is taking measures to diversify the energy mix of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To increase the share of natural gas, the government has announced the expansion of the natural gas grid from the previous 17,500 kilometers to 34,500 kilometers. To which, 450 kms have already been added making it approx 18000.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The next 16000 kms is expected to be achieved in the next 4-6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Primarily, as a grid, the north and west part of India were already connected via LNG terminal.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 4 years, efforts have also been made to connect eastern India with North via the Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro-Dhamra Pipeline which is a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gas-grid-fuel-for-all" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Urja Ganga Project</strong></a> which is in its final stages and will also add around 3000 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The southern part of India is also being looked upon and is expected to add about 1500 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Encouraging investments:</strong> Investing in natural gas should be more encouraged. The share can be divided as : 20% for smaller manufacturing brands whereas for the government and bigger companies it should be 80%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important because investing in natural gas means investing in:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cleaner environment</li>
<li>Better health for our people</li>
<li>Creating more jobs and a better economy for our people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Educating about natural gas:</strong> One area where we all should work is in educating people about the natural gas economy because at present the lack of knowledge about natural gas based economy is widely persistent.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering the vehicles:</strong> Empowered vehicles are needed to reach the destination of One Nation, One Gas Grid. Vehicles such as GAIL, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-natural-gas-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ONGC</strong></a> etc need to be strengthened and empowered to eradicate natural gas energy poverty.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important to give more importance to companies like ONGC when it comes to upstream for gas and GAIL India when it comes to midstream production and gas distribution, and to companies like Oil India when it comes to oil distribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>We need more LNG terminals for more upstream production of gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Marketing and pricing reforms:</strong> To increase domestic exploration, investment and production of natural gas, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/natural-gas-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marketing and Pricing Reforms</strong></a> are the one step that the Government of India has taken in a couple of months.</li>
<li><strong>Natural gas democracy:</strong> Like no citizen of a country should be kept out of democracy, similarly no one should be left out of the benefits of natural gas, it should reach each and every household.</li>
<li><strong>Collaborative effort:</strong> It is not enough that only the central government takes initiatives in the direction, various state govts should also come on board or even a public sector is also as important when it comes to contributing their share in the notion of One Nation, One Gas Grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Tremendous efforts are on the way to achieve clean affordable and sustainable energy but going forward there will be infrastructure related and many other possible challenges that must be tackled in order to end energy poverty in the times to come, ensuring energy security for the citizens as well.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7407,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Spectrum Auctions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Bidding for the<strong> sixth round of spectrum auction</strong> for radio waves worth <strong>Rs. 3.92 lakh crore</strong> will start from 1<sup>st</sup> March 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The long-awaited spectrum auction is <strong>being held after a gap of four years</strong> and over two years after the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</strong> </a>(TRAI) calculated and recommended base/reserve price for the radio waves.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Spectrum Auctions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Devices such as<strong> cellphones and wireline telephones</strong> require signals to connect from one end to another. These signals are carried on airwaves (medium of radio waves), which must be sent at<strong> designated frequencies</strong> to avoid any kind of <strong>interference.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Interference may prevent reception altogether, may cause only a temporary <strong>loss of a signal,</strong> or may affect the <strong>quality of the sound or picture produced</strong> by one&rsquo;s equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union government</strong> owns all the publicly available assets within the geographical boundaries of the country, which also include airwaves. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the <strong>expansion in the number of cellphone, wireline telephone and internet users,</strong> the need to provide more space for the signals arises from time to time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To sell these assets to companies willing to set up the required infrastructure to transport these waves from one end to another, the<strong> central government through the Department of Telecom (Ministry of Communications) auctions these airwaves from time to time.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>These airwaves are called spectrum,</strong> which is<strong> subdivided into bands</strong> which have varying <strong>frequencies.</strong></li>
<li>All these airwaves are<strong> sold for a certain period of time,</strong> after which their <strong>validity lapses,</strong> which is generally<strong> set at 20 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Latest Auction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The last spectrum auctions <strong>were held in 2016.</strong> The need for a new spectrum auction has arisen because the validity of the airwaves bought by companies is set to expire in 2021.</li>
<li>In December 2020, the Union Cabinet cleared the sale of <strong>2251.25 MHz of spectrum</strong> (for 4G) across seven frequency bands at a reserve price of <strong>Rs. 3.92 lakh crore.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is likely to provide a <strong>boost to government revenue collections</strong> at a time when its inflows from other sources such as direct taxes, indirect taxes such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>goods and services tax</strong></a>, have <strong>fallen sharply</strong> on account of restrictions to prevent the spread of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the government has <strong>skipped the sale of the much-coveted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G</a> airwaves</strong> in this round, auctions for which could though be announced soon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Airwaves in the 3500 MHz band are considered ideal for the first wave of the 5G.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Depending on the demand from various companies, the price of the airwaves may go higher, but <strong>cannot go below the reserve price.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A reserve price is a minimum price that a seller would be<strong> willing to accept from a buyer.</strong> If the reserve price is not met, the seller is <strong>not required to sell the item, even to the highest bidder.</strong></li>
<li>The reserve price is recommended by <strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The successful bidders will have to pay <strong>3% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-the-telecom-sector#:~:text=On%20October%2024%202019%2C%20the,lakh%20crore%20to%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adjusted Gross Revenue</a> (AGR) as spectrum usage charges.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AGR is <strong>divided into spectrum usage charges and licensing fees</strong> that are fixed between 3-5% and 8% respectively.</li>
<li>It is the usage and licensing fee that telecom operators are charged by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Buyers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from existing telecom players, <strong>new companies, including foreign companies,</strong> are eligible to bid for the airwaves. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Foreign companies, however, will have to<strong> either set up a branch in India and register as an Indian company, or tie up with an Indian company</strong> to be able to retain the airwaves after winning them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/4g-spectrum-auctions-7137201/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7370,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sagarmala Seaplane Services',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</strong> is starting the ambitious Project of <strong>Sagarmala Seaplane Services (SSPS)</strong> with potential airline operators.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A seaplane is a <strong>fixed-wing aeroplane</strong> designed for taking off and landing on water.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project is being initiated under a <strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) framework</strong> through prospective airline operators.</li>
<li><strong>SPV</strong> is a legal object formed for a <strong>specifically-defined singular purpose.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project execution and implementation would be through <strong>Sagarmala Development Company Ltd (SDCL),</strong> which is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.</li>
<li>Airline operators will be invited to form a SPV with SDCL.</li>
<li>The routes may be operated under the government&rsquo;s subsidised <a href="/pdf/1590974875-udan-4-0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ude desh ka aam nagrik (UDAN) scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Several destinations are envisaged for seaplane operations:</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609847051_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609847051_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="624" height="351" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits and Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The seaplanes services will be a game-changer providing a <strong>supplementary means of faster and comfortable transportation across the nation.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from providing air connectivity to various remote religious/tourist places, it will <strong>boost tourism for domestic and international holiday makers.</strong></li>
<li>It will<strong> save travel time</strong> and<strong> stimulate localized short distance travelling</strong> especially in the hilly regions or across the rivers/lakes etc.</li>
<li>It will provide<strong> infrastructure enhancements</strong> at the places of operations.</li>
<li>It will <strong>generate employment opportunities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such Seaplane Service is already in operation between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-seaplane-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kevadia and Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad</strong></a> which was inaugurated in October 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Sagarmala Programme</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sagarmala Programme was<strong> approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015</strong> which aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation.</li>
<li>Under this port-led development framework, the government hopes to increase its cargo traffic three-fold.</li>
<li>It also includes the establishment of rail/road linkages with the port terminals, thus providing last-mile connectivity to ports; development of linkages with new regions, enhanced multi-modal connectivity including rail, inland water, coastal and road services.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1685966" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7329,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s First Fully Automated Metro',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated the<strong> country&rsquo;s first fully automated Metro,</strong> (Driverless Metro) on <strong>Delhi Metro&rsquo;s Magenta Line.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also extended the <strong>fully operational <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-common-mobility-card" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Common Mobility Card</a></strong> (NCMC) to the Airport Express Line of the<strong> Delhi Metro Rail Corporation</strong> (DMRC).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Driverless Metro:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With this achievement, DMRC has entered the<strong> elite league of 7% of the world&rsquo;s Metro networks</strong> where such a facility is available.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2014, only five cities had Metro</strong> rail and <strong>currently,</strong> it is <strong>present in 18 cities</strong> and the number of Metro users has also increased manifold.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The driverless trains will be <strong>fully automated, eliminating the possibility of human error.</strong></li>
<li>The technology has <strong>different levels or Grades of Automation</strong> (GoA):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In GoA 1, trains are run by one driver.</li>
<li>In GoA 2 and GoA 3, the role of the driver is reduced to operating doors and for taking over in case of emergencies and the starting and halting of trains is automated.</li>
<li>In GoA 4, trains are set on a completely unattended operations mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a <strong>braking system</strong> in which <strong>50% of the energy goes back into the grid</strong> when the brakes are applied, which will save a considerable amount of energy making it an <strong>energy-efficient system.</strong></li>
