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Merchant Digitization Summit 2021

Why In News Recently, the Government of India, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), and UN-based Better Than Cash...

03 Mar 2021 Industrial Growth
The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy

Why in News? The Union Budget for FY 2021-22 presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on Green Energy...

09 Feb 2021 Industrial Growth
The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid

Why in News? The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in...

12 Jan 2021 Industrial Growth
The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan

Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade...

08 Dec 2020 Industrial Growth
The Big Picture : Draft Spacecom Policy and India's Space Sector

Why in News? The Union government has permitted for the reforms in the space sector by allowing private players' participation, the Indian Space...

25 Nov 2020 Industrial Growth
Gujarat Maritime Cluster

Why in News The Gujarat Maritime Cluster is coming up in the GIFT (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City) City at Gandhinagar to address logistics...

13 Nov 2020 Industrial Growth
India in BRICS Ministers’ Meeting

Why in News Recently, the BRICS Labour and Employment Ministers’ Virtual Meeting was held under the Russian Presidency. It aimed to discuss...

13 Oct 2020 Industrial Growth
Contraction in GDP of India in 2020-21: World Bank

Why in News Recently, the World Bank released its South Asia Economic Focus report which estimated that India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)...

09 Oct 2020 Industrial Growth
Reforms in Exploration and Licensing Policy: Oil & Gas

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by the Prime Minister has approved the Policy framework on reforms in the...

08 Oct 2020 Industrial Growth
National Startup Awards 2020

Why in News The results of the first edition of National Startup Awards (2020) were recently released by the Ministry of Commerce &...

07 Oct 2020 Industrial Growth
The Big Picture: The Labour Code Bills

Why In News? Parliament has passed 3 labour code bills aimed at labour welfare reforms covering more than 50 crores organized and unorganized...

07 Oct 2020 Industrial Growth
PCA Decision on Retrospective Taxation by India

Why in News The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at The Hague (Netherlands) ruled that India’s retrospective imposition of a tax...

26 Sep 2020 Industrial Growth
Right Code For Labour

This article is based on Rajya Sabha approves three codes subsuming 25 central labour laws which was published in The LiveMint on 23/09/2020. It...

24 Sep 2020 Industrial Growth
Contraction in July Factory Output: IIP

Why in News Recently, the National Statistical Office (NSO) has released data, highlighting the decline in the factory output (also called...

12 Sep 2020 Industrial Growth
Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems: DPIIT

Why in News The Results of the 2nd edition of Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems were released by the Department for Promotion of...

12 Sep 2020 Industrial Growth
Adjusted Gross Revenue to be Paid in 10 Years

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India allowed telecom companies (telcos) 10 years’ time to pay their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)...

02 Sep 2020 Industrial Growth
Magnets for Manufacturing

This editorial analysis is based on the article Magnets For Manufacturing which was published in The Hindu on 26th of August 2020. It analyses the...

26 Aug 2020 Industrial Growth
Andaman and Nicobar Islands to be Maritime and Startup Hub

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister has declared that the Andaman and Nicobar islands will be developed as a "maritime and startup hub". Key...

10 Aug 2020 Industrial Growth
100% FDI in Air India for NRIs

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Finance has allowed Non Resident Indians (NRIs) to have 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Air...

29 Jul 2020 Industrial Growth
Draft Aids to Navigation Bill 2020

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Shipping has issued the draft of the Aids to Navigation Bill, 2020 for suggestions from the stakeholders and...

11 Jul 2020 Industrial Growth

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		'article_id' => (int) 7834,
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		'title' => 'Merchant Digitization Summit 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Government of India, <a href="/printpdf/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)</a></strong>, and UN-based<strong> Better Than Cash Alliance</strong> hosted <strong>Merchant Digitization Summit 2021: Towards Atma Nirbhar (Self Reliance) Bharat.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Summit brought together leaders from the public and private sectors<strong> to accelerate responsible digitization of merchants in India's North-Eastern and Himalayan regions, and Aspirational districts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Empowering women merchants</strong> who play critical roles in their communities is one of the priorities to help achieve the mission of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/07-03-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Language Translation Mission</strong></a> can be used to disseminate digital payments information, privacy clauses and consent in local languages for trust and empowerment.</li>
<li>Identified opportunities to<strong> address the challenges of connectivity, access to smartphones, and digital literacy</strong> for merchants at the last mile.</li>
<li>Along with the increased focus on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong></a> through Atmanirbhar Bharat Scheme, responsible digitization must more strongly include rural networks such as <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups</strong></a> and community enablers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will lead to creation of the local digital ecosystems <strong>to help millions of merchants join the formal economy,</strong> access credit, and grow their business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>From an average of 2-3 billion digital transactions monthly, <strong>India has set an ambitious target for 1 billion digital transactions per day.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Person to Merchant (P2M) digital payment transactions will scale to 10-12 billion transactions every month</strong> to contribute to India&rsquo;s digital economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Recent initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-payments-index-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital Payments Index.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/payments-infrastructure-development-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Payments Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF) scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Relaxations in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/merchant-discount-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Merchant Discount Rate.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Better Than Cash Alliance (BTCA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> BTCA is a partnership of governments, companies, and international organizations that accelerates the transition from cash to responsible digital payments to help achieve the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Foundation:</strong> It was launched by the United Nations Capital Development Fund, the United States Agency for International Development, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, Citigroup, the Ford Foundation, the Omidyar Network, and Visa Inc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is based at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was <strong>created in 2012.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> The Alliance has <strong>75 members</strong> which are committed to digitizing payments in order to boost efficiency, transparency, women&rsquo;s economic participation and financial inclusion, helping build economies that are digital and inclusive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Members do not want to abolish physical cash but rather want to provide responsible digital payment options that are &ldquo;better than cash&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>India became a member of the Better Than Cash Alliance in 2015</strong> to digitize payments to achieve financial inclusion and to share success stories from<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-financial-inclusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana</strong></a>, the world's largest financial inclusion program.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (FICCI):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FICCI is a<strong> non-government, not-for-profit organisation established in 1927.</strong></li>
<li>It is the largest and oldest apex business organisation in India whose history is closely interwoven with India's struggle for independence, its industrialization, and its emergence as one of the most rapidly growing global economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1701968" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7650,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n739bdyShz0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Union Budget for FY 2021-22</strong> </a>presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on <strong>Green Energy initiatives.</strong></li>
<li>Budget 2021 has proposed the launch of the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong> in this fiscal year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additional capital infusion for solar energy and renewable energy aspects has also been proposed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reforms in the budget have particularly focussed on <strong>green-growth.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is expected to enhance the uptake of cleaner fuels in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Budget 2021-22 talks about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme</strong></a> in Solar Manufacturing, <strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong> and the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PLI scheme has also been extended to the <strong>ACCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The emphasis on <strong>green <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hydrogen</a></strong> in the budget was in line with technological development and with a long-term vision towards <strong>reduced dependency on minerals and rare-earth element</strong>-based batteries as energy storage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the key clean fuel for the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time there is<strong> private financing of ₹18,000 crore for 20,000 buses</strong> and innovative financing with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnerships</strong> </a>which would revolutionise the way public transport systems and buses function in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is to promote<strong> less dependency on personal vehicles</strong> and eventually <strong>bring down the carbon footprints.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Hydrogen Energy Mission <strong>aims to reduce petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution,</strong> and contribute to more diverse and <strong>efficient energy infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li>It is now proposed to launch a Hydrogen Energy Mission in 2021-22 for generating <strong>hydrogen from green power sources.</strong></li>
<li>Green Hydrogen Mission is not only<strong> essential to decarbonise heavy industries</strong> like steel and cement, it also <strong>holds the key to clean electric mobility</strong> that doesn&rsquo;t depend on rare minerals.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy will be launched to <strong>phase out old and unfit vehicles.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the scheme <strong>private vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years</strong> will be eligible to be scrapped.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will help in<strong> encouraging fuel efficient, environment friendly vehicles</strong> thereby reducing vehicular pollution and oil import bill.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vehicles would undergo<strong> fitness tests in automated fitness centres</strong> after their defined period is over.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Energy and Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India in leading countries:</strong> India comes in the list of the leading countries in terms of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/power-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Power Sector</strong> </a>or the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan#:~:text=The%20renewable%20energy%20capacity%20in,year%20as%20we%20move%20forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></a> sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks at the<strong> fifth position among the countries of the world</strong> when it comes to the size of its <strong>energy economy.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>fourth largest solar installed capacity country</strong> in the world and<strong> third largest renewable energy installed capacity</strong> country in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar energy:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</strong> </a>aimed to achieve<strong> 20 GW</strong> solar capacity by the year <strong>2022.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the target was increased from <strong>20 GW to 100 GW by 2022</strong> in the 2015 Union Budget of India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s total solar power capacity alone has increased by more than 11 times since 2014 to June 2020, from <strong>2.6 GigaWatts (GW) to 38 GW.</strong></li>
<li>To encourage domestic production, the duties on <strong>solar inverters</strong> have been increased from <strong>5% to 20%,</strong> and on<strong> solar lanterns</strong> from<strong> 5% to 15%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable energy:</strong> The Government of India had set a target of <strong>175 GW</strong> renewable power installed capacity by the end of 2022.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes <strong>60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power</strong> and<strong> 5 GW from small hydro power.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is <strong>currently 136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36%</strong> of its total energy capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>2030 renewable targets</strong> were announced to be<strong> 450 gigawatt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green energy and infrastructure development:</strong> The budget primarily focuses on spending on infrastructure development and no infrastructure project can be completed without energy involved in it
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the present context, the energy involved has to be<strong> clean energy.</strong></li>
<li>The solar energy at present is<strong> available at 2 rs/unit</strong> which is even cheaper than the energy generated from a new coal power plant.</li>
<li>The domestic manufacturing capacity has been enhanced by the PLI schemes for manufacturing solar panels.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through the 2021-22 budget, the PLI scheme has been extended to the 10 sectors including <strong>automobile, pharma,</strong> electronic/<strong>technology</strong> products and manufacturing of <strong>advanced chemical cells battery</strong> (for electric vehicles).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACCs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ACCs are the new generation advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy and convert it back to electric energy as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Hydrogen</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hydrogen Energy Mission is one of the biggest announcements in the union budget 2021-22, specifying the<strong> hydrogen as green hydrogen.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When hydrogen is extracted from water using electrolysis powered by renewable energy, it is called green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Green hydrogen energy is vital for India to meet its <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets</strong> </a>and ensure regional and national energy security, access and availability.</li>
<li>Currently, about<strong> 6 tonnes of hydrogen is produced</strong> in the country which will go up by <strong>5 times in 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Green Hydrogen?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrogen can act as an<strong> energy storage option,</strong> which would be essential to meet intermittencies (of renewable energy) in the future.</li>
<li>In terms of mobility, for long distance mobilisations for either urban freight movement within cities and states or for passengers, it is a very promising initiative.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen can be used in railways, large ships, buses or trucks where electric-vehicles have a limitation for not having enough capacity for long distance travels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hydrogen has the potential to be the key renewable target in supporting infrastructure as well.</li>
<li>Hydrogen can be used:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a carrier</li>
<li>As a fuel cum energy storage alternative for petrol and diesel</li>
<li>Directly as a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clean-fuel-hydrogen" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fuel</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Countries across the world such as <strong>Japan</strong> are banging on hydrogen as a future energy media.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Germany</strong> and many other <strong>EU countries</strong> have already set an<strong> ambitious green hydrogen policy.</strong></li>
<li>Even countries like<strong> UAE</strong> and <strong>Australia</strong> that are traditionally considered as the laggards of climate action have moved towards green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In terms of challenges the <strong>cost of renewable electricity from</strong> hydrogen specifically, is the major problem. Public investments need to strategize and channel well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, currently hydrogen is around <strong>$6- $8/kg</strong> which is a price too high to bring it into conventional use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other main hurdle is <strong>transporting hydrogen</strong> to long distances.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen in gaseous form is highly inflammable.</li>
<li>To ship liquid hydrogen, it needs to be chilled to -253&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compared to other gases (or fuels),<strong> hydrogen lacks smell,</strong> which makes any<strong> leak detection almost impossible</strong> thus increasing the potential dangers.</li>
<li>To succeed as a renewable energy based economy, it is <strong>not just the manufacturing sector</strong> where India would want to excel but the<strong> entire supply chain.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India is at about <strong>2-3 gw of solar photovoltaic</strong> module manufacturing capacity.</li>
<li>For the given 450 gw renewable targets for 2030, India needs <strong>30-40 gw of capacity addition</strong> of renewables per year which requires having:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Maximum domestic manufacturing capability</li>
<li>Increasing the custom duty on solar panels as it will incentivise domestic players in india to set up manufacturing of solar panels and making the entire supply chain robust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pilot initiatives:</strong> India needs a strategy in place to launch such a big mission, such as a <strong>few pilot initiatives.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is one of the alternative sources of energy that India really needs to consider from its energy security perspective and transportation or mobilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efforts at all levels:</strong> The budget perspective presses that a lot more needs to be done <strong>not only at center but at state level too.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 11 states in India now have rolled out their own electric mobility plans and are focussing not only at manufacturing or job but also in <strong>demand creation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring &ldquo;All&rdquo;ternatives:</strong> Not sticking to just one alternate resource but exploring other sources too.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For either intra or inter-city movements, different technologies can co-exist and can give different contributions.</li>
<li>1 kg of hydrogen can work about 100 km but roughly it would take 7-8 litres of petrol for the same distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentivising the concept of green and clean energy: Green labelling of products</strong> needs to be in place so that consumers are aware that what they are consuming is environment friendly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to push them into using green energy, they must be<strong> made aware of the benefits</strong> of the energy they are consuming. Also, there can be<strong> extensive marketing and awareness campaigns.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building:</strong> It should not only be about awareness but also about building the capacity of the industries so that we have manufacturing in place and eventually more job opportunities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planning a road map where we generate employment while setting up green energy infrastructure and reducing carbon emission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive expenditure on R&amp;D:</strong> There should be a good spending on R&amp;D and technology adoption in hydrogen energy and e-Vehicles because that is one area where India had a setback in Solar Photovoltaics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More capital infusion in R&amp;D and infrastructure is needed to reap the benefits of various geographical locations in terms of solar energy and an emerging untapped option of hydrogen energy to replace conventional energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving towards Green Energy is indeed a win-win situation; it will lead to not only the usage of cleaner energy for a cleaner environment but also it will boost various sectors of manufacturing and employment.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7434,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture : One Nation, One Gas Grid',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wvy_6E2YisY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India has recently inaugurated the 450-km natural gas pipeline between Kochi in Kerala to Mangalore in Karnataka.</li>
<li>The government has set the energy roadmap, envisaging more than double the share of cleaner natural gas in the consumption basket, diversifying sources of energy, connecting the nation with one gas pipeline grid and bringing affordable fuel to people and industry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A gas-based economy is crucial for an Atmanirbhar Bharat and work is being done in the direction of <strong>'One Nation, One Gas Grid'.</strong></li>
<li>The pipeline grid is expected to not only help improve clean energy access, but also aid in the development of city gas projects.</li>