<li>In a <strong>boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>,</strong> various big companies are involved in the manufacturing of Metro coaches and dozens in the manufacture of Metro components.</li>
<li><strong>130 MW of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar</a> power is currently being used</strong> in the operations of Metro rail, which the government<strong> intends to increase to 600 MW.</strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndb-loan-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Regional Rapid Transit System</strong></a> (RRTS) and <strong>Metro Lite models</strong> will <strong>reduce the distance</strong> between major cities and within them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Common Mobility Card:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will give<strong> access to all modes of transportation</strong> and will do away with commuters having to wait in long queues for tokens.</li>
<li>It <strong>allows users to pay for</strong> travel, toll charges and retail shopping, and permits them to withdraw money at the same time.</li>
<li>It will <strong>enable anyone carrying a RuPay-Debit Card issued in any part of the country to travel on the route.</strong></li>
<li>This will not only help provide a common platform for people but will also allow better research data. <strong>Researchers will be able to better assess the travelling patterns of people</strong> and accordingly suggest the best plan for development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Developmental Works in Delhi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Incentivizing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-to-electric-vehicle-adoption-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">electric vehicles</a></strong> (EVs)<strong> by giving tax rebates.</strong></li>
<li>The old infrastructure of the capital is being <strong>transformed into environment-friendly infrastructure based on modern technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Provision of better living conditions</strong> to slum dwellers through <strong>regularization of hundreds of colonies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Opening up of new tourist destinations</strong> and generation of employment.</li>
<li>Work for the new Parliament building under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-s-stand-on-central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vista Redevelopment Project</strong> </a>will not only <strong>give employment to thousands</strong> of people from Delhi but will also <strong>change the face of the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pm-modi-inaugurates-countrys-first-driverless-metro-rail-in-delhi/article33435119.ece#:~:text=of%20Delhi%20Metro.-,Prime%20Minister%20Narendra%20Modi%20inaugurated%20the%20country's%20first%20driverless%20train,Metro%20Rain%20Corporation%20(DMRC)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7289,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Stabilising Population: NFHS-5',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recent data from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-family-health-survey-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5)</strong></a> shows that India's <strong>population is stabilising</strong> as the<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/16-12-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)</strong></a> is on <strong>decline.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During <strong>NFHS-3 and 4,</strong> conducted between <strong>2005 and 2016,</strong> there was a <strong>decline in the use of modern methods of contraception</strong> (oral pills, condoms, intrauterine devices) <strong>across 12 of 22 States and UTs.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While, in <strong>NFHS-5, 11 of 12 States where there was a slump earlier, saw an increase in their use.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NFHS- 5 Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Total Fertility Rate (TFR):</strong> The total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as the <strong>total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years</strong> and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The TFR across <strong>most Indian states declined</strong> in the past half-a-decade, more so among urban women. This implies that <strong>India&rsquo;s population is stabilizing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sikkim</strong> recorded the <strong>lowest TFR,</strong> with one woman bearing 1.1 children on average. <strong>Bihar</strong> recorded the <strong>highest TFR</strong> of 3 children per woman.</li>
<li>In 19 of the 22 surveyed states, TFRs were found to be<strong> &lsquo;below-replacement level&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Replacement level fertility</strong> is the total fertility rate that is the average number of children born per woman at which a <strong>population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.</strong></li>
<li>This rate is <strong>roughly 2.1 children per woman</strong> for most countries, although it may modestly vary with mortality rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Contraceptives;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overall <strong>Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)</strong> has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data implies that most States have attained <strong>replacement level fertility.</strong></li>
<li>NFHS-5 provides evidence of an<strong> increase in the use of modern contraceptives in rural and urban areas,</strong> an improvement in these demands being met, and a <strong>decline in the average number of children borne by a woman.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures for Population Control: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong> During his <a href="/printpdf/minimum-marital-age-for-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Independence Day Speech</strong></a> in 2019, the Prime Minister appealed to the country that<strong> population control was a form of patriotism.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas-</strong> The Government has launched Mission Parivar Vikas in <strong>2017</strong> for substantially increasing <strong>access to contraceptives and family planning services in146 high fertility districts with TFR of 3 and above</strong> in seven high focus states.</li>
<li><strong>National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS) :</strong> This scheme was launched in the year <strong>2005</strong> under this scheme clients are <strong>insured in the eventualities of death, complication and failure following sterilization.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compensation scheme for sterilization acceptors</strong> - Under the scheme <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> provides <strong>compensation for loss of wages to the beneficiary</strong> and also to the service provider (&amp; team) for conducting sterilizations from the <strong>year 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contradiction :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the data from<strong> NFHS-5</strong> prove that the <strong>country&rsquo;s population is stabilising,</strong> the government's appeal for population reduction and fears over a <a href="/printpdf/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;population explosion&rdquo;</strong></a> and calls for a <a href="/pdf/1582103138-private-member-bill-for-two-child-policy-norm.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;two child policy&rdquo;</strong></a> appears to be misguided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey</strong> conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Phase-I</strong> provides data for 22 states/UTs and the fieldwork in the remaining 14 <strong>(Phase-II)</strong> States/UTs is under progress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All NFHSs have been conducted under the stewardship of the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,</strong> Government of India, with the <strong>International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s population has <strong>already crossed 125 crores and India is expected to surpass the world&rsquo;s most populous nation-China</strong> in the next couple of decades.</li>
<li>However, <strong>restricted child policy will create a shortage of educated young people</strong> needed to carry on India&rsquo;s technological revolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The problems like<strong> gender imbalance, undocumented children, etc.</strong> faced by China (as a result of the one-child policy) might be experienced by India as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data in NFHS-5 gives <strong>requisite input for strengthening existing programmes and evolving new strategies for policy intervention.</strong></li>
<li>The government and authorities should make required changes to the current policies and programs in accordance with the data given by NFHS-5.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-data-shows-india-doesnt-need-a-two-child-policy-experts/article33396873.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7287,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recognition of Prior Learning Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> (MSDE) is conducting a <strong>Special Recognition of Prior Learning</strong> (RPL) programme for workers, with the <strong>Department of Panchayati Raj</strong> (DoPR).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme, implemented under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion</strong> </a><strong>(SANKALP) Programme</strong> of MSDE, has been rolled out in <strong>Varanasi</strong> and <strong>Chandauli,</strong> Uttar Pradesh (UP).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>RPL Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to<strong> promote decentralization</strong> and<strong> local governance for better planning and implementation</strong> of skill development programmes.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong> </a><strong>(NSDC).</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>recognizes the value of learning</strong> acquired outside a formal setting and provides a <strong>government certificate</strong> for an individual&rsquo;s skills.</li>
<li>Candidates receive <strong>exposure to concepts of digital and financial literacy</strong> and <strong>accidental insurance coverage for three years</strong> at free of cost.</li>
<li><strong>No fee is charged</strong> from a candidate for participating in the RPL programme and every<strong> successfully certified candidate receives Rs. 500.</strong></li>
<li>MSDE is supporting the <strong>State Skill Development Missions</strong> (SSDMs) and <strong>District Skill Committees</strong> (DSCs) in the selection and onboarding of the Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) and facilitating the successful execution of the programme.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Panchayati Raj</strong> (MoPR) <strong>along with MSDE is monitoring</strong> it and are being supported by Directorate of Panchayati Raj, UP and the SSDM, UP.</li>
<li>This initiative is part of a larger programme on<strong> &lsquo;Skill Development Planning at the level of Gram Panchayat&rsquo;</strong> that focuses on introducing RPL in a structured manner in various gram panchayats across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The inclusion of gram panchayats is<strong> crucial for the success of District Skill Development Plans</strong> (DSDPs) and will provide a huge <strong>fillip to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skill India Mission.</a></strong></li>
<li>RPL will <strong>align the competencies of the pre-existing workforce</strong> of the country to the standardized framework and will provide confidence, respect and recognition to the candidates.</li>
<li>Supporting formalization of the informal learning of youth will <strong>supplement their efforts in finding sustainable livelihood opportunities</strong> and <strong>reduce inequalities</strong> based on privileging certain forms of knowledge over others.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>link them with work opportunities</strong> emanating from the Gram panchayat&rsquo;s development work.</li>
<li>Down-streaming the skill development planning to the gram panchayat level would <strong>contribute to decentralization.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> outcome-oriented programme of MSDE</strong> with a special focus on <strong>decentralised planning and quality improvement.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank.</strong></a></li>
<li>It aims to implement the mandate of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Skill Development Mission</strong></a> (NSDM).</li>
<li>It contributes to the <strong>development of rational and realistic state skill development plans,</strong> leading to a well-grounded national plan for skill development.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Convergence:</strong> Creating convergence among all skill training activities, both State-led and Government of India funded, at the state level.</li>
<li><strong>Quality:</strong> Improving the quality of skill development programs through building a pool of quality trainers, developing model curriculum and content, and standardizing assessment and certification.</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation System:</strong> Establishing a robust monitoring and evaluation system for skill training programs.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusiveness and Opportunity:</strong> Providing access to skill training opportunities to the disadvantaged sections. Creating industry-led and demand-driven skill training capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682409" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7284,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has notified the <strong>Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020,</strong> which would allow consumers in India to access a continuous supply of reliable electricity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Electricity is a <strong>Concurrent List or List-III (<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Seventh Schedule</a>)</strong> subject and the central government has the authority and the power to make laws on it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rules cover <strong>various aspects of power supply to consumers</strong> in the country, including obligations of distribution licensees, metering arrangements, the release of new connections, modifications of existing connections, grievance redressal and compensation mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will make the <strong>distribution companies more accountable</strong> to consumers, thus <strong>reducing their monopolies</strong> and <strong>giving consumers more alternatives.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure compliance, the government will <strong>apply penalties that will be credited to the consumer&rsquo;s account.</strong></li>