<li>The government is also considering the proposal of bringing natural gas under the ambit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good and Services Tax.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>One Nation, One Gas Grid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional grids.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One Nation, One Gas Grid refers to the integration of these regional grids thus establishing a National Grid for providing energy produced by natural gas to various stakeholders like the central government, the state governments, the public and the private sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610439260_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Objective and Need of One Nation &amp; One Gas Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meeting the targets:</strong> The initiative of the Indian government will help meet its target of reaching 15% natural gas in its energy basket mix by 2030 which is currently at 6.2-6.5% whereas the global average is 23-24%.</li>
<li><strong>Connecting the nation:</strong> With one nation and one gas grid, the energy produced from natural gas will be supplied to the whole country via a single source.</li>
<li><strong>Improving regional imbalance:</strong> It will help in improving the regional imbalance of gas availability as currently the natural gas is only in limited pockets of the country.</li>
<li><strong>India as a gas based economy:</strong> One nation, one gas grid which will help emerge India as a gas based economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will not only lead to robust development in the economy but also encourage a clean environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cleaner environment:</strong> In times when conventionalsSources are depleting and mining is being extended to a greater depth and area, natural gas can prove to be a boon by preventing deforestation and desertification.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce import dependency:</strong> The import dependency of natural gas in India has reached to 53%. In order to reduce this high percentage, the government is taking measures to diversify the energy mix of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To increase the share of natural gas, the government has announced the expansion of the natural gas grid from the previous 17,500 kilometers to 34,500 kilometers. To which, 450 kms have already been added making it approx 18000.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The next 16000 kms is expected to be achieved in the next 4-6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Primarily, as a grid, the north and west part of India were already connected via LNG terminal.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 4 years, efforts have also been made to connect eastern India with North via the Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro-Dhamra Pipeline which is a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gas-grid-fuel-for-all" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Urja Ganga Project</strong></a> which is in its final stages and will also add around 3000 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The southern part of India is also being looked upon and is expected to add about 1500 kms to the grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Encouraging investments:</strong> Investing in natural gas should be more encouraged. The share can be divided as : 20% for smaller manufacturing brands whereas for the government and bigger companies it should be 80%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important because investing in natural gas means investing in:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cleaner environment</li>
<li>Better health for our people</li>
<li>Creating more jobs and a better economy for our people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Educating about natural gas:</strong> One area where we all should work is in educating people about the natural gas economy because at present the lack of knowledge about natural gas based economy is widely persistent.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering the vehicles:</strong> Empowered vehicles are needed to reach the destination of One Nation, One Gas Grid. Vehicles such as GAIL, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-natural-gas-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ONGC</strong></a> etc need to be strengthened and empowered to eradicate natural gas energy poverty.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is important to give more importance to companies like ONGC when it comes to upstream for gas and GAIL India when it comes to midstream production and gas distribution, and to companies like Oil India when it comes to oil distribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>We need more LNG terminals for more upstream production of gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Marketing and pricing reforms:</strong> To increase domestic exploration, investment and production of natural gas, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/natural-gas-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marketing and Pricing Reforms</strong></a> are the one step that the Government of India has taken in a couple of months.</li>
<li><strong>Natural gas democracy:</strong> Like no citizen of a country should be kept out of democracy, similarly no one should be left out of the benefits of natural gas, it should reach each and every household.</li>
<li><strong>Collaborative effort:</strong> It is not enough that only the central government takes initiatives in the direction, various state govts should also come on board or even a public sector is also as important when it comes to contributing their share in the notion of One Nation, One Gas Grid.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Tremendous efforts are on the way to achieve clean affordable and sustainable energy but going forward there will be infrastructure related and many other possible challenges that must be tackled in order to end energy poverty in the times to come, ensuring energy security for the citizens as well.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7158,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JDZBY4K2kKY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade which are likely to generate business prospects of around $20 billion per year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Post the inauguration of the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020),</strong> the PM addressed and invited the investors, developers and businesses to join India's renewable energy journey.</li>
<li>After the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Performance Linked Incentives (PLI)</strong></a> in electronics manufacturing, the government has decided to give similar incentives to high efficiency solar modules.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dedicated <strong>Project Development Cells</strong> have been established to facilitate investors ensuring<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Ease of Doing Business'.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India's renewable power capacity is the<strong> fourth largest in the world</strong> and is growing at the fastest speed among all major countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is a big market and a lot of countries are attracted towards it in terms of One Sun, One World, One Grid and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is currently <strong>136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36% of its total capacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target for capacity increase is 450GW by 2030, increasing 25GW every year as we move forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Per capita consumption of energy in India is quite low as compared globally.</li>
<li>Power sector, being primarily dependent on fossil fuels, is one of prime sources of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable:</strong> Energy generated from renewable sources will be cleaner and greener and more sustainable.</li>
<li><strong>Employment opportunities:</strong> Inclusion of a newer technology simply means more employment opportunities for the working population of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Market assurance:</strong> From the economy point of view, renewable sources provide the market and revenue assurance which no other resources can provide.</li>
<li><strong>Power supply:</strong> Providing 24*7 power supply to 100% of the households, sustainable form of transports are some of the goals that can only be achieved through sustainable power that comes from renewables.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initiatives Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)</strong></a> scheme is an excellent initiative of the Government of India with respect to enhancing the manufacturing sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the electronics value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a></strong> aims to provide financial and water security to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solarisation of water pumps is a step in distributed power providing at the doorstep of the consumer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on its website also hosts <strong>Akshay Urja Portal </strong>and<strong> India Renewable Idea Exchange (IRIX) Portal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRIX is a platform that promotes the exchange of ideas among energy conscious Indians and the Global community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Key Focus for Next Five Years</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Twin Challenge:</strong> India has a twin challenge of providing more energy as well as cleaner energy to the masses in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should focus on getting into the manufacturing of the solar panels under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative as the demand is to create jobs as well as supply decentralised energy to all the households in India.</li>
<li>Look and develop the entire supply chain of all the components beside the manufacturing sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methanol and Biomass:</strong> Looking for other alternatives such as methanol based economy and biomass.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bio-CNG vehicles with 20% blending in petrol is also a target the government has been chasing.</li>
<li>Conversion of energy from <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biomass</strong></a> is a considerable option as it will clean the cities as well as reduce our energy dependence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fuels produced from biomass have a high calorific value and are cleaner than traditional biomass.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen based FCV:</strong> Hydrogen in technology is likely to change the landscape of renewables, shifting towards <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles#:~:text=Hydrogen%20in%20Fuel%20Cell%20Electric,electricity%20from%20only%20a%20battery.&amp;text=The%20amount%20of%20energy%20stored,of%20the%20hydrogen%20fuel%20tank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Based Fuel Cells Vehicles</strong> </a>(FCV) is another area of focus.</li>
<li><strong>Grid Integration:</strong> It is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (RE) to the grid.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identifying the demands which are in tune with the characteristics of the renewables, focussing on characteristics of renewables mainly solar and wind and considering their variability as strength rather than weakness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integration with the Main Grid:</strong> Integrating the renewables with the main grid is the area India needs to work upon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To accelerate the uptake of renewables, storage and battery solutions is needed in large quantities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost factor:</strong> Renewable resources are slightly more expensive than conventional sources.</li>
<li><strong>24*7 Power Supply:</strong> Sustainable, round-the-clock power supply along with the storage system is a big challenge ahead.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural Sector:</strong> Much power is consumed in the agricultural sector. The challenge is to provide sufficient power and energy to every household and to the agricultural sector as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identification of areas:</strong> Renewable resources specially wind cannot be set up everywhere, they require specific location. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identification of these specific locations, integrating them with the main grid and distribution of powers; A combination of these three is what will take India forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploration:</strong> More storage solutions need to be explored.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture subsidy:</strong> Agricultural subsidy should be rectified in order to ensure that only the required amount of energy is consumed.</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell based vehicles and Electric vehicles:</strong> These are the most suitable options when it comes to shifting towards renewable sources of energy, that&rsquo;s where we need to work upon.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A well planned road map is needed, for which <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> is coming up with Energy Vision 2035 to achieve India's clean energy goals.</li>
<li>Diversified energy mix is what India needs to focus on, no doubt solar and wind have a lot of potential, Hydrogen would be a game changer in Indian energy transition space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable sources of energy are expected to replace fossil fuels by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India should be working on areas like investment in infrastructure, capacity building and better integration in the near and immediate future.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7066,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture : Draft Spacecom Policy and India's Space Sector',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kNVkFhrs_yY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The Union government has permitted for the reforms in the space sector by allowing private players' participation, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> has released the draft of a new <strong>Spacecom Policy 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy will regulate the commercial use of satellites, orbital slots, and ground stations for communication needs. The policy also details how private players can get authorization for setting up new communication satellites and ground stations.</li>
<li>The private players in the space communication sector will also enable India to keep pace with the growing demand for satellite-based broadcasting, network connectivity, and global mobile personal communication.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The space policy has been drafted in the form of spacecom for reforming the Indian space sector.</li>
<li>The policy will regulate the commercial use of satellites, orbital slots, and ground stations for communication needs.</li>
<li>The private players in the space communication sector will enable India to keep pace with the growing demand for satellite-based broadcasting, network connectivity, and global mobile personal communication.</li>
<li>The government wants private players to participate in the space sector not as a vendor but as a partner.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Spacecom Policy - 2020</strong> enables the activities of space based communications under five major statements.</li>
<li>Spacecom Policy-2020 states that the Government of India shall:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adopt measures to <strong>monitor and authorize use of space assets</strong> for communication to or from Indian territory.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure protection of space assets</strong> already put in place and adopt measures to bring in more space assets under the administrative control for enhancing ability to utilize space based communication for national needs.</li>
<li>Promote increased <strong>participation of commercial Indian industry</strong> to provide space based communications both within the country and outside.</li>
<li>Concentrate on <strong>realization of space based communication systems</strong> for addressing the requirements that <strong>cannot be effectively, affordably and reliably satisfied by the commercial Indian industry</strong> either because of national security concerns or economic factors.</li>
<li><strong>Provide a timely and responsive regulatory environment</strong> for the commercial Indian industry to establish and operate space based communication systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Salient Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Governs industries:</strong> The policy will govern the commercial use of orbital slots, satellites, and ground stations used for communication.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitating the private companies:</strong> The policy has been framed to help the private players do the job in the most efficient manner with ease.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also boost the actions of private players in doing business in the space communication sector, in India as well as doing business outside India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allowance to only Indian entities:</strong> Only Indian entities will be allowed to seek authorization for orbital slots for new satellites, services based on existing satellites and setting up new ground stations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are no restrictions in terms of satellite owning, ground session setup and providing services to the common people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Owning satellites and responsibilities:</strong> Private industries are allowed to use the ISRO satellites and they can also have their own satellites as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The policy also says that any company sending a communication satellite in space will also be responsible for any damages to other objects in space and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India and the global spacecom sector:</strong> The new policy will enable India to meet the growing demand for satellite-based broadcasting, network connectivity, and global mobile personal communication, and will help India attain a significant position in the global space communication sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Private Companies in the Space Sector?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ISRO is over burdened by its regular operations such as launch of satellites, construction of launching vehicles etc which are becoming hurdles in ISRO's way for working in new projects. Hence, ISRO wants these regular operations to be conducted by private players.</li>