<li>These rules are also an important step towards <strong>furthering the ease of doing business</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>Implementation of these Rules shall ensure that new electricity connections, refunds and other services are given in a<strong> time-bound manner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Areas Covered in the Rules</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rights and Obligations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Duty of every distribution licensee to supply electricity on request made by an owner or occupier of any premises in line with the provisions of Act.</li>
<li>Right of consumers to have minimum standards of service for the supply of electricity from the distribution licensee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Release of New Connection and Modification in Existing Ones</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Transparent, simple and time-bound processes.</li>
<li>An applicant has an option for online application.</li>
<li>The maximum time period of 7 days in metro cities and 15 days in other municipal areas and 30 days in rural areas identified to provide new connections and modify an existing connection.</li>
<li>Disconnection and Reconnection Provisions</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Metering Arrangement</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>No connection shall be given without a meter.</li>
<li>Meter shall be the smart prepayment meter or a prepayment meter.</li>
<li>Provision of Testing of meters.</li>
<li>Provisions for replacement of defective or burnt or stolen meters specified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Billing and Payment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Transparency in applicable consumer tariff and bills.</li>
<li>A consumer shall have the option to pay bills online or offline.</li>
<li>Provision for advance payment of bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reliability of Supply</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The distribution licensee shall supply 24x7 power to all consumers. However, lower hours of supply for some categories of consumers like agriculture could be specified.</li>
<li>The distribution licensee shall put in place a mechanism, preferably with automated tools to the extent possible, for monitoring and restoring outages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consumer as Prosumer</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the prosumers will maintain consumer status and have the same rights as the general consumer, they will also have the right to set up <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong> </a>(RE) generation units including<strong> rooftop <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar photovoltaic</a></strong> (PV) systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A prosumer is an individual who <strong>both consumes and produces.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Standards of Performance of License</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standards of performance for the distribution licensees will be notified.</li>
<li>Compensation amount to be paid to the consumers by the distribution licensees for violation of standards of performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compensation Mechanism</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Automatic compensation shall be paid to consumers for which parameters on standards of performance can be monitored remotely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Call Centre for Consumer Services</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Distribution licensee shall establish a centralised 24x7 toll-free call centre.</li>
<li>Licensees shall endeavour to provide all services through a common <strong>Customer Relation Manager</strong> (CRM) <strong>System</strong> to get a unified view.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consumer Grievance Redressal Forum</strong> (CGRF) to include consumer and prosumer representatives.</li>
<li>It has been made easy by making it multi-layered and the number of consumer&rsquo;s representatives have been increased from one to four.</li>
<li>The licensee shall specify the time within which various types of grievances by the different levels of the forums are to be resolved. <strong>Maximum timeline of 45 days</strong> specified for grievance redressal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/electricity-rules-timely-connection-24x7-supply-fines-in-place-for-discoms-7114120/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7269,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'District Mineral Foundation Trust Funds',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Deputy Commissioner has ordered an audit and an impact assessment of utilisation of funds from the <strong>District Mineral Foundation Trust (DMFT)</strong> for the financial years 2017-2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Statutory Provision:</strong> As per the <strong>Mine and Minerals Development Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2015,</strong> in<strong> every district affected by mining-related operations,</strong> the<strong> state government</strong> shall, by notification, <strong>establish a trust as a non-profit body</strong> to be called the <strong>District Mineral Foundation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>DMFT Funds: Mining companies contribute 10-30% on the royalty</strong> amount that they pay to the government to DMF Trust in the district they are operating in.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The idea behind the contribution is that local mining-affected communities, <strong>mostly tribal and among the poorest</strong> in the country, also<strong> have the right to benefit from natural resources extracted from where they live.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Status: DMFs have been set-up in 572 districts of the country,</strong> with a cumulative accrual of <strong>more than Rs. 40,000 crore</strong> so far as per Ministry of Mines (MoM) data.</li>
<li><strong>Linked with PMKKKY:</strong> The functioning of the DMF trusts and the fund use governed by states&rsquo; DMF Rules incorporate the mandates of a central guideline, <strong>Pradhan</strong> <strong>Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)</strong> that specifies high priority areas of investments.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> PMKKKY is a scheme by the <strong>Ministry of Mines</strong> for the welfare of people &amp; affected areas by using the funds accrued under District Mineral Foundation (DMF).</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> implement various developmental and welfare projects/programs in mining affected areas</strong> that complement the existing ongoing schemes/projects of State and Central Government.</li>
<li>To<strong> minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining,</strong> on the environment, health and socio-economics of people in mining districts.</li>
<li>To ensure <strong>long-term sustainable livelihoods</strong> for the affected people in mining areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least <strong>60% the fund will be utilized for "High Priority Areas"</strong> like Drinking water supply, Environment preservation &amp; pollution control measure, Health care, Education, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Rest of the fund</strong> will be utilized for <strong>"Other Priority Areas",</strong> such as Physical infrastructure, Irrigation, Energy &amp; watershed development and Measures for enhancing environmental quality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dhanbad-dc-orders-audit-of-utilisation-of-dmft-funds-7114218/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7263,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Entrepreneurship',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Confederation of Indian Industry</strong> (Southern Region) has announced a <strong>competition on social entrepreneurship.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The competition is for existing early stage social enterprises and students with entrepreneurial ideas that are socially focused and with significant social impact.</li>
<li>The <strong>Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)</strong> works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India, partnering industry, Government and civil society, through advisory and consultative processes. It is a <strong>non-government, not-for-profit,</strong> industry-led and industry-managed organization.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Entrepreneurship (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a construct that <strong>blends the idea of a commercial enterprise with the tenets of a charitable nonprofit organization.</strong></li>
<li>It is about <strong>creating business models</strong> revolving around low-cost products and services to<strong> resolve social inequities.</strong></li>
<li>It helps to succeed in economic initiatives, and all the investment focuses on the social and environmental mission.</li>
<li>Social entrepreneurs are<strong> also called social innovators.</strong> They are the agents of change and create significant change using innovative ideas. They identify the problems and build the difference by their plan.</li>
<li>Social entrepreneurship is a growing trend alongside <strong>socially responsible (SRI) and <a href="/pdf/1601375516-esg-funds-becoming-popular-in-india.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) investing.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Examples of social entrepreneurship</strong> include educational programs, providing banking services in underserved areas and helping children orphaned by epidemic disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India needs numerous social entrepreneurs with innovative solutions to the <strong>society&rsquo;s most pressing social problems</strong> in the areas of <strong>sanitation, education, water conservation, gender bias, primary health, female foeticide, carbon emissions</strong> and other environmental problems. These problems are persistent in nature and need urgent resolutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Examples in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pravah and ComMutiny:</strong> The two organizations that train the youth for leadership roles, Pravah and ComMutiny, have <strong>won the Social Entrepreneur of the Year (SEOY) 2020 award</strong> instituted by the Schwab Foundation and Jubilant Bhartia Foundation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Established in 1993, <strong>Pravah</strong> has been facilitating the<strong> development of a generation of empathetic, sensitive youth change-makers in India</strong> through psycho-social interventions, helping them build more inclusive identities and societies.</li>
<li><strong>ComMutiny</strong> which was formed in 2008, works on the idea of making collectives out of organizations like Pravah.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy&rsquo;s Aravind Eye Hospitals:</strong> Its business model is highly social, yet sustainable. It runs on its own revenue. The founder&rsquo;s mission was to <strong>eradicate blindness amongst the poor in India,</strong> especially in rural India living with a minimum daily wage and who can&rsquo;t afford medical treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Business Plan:</strong> The rigor of building and following a plan that is based on market realities and customer insight is critical; social entrepreneurs need support of lawyers, chartered accountants, senior entrepreneurs to help them develop a good business plan.</li>
<li><strong>Limited to Specific Geographies:</strong> Due to lack of funds or the founders&rsquo; limited bandwidth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> 2013 Companies Act</strong> in India which<strong> mandates companies to donate 2% of their average net profits to <a href="/printpdf/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)</a></strong> has catalyzed investment in social ventures but to truly achieve benefits of scale, it <strong>needs to be done in a much more coordinated manner.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A big service that <strong>a venture philanthropy firm or an ecosystem player</strong> can provide social entrepreneurs is<strong> organizing the world of investors</strong> &ndash; by the size of the cheque they write, by the areas they focus on, their specific preferences and then most importantly by facilitating introductions to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An organization that has to scale effectively <strong>needs to have a deep bench of talent at all levels.</strong></li>
<li>Further, there is a need for<strong> &lsquo;impact-measurement&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All investors want to see outcomes but how does one measure them when cycle times of one&rsquo;s intervention is much longer.</li>
<li>It can be objectively measured how many mid-day meals are provided to children in their school but it&rsquo;s harder to determine the efficacy of a sports program instituted to build confidence amongst students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India&rsquo;s</strong> initiative to create a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/social-stock-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Stock Exchange (SSE)</strong></a> will boost social and &amp; environmental impact investing in India by creating a new platform to fund social-sector organizations, and establish a standardized framework for measuring and reporting social impact for both donors and investors.</li>