<li><strong>Role of Private Players:</strong> The Private players can participate in setting up of ground stations for space crafts which constitute 48% of the space sector budget and also in application of space technology which result in 45% of space economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>ISRO and its Projects</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaganyaan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gaganyaan</strong></a>: Sending humans in space and bringing them safely back to earth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-3-and-gaganyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan 3</strong></a>: To land safely on the moon, Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Propulsion system in the satellite</strong>: ISRO is working on launching vehicles with "Electric Propulsion System" so that large satellites can be sent into space by the agency.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy lift launcher</strong>: ISRO is conducting preliminary research for the development of a super heavy- lift launch vehicle which is planned to have a lifting capacity of over 50-60 tonnes Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Coordination with Other Space Agencies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA</a>-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission (NISAR)</strong>: NASA's first global Search And Rescue (SAR) mission, in partnership with ISRO, providing data for studying hazards, changes in glaciers and ice sheets, and global environmental.</li>
<li><strong>TRISHNA</strong>: ISRO, and the French space agency <strong>CNES</strong> have partnered in developing advanced upgradation satellites like TRISHNA to monitor the water cycle to help in finding out proper ways to utilize it.</li>
<li><strong>Gaganyaan project</strong>: The four Indian astronauts training in Russia for the Gaganyaan project &ndash; India&rsquo;s first manned space mission.</li>
<li><strong>Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)</strong>: Collaboration between ISRO and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to have a combined mission, to send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2024.</li>
<li><strong>Duchifat 3</strong>: Last year, a small remote sensing satellite weighing 2.3 kilogram, built by students in Israel, was part of the nine commercial satellites launched by ISRO along with its own earth observation satellite.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The major concern is to make sure that this high precedent technology should not go in the wrong hand.</li>
<li>The rules regarding use of images taken by a spacecraft for domestic purposes and for other purposes are very stringent and there is need to have very flexible rules for the private people to do the job, at the same time making sure that it is not used in a wrong way.</li>
<li>ISRO is not fully self-sufficient in its launch vehicle. For bigger satellite launches, ISRO is still dependent on foreign countries.</li>
<li>The novel coronavirus pandemic has affected ISRO programs, due to which many programs of ISRO have been delayed including the launch of Chandrayaan-3.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preventing the misuse of technologies:</strong> The government should make laws regarding the operation of private players in both the commercial as well as the strategic part of the space sector, so that technology can't be misused.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging the young talent:</strong> Ensuring more opportunities for the youngsters to study science and take part in the space sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their enthusiasm and talent should be used in an effective and holistic manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the new Spacecom Policy 2020, Private players are not only going to serve the country but they are also going to have a big share from the International market.</li>
<li>It is important for all the stakeholders to take India as a technical powerhouse at the global level so that very soon India can lead the global community in the technological area.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 6987,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gujarat Maritime Cluster',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Gujarat Maritime Cluster</strong> is coming up in the <strong>GIFT (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City)</strong> City at Gandhinagar to address logistics of ports and seaways.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maritime Cluster:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605254136_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605254136_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is conceived as a <strong>dedicated ecosystem</strong> of Ports, Maritime Shipping and Logistics services providers.</li>
<li>It will host an array of maritime, shipping industry players and service providers, along with relevant Government regulatory agencies, in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-financial-services-centres-authority-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gujarat International Finance Tec-City</strong></a> (GIFT City), <strong>Gandhinagar &ndash;</strong> India&rsquo;s first International Financial Services Centre.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gujarat Maritime Board</strong> (GMB), has been trying to develop such a cluster through its subsidiary <strong>Gujarat Ports Infrastructure and Development Company Ltd (GPIDCL).</strong></li>
<li>While the project was conceptualised back in 2007, it received in-principle approval from the state government in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of the project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Attract Maritime Investments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project will try to <strong>bring back businesses</strong> that have <strong>migrated over the years</strong> to foreign locations due to the absence of the right ecosystem in the country.</li>
<li>Large corporates like the <strong>Aditya Birla Group</strong> and <strong>Tata Group</strong> tap clusters in Dubai and Singapore for their maritime needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economies of Scale:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Gujarat has a lot of ports and handles 40% of the country&rsquo;s cargo, but it has not targeted the<strong> entire value-chain</strong> as a result investors look abroad for the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dispute Resolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR)</strong> Centre will be set up under the aegis of the <strong>Gujarat Maritime University,</strong> which will come up at the maritime cluster. A centre such as this does not currently exist in India.</li>
<li>Will help resolve cases revolving around bunker disputes, ship sales, shipbuilding and repairs, commodities.</li>
<li>It will provide an option to Indian players seeking to avoid availing the services of <strong>international alternate dispute resolution hubs which entail huge costs, time, and travel.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The cluster is also expected to house the<strong> office of the Director General of Shipping.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept of maritime clusters is new to India, but these clusters have been driving some of the most competitive ports of the world like Rotterdam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Oslo, Shanghai, and London.</li>
<li>Thus India must ensure a significant<strong> footprint in global supply chains</strong> of the world with the help of such innovative Ideas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-unique-maritime-cluster-coming-up-at-gift-city-in-gujarat-7048302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6715,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India in BRICS Ministers’ Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-brics-culture-ministers-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> <strong>Labour and Employment Ministers&rsquo; Virtual Meeting</strong> was held under the <strong>Russian Presidency.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aimed to discuss various <strong>issues including approaches to creating a safe work culture in BRICS countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Emphasis on Health of Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was highlighted that<strong> health, welfare and improved working conditions</strong> are essential for the well-being of the workers. A healthy workforce in the country would be more productive and contribute to economic growth.</li>
<li>The <strong>aspects of occupational safety and health measures</strong> to mitigate the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> have also acquired significance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>called for suitable global action</strong> especially by BRICS towards effecting a <strong>balance between labour and employer</strong> which will generate growth and create more jobs and greater labour welfare.</li>
<li>India also<strong> highlighted the importance of digitisation and technological advancements</strong> like <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong> </a>(AI) and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>robotics</strong></a> in reshaping lives and work, with a direct or indirect effect on the labour market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Digitisation also <strong>offers the opportunity</strong> for governments, individuals and businesses<strong> to cope with the changing scenarios after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-whohttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India underscored that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-regulate-the-digital-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital economy</strong></a> is changing the world of work, hence <strong>regular studies by the BRICS Network Research Institutes</strong> will facilitate a <strong>better understanding</strong> of the aspects of future of work and supplement policymaking.</li>
<li>India is committed to <strong>eradicate <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">poverty</a></strong> and <strong>promote prosperity</strong> in a changing world and hence adopted a multi-dimensional strategy to eliminate poverty by covering most of the basic services and fulfil the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> of <strong>No Poverty</strong> (SDG-1).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Highlighted by India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides a dynamic and effective framework of occupational safety and health at the workplace and covers legal provisions of all sectors.</li>
<li>Envisages safety standards for different sectors, focusing on the health and working condition of workers, hours of work, leaves, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Universalises social security coverage</strong> to those working in the unorganised sector, such as migrant workers, gig workers and platform workers.</li>
<li><strong>Recognises emerging forms of work</strong> by defining terms like an aggregator, gig worker and platform worker, and extends social protection to such workers through a <strong>separate Social Security Fund</strong> wherein the contribution from aggregators would be deposited.</li>
<li>Provisions of social security will also be<strong> extended to agricultural workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-reforms-1#:~:text=Social%20Security%20Code%20Bill%2C%202020,gig%20workers%20and%20platform%20workers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sets up <strong>Grievance Redressal Committees</strong> for resolution of disputes arising out of employees&rsquo; grievances.</li>
<li>Also sets up a reskilling fund to help skill retrenched workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides direct income support to farmers for easing their liquidity needs to facilitate timely access to inputs.</li>
<li>Aiding modernisation and makes farmers competitive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protects the economy from the<strong> adverse impact of the Covid-19 crisis.</strong></li>
<li>Measures include opening a credit line for micro, small and medium enterprises to meet their operational expenses, subsidising the social security contributions of workers, extending unemployment benefit to workers, financial assistance to construction workers, collateral-free working capital loan to approximately 5 million street vendors, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Livelihood Mission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>All countries need to work together in finding feasible and sustainable solutions to the issues and challenges faced by the future of the labour force in the digital economy so that everyone can get the flexible employment opportunities without compromising the fundamental rights.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1663547" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6689,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Contraction in GDP of India in 2020-21: World Bank',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> released its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bank-on-india-s-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asia Economic Focus report</strong> </a>which estimated that India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong></a> (GDP) can contract <strong>by 9.6% in 2020-21.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This estimate is way below the earlier forecast of 3.2% contraction, made in June.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Contraction of Indian Economy in 2020-21</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The contraction is due to the impact of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national lockdown</strong> </a>against the outbreak of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> and the income shock experienced by households and small urban service firms.</li>
<li>The <strong>manufacturing and exporting industries</strong> are likely to be depressed, and the <strong>construction</strong> sector is also likely to experience a protracted slowdown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is due to a<strong> limited pipeline of public sector infrastructure projects</strong> and reliance of these industries on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant workers</strong></a> who have not yet returned to cities where they worked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Significant disruptions to jobs are likely to boost the<strong> poverty rate,</strong> with 2020 rates back to levels in 2016. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poverty-and-shared-prosperity-report-world-bank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report</strong></a> was recently released by the World Bank which stated that Covid-19 can add around 27-40 million <strong>new poor</strong> in <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa</strong> and around 49-57 million in<strong> South Asia</strong> region, causing over 1.4% of the world&rsquo;s population to fall into <strong>extreme poverty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The demand slowdown could lead to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warning-of-higher-npas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> rising loan non-repayment</strong></a> and <strong>risk aversion</strong> impacting the financial markets.</li>
<li>Other concerns include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-s-preparedness" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>health care system capacity constraints</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-food-prices-and-nutrition-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising food prices</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-6-billion-risk-losing-jobs-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sharp drops in earnings of informal workers</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msmes-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact on the MSMEs</strong> </a>etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South Asian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>entire South Asia region</strong> may face its <strong>worst-ever recession.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The regional GDP is estimated to contract by 7.7% in 2020, which stayed above 6% annually in the past five years.</li>
<li>This recession will be <strong>different from previous ones</strong> as earlier downturns were mainly due to<strong> falling investment and exports</strong> but this pandemic-induced recession is due to a <strong>decline in private consumption.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private consumption,</strong> which has been traditionally the backbone of demand in South Asia and a core indicator of economic welfare, will <strong>decline by more than 10%.</strong> This will <strong>spike poverty rates.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>decline in remittances</strong> is also expected to accelerate the loss of livelihoods for the poorest in some countries.</li>
<li><strong>Other South Asian Countries:</strong> Countries like the Maldives, Sri Lanka are going to see a contraction in their economies while Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan will witness slow growth in 2020-21.</li>
<li>The collapse of South Asian economies during Covid-19 has been the worst of all for <strong>small businesses and informal workers</strong> who suffer sudden job losses and vanishing wages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rebound of Economy in 2021-22</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s growth is estimated to <strong>rebound to 5.4%</strong> in 2021-22.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this will be reflecting base effects and are based on the assumption that Covid-related restrictions will be completely lifted by 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Base Effect:</strong> It is the distortion in a monthly inflation figure that results from abnormally high or low levels of inflation in the year-ago month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>South Asia&rsquo;s growth is projected to rebound to 4.5% in 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, due to population growth, per-capita income in the region will remain 6% below 2019 estimates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The expected <strong>rebound will not offset the lasting economic damage</strong> caused by the pandemic.</li>
<li>However, the pandemic could spur innovations that improve South Asia&rsquo;s future participation in global value chains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative</strong></a> is a step in this direction which would reduce the dependence on imports from a handful of countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The comparative advantage that South Asia and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-the-tech-garage-of-the-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India have in tech services</strong></a> and niche tourism will likely be in higher demand as the global economy becomes more digital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-august-core-industry-output-iip" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eight core industrial sectors contracted by 8.5%</strong></a> in August 2020 compared to <strong>August 2019,</strong> marking the sixth month in a row of shrinking output.</li>
<li>According to the recent <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-dropped" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Statistical Office</a> (NSO)</strong> data, India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-contracted-by-23-9-in-first-quarter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP growth contracted by 23.9%</strong></a> in the first (April-June) quarter of 2020 compared to the same period (April-June) in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Bank urged governments to design universal social protection as well as policies that support greater productivity, skills development, and human capital.</li>