<li><strong>Gramin Vikas Trust</strong> (GVT) is a National Level Organization established in 1999 by Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) for bringing about a sustainable improvement in livelihood of the poor and marginalized communities, especially, the tribal population including women.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GVT sees social entrepreneurship as the process of bringing about social change on a major scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social entrepreneurship has evolved over the years and has given innovative and profitable ideas that address social problems. With more ideas being incubated and funds flowing into social enterprise, the subcontinent, which already has successful examples such as Amul, Barefoot College, Grameen Bank, etc., has the ability to create many more socially relevant enterprises.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7254,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Sixth Schedule Areas',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/meghalaya-and-the-sixth-schedule-7110341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule: Why the constitutional protection needs to be revisited&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to sixth schedule areas.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp#:~:text=6th%20Schedule,(1)%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule in the Indian Constitution</strong></a> established Autonomous District Councils (ADC) in four northeastern states, namely Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. These ADCs envisage protecting and preserving tribal culture.</p>
<p>The rationale behind the creation of ADCs is the belief that relationship to the land is the basis of tribal or indigenous identity. The culture and identity of indigenous people can be preserved by ensuring their control over land and natural resources, as these factors to a large extent determine the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous people.</p>
<p>However, this arrangement has resulted in the rise of conflict between different groups, for instance, tribal vs. non-tribal. Further, it undermines social harmony, stability and economic development of the state and the region.</p>
<h3>Special Status of Sixth Schedule Areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule was originally intended for the predominantly tribal areas (tribal population over 90%) of undivided Assam, which was categorised as &ldquo;excluded areas&rdquo; under the Government of India Act, 1935 and was under the direct control of the Governor.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This special provision is provided under <strong>Article 244(2) and Article 275(1)</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule provides for autonomy in the administration of these areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These councils are empowered to make laws in respect of areas under their jurisdiction, which cover the land, forest, cultivation, inheritance, indigenous customs and traditions of tribals, etc. and also to collect land revenues and certain other taxes.</li>
<li>ADCs are like miniature states having specific powers and responsibilities in respect of all the three arms of governance: Legislature, executive and judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related to Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undermining of Constitutional Principles:</strong> The Sixth Schedule discriminates against the non-tribal residents in various ways and infringes upon their fundamental rights, like the right to equality before the law (Article 14), right against discrimination (Article 15), and the right to settle anywhere in India (Article 19). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has resulted in repeated bouts of riots between tribals and non-tribals. This has driven many non-tribals out of the north-eastern states.</li>
<li>Many non-tribals continue to live in the shadow of violence, making a mockery of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Centres of Power:</strong> It has created multiple power centres instead of bringing in a genuine process of autonomy in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are frequent conflict of interest cases between the District Councils and the State Legislatures.</li>
<li>For example, in Meghalaya, despite the formation of the state, the whole of the state continues to be under the sixth schedule causing frequent conflict with the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Act-East Policy:</strong> The restrictions under the sixth schedule act as a roadblock for the success of Act East Policy, for which seamless connectivity and exchange within the Northeastern states are essential.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong></a> deters investors and tourists and thereby hampers economic development in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Special constitutional protections are indeed required for marginalised sections to ensure that historical wrongs done to them are reversed and not repeated, but it has denied justice to the non-tribals, who have lived in ADCs for generations but ended up marginalised.</p>
<p>Hence, the government and other agencies need to win the confidence of the tribals and non-tribals within the region and bring a sense of security and belongingness among them to deal with this sensitive issue.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffbf2;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Sixth schedule has been successful in protecting the tribal culture and inclusivity. Critically Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0SJ3zYo6Tk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/sanctions-overreach-on-uss-decision-to-impose-sanctions-on-turkey/article33358233.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Sanctions overreach: On U.S.'s decision to impose sanctions on Turkey&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on December 18<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7243,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mid-term Review of National Hydrology Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Jal Shakti</strong> has reviewed the progress made under the <strong>National Hydrology Project</strong> (NHP) in its mid-term.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Hydrology Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was started in<strong> 2016</strong> as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong> </a>with <strong>100% grant to implementing agencies </strong>on<strong> pan India basis.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> initiative of the Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong> and is<strong> supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>It has a<strong> budget outlay of Rs. 3680 crore</strong> to be spent over a<strong> period of 8 years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To improve the extent, reliability and accessibility of water resources information.</li>
<li>To strengthen the capacity of targeted water resource management institutions in India.</li>
<li>To facilitate acquisition of reliable information efficiently which would pave the way for an effective water resource development and management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central and state implementing agencies responsible for surface and/or groundwater planning and management, including river basin organizations.</li>
<li>Users of the <strong>Water Resources Information System</strong> (WRIS) across various sectors and around the World.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Water Resource Monitoring System:</strong> WRMS focuses on improving the extent, timeliness and reliability of water resources data.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Establishment of Hydromet Observation Networks.</li>
<li>Establishment of <strong>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition</strong> (SCADA) Systems for Water Infrastructure.</li>
<li>Establishment of Hydro-Informatics Centers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Resources Information System:</strong> WRIS supports strengthening of national and sub-national water information centers with web-enabled WRIS through standardization of databases and products from various data sources/departments. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Strengthening of WRIS.</li>
<li>Establishing state WRIS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Resources Operation and Planning System:</strong> WROPS supports the development of interactive analytical tools and decision support platforms that would integrate database, models and scenario manager for hydrological flood forecasting, integrated reservoir operations and water resources accounting for improved operation, planning and management of both surface and groundwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Development of Analytical Tools and Decision Support Systems.</li>
<li>Purpose Driven Studies.</li>
<li>Piloting Innovative Knowledge Products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Resources Institutions Capacity Enhancement:</strong> WRICE aims to build capacity for knowledge-based water resources management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Water Resource Knowledge Centres.</li>
<li>Professional Development.</li>
<li>Project Management.</li>
<li>Operational Support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mid-term Review:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NHP has been termed as a <strong>project of National importance</strong> since it establishes a <strong>nationwide &lsquo;Nodal&rsquo; &lsquo;one point&rsquo; platform for all states to collaborate and share data</strong> pertaining to water resources.</li>
<li>Significant progress has been made in the fields of WRMS, WRIS, WROPS and WRICE.</li>
<li>Under the NHP, a nationwide repository of water resources data, <strong>National Water Informatics Centre</strong> (NWIC) has been established.</li>
<li>NHP is focusing on establishment of <strong>Real Time Data Acquisition System</strong> (RTDAS) on pan India basis, which <strong>would complement the manual data acquisition stations</strong> and would lay a strong foundation for informed decision making for better water resources management.</li>
<li>Through the NHP, the management of water resources shall <strong>witness a sea change since it will adopt an integrated approach and make use of cutting edge technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Collecting data from scattered agencies posed a major bottleneck in effective water resource management and also a stumbling block in important policy level decision making.</li>
<li>The lackadaisical approach and lack of interest shown by previous Governments has resulted in unavailability of reliable historic data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Authorities should be directed to share the valuable works carried out under NHP in public domain and encourage academia, universities/research institutes globally to contribute towards this initiative.</li>
<li>Simultaneously, there is a need to further improve the water resources dissemination platform India-WRIS to take care of the requirements and aspirations of various stakeholders like<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-flows-in-river-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Water Commission</strong> </a>(CWC), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-aquifer-mapping-and-management-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Ground Water Board</strong> </a>(CGWB), <strong>National Water Development Agency</strong> (NWDA), <strong>National Institute of Hydrology</strong> (NIH), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A lot of data-driven developments are expected to follow naturally over the course of time in the government as well as the private sectors and academic and research institutions, that hold the potential of transforming the water sector of the country from an age-old experience-based system depending largely on personal judgement to an optimised, transparent system where it is possible to holistically assess the impact of decisions across the sectors in advance, before they are actually made.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681164" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7241,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recommendations on Reservation ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an <strong>eight-member committee,</strong> appointed by the government for<strong> suggesting measures for effective implementation of reservation in students admissions and faculty recruitment</strong> in the<strong> Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),</strong> has come out with its recommendations.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> chaired by IIT Delhi&rsquo;s Director</strong> and had representatives of secretaries of the departments of <strong>Social Justice and Empowerment, Tribal Affairs, Department of Personnel and Training, Persons with Disabilities,</strong> among others.</li>
<li>Its report was <strong>submitted to the Ministry of Education in June 2020</strong> and has been made available under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Being established and recognised as institutions of national importance, <strong>IITs should be added to the list of &ldquo;Institutions of Excellence&rdquo;</strong> mentioned in the <strong>Schedule</strong> to the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong> (CEI Act).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 4 of the Act exempts</strong> &ldquo;institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance&rdquo; mentioned in the Schedule and &ldquo;minority institutions&rdquo; from providing reservation.</li>
<li>Currently, many research institutes like the<strong> Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, National Brain Research Centre, Space Physics Laboratory,</strong> etc. are included under Section 4 of the act, but not the IITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If granting full exemption from reservations was not possible, the committee recommended that the implementation of reservation policies for all categories <strong>including Economically Weaker Sections</strong> (EWS) be <strong>restricted just to Assistant Professor Grade I and Grade II and not for levels above.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vacancies not filled in a particular year</strong> due to non-availability, be <strong>de-reserved in the subsequent year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conduct of special recruitment drives</strong> to attract candidates from reserved categories.</li>
<li>To<strong> address diversity issues,</strong> the report argued that a<strong> &ldquo;system emphasising targeted goals over a period of time&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>not &ldquo;specific quotas&rdquo;</strong> be followed so that IITs can &ldquo;compete with other top institutions in the world in terms of excellence, output, research and teaching.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The panel proposes a <strong>two-year Research Assistantship for students from reserved categories aspiring to join PhD programmes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It highlighted that the <strong>enrollment of reserved category students in the PhD programme is low and needs to be addressed,</strong> which is severely limiting the number of reserved category candidates available to be hired as faculty in the IIT system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers&rsquo; Cadre) Act, 2019</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides for the <strong>reservation of posts in appointments by direct recruitment</strong> of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) and the Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), to <strong>teachers&rsquo; cadre in certain Central Educational Institutions</strong> established, maintained or aided by the Central Government, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act not to apply in certain cases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The institutions of excellence, research institutions, institutions of national and strategic importance specified in the Schedule to this Act.</li>
<li>A Minority Educational Institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However. the <strong>Central Government may,</strong> by notification in the Official Gazette, <strong>amend the Schedule from time to time.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exempt-iit-recruitments-from-reservation-suggests-panel-7107855/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7239,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Security Directive',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Cabinet Committee on Security</strong> has approved the setting up of a <strong>new National Security Directive</strong> on the <strong>telecommunication</strong> sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, the Union Cabinet has <strong>approved the auction of 2,251.25 megahertz of spectrum</strong> with a<strong> reserve price of Rs. 3.92 lakh crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre asked all <strong>telecom operators to undertake an &lsquo;information security audit&rsquo;</strong> of their networks.</li>
<li>The<strong> objective</strong> was to <strong>specifically check for any &lsquo;backdoor&rsquo;</strong> or <strong>&lsquo;trapdoor&rsquo; vulnerabilities</strong> in the telecom networks, which can be <strong>exploited to extract information and pass on illegally</strong> to agencies around the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A backdoor or a trap door is a <strong>bug installed in the telecom hardware that allows companies to listen in or collect data</strong> being shared on the network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Chinese vendors Huawei and ZTE have been <strong>under global scrutiny for allegedly installing backdoor vulnerabilities</strong> and <strong>spying</strong> for the Chinese government and have been <strong>banned by several countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost <strong>30% of Bharti Airtel&rsquo;s network comprises Chinese telecom equipment</strong> and it is <strong>40% for Vodafone Idea&rsquo;s</strong> network. <strong>State-run telcos</strong> Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) too <strong>have equipment from Chinese vendors,</strong> including <strong>Huawei</strong> and <strong>ZTE,</strong> in their 3G and older networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All vendors</strong> including Huawei and ZTE were<strong> allowed to participate in 5G trials</strong> but their <strong>participation became difficult owing to developments like the Galwan Valley Standoff</strong> in Ladakh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government barred BSNL and MTNL from using Chinese equipment</strong> for the roll-out of its 4G network.</li>
<li>The <strong>Department of Telecommunications</strong> hinted that it would <strong>announce guidelines asking even private telcos to refrain from using Chinese equipment,</strong> however, no such guidelines have been issued till now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Directive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>classify telecom products and their sources</strong> under the<strong> &lsquo;trusted&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;non-trusted&rsquo;</strong> categories.</li>
<li>It will make its decision based on <strong>approval of the National Security Committee on Telecom.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be <strong>headed by the deputy National Security Advisor</strong> (NSA) and have members from other departments and ministries, and independent experts as well as two members from the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> National Cyber Security Coordinator</strong> is the <strong>designated authority</strong> and will <strong>devise the methodology</strong> to designate trusted products.</li>
<li>From among the sources declared as trusted sources by the designated authority, those which <strong>meet the criteria of the Department of Telecom&rsquo;s preferential market access policy</strong> will be certified as <strong>India trusted sources.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The policy provides <strong>opportunities to local manufacturers of equipment and handsets in the &ldquo;sensitive&rdquo; telecom sector </strong>to<strong> counter dumping of products</strong> by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Telecom Service Providers</strong> (TSPs) are <strong>required to connect new devices which are designated trusted</strong> products.</li>
<li>However, the directive<strong> will not ask TSPs to mandatorily replace the old and existing equipment</strong> and does not impact the ongoing annual maintenance contracts or upgrades to old equipment either.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from the directive, the government will release at regular intervals new guidelines for<strong> effective monitoring and effective control of the network security</strong> of the TSPs.</li>
<li>The move could potentially make it <strong>more difficult for Chinese telecom equipment vendors</strong> to supply equipment to Indian telecom players.</li>
<li><strong>Mobile applications that either have Chinese origins or have central servers in China</strong> may also find <strong>re-entry in the market extremely difficult.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since <strong>June 2020,</strong> the <strong>Centre has banned over 200 Chinese apps,</strong> citing national security concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Telecom Spectrum Auction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spectrum in the <strong>frequency bands of 700MHz, 800MHz, 900MHz, 1,800MHz, 2,100MHz, 2,300MHz and 2,500MHz</strong> would be offered for<strong> 20 years.</strong></li>
<li>The auction would help <strong>boost spectrum availability with telecom operators enabling improvements in 4G services.</strong></li>
<li>By winning the right to use spectrum through the auction, incumbent telecom service providers will be<strong> able to augment their network capacity,</strong> whereas<strong> new players will be able to start services.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Spectrum holding per operator in a service area in India is well below the international average</strong> so any further auctioning of spectrum is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Spectrum Auction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>transparent process of spectrum assignment to successful bidders.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sufficient spectrum availability increases the quality of telecom services for the consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is relevant that the telecom sector today is a key infrastructure provider with <strong>strong linkages with economic growth, direct and indirect employment generation</strong> and expansion of <strong>Digital India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/telecom-products-govt-to-come-out-with-trusted-non-trusted-sources-7107760/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7225,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Data Related to Women: NFSH-5',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the first-phase data of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-family-health-survey-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5)</a> 2019-20</strong> has been released by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,</strong> which provided data on various issues related to women in india.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NFHS</strong> is a <strong>large-scale, multi-round survey</strong> conducted in a representative sample of households <strong>throughout India</strong>. The <strong>Phase-I</strong> provides data for 22 states/UTs and the fieldwork in the remaining 14 <strong>(Phase-II)</strong> States/UTs is under progress.</li>
<li>All <strong>NFHSs</strong> have been conducted under the stewardship of the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India,</strong> with the <strong>International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai,</strong> serving as the nodal agency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Total Fertility Rate (TFR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The TFR across <strong>most Indian states declined in the past half-a-decade,</strong> more so among urban women. This implies that <strong>India&rsquo;s population is stabilizing</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Sikkim recorded the lowest TFR,</strong> with one woman bearing 1.1 children on average; <strong>Bihar recorded the highest TFR</strong> of three children per woman.</li>
<li>In 19 of the 22 surveyed states, TFRs were found to be <strong>&lsquo;below-replacement level (2.1)&rsquo;</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>TFR</strong> indicates the <strong>average number of children expected to be born</strong> to a woman during her reproductive span of <strong>15-49 years</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>replacement level</strong> is the number of children needed to replace the parents, after accounting for fatalities, skewed sex ratio, infant mortality, etc. Population starts falling below this level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anaemia among Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than half of the children and women are anaemic in <strong>13 of the 22 States/UTs</strong>.</li>
<li>It has also been observed that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a> among pregnant women has increased</strong> in half of the States/UTs compared to NFHS-4.</li>
<li>In all the states, anaemia is much <strong>higher</strong> among women compared to men.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraception:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Female sterilization</strong> continues to dominate as the <strong>modern method of contraception</strong> in states like Andhra Pradesh (98%), Telangana (93%), Kerala (88%), Karnataka (84%), Bihar (78%) and Maharashtra (77%).</li>
<li>Overall <strong>Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)</strong> has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the <strong>highest in HP and WB (74%)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Marriages:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been an <strong>increase</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child marriages</strong></a> in Tripura (40.1% from 33.1% in 2015-16), Manipur (16.3% from 13.7% in 2015-16) and Assam (31.8% from 30.8 % in 2015-16),</li>
<li>States like <strong>West Bengal (41.6%) and Bihar (40.8%) still have high prevalence</strong> of child marriages.</li>
<li>States such as <strong>Tripura, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland</strong> have also shown an <strong>increase in teenage pregnancies</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic/Spousal Violence:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>generally declined</strong> in most of the states and UTs.</li>
<li>However, it has witnessed an <strong>increase</strong> in five states, namely <strong>Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Karnataka witnessed the largest increase in spousal violence, <strong>from 20.6% in NFHS 4 to 44.4% in NFHS-5</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sexual violence</strong> has increased in five states (Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and West Bengal).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Births:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Have increased substantially with over <strong>four-fifth of the women</strong> delivering in institutions in 19 States and UTs.</li>
<li>Institutional delivery is <strong>over 90% in 14</strong> out of the total 22 States and UTs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Caesarean (C-section) Deliveries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been an <strong>increase</strong> in the number of Caesarean section (C-section) deliveries in a majority of states.</li>
<li>The international healthcare community has considered the <strong>ideal rate</strong> for caesarean sections to be <strong>between 10% and 15%</strong>.</li>
<li>States such as Telangana, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, and some in the northeast, have shown a jump in C-section deliveries, especially at private healthcare facilities, in the last five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In some states like Telangana and West Bengal, the C-section deliveries, at private healthcare facilities rose up to 81% and 82%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sex Ratio at Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-its-sex-ratio#:~:text=Key%20Points,2011%20to%20899%20in%202018." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SRB</strong></a> has remained <strong>unchanged or increased</strong> in most States/UTs.</li>
<li>Majority of the states are in <strong>normal sex ratio of 952 or above</strong>.</li>
<li>SRB is <strong>below 900 in</strong> Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, DNH &amp; DD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child nutrition</strong> </a>indicators show a <strong>mixed pattern across states</strong>. While the situation improved in many States/UTs, there has been minor deterioration in others.</li>