<li>Amid a sudden and steep economic impact from the pandemic, South Asian governments proactively stabilized the economy through monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and supportive financial regulation, but the situation is fragile. The governments need to address the deep-seated vulnerabilities of their informal sectors through smart policies and allocate their scarce resources wisely.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/indias-gdp-expected-to-contract-by-9-6-per-cent-this-fiscal-world-bank-6715824/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6680,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reforms in Exploration and Licensing Policy: Oil & Gas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-cuts-non-urea-fertiliser-subsidy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> (CCEA) chaired by the Prime Minister has approved the<strong> Policy framework</strong> on reforms in the exploration and licensing sector for enhancing domestic exploration and production of oil and gas.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Attract new <strong>investment</strong> in Exploration and Production (E&amp;P) Sector.</li>
<li>Intensification of <strong>exploration</strong> activities in unexplored areas.</li>
<li><strong>Liberalizing</strong> the policy in producing basins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Focus Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increasing Exploration Activities in Unexpected Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bidding out <strong>uncommercialized basins</strong> to contractors without them having to share revenue or production with the Government and only paying royalties/levies.</li>
<li>For <strong>unallocated/unexplored areas,</strong> the bidding to be based on a revenue-sharing basis but more weightage to work programme to be given.</li>
<li>Shorter exploration period and <strong>fiscal incentives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Marketing and Pricing Freedom:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To incentivize enhanced gas production, marketing and pricing freedom to be granted for those new gas discoveries whose <strong>Field Development Plan (FDP)</strong> is yet to be approved.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FDP is the evaluation document of multiple development options for a field and selecting the best option based on assessing tradeoffs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal incentive on additional gas production</strong> from domestic fields over and above normal production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preparation of Enhanced Production Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Public sector Undertakings like <strong>Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) and Oil India Ltd (OIL)</strong> will prepare an enhanced production profile to enhance production from their existing fields.</li>
<li>For production enhancement, bringing new technology, and capital, No Objection Certificates (NOCs) will be allowed to <strong>induct private sector partners.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Measures like setting up coordination mechanism and simplification of approval, alternate dispute resolution mechanism etc. to be taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Domestic production of oil and gas was declining, import dependence was rising and investment in E&amp;P activities was reducing.</strong> Thus, policy reform in this sector was needed.</li>
<li>Earlier, the government between 2016 and 2019 had given pricing freedom for all fields except those given to state-owned ONGC and OIL on a nomination basis.</li>
<li>But, there were<strong> restrictions on marketing</strong> like a ban on affiliates of producers buying the fuel etc. This <strong>restricted competition</strong> kept<strong> prices artificially low.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/hydrocarbon-exploration-and-licensing-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy or HELP</strong></a> was approved in March 2016, aimed at increasing the transparency and decreasing the administrative discretion in granting hydrocarbon licenses. It replaced the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/increasing-domestic-oil-production" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)</a>, 1997.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India also launched its first gas exchange which has been named as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-gas-exchange-igx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Gas Exchange (IGX).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development of support services.</li>
<li>Employment generation.</li>
<li>Transfer of advanced technology.</li>
<li>Reducing import dependence.</li>
<li>Improve <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/energy-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>energy security</strong></a> of the country.</li>
<li>Save the precious foreign exchange on imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Petroleum</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crude petroleum occurs in <strong>sedimentary rocks</strong> of the tertiary period.</li>
<li>It consists of <strong>hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states</strong> varying in chemical composition, colour and specific gravity.</li>
<li>It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft.</li>
<li>Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.</li>
<li>Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Russia are some <strong>major countries with the largest oil reserves.</strong></li>
<li>Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran in<strong> Assam,</strong> Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Navagam, Kosamba and Lunej in <strong>Gujarat;</strong> Mumbai High in <strong>Maharashtra</strong> are important <strong>oil-producing areas in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Natural Gas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel.</li>
<li><strong>Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands</strong> are the major producers of natural gas.</li>
<li>In <strong>India</strong>, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas offshore in Mumbai have natural gas resources.</li>
<li>The<strong> Gas Authority of India Limited</strong> was set up in 1984 as a public sector undertaking to transport and market natural gas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is a <strong>Maharatna</strong> Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It was set up in 1995 and is under the <strong>Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest crude oil and natural gas company in India,</strong> contributing around 70% to Indian domestic production.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The production enhancement scheme for the nomination field of NOCs is likely to <strong>augment production</strong> by leveraging new technology, capital and management practices through private sector participation.</li>
<li>It would bring <strong>uniformity to the bidding process</strong> across various contractual regimes and policies to avoid ambiguity and contribute towards <strong>ease of doing business.</strong></li>
<li>The move is in line with India&rsquo;s goal of becoming self-reliant as envisaged in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanibhar Bharat initiative</strong></a>. It will help India develop into a <strong>gas-based economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1565313" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6669,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Startup Awards 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>results of the first edition of National Startup Awards</strong> (2020) were recently released by the <strong>Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Startup India Showcase and Blockchain-based Certificate Verification System</strong> were also launched during the event.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Startup Awards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Designed by:</strong> Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To<strong> recognize and reward outstanding Startups and ecosystem enablers</strong> that are building innovative products or solutions and scalable enterprises, with high potential of<strong> employment generation or wealth creation,</strong> demonstrating measurable<strong> social impact.</strong></li>
<li><strong>12 Sectors:</strong> The Awards invited applications across 12 sectors, which are Agriculture, Education, Enterprise Technology, Energy, Finance, Food, Health, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industry 4.0</strong></a>, Space, Security, Tourism and Urban Services.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from these, startups were selected from those which create impact in<strong> rural</strong> areas, are <strong>women-led</strong> and founded in <strong>academic campuses</strong> (3 special categories).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prize:</strong> The <strong>winning startup founders</strong> will get a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakh and an opportunity to present their solutions to relevant public authorities and corporates. <strong>Incubators and accelerators</strong> will get Rs. 15 lakh as the winning amount.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>total of 38 startups were awarded,</strong> one in each of the 35 categories and 3 special categories in the 12 sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Startup India Showcase:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Startup India</strong></a> portal intended to be an online discovery platform for the most promising startups of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government of India has initiated the Startup India Scheme in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>startups showcased here shall be handpicked by experts</strong> and will span across different sectors like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-challenges-for-fintech-adoption-in-India" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FinTech</strong></a>, EdTech, Social Impact among others.</li>
<li>The showcase will <strong>help industry, investors and public authorities find and connect with startups</strong> for potential partnerships, investments and public procurement respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blockchain-technology-in-voting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blockchain</a>-based Certificate Verification System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will enable instant verification and access to certificates of recognitions issued by DPIIT.</li>
<li>This feature introduces an added layer of<strong> security to the startup certificates.</strong></li>
<li>It can be accessed by Government Departments, procurement entities, investors, and other third parties to verify status of recognized startups for accessing different opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, DPIIT also released the results of the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranking-of-states-on-support-to-startup-ecosystems-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystem</strong> </a>in which Gujarat performed best among all States.</li>
<li>DPIIT has also released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business Rankings of the States-2019</strong></a> in which Andhra Pradesh topped.</li>
<li>Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance tabled a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliamentary-committee-report-on-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>report related to startups</strong></a> in Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards will generate excitement and enthusiasm among the young entrepreneurs in taking their innovative ideas to the higher levels and propel the startups to expand and serve new geographies and large numbers of people.</li>
<li>This will help in generation of employment and achieving the goal of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhat Bharat</strong></a> (Self Reliant India).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1662079" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6666,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: The Labour Code Bills',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bBdQLloDm5Q" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why In News?</h3>
<p>Parliament has passed 3 labour code bills aimed at labour welfare reforms covering more than 50 crores organized and unorganized workers in the country. This opens up the doors for social security to those in the self-employment sector. These three Bills are</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social Security Code, 2020.</li>
<li>Code on Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code, 2020</li>
<li>Industrial Relations Code, 2020</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bills are believed to be the watershed movement for labour law energy as for the first time, the migrant workers, gig workers are included and doors for social security to those in the self-employment sector are also opened.</li>
<li>The reforms cover more than 50 crore organised and unorganised workers in the country</li>
<li>The two new provisions are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The company will provide the retrenched worker with 15 days of wages last drawn by him to reskill himself.</li>
<li>Any worker who has served even less than a term of 5 years to a company will get proportionate gratuity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gratuity</strong> is given by the employer to his/her employee for the services rendered by him/her during the period of employment. It is usually paid at the time of retirement but can be paid earlier, provided certain conditions are met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The fourth code, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages</strong></a> was also included, but it had already been passed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Code on Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>wage code</strong> removes the multiplicity of wage definitions, which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li>The act links minimum wage across the country to the <strong>skills of the employee and the place of employment.</strong></li>
<li>It seeks to universalize the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to <strong>ensure "Right to Sustenance" for every worker</strong> and intends to increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>National Floor Level Minimum Wage</strong> will be set by the Centre and will be revised every <strong>five years,</strong> while states will fix minimum wages for their regions, which cannot be lower than the floor wage.</li>
<li>It subsumes the following four labour laws:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Salient Features of the Three Codes</h3>
<p><strong>A. Social Security Code, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provision has been made to formulate various schemes for providing comprehensive social security to workers in the unorganised sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A &ldquo;Social Security Fund&rdquo; will be created on the financial side in order to implement these schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Work to bring newer forms of employment created with the changing technology like <strong>&ldquo;platform worker or gig worker&rdquo;</strong> into the ambit of social security has been done in the Social Security Code</li>
<li>With the aim of making a <strong>national database</strong> for <strong>unorganised sector</strong> workers, registration of all these workers would be done on an online portal and this registration would be done on the basis of Self Certification through a simple procedure. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It would facilitate the extension of benefits of various social security schemes to beneficiaries in the unorganised sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>B. Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Free health checkup once a year by the employer for workers which are more than a certain age.</li>
<li>Legal right for getting an Appointment Letter given to workers for the first time.</li>
<li>Cine Workers have been designated as Audio Visual Worker, so that more and more workers get covered under the OSH code (The Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981). Earlier, this security was being given to artists working in films only.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>C. Industrial Relations Code, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provision for accumulation of one day leave for every 20 days worked, when work has been done for 180 days instead of 240 days.</li>
<li>In the event of death of a worker or injury to a worker due to an accident at his workplace, at least 50 % share of the penalty would be given. This amount would be in addition to Employees Compensation.</li>
<li>Inspector to be now made as Inspector &ndash; cum- Facilitator and introduction of Random, Web Based Inspection System to remove to Inspector Raj.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Labour Codes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consolidation and simplification of the Complex laws:</strong> The three Codes simplify labour laws by subsuming 25 central labour laws that have been on the table for at least 17 years.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide a big boost to industry &amp; employment and will reduce multiplicity of definition and multiplicity of authority for businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Single Licensing Mechanism:</strong> The codes provide for a single licensing mechanism. It will give fillip to industries by ushering in substantive reform in the licensing mechanism. Currently, industries have to apply for their licence under different laws.</li>
<li><strong>Easier Dispute resolution:</strong> The codes also simplify archaic laws dealing with industrial disputes and revamp the adjudication process, which will pave the way for early resolution of disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Ease of Doing Business:</strong> According to the industry and some economists such reform shall boost investment and improve ease of doing business. It drastically reduces complexity and internal contradictions, increases flexibility &amp; modernizes regulations on safety/working conditions</li>
<li><strong>Other benefits for Labour:</strong> The three codes will promote fixed term employment, reduce influence of trade unions and expand the social security net for informal sector workers.</li>
<li><strong>Gender parity:</strong> Women have to be permitted to work in every sector at night, but it has to be ensured that provision for their security is made by the employer and consent of women is taken before they work at night.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The maternity leave is increased from 12 weeks to 26 weeks. women were allowed to work in mines under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY).</strong></a></li>
<li>Pay parity to women workers as compared to their male counterparts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A very robust, reliable and fairly decent social security package needs to be created for workers of unorganised sectors as well.</li>
<li>The proposal of increasing the compensation amount of the retrenched employee should be taken into account; increased from 15 days of a salary to 45 days of salary.</li>