<li>Drastic changes in respect of stunting and wasting are unlikely in a short period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considerable progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to <strong>women operating bank accounts</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation and Clean Air:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The percentage of households with improved sanitation facilities and clean fuel for cooking has <strong>increased</strong> in almost all the 22 States/UTs over the last four years (from 2015-16 to 2019-20).</li>
<li>The Government of India has made concerted efforts to provide toilet facilities to maximum households through <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a>, and improved household environment through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana</strong></a> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Current times <strong>require integrated and coordinated efforts</strong> from all health institutions, academia and other partners directly or indirectly associated with the health care <strong>services to make these services accessible, affordable</strong> and <strong>acceptable</strong> to all.</li>
<li>The data in NFHS-5 <strong>gives requisite input for strengthening existing programmes and evolving new strategies for policy intervention,</strong> therefore government and authorities should take steps to further improve the condition of women in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/findings-of-nfhs-5-show-indias-population-is-stabilising-population-foundation-of-india-7104959/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7217,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'New World Tech Order and India’s Role',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MI9QNgf5Ckw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At the IIT 2020 GlobaL Summit, the Prime Minister said that the post-Covid world will be about <strong>re-learning, re-thinking</strong> and <strong>re-inventing</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government is fully committed to its principle of <strong>reforming, performing</strong> and <strong>transforming</strong> India in the field of technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2022, India will mark 75 years since Independence and urged the Pan IIT movement to set an even higher benchmark for "giving back to India".</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Technology Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the increasing role of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a>, the world is looking forward to <strong>grobotisation</strong> = global + robotisation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, an issue associated with the same is of employment, if the increased dependence on machines is going to take up the employment or not.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The private sector is not at all human-centric, it is completely based on making profit.</li>
<li>Maximum contribution in the field of technology is made by only the U.S. and China.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advancing in technology:</strong> The mindset about Indian products and technology being inferior is changing rapidly within the country.</li>
<li><strong>Dependent for assistance:</strong> India may have developed a lot in technology than earlier but is still dependent on other countries for various technical assistance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has approximately 1.5 billion mobile connections, but still does not have the complete knowledge of making a mobile phone in its full capacity.</li>
<li>The medical expertise of India are well known yet all the medical equipment is imported in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of resources:</strong> India still lacks the ecosystem where a young talent coming up with an innovative idea can always get a mentor, or encouragement or can be provided seed money.</li>
<li><strong>India and R&amp;D:</strong> India spends less than 1% on the Research and Development sector and that is also mostly by the government, which is considerably less as compared to other countries like South Korea where 3.4% of GDP of the country is spent in the R&amp;D sector and 70% of it is by the private sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Role of the Indian Diaspora</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the IT revolution of India took place in the 90s, the Indian diaspora who had studied in IITs mostly settled in Silicon Valley.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They have played a very significant role by acting as the bridge between the Indian skills, human resources and the American technology requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indian diaspora, IIT, BITS or NIT alumni in particular, can play a very crucial role in acting as a mentor to the young talents as they already have the experience and know what the advanced technologies and other developed countries want.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Technology and Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the nationwide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a>, the education system shifted from physical mode to virtual, online mode began.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 60% of India&rsquo;s population cannot afford full-time higher education even if it is provided for free.</li>
<li>A number of students do not prefer to go for engineering mainly because they cannot afford attending higher-education on a full time basis.</li>
<li>Making learning available online for the students on a permanent basis can help them study from home.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, in order to make India capable of completing globally in the technology field, the enrollment in quality technology should increase proportionately.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human-centric approach:</strong> All the new technologies should be human-centric, the interest of the individual should be protected. The upcoming technologies should be more employing-giving rather than taking away the employment.</li>
<li><strong>Blending the education:</strong> This is a high time India should talk about blended education; studying online along with interning.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Attending college physically only for a short period of time and focussing more on enhancing their skills and gaining experience beside theoretical learning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No more over-reliance on the govt:</strong> The private sector is not so keen about investing in the R&amp;D sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Relying only on the government for all the technological development is not a right approach. The private sectors have to come forward and invest in the R&amp;D and make it work for long-term while the government shall continue supporting providing infrastructure, healthcare etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As far as technology is concerned, India is at a far better place now than it was a few years ago.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing about a change in our mindsets about the Indian products and Indian technology is the need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>What India needs to do to go forward is better training and also ensure that both the services side as well as the product side of things is covered and do a lot more R&amp;D investment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, the private sector also needs to pull up its socks and try and complement what the government is doing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7214,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> </a>has released a white paper, <strong>&ldquo;Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India&rdquo;</strong> which is envisaged to serve as a vision document t<strong>o propel Public Health Surveillance</strong> (PHS) in India and establish India as a global leader in the area.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>white paper</strong> is an <strong>informational document,</strong> usually issued by a company or not-for-profit organization, <strong>to promote or highlight the features of a solution, product, or service.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s mandate is to provide strategic directions</strong> to the various sectors of the Indian economy. In line with this mandate, the Health Vertical released a set of four working-papers compiled in a volume entitled <strong>&lsquo;Health Systems for New India: Building Blocks-Potential Pathways to Reforms&rsquo;</strong> during November 2019.</li>
<li>This white paper is a <strong>continuation of the work on strengthening the health systems.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the White Paper:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This paper is a <strong>joint effort</strong> of <strong>Health Vertical, NITI Aayog,</strong> and <strong>Institute for Global Public Health,</strong> University of Manitoba, Canada with <strong>contributions from technical experts</strong> from the Government of India, States, and International agencies.</li>
<li>It <strong>lays out India&rsquo;s vision 2035 for PHS</strong> through the integration of the<strong> three-tiered (primary, secondary and tertiary) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">public health system</a> into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat.</a></strong></li>
<li>It contributes by <strong>suggesting mainstreaming of surveillance</strong> by making individual electronic health records the basis for surveillance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthen non-communicable disease prevention, detection, control and to reduce out of pocket expenses of individuals and families.</li>
<li>It <strong>builds on initiatives such as the Integrated Health Information Platform</strong> of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Integrated Disease Surveillance Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aligns with the citizen-centricity</strong> highlighted in the <strong>National Health Policy 2017</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-blueprint#:~:text=The%20Objectives%20of%20NDHB%20are,required%20for%20its%20seamless%20exchange." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Blueprint.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It encourages the use of mobile and digital platforms and point of care devices and diagnostics for amalgamation of data capture and analyses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>highlights the importance of capitalizing on initiatives</strong> such as the <strong>Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act 2010</strong> to enhance private sector involvement in surveillance.</li>
<li>It<strong> points out the importance of a cohesive and coordinated effort of apex institutions</strong> including the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong> </a>(ICMR), and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make India&rsquo;s PHS system<strong> more responsive and predictive to enhance preparedness</strong> for action at all levels.</li>
<li>To make it <strong>more citizen-friendly to ensure individual privacy and confidentiality,</strong> enabled with a client feedback mechanism.</li>
<li>To<strong> improve data-sharing mechanisms</strong> between Centre and states for better disease detection, prevention, and control.</li>
<li>To<strong> provide regional and global leadership</strong> in managing events that constitute a public health emergency of international concern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Public Health Surveillance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PHS is an important public health function that<strong> cuts across the three-tiered public health system and care provided.</strong> Surveillance is<strong> &lsquo;Information for Action&rsquo;</strong> and is an <strong>essential action for disease detection, prevention, and control.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data Collection and Sharing:</strong> Various <strong>verticals to collect data work differently and in separation</strong> with no mechanism for data sharing.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no single system</strong> where surveillance data generated by target specific populations like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National AIDS Control Programme</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/paradigm-shift-for-tb-control" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National TB Elimination Programme</strong></a>, etc. <strong>could be understood in its entirety.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Quality Data:</strong> The data generated is of<strong> low quality</strong> and the<strong> research or use of data</strong> to answer critical health policy questions of the country<strong> has been very limited.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Limited Synchronisation:</strong> There is the limited ability of programme implementation structures to work in synchrony with research organisations and vice versa.</li>
<li><strong>Missing Linkages:</strong> India invests significant resources in the registration of deaths. However, various <strong>reviews have not been able to link the causes of mortality with morbidities.</strong> There was still <strong>no proper linking to find common ground</strong> between the causes of diseases and deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Human Resources:</strong> Human resources also form a formidable challenge. As many as<strong> 42% vacancies existed</strong> at state and district level surveillance systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the positions of the Central Surveillance Unit at the Centre are <strong>filled either by deputation or on contract</strong> and the individuals are <strong>loaded with multiple other responsibilities</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Epidemic Intelligence:</strong> India <strong>does not have an adequate number</strong> of public health <strong>professionals having expertise</strong> in the field.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Epidemic intelligence&rsquo; can be defined as all the activities related to early identification of potential health threats, their verification, assessment and investigation in order to recommend public health measures to control them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under-developed Systems:</strong> A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> non-communicable diseases</strong> </a>(NCDs) <strong>surveillance system hardly exists</strong> in India and other factors like integration of surveillance for NCD risk factors, surveillance of injury and accidents, air pollution and its effects, etc, are <strong>yet to be included in surveillance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Occupational Health Surveillance:</strong> This type of surveillance <strong>addresses issues like lead toxicity, silicosis, etc.</strong> Whatever data has been generated hardly became part of India&rsquo;s PHS system.</li>
<li><strong>Emerging Challenges:</strong> Growing<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> antimicrobial resistance</strong></a> (AMR), new infectious diseases or new strains of existing diseases and increased rate of NCDs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation of a skilled and strong health workforce</strong> dedicated to surveillance activities.</li>
<li><strong>Integration</strong> of NCDs, reproductive and child health, occupational and environmental health and injury into PHS.</li>
<li><strong>Merger of morbidity data</strong> from health information systems.</li>
<li><strong>Amalgamation</strong> of plant, animal, and environmental <strong>surveillance in a One-Health approach</strong> that also includes surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and predictive capability for pandemics.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of laboratory capacity</strong> with new diagnostic technologies including molecular diagnostics, genotyping, and phenotyping.</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of a governance framework</strong> that is inclusive of political, policy, technical, and managerial leadership at the national and state level.</li>
<li><strong>Enhancement of surveillance</strong> of NCDs, citizen-centric and community-based surveillance and use of point of care devices and self-care diagnostics.</li>
<li><strong>Prioritization of diseases</strong> that can be targeted for elimination as a public health problem, regularly.</li>
<li><strong>Improvement of core support functions</strong> and system attributes for surveillance at all levels.</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of mechanisms to streamline data sharing,</strong> capture, analysis, and dissemination for action.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could <strong>include the use of situation-aware real-time signals</strong> from social media, mobile sensor networks, and participatory surveillance systems for event-based epidemic intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Encouragement of innovations</strong> at every step-in surveillance activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite all of the challenges, India has made good progress in improving the surveillance system and implementation of this vision can thrust India to be a global/regional leader in PHS.</li>
<li>The building blocks for this vision are an interdependent federated system of governance between the Centre and states, a new data-sharing mechanism that involves the use of new analytics, health informatics, and data science including innovative ways of disseminating<strong> &lsquo;information for action&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680519" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7206,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Family Health Survey-5',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> first-phase data</strong> of the <strong>National Family Health Survey-5</strong> (NFHS-5) 2019-20 has been released by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NFHS is a <strong>large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.</strong></li>
<li>All NFHSs have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, with the <strong>International Institute for Population Sciences</strong> (IIPS) Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Established in 1956</strong> under the joint sponsorship of Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, the Government of India and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN), IIPS has established itself as the premier institute for<strong> training and research in population studies for developing countries in the Asia and Pacific region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase 2</strong> of the survey (covering remaining states) was <strong>delayed due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a></strong> and its results are expected to be made available in <strong>May 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NFHS-5 captured data <strong>during 2014-19</strong> and its <strong>content is similar to NFHS-4</strong> (2015-16) to allow comparisons over time and also <strong>marks a shift</strong> from it.</li>
<li>It provides an <strong>indicator for tracking 30 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a></strong> (SDGs) that the country <strong>aims to achieve by 2030.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>NFHS-5 includes some new topics,</strong> such as preschool education, disability, access to a toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during menstruation, and methods and reasons for abortion.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2019,</strong> for the <strong>first time,</strong> the NFHS-5 sought details on the <strong>percentage of women and men who have ever used the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several states across the country have <strong>reversed course and recorded worsening levels of child <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-and-covid-19#:~:text=Malnutrition%20and%20India&amp;text=Malnourished%20children%20in%20India%3A%20Malnutrition,under%20the%20age%20of%20five." target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a> despite improvements</strong> in sanitation and better access to fuel and drinking water.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The latest data captures the state of health in the states before the <strong>pandemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Several states have either witnessed <strong>meagre improvements</strong> or<strong> sustained reversals</strong> on <strong>four key metrics</strong> of child (under 5 years of age) malnutrition parameters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These four key metrics are <strong>child stunting</strong>,<strong> child wasting</strong>,<strong> share of children underweight </strong>and<strong> child mortality rate.</strong></li>
<li>The data from these metrics is also used in several global indices such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>most surprising reversals</strong> have happened in child stunting, which reflects <strong>chronic undernutrition,</strong> and refers to the <strong>percentage of children who have low height for their age.</strong></li>
<li>Stunting, more than any other factor, is likely to have <strong>long-lasting adverse effects on the cognitive and physical development</strong> of a child.</li>
<li><strong>Telangana, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal</strong> saw increased levels of child stunting.</li>
<li>The reversals in child stunting are &ldquo;hugely troubling&rdquo; as normally, stunting levels do not increase because all the things that affect child growth tend to improve as stable democracies and economies move ahead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reflects<strong> acute undernutrition</strong> and refers to <strong>children having low weight for their height.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India has always had a high level of child wasting.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead of reducing it, <strong>Telangana, Kerala, Bihar, Assam and Jammu-Kashmir</strong> witnessed an<strong> increase</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra and West Bengal</strong> have been <strong>stagnant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Share of Children Underweight:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the proportion of underweight children, big states like <strong>Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Telangana, Assam and Kerala</strong> have seen an<strong> increase.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Infant Mortality Rate</strong> (the number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under the age of 1) and <strong>Under 5 Mortality Rate</strong> data is mostly<strong> stagnant.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Between NFHS-3</strong> (2005-05) and <strong>NFHS-4,</strong> there was <strong>progress on mortality reduction</strong> but <strong>NFHS-5 and NFHS-4</strong> are about five years apart still there is <strong>very little progress</strong> in many states.</li>
<li>In <strong>Maharashtra,</strong> the under-5 mortality rate is basically the same in NFHS-4 and in <strong>Bihar,</strong> it <strong>reduced by just 3%</strong> over five years.</li>
<li>Over 60% of child mortality is explained by child malnutrition, which is the central problem and needs to be addressed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban-rural Gender Gaps in Internet Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an <strong>urban-rural gap</strong> as well as <strong>gender divide</strong> with respect to the use of the Internet in several states and union territories.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On average, <strong>less than 3 out of 10 women in rural India and 4 out of 10 women in urban India </strong>ever<strong> used the Internet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>General Data:</strong> An average 42.6% of women ever used the Internet as against an average of 62.16% among the men.</li>
<li><strong>In Urban India:</strong> An average of 56.81% of women ever used the Internet compared to an average of 73.76% among the men.</li>
<li><strong>In Rural India:</strong> A dismal 33.94% women in rural India ever used the Internet as against 55.6% among men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> percentage of women,</strong> who ever used the Internet,<strong> significantly dropped in rural India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/malnutrition-in-kids-worsens-in-key-states-2015-19-7103820/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7199,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Formulation of Policy for 3D Printing',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> (MeitY) will soon come up with a <strong>policy aimed at promoting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/make-it-the-indian-way" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3D printing</a></strong> on an industrial scale in view of its emerging market.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>3D Printing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>3D printing or additive manufacturing</strong> uses computer-aided designing to make prototypes or working models of objects by laying down successive layers of materials such as plastic, resin, thermoplastic, metal, fibre or ceramic.</li>
<li>With the help of software, the <strong>model to be printed is first developed by the computer,</strong> which then gives instructions to the 3D printer.</li>
<li>3D printing and a viable industry around it is mostly in the shape of <strong>additive manufacturing,</strong> wherein <strong>companies make specific products for projects where there are very specific demands</strong> such as lightweight equipment, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the key applications for such products is in the medical and allied sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>USA remains the global leader in 3D printing, </strong>with <strong>more than 35% market share.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>Asia,</strong> about<strong> 50% of its market is cornered by China,</strong> followed by <strong>Japan</strong> at 30%, and <strong>South Korea</strong> at 10%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Encourage market leaders to establish global bases for 3D manufacturing in India,</strong> while <strong>also discouraging imports</strong> of printed material for domestic requirements.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Help develop a <strong>conducive ecosystem</strong> for design, development and deployment of 3D printing and additive manufacturing.</li>
<li>Help domestic companies to overcome technical and economic barriers so that they can build supportive and ancillary facilities for world leaders in the technology, such as the USA and China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Areas of Focus and Application:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Auto and ancillary auto and motor spare part business, such as engines, interior and exterior parts of luxury vehicles, or landing gear, complex brackets, and turbine blades.</li>
<li>There can be some application of it in consumer electronics, printed circuit boards, clothing, toys and jewellery as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lack of Standards:</strong> Since 3D printing is <strong>a very niche and new domain,</strong> there are<strong> no global qualifications and certification norms.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hesitation in Adoption:</strong> Another challenge is <strong>to convince the industry and ministries to push for its adoption</strong> in their respective sectors as any new technology, which is not understood easily, faces a tough time.</li>
<li><strong>Risk of Job Losses:</strong> In the initial meetings on the subject, there was a <strong>lot of resistance on whether this technology would eat into the jobs of highly-skilled workers</strong> in the medical equipment or aerospace technology sectors.</li>
<li><strong>High Costing:</strong> Although actual printing is cheap, <strong>parts to build a 3D printer are very expensive</strong> as the<strong> equipment and manufacturing costs are very high.</strong> In addition, there is a<strong> concern about warranty</strong> hence, resource companies are <strong>hesitant to put 3D-printed parts into their machines if they are not covered for damage</strong> in case the parts fail.</li>
<li><strong>Sector Specific Challenges:</strong> Globally and even in India, the <strong>largest consumer of 3D printing is the automotive industry</strong> and right now it is going through a lot of changes like the introduction of <strong>BS-VI</strong> and <strong>electric vehicles. New vehicle design development has slowed</strong> and so has the demand for 3D printing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Market:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to MeitY&rsquo;s estimates, the <strong>global market for additive manufacturing</strong> is expected to reach <strong>USD 34.8 billion by 2024,</strong> which is growing at a compound annual growth rate of 23.2%.</li>