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6596,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PCA Decision on Retrospective Taxation by India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)</strong> at The Hague (Netherlands) ruled that<strong> India&rsquo;s retrospective imposition of a tax liability, as well as interest and penalties</strong> on Vodafone Group for a 2007 deal was <strong>violation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/model-bilateral-investment-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bilateral Investment Treaty</a></strong> with Netherlands and the arbitration rules of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-model-for-cross-border-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Commission on International Trade Law</strong></a> <strong>(UNCITRAL)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Case:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May 2007, the British telecommunication company Vodafone Group had bought a 67% stake in a company called Hutchison Whampoa.</li>
<li>For this, the Indian government for the first time <strong>raised a demand of capital gains and withholding tax</strong> from Vodafone, under the <strong>Income Tax Act of 1961</strong>. The government argued that Vodafone should have <strong>deducted the tax at source</strong> before making a payment to Hutchison.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Capital gains tax :</strong> It is the tax paid on income that derives from the sale or exchange of an asset, such as a stock or property that's categorized as a capital asset.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2012, the <strong>Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Vodafone</strong> Group.</li>
<li>Later, the <strong>Finance Act was amended (2012)</strong> giving the Income Tax Department the power to <strong>retrospectively tax</strong> such deals.</li>
<li>Vodafone then initiated arbitration in 2014 invoking the <strong>Bilateral Investment Treaty</strong> signed between India and the Netherlands in 1995.</li>
<li><strong>Ruling:</strong> The <strong>International Arbitration Tribunal </strong>at <strong>Permanent Court</strong> <strong>of Arbitration</strong> ruled that the government&rsquo;s demand is in breach of fair and equitable treatment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government must <strong>cease seeking the dues from Vodafone</strong>.</li>
<li>This was a <strong>unanimous decision</strong> meaning that India's appointed arbitrator also ruled in favour of Vodafone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Course for India:</strong> India has said it would study the order and all its aspects and take a decision on further course of action including legal remedies before appropriate fora. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Indian Government, as Vodafone had not paid the initial tax demand and interest and penalty on it, the question of India paying back the amount does not arise.</li>
<li>India has the option to move to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/singapore-convention-on-mediation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Singapore International Arbitration Centre</strong></a> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Retrospective Taxation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It allows a country to pass a rule on taxing certain products, items or services and deals and charge companies from a time <strong>behind the date</strong> on which the law is passed.</li>
<li>Countries use this route to <strong>correct any anomalies in their taxation policies</strong> that have, in the past, allowed companies to take advantage of such <strong>loopholes</strong>.</li>
<li>Retrospective Taxation <strong>hurts companies</strong> that had knowingly or unknowingly interpreted the tax rules differently.</li>
<li>Apart from India, many countries including <strong>the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Australia and Italy</strong> have retrospectively taxed companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Investment Treaty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 6<sup>th</sup> November, 1995, India and the Netherlands had signed a BIT for <strong>promotion and protection of investment by companies of each country</strong> in the other&rsquo;s jurisdiction.</li>
<li>The two countries would ensure that companies present in each other&rsquo;s jurisdictions would at all times be accorded <strong>fair and equitable treatment</strong> and shall enjoy full <strong>protection and security</strong> in the territory of the other.</li>
<li>The BIT between India and the <strong>Netherlands expired on 22<sup>nd</sup> September, 2016</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Relation to Vodafone Case:</strong> Vodafone invoked BIT as its Dutch unit, Vodafone International Holdings BV, had bought the Indian business operations of Hutchison Telecommunication International Ltd. This made it a transaction between a <strong>Dutch firm and an Indian firm</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>United Nations Commission on International Trade Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNCITRAL was established in 1966 as a subsidiary body of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a> (UNGA).</li>
<li>It is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.</li>
<li><strong>Mandate:</strong> To further the progressive harmonization and modernization of rules on international business and reform commercial laws.</li>
<li>It adopted the <strong>UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration</strong> in 1985 and <strong>the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules</strong> in 1980.</li>
<li>The UNGA has recommended the use of the said Model Law and Rules in cases where a dispute arises in the context of international commercial relations and the parties seek an amicable settlement of that dispute by recourse to conciliation.</li>
<li>India has also incorporated these uniform principles of Arbitration and Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the <a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-july-2019#:~:text=The%20Arbitration%20and%20Conciliation%20(Amendment,law%20for%20conducting%20conciliation%20proceedings." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996</strong></a> which has been amended several times.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Arbitration Act provides for ADR mechanisms like arbitration, conciliations, etc. for national and international stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vodafone&rsquo;s win in the arbitration against the government in the retrospective taxation is very significant as it may cause other <strong>similarly placed companies to seek arbitral reliefs</strong>.</li>
<li>India is entangled in more than a dozen such cases against companies over retrospective tax claims and cancellation of contracts. The exchequer could end up paying billions of dollars in damages if it loses.</li>
<li>To reduce future arbitration claims, India has <strong>ended such bilateral investment agreements with over 50 countries</strong> and is working on a new law to protect foreign investors by <strong>offering relief from possible policy changes</strong> even as it <strong>upholds the right to tax</strong> them.</li>
<li>The victory of Vodafone at PCA may provide it some relief as the telecom sector is already facing a number of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/telecom-sector-issues-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>issues and challenges</strong></a>. The ruling comes days after the Supreme Court allowed a period of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/adjusted-gross-revenue-to-be-paid-in-10-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>10 years for telecom companies to clear Adjusted Gross Revenue</strong></a> (AGR) related dues, causing heavy financial <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-the-telecom-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>burden on the telecom sector</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Arbitration Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>independent non-governmental panel</strong> of independent and impartial experts.</li>
<li>It generally comprises three members nominated by the Parties (or appointed by the International Arbitration Institution, or by a National Court) on the basis of their legal and practical expertise and knowledge, to render a <strong>final and binding award</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Permanent Court of Arbitration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Established</strong> in: 1899.</li>
<li><strong>HQ:</strong> The Hague, Netherlands.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> It is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to serve the international community in the field of dispute resolution and to facilitate arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution between States.</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong> The PCA has a three-part organizational structure consisting of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em><strong>Administrative Council&nbsp;</strong></em>- to oversee its policies and budgets,</li>
<li><em><strong>Members of the Court&nbsp;</strong></em>- a panel of independent potential arbitrators, and</li>
<li><em><strong>International Bureau&nbsp;</strong></em>- its Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funds:</strong> It has a <strong>Financial Assistance Fund</strong> which aims at helping developing countries meet part of the costs involved in international arbitration or other means of dispute settlement offered by the PCA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to craft meaningful and clear dispute resolution mechanisms in cross-border transactions to prevent the disputes from going to international courts, and save the cost and time expenditure. Improving the arbitration ecosystem will have a positive impact on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ease of doing business</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/vodafone-group-plc-govt-case-govt-may-have-to-shell-out-rs-85-cr-if-it-decides-not-to-appeal-6614428/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6578,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Right Code For Labour',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-approves-three-labour-codes-merging-25-central-labour-laws-11600849923026.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajya Sabha approves three codes subsuming 25 central labour laws</strong></a> which was published in The LiveMint on 23/09/2020. It evaluates the three labour codes recently passed by the parliament.</p>
</div>
<p>Labour falls under the Concurrent List of the Constitution. Recently, the Parliament passed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-reforms-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three labour codes</strong> </a>&mdash; on<strong> industrial relations; occupational safety, health and working conditions; </strong>and<strong> social security &mdash;</strong> proposing to simplify the country&rsquo;s archaic labour laws and give impetus to economic activity without compromising with the workers&rsquo; benefits.</p>
<p>These labour codes can have a transformative impact on labour relations in India. Along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=Code%20on%20Wages%20Act%202019,-The%20new%20wage&amp;text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Code on Wages Act- 2019&rsquo;,</strong> </a>these can significantly ease the conduct of business by amalgamating a plethora of Central and State laws on labour.</p>
<p>The labour codes were adopted on the recommendations of the <strong>Second National Commission on Labour (2002),</strong> which suggested consolidating 100 State laws and 40 Central laws across industries, occupations and regions.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #1b264a;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Existing Labour Codes Subsumed</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; background-color: #ebffde;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The social security code replaces nine laws on social security, including the Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Act, 1952, and the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.</li>
<li>Industrial Relations Code subsumes the Industrial Disputes Act, 1974, the Trade Unions Act, 1926; and Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946.</li>
<li>The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code replaces 13 labour laws.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Proposals in the Three Labour Codes</strong></p>
<p><strong>Industrial Relations Code Bill 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The code, among its important provisions, makes it easier for companies to<strong> hire and fire workers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Companies employing upto 300 workers will not be required to frame rules of conduct for workmen employed in industrial establishments. Presently, it is compulsory for firms employing upto 100 workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It proposes that workers in factories will have to give a notice <strong>at least 14 days in advance</strong> to employers if they want to go on strike. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presently, only workers in public utility services are required to give notices to hold strikes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, every industrial establishment <strong>employing 20 or more workers</strong> will have one or more<strong> Grievance Redressal Committees</strong> for resolution of disputes arising out of employees&rsquo; grievances.</li>
<li>The code also proposes setting up of a <strong>reskilling fund</strong> to help skill retrenched workers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code Bill, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It spells out duties of employers and employees, and <strong>envisages safety standards</strong> for different sectors, focusing on the health and working condition of workers, hours of work, leaves, etc.</li>
<li>The code also recognises the<strong> right of contractual workers.</strong></li>
<li>The code provides employers the flexibility to employ workers on a fixed-term basis, on the basis of requirement and without restriction in any sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More importantly, it also provides for <strong>statutory benefits</strong> like social security and wages to fixed-term employees at par with their permanent counterparts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also mandates that no worker will be allowed to work in any establishment for<strong> more than 8 hours a day</strong> or more than<strong> 6 days in a week.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case of an overtime, an employee should be <strong>paid twice the rate of his/her wage.</strong> It will be applicable to even<strong> small establishments,</strong> which have upto 10 workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The code also brings in <strong>gender equality</strong> and empowers the women workforce. Women will be entitled to be employed in all establishments for all types of work and, with <strong>consent can work before 6 am and beyond 7 pm</strong> subject to such conditions relating to safety, holidays and working hours. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the first time, the labour code also<strong> recognises the rights of transgenders.</strong> It makes it mandatory for industrial establishments to provide washrooms, bathing places and locker rooms for male, female and transgender employees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will <strong>replace nine social security laws,</strong> including Maternity Benefit Act, Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Act, Employees&rsquo; Pension Scheme, Employees&rsquo; Compensation Act, among others.</li>
<li>The code <strong>universalizes social security coverage</strong> to those working in the unorganised sector, such as migrant workers, gig workers and platform workers.</li>
<li>For the first time, provisions of social security will also be<strong> extended to agricultural workers also.</strong></li>
<li>The code also <strong>reduces the time limit for receiving gratuity payment</strong> from the continuous service of five years to one year for all kinds of employees, including fixed-term employees, contract labour, daily and monthly wage workers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits of Labour Codes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consolidation and simplification of the Complex laws:</strong> The three Codes simplify labour laws by<strong> subsuming 25 central labour laws</strong> that have been on the table for at least 17 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide a big boost to industry &amp; employment and will reduce multiplicity of definition and multiplicity of authority for businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Single Licensing Mechanism:</strong> The codes provide for a single licensing mechanism. It will give fillip to industries by ushering in substantive reform in the licensing mechanism. Currently, industries have to apply for their licence under different laws.</li>
<li><strong>Easier Dispute resolution:</strong> The codes also simplify archaic laws dealing with industrial disputes and revamp the adjudication process, which will pave the way for early resolution of disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Ease of Doing Business:</strong> According to the industry and some economists such reform shall boost investment and <strong>improve ease of doing business.</strong> It drastically reduces complexity and internal contradictions, increases flexibility &amp; modernizes regulations on safety/working conditions</li>
<li><strong>Other benefits for Labour:</strong> The three codes will promote fixed term employment, reduce influence of trade unions and expand the social security net for informal sector workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns with the Labour codes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Against the Interests of Employees:</strong> The codes provide the liberty to industrial establishments to <strong>hire and fire their employees at will.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move might enable companies to introduce arbitrary service conditions for workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free Hand to States:</strong> The central government has also attracted criticism that states have been given a <strong>free hand to exempt laws in violation of labour rights.</strong> However, the Union Labour Minister has said the labour issue is in the <strong>Concurrent list</strong> of the Constitution and therefore states have been given the flexibility to make changes as they wish.</li>
<li><strong>Affect Industrial Peace:</strong> Industrial Relation Code proposes that workers in factories will have to give a <strong>notice at least 14 days</strong> in advance to employers if they want to go on strike.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, earlier the <strong>Standing Committee on Labour</strong> had recommended against the expansion of the required notice period for strike beyond the <strong>public utility</strong> services like water, electricity, natural gas, telephone and other essential services.</li>
<li>Further, Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh has also opposed the Code, describing it as a clear attempt to diminish the role of trade unions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong> </a>observes that 71% of regular wage/salaried workers in the non-agriculture sector did not have a written contract, and 50% were without social security cover. The new laws, by simplifying compliance, should create an incentive for workforce formalisation.</p>
<p>The new labour codes will help in increasing the pace of generating good quality jobs to cater to the growing workforce, their rising aspirations and to absorb out-migration of labour from agriculture. This way India can fully be able to capitalize on its inherent labour and skill cost and help a fast economic recovery especially post <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600948077_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600948077_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="539" height="519" /></strong></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebefff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss how recently passed labour codes can have a transformative impact on labour empowerment in India. Also, discuss the challenges associated with the codes.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dLjM-UM8n1I" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/what-labour-needs-6606712/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;What labour needs&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on September 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6466,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Contraction in July Factory Output: IIP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-dropped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office</strong></a> (NSO) has released data, highlighting the <strong>decline in the factory output</strong> (also called<strong> Industrial Production</strong>) for the fifth consecutive month, with July 2020 posting a contraction of 10.4% compared to July 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data, however, <strong>recorded a sequential improvement from 15.8% contraction seen in June,</strong> reflecting some<strong> resumption in industrial activity</strong> with the <strong>lifting of lockdown</strong> restrictions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cumulatively, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-shrinks-by-23-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></a> (IIP) contracted by 29.2% for April-July against a growth of 3.5% in the same period last year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IIP had grown by 4.9% in July 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong> The decline is <strong>mainly due to degrowth</strong> in manufacturing, mining, capital goods, and consumer durables output.</li>
<li><strong>Contraction Data:</strong> Barring consumer non-durables, all other sectors including manufacturing, mining, primary goods, capital goods contracted in July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consumer Non-durables:</strong> A proxy for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fmcg-sector-growth-to-slow-down" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fast Moving Consumer Goods</strong> </a>(FMCG), it posted a positive growth of 6.7%.</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing Sector:</strong> Weight of 77.6% in IIP, contracted by 11.1% in July from a contraction of 16.0% in June.</li>
<li><strong>Electricity Output:</strong> It contracted by 2.5% as against a double-digit contraction of 10.0% in June.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It recorded the best sequential improvement and may turn out to be the first sector, apart from consumer non-durables, to find its way in positive territory going ahead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar Trends:</strong> The decline in industrial growth <strong>mirrors the trend in other high-frequency indicators</strong> for July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Manufacturing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-manufacturing-pmi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index</strong> </a>(PMI) had stood at 46 in July compared with 47.2 in June. A print below 50 signifies a contraction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong> The negative IIP for July, which is the first month of the second quarter, will reflect in the expected contraction in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong></a> (GDP) growth numbers for the July-September quarter.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-contracted-by-23-9-in-first-quarter#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20recent%20National,reporting%20quarterly%20data%20in%201996." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP growth contracted by 23.9%</strong></a> in the April-June quarter, the worst among G20 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an indicator that<strong> measures the changes in the volume of production of industrial products</strong> during a given period.</li>
<li>It is <strong>compiled and published monthly by the National Statistical Office</strong> (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NSO is the <strong>central statistical agency</strong> of the government, set up by an<strong> Act of the Parliament, Statistical Services Act (Chapter 386) 1980.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IIP is a<strong> composite indicator</strong> that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-contracted-by-9-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Core Sector Industries</strong></a> comprise <strong>40.27%</strong> of the weight of items included in IIP.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>eight core Industries in decreasing order of their weightage:</strong> Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilisers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year for IIP is 2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance of IIP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is used by government agencies including the Ministry of Finance, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, etc. for policy-making purposes.</li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the calculation of the quarterly and advance GDP estimates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/factory-output-decline-industrial-growth-covid-lockdown-6592625/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6464,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems: DPIIT',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Results of the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition of <strong>Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems</strong> were released by the <strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DPIIT has recently released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business Rankings of the States-2019</strong> </a>based on the State Business Reform Action Plan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> The rankings were started with an objective of fostering <strong>competitiveness, mutual learning</strong> and propel States and Union Territories (UTs) to work proactively towards uplifting the startup ecosystem.</li>
<li><strong>Framework:</strong> The 2019 Ranking Framework has <strong>seven broad reform areas consisting of 30 action points</strong> ranging from institutional support, easing compliances, relaxation in public procurement norms, incubation support, seed funding support, venture funding support, and awareness and outreach.</li>
<li><strong>Participation:</strong> 22 States and 3 Union Territories.</li>
<li><strong>2 Categories:</strong> To establish uniformity and ensure standardization in the ranking process, States and UTs have been divided into two groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category Y: All UTs except Delhi and all States in North East India except Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Category X: All other States and UT of Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Results:</strong> The States and UTs were classified as: Best Performers, Top Performers, Leaders, Aspiring Leaders and Emerging Startup Ecosystems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gujarat</strong> was the Best performer in <strong>Category X</strong> followed by Karnata and Kerala. Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu occupied the lowest positions.</li>
<li><strong>Andaman and Nicobar Islands</strong> was the Best performer in <strong>Category Y.</strong> Sikkim secured the bottom place.</li>
<li>Gujarat had secured the Best Performer position previous year as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902676_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902676_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Startup Landscape in India</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902722_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599902722_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Start Up India Fund</a>:</strong> Under the Startup India program, the Government created the 'Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) with a corpus of INR 10,000 crore.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-reforms-for-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Policy Reforms for Startups</strong></a>: These include requirement of distributable profits for three years for a company to be eligible to issue shares with differential voting rights.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/start-up-cells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start-up Cells</strong></a>: The Cell will work towards redressal of grievances &amp; tax-related issues of Startups with respect to the administration of the Income-tax Act, 1961.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-startup-advisory-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Startup Advisory Council</strong></a>: To advise the Centre on measures needed to build a strong ecosystem for nurturing innovation and start-ups in the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aatmanirbhar-bharat-arise-atal-new-india-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge</strong></a>: It is a national initiative to promote research &amp; innovation and increase competitiveness of Indian startups and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aim-icrest-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AIM-iCREST</strong></a>: It is an Incubator Capabilities Enhancement program launched by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> for a Robust Ecosystem focused on creating high performing Startups.</li>
<li>More than <strong>1300 Startups</strong> have been supported by <strong>seed funding</strong> from State Governments. In addition to seed funding, 10 States have created <strong>Venture Funds</strong> or a Fund of funds and 218 startups have been provided with venture funding support.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Seed funding :</strong> It is the initial capital used when starting a business.</li>
<li><strong>Venture Funds:</strong> This generally comes after the seed funding round. It is a means of equity financing for rapidly-growing private companies for expansion or purchase of a company. It is provided by venture capitalists after carefully scrutinizing the projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative will help in<strong> capacity-building of States</strong> and building a robust Start-up ecosystem in the country for<strong> nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding entrepreneurs,</strong> as envisaged by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start-up India Initiative</strong></a> launched in 2016. This is necessary for the country to realize the dream of becoming a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2024.</li>
<li>There is a need to ease the access to funding to Start-ups, especially those from small cities and the need for simplification of regulations. The central and state governments would have to invest heavily in Research &amp; Development and upcoming technologies, to build further on their competitive value addition to this exercise.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653368" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6361,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Adjusted Gross Revenue to be Paid in 10 Years',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> allowed <strong>telecom companies (telcos)</strong> 10 years&rsquo; time to pay their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-telecom-sector-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)</strong></a> dues to the government.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adjusted Gross Revenue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AGR is a <strong>fee-sharing mechanism</strong> between the government and the telcos who shifted to the <strong>'revenue-sharing fee'</strong> model in 1999, from the <strong>'fixed license fee'</strong> model. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this course, telcos are supposed to<strong> share a percentage</strong> of AGR with the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The telecom sector was liberalised under the <strong>National Telecom Policy, 1994</strong> after which licenses were issued to companies in return for a fixed license fee.</li>
<li>To provide relief from the steep fixed license fee, the <strong>government in 1999</strong> gave an option to the licensees to migrate to the<strong> revenue sharing fee model.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, mobile telephone operators were required to share a percentage of their AGR with the government as <strong>annual license fee</strong> (LF) and <strong>spectrum usage charges (SUC).</strong></li>
<li>License agreements between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the telecom companies define the gross revenues of the latter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The definition of AGR has been under litigation for 14 years. In 2005, <strong>Cellular Operators Association of India</strong> (COAI) challenged the government&rsquo;s definition for AGR calculation.</li>
<li>However, DoT argued that AGR includes<strong> all revenues from both telecom and non-telecom services.</strong></li>
<li>The companies claimed that <strong>AGR should comprise just the revenue accrued from core services</strong> and not dividend, interest income or profit on the sale of any investment or fixed assets.</li>
<li>In 2015, the <strong>Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)</strong> stayed the case in favour of telecom companies and held that AGR includes all receipts except capital receipts and revenue from non-core sources such as rent, profit on the sale of fixed assets, dividend, interest and miscellaneous income.</li>
<li>However, setting aside TDSAT&rsquo;s order, the Supreme Court upheld the definition of AGR as stipulated by the DoT in October 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the government definition, AGR includes rental receipts, dividend income and income from any other-activity arising out of the telecom licence the company has.</li>
<li>Later on, the Court rejected a 20-year payment timeline proposed by the central government and supported by telecom companies. Instead it has given 10 years&rsquo; time to repay the AGR dues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Directions Issued by Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The telecom operators would<strong> make the payment of 10% of the total dues</strong> as demanded by the Department of Telecom by 31<sup>st</sup> March 2021.</li>
<li>The <strong>yearly instalments would commence from 1<sup>st</sup> April 2021 up to 31<sup>st</sup> March 2031.</strong> The instalments would be paid by <strong>31<sup>st</sup> March every year.</strong></li>
<li>In the event of any default in making payment of annual instalments,<strong> interest would be levied</strong> as per the agreement<strong> along with penalty and interest on penalty</strong> automatically without reference to court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides, it would be <strong>punishable for contempt of court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compliance with the court order should be reported by the telcos and the telecom department every year on 7<sup>th</sup> April.</li>
<li>The sale of spectrum by telcos facing insolvency proceedings shall be decided by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The definition of AGR has been such a contentious issue because it has<strong> huge financial implications for both telcos and the government.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was estimated, after the SC&rsquo;s 2019 judgment, that the telecom operators owe the government about Rs. 92,000 crore in back charges, interest and penalties on license fee alone.</li>
<li>The October 2019 judgment had pushed many telcos on the verge of bankruptcy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the <strong>government has been deprived of the extra revenue,</strong> the financial implications for telecom companies &mdash; who now have to pay overdue amounts piled up for years &mdash; are serious too. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Especially at the current juncture, when profits for telcos are under pressure from severe competition and the falling average revenue per user.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To enhance the growth of the telecom sector, improve the quality of service, and generate resources for the telcos, a <strong>new infrastructural policy</strong> is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>The government needs to provide an<strong> enabling environment</strong> for telecom operators. In order to achieve that, a long-term vision plan must be made accordingly.</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced accessibility of the broadband services</strong> will enable the digital empowerment of India, hence adequate steps must be taken by the government to strengthen the overall telecom sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-directs-telcos-to-pay-agr-dues-in-10-years/article32493787.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6302,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Magnets for Manufacturing',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/magnets-for-manufacturing/article32440463.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Magnets For Manufacturing</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26<sup>th</sup> of August 2020. It analyses the prospects of several manufacturing companies moving out of China and shifting to India.</p>
</div>
<p>Many American, Japanese, and South Korean manufacturing companies operating from China are planning to relocate their manufacturing bases to other destinations among which India is one of the destinations.</p>
<p>The real question now for India is, can it succeed in attracting manufacturing firms and jobs from China? This article analyses the prospects and challenges of the manufacturing Industries in India and the role of states in this regard.</p>
<h3>Reasons For Moving Out</h3>
<p>These companies are planning to exit China due to three primary reasons.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Supply Chain Disruptions:</strong> There is a realisation that relying heavily on China for building capacities and sourcing manufacturing goods is not an ideal business strategy due to supply chain disruptions in the country caused by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Decline in production and trade seen in China will have a strong impact on countries further up and down the supply chain since most of the countries have now imposed restrictions on movements to combat the spread of the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Dominance Over Essential Goods:</strong> There is a fear of Chinese dominance over the supply of essential industrial goods. This is an alarming situation for any country and its industry as this puts their independence and autonomy in peril.</li>