<li>3D printing<strong> may not lead to an increase in net employment,</strong> but this technology is something which can be pushed ahead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of investment and fewer research and development centres for 3D printing are some of the additional factors that are holding back a large scale adoption. However, a better understanding of 3D printing technology and its applications among users will definitely help increase its adoption in India.</li>
<li>Indian market has a high potential ground as the adoption of 3D printing solutions is continuously rising for the past few years with increased general market awareness and there is still a lot of growth here compared to markets that are more mature such as Japan, Germany or the USA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-readies-3d-printing-policy-local-firms-global-market-7101493/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7197,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Parliamentary Scrutiny',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/pointing-the-finger-at-parliamentary-scrutiny/article33309735.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the lapses in the management of the legislative work in the Indian Parliament.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new Farm laws</strong> </a>passed by Parliament have led to a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers.</p>
<p>Although the government is reportedly willing to amend these Acts, the protesting farmers want these laws to be repealed and if necessary, fresh laws to be enacted after discussions with the farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
<p>The demand for the repeal of the laws passed by Parliament only recently essentially points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in frequent bypassing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary committees</strong></a> and<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> use of ordinances.</strong></a></p>
<p>As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people&rsquo;s trust.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Parliamentary Committees: Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Improving the pieces of legislation through detailed scrutiny by Parliament through its committees is historically an ancient practice.</li>
<li>In fact, the British Parliament has been doing it since the 16th century.</li>
<li>The Indian experience of legislative scrutiny of Bills goes back to the post-Montagu&ndash;Chelmsford Reforms.</li>
<li>It is interesting to note that the Central Legislative Assembly which was the Parliament of British India, had set up three committees:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Petitions relating to Bills,</li>
<li>Select Committee of Amendments of standing orders</li>
<li>Select Committee on Bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, even the colonial Parliament recognised the need and usefulness of parliamentary scrutiny of Bills brought to the House by the government.</li>
<li>Free India&rsquo;s Parliament established a vast network of committees to undertake scrutiny of various aspects of governance including the Bills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prior to the formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-tenure-of-standing-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs)</strong></a>, in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Parliamentary Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination:</strong> They are envisaged to be the face of Parliament in a set of interrelated departments and ministries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are assigned the task of looking into the demands for grants of the ministries/departments concerned, to examine Bills pertaining to them, to consider their annual reports, and to look into their long-term plans and report to Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instrument For Detailed Scrutiny:</strong> Committee reports are usually exhaustive and provide authentic information on matters related to governance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bills that are referred to committees are returned to the House with significant value addition.</li>
<li>Besides the standing committees, the Houses of Parliament set up ad hoc committees to enquire and report on specific subjects that are assigned the task of studying a Bill closely and reporting back to the House.</li>
<li>Also, in the discharge of their mandate, they can solicit expert advice and elicit public opinion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting As Mini-Parliament:</strong> These committees are smaller units of MPs from both Houses, across political parties and they function throughout the year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, Parliamentary committees are not bound by the populistic demands that generally act as a hindrance in working of parliament.</li>
<li>As committee meetings are &lsquo;closed-door&rsquo; and members are not bound by party whips, the parliamentary committee work on the ethos of debate and discussions.</li>
<li>Moreover, they work away from the public glare, remain informal compared to the codes that govern parliamentary proceedings, and are great training schools for new and young members of the House.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Marginalization of Parliament Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bypassing the Parliament Committee System:</strong> According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees.</li>
<li>The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Speaker or Chairman:</strong> The reference to the committees is within the discretion of the Speaker or the Chairman. The Rules of the house held that important Bills should go before the committees for a detailed examination.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, many times, the speaker or chairman have exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill which has serious implications for society.</li>
<li>For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed from Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revitalising Parliamentary Committee System:</strong> Parliament should revitalise its committees to enable wider public participation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should insist that every Bill is deliberated upon in a committee, much like what the British Parliament does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting With Responsibility &amp; Amending Rules:</strong> Apart from the Speaker or the Chairman acting with probity, there is need to amend rules of procedure in both Lok Sabha and Rajya sabha, so that all major Bills should be referred to DRSCs.</li>
<li><strong>Setting Up New Committees:</strong> Given the increasing complexity in matters of economy and technological advancement, there is a need for setting up new parliamentary committees. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standing Committee on Federal issues to provide analysis of all the matters that overlapping in the Union List, Concurrent List and State List.</li>
<li>Standing Constitution Committee to scrutinise Constitutional Amendment Bills before they are introduced in Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary role of Parliament is deliberation, discussion and reconsideration, the hallmarks of any democratic institution. However, Parliament deliberates on matters that are complex and therefore needs technical expertise to understand such matters better.</p>
<p>Thus, Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. There is a need to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for the betterment of the parliamentary democracy.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f8ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the significance of the parliamentary committee system in India and recent issues relating to their functioning.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpeMG2fW_OA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/a-harsh-lesson-five-years-after-the-paris-agreement-the-world-gets-serious-again/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Harsh lesson: Five years after the Paris Agreement, the world gets serious again&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 10th, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7189,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Changing Paradigms of Human Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/reinvigoration-of-human-rights-is-imperative-to-emerge-from-covid-19-crisis-7100004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 10/12/2020. It talks about the changing paradigm in the concept of Human Rights, especially in the context of Covid-19 crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>The world honours <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Rights Day every year on December 10</strong></a> to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.</p>
<p>The UDHR is a milestone document that proclaims the inalienable rights which everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, language, political or another opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status.</p>
<p>In its remembrance also lies the recognition of the fundamental contribution of the UDHR, the codification of the inalienability and universality of human rights.</p>
<p>However, the idea and concept of human rights are still not fully realised, especially in many of the developing countries. Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a> has deepened poverty, raised inequalities &amp; structural discrimination and other gaps in human rights protection.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need to look into what human rights should constitute today.</p>
<h3>The Evolution Of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Civil And Political Rights (First Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights began to emerge as a theory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were based mostly on political concerns.</li>
<li>The two central ideas were those of personal liberty, and of protecting the individual against violations by the state.</li>
<li>Civil and political rights today are set out in detail in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social, Economic And Cultural Rights (Second Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights concern how people live and work together and the basic necessities of life.</li>
<li>They are based on the ideas of equality and guaranteed access to essential social and economic goods, services, and opportunities.</li>
<li>They became increasingly a subject of international recognition with the effects of early industrialisation and the rise of a working-class.</li>
<li>These led to new demands and new ideas about the meaning of a life of dignity.</li>
<li>Social, economic and cultural rights are outlined in the<strong> International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Generation Rights: Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is the Need:</strong> Covid-19 pandemic has led to the consequence of a deeper understanding of the different types of obstacles that may stand in the way of realising the first and second-generation rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In much of the world, conditions such as extreme poverty, war, ecological and natural disasters have meant that there has been only very limited progress in respect of human rights.</li>
<li>For these reasons, the need for the recognition of a new category of human rights is necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What are Solidarity Rights:</strong> The idea at the basis of the third generation of rights is that of solidarity, and the rights embrace collective rights of society or peoples. The specific rights that are most commonly included within the category of third generation rights are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, to share in the exploitation of the common heritage of mankind, to communication and humanitarian assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related To Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Rights are Individually Oriented:</strong> Some experts object to the idea of these rights because they are &lsquo;collective rights', in the sense of being held by communities or even whole states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They argue that human rights can only be held by individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whose Accountability:</strong> Since it is not the state but the international community that is meant to safeguard third generation rights, accountability is impossible to guarantee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Human Rights must be at the centre of the post-Covid-19 world. In this context, human rights should evolve and expand to include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Discrimination of Any Kind:</strong> Structural discrimination and racism have been fuelled by the Covid-19 crisis. Equality and non-discrimination are core requirements for a post-Covid world.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Inequalities:</strong> In order to recover from the crisis, there is also a need to address the inequality pandemic. For that, countries should promote and protect broader economic, social, &amp; cultural rights and bring them under the ambit of UDHR.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging Participation and Solidarity:</strong> From individuals to governments, from civil society and grass-roots communities to the private sector, everyone has a role in building a post-COVID world that is better for present and future generations.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Sustainable Development:</strong> Human Rights are driven by progress on all <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, Human rights, the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement should act as the cornerstone of a recovery that leaves no one behind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The measures to close these gaps and advance human rights can ensure we fully recover and build back a world that is better, more resilient, just, and sustainable.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the Covid-19 crisis has deepened social inequalities &amp; structural discrimination, there is a need to relook into what human rights should constitute today. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g4xjZLfW2Dc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-trouble-with-russia-ht-editorial/story-cOBbuCRLZmjWzck8bkq6CN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The trouble with Russia&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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