<li><strong>Trade War:</strong> The growing risk and uncertainty involved in operating from or dealing with China in the light of geopolitical and trade conflicts between China and other countries, particularly the U.S. has further eroded Chinese potential.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Situation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India lags far behind China in manufacturing prowess. China ranks first in contribution to world manufacturing output, while India ranks sixth.</li>
<li>Against India&rsquo;s target of pulling up the share of manufacturing in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 25% by 2022, its share stood at 15% in 2018, only half of China&rsquo;s fi&shy;gure.</li>
<li>Industry value added grew at an average annual rate of 10.68% since China opened up its economy in 1978. In contrast, against the target of 12%, the manufacturing sector has grown at 7% after India opened up its economy.</li>
<li>Next to the European Union, China was the largest exporter of manufactured goods in 2018, with an 18% world share. India is not a part of the top 10 exporters who accounted for 83% of world manufacturing exports in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues With Indian Manufacturing Industries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stringent Labor Laws:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/labour-laws-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour laws</strong> </a>in India are extremely complicated. e.g, Industrial Disputes Act-1947 provides that if you are a manufacturing firm with 100 workers or more, you cannot dismiss any of them under any circumstances unless you get prior approval from the government which is rarely given.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The law is mandated even if the industry is going bankrupt. Thus, the investors are not willing to enter into this sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Skilled Workforce:</strong> The manufacturing sector, for it to grow, requires an educated workforce with the necessary skills and training. India&rsquo;s skill ecosystem needs to be fixed.</li>
<li><strong>Basic Infrastructure:</strong> Roads, connectivity and transportation are slow and costly when compared to developed nations which is a huge deterrence to Industries. Uninterrupted power supply is another challenge.</li>
<li><strong>Small Size:</strong> Small enterprises, because of their smaller size, suffer from low productivity, preventing them from achieving economies of scale.</li>
<li><strong>Low Spending On R&amp;D:</strong> Currently, India spends about 0.7% of GDP on research and development, a considerably small amount when compared with other developed nations. This prevents the sector to evolve, innovate and grow.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Role of states</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policy Coordination:</strong> Since India follows a federal government system, a lasting solution to these constraints cannot be possible without the active participation of State governments and effective policy coordination between the Centre and the States.</li>
<li><strong>State Specific Plans:</strong> Currently, manufacturing is mainly concentrated in few states like Maharashtra and Gujarat which cover a substantial portion of India&rsquo;s geographical area.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>States like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Telangana, and West Bengal also have large land areas that can contribute to the success stories of Indian Manufacturing.</li>
<li>The reasons for less manufacturing activity in these States have to be carefully examined, and based on this, state specific industrialisation strategies need to be devised and implemented in a mission mode with active hand &shy;holding by the Central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> Strong and carefully designed policy implementation on the part of individual States would improve India&rsquo;s overall investment climate, thereby boosting investments, jobs, and economic growth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reforming Labor Laws:</strong> Reforming of the existing labour laws must be prioritised to make them simplified and flexible. They must be reformed in a way that will promote investment and ease of doing business within the sector.</li>
<li><strong>Imparting Skill:</strong> The quality of teaching in schools and colleges must be improved. The high-quality vocational training must be provided within the education system.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s labour productivity, though increased in the last decade, is lower than that of China. This should be addressed to compete in the global market. Introduction of vocational courses under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy 2020</strong></a> is a welcome step.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stable Power Supply:</strong> Stable, low cost and uninterrupted power is vital to promote the growth of the industries. Though the availability of Power has improved to a great extent but India must ensure this as soon as possible on industrial level to reap the benefits of manufacturing growth.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Logistic Cost:</strong> The logistics cost in India is estimated to be almost double of the developed countries. In India, nearly 60% of cargo travels by road.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because of the overconsumption of the railway networks, high rail freights, long transit times, inadequate port depths, high turnaround time at ports and poor warehousing facilities. Addressing these issues can promote the growth of the manufacturing sector.</li>
<li>Cheap, fast and easy transportation is the basic requirement for booming industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Spending On R&amp;D:</strong> As India is spending very less on Research &amp; Development, it must improve its spending on it. India&rsquo;s spending is much less than the developed nations which spent between 3-4% of their GDPs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy actions of the Centre and the States must be well coordinated.</li>
<li>In this context, a suggestion put forth by the Union Minister is worth attempting. To promote electronic manufacturing, he suggested forming a Strategy Group consisting of representatives from the Central and State governments along with top industry executives.</li>
<li>The purpose is to instil teamwork and leverage ideas through sharing the best practices of the Centre and States. A similar approach is needed for developing the whole manufacturing sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598443744_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1598443744_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edffde;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Critically analyse the prospects of India becoming the new manufacturing hub of the world and the role of states in this regard.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C69UAs7hZio" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <strong><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/announce-another-fiscal-stimulus/story-rojRt2LO5F5J8er2uO4RXL.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Announce another fiscal stimulus&rdquo;</a> </strong>which was published in The Hindustan Times on August 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6146,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Andaman and Nicobar Islands to be Maritime and Startup Hub',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has declared that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andaman-nicobar-islands-rich-faunal-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Andaman and Nicobar islands</strong></a> will be developed as a <strong>"maritime and startup hub".</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>transhipment hub</strong> has been proposed in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>transshipment</strong> is when cargo or a container is moved from one vessel to another while in transit to its final destination.</li>
<li>It will be built in South Bay, Great Nicobar Island, to provide Indian shippers an alternative to the <strong>Colombo (Sri Lanka), Singapore and Port Klang (Malaysia) transshipment ports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>12 islands of the archipelago have been selected for <strong>high-impact projects</strong> with an emphasis on boosting trade of<strong> sea-based, organic and coconut-based products</strong> of the region.</li>
<li>A <strong>submarine cable project</strong> has been launched in the islands to make it digitally independent.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>2300 Km of submarine optical fibres cable (OFC) have been laid down</li>
<li>The fibre will connect chennai and port blair and seven other islands- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swaraj Deep</strong></a> <strong>(Havelock)</strong>, Long island etc.</li>
<li>The connectivity project was funded by the Centre through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-telecom-sector-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Service Obligation Fund</strong></a> under the Ministry of Communications.</li>
<li>It was executed by <strong>Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</strong> (BSNL) and <strong>Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL)</strong> was the technical consultant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In addition, <strong>Port Blair airport</strong> is to be <strong>expanded</strong> and some of the islands will be also <strong>connected with seaplanes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2015, the government had announced an ambitious,<strong> Rs 10,000 crore economic plan</strong> to transform the Andaman and Nicobar Islands into the<strong> country’s first maritime hub.</strong></li>
<li>This included infrastructure construction, protection of the original<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-citizen-killed-by-tribals-in-andaman" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Jarawa inhabitants</strong></a> and boosting the<strong> tourism potential.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, India had also invited <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-investors-to-develop-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global investors to develop</strong></a> the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.</li>
<li>The Union Government constituted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/island-development-agency-ida" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Island Development Agency</strong></a> on 1<sup>st</sup> June, 2017 for the development of islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597047862_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597047862_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Better connectivity in the region will facilitate the delivery of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-governance</strong></a> services such as <strong>telemedicine</strong> and<strong> tele-education,</strong> as a part of<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India</strong> </a>initiative.</li>
<li>The region will play an important role in his government's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>self-reliant India</strong></a> project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Small enterprises, Business Process Outsourcing Services and other medium and large enterprises will also benefit from better connectivity and opportunities in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-commerce</strong></a>,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This can be leveraged to promote the government’s <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Startup India</a></strong> initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The internet costs will also come down and it will give a boost to<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tourism</strong></a> and the <strong>local economy.</strong></li>
<li>The building of a transshipment hub will be critical for<strong> India’s trade</strong> and help the group of islands become an important centre of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597049683_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597049683_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The islands are critical for<strong> India's security</strong> because of their <strong>strategic location</strong> in the <strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR).</strong> Better infrastructure and connectivity will help India enhance its <strong>military and naval strength</strong> in the islands.</li>
<li>The islands are home to India's only tri-services command, the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/andaman-and-nicobar-command-anc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC)</strong></a> which is strategically important, more so, on the backdrop of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chinese aggression</strong></a> in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier this year, China was accused by Vietnam of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sinking its sea</strong></a> in its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exclusive Economic Zone.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Relations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also help India to build better economic relations with<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> ASEAN</strong></a> region.</li>
<li>The importance of the islands has increased in light of India's <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Act East'</strong></a> policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Submarine Communications Cable</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a cable <strong>laid on the seabed</strong> between land-based stations to transmit <strong>telecommunication signals</strong> across stretches of ocean and sea.</li>
<li>The optical fibre elements are typically coated with <strong>plastic layers</strong> and contained in a <strong>protective tube</strong> suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.</li>
<li>Compared to satellites, using internet connection through submarine cables is more <strong>reliable, cost efficient</strong> and <strong>of large capacity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>USOF ensures that there is universal <strong>non-discriminatory access to quality ICT services</strong> at economically efficient prices to people in rural and remote areas.</li>
<li>It was created under the Department of Telecommunications in <strong>2002.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>non-lapsable fund,</strong> i.e., the unspent amount under a targeted financial year does not lapse and is accrued for next years’ spending.</li>
<li>All credits to this fund require<strong> parliamentary approval</strong> and it has statutory <strong>support</strong> under<strong> Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Provision of reliable, robust, and high-speed telecom and broadband facilities in these islands will be a landmark achievement from the viewpoint of consumers, as well as for strategic and governance reasons.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andaman-and-nicobar-going-to-be-maritime-and-startup-hub-modi/article32310549.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6043,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '100% FDI  in Air India for NRIs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Finance</strong> has allowed <strong>Non Resident Indians</strong> (NRIs) to have <strong>100% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Foreign Direct Investment</a></strong> (FDI) in Air India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the same, necessary amendments have been made in the <strong>Foreign Exchange Management Rules (Non-debt Instruments), 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 2020, the <strong>Cabinet approved a policy</strong> to permit foreign investment up to 100% by those NRIs who are Indian Nationals in Air India through the automatic route.</li>
<li>Foreign investments in Air India Limited, including that of <strong>foreign airlines shall not exceed 49%</strong> either directly or indirectly except in case of those NRIs, who are Indian nationals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Rules:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category of Citizens:</strong> The amendment removes the exception which permitted <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/overseas-citizenship-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Overseas Citizens of India</a></strong> (OCI) 100% FDI in air transport, but not Air India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This<strong> category of citizens has been replaced with NRIs,</strong> now allowed to commit 100% FDI in air transport, including Air India, through automatic route.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of RBI:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> (RBI) has been vested with the sole <strong>power to issue/interpret the rules</strong> regarding<strong> 100% FDI of NRIs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Previously, it was required to do so in consultation with the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Disinvestment:</strong> It would likely to<strong> smoothen the divestment of Air India</strong> and have an impact on the sale of the national carrier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Substantial<strong> ownership and effective control of Air India</strong> will have to remain in the hands of <strong>Indian nationals</strong> after the divestment.</li>
<li>Further, it will lead to increased FDI inflows and thereby contribute to higher investment, income and employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liberalisation of FDI:</strong> The amendment is meant to liberalise and simplify the FDI policy to provide <strong>ease of doing business</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Global Visibility of Air India:</strong> The amendment would boost Brand India and provide <strong>global visibility, alternate sources of capital</strong> and <strong>broaden the investor base</strong> for Air india.</li>
<li><strong>Need for Privatisation:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatisation-of-pses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Privatisation</strong></a> is necessary as airlines have been under strain due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, the<strong> government may not be in a position</strong> to fulfill the demands being made by Air India in the current situation, like providing measures for relief to its employees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FDI is an <strong>investment made by a firm or individual</strong> in one country into business interests located in another country.</li>
<li>Generally, FDI takes place when an investor establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign business assets, including establishing ownership or controlling interest in a foreign company.</li>
<li>It is different from <strong>Foreign Portfolio Investment</strong> where the foreign entity merely buys equity shares of a company. FPI does not provide the investor with control over the business.</li>
<li>Routes through which India gets FDI:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Automatic Route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity does not require the prior approval of the government or the RBI.</li>
<li><strong>Government route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity has to take the approval of the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal</strong> (FIFP) facilitates the single window clearance of applications which are through approval route.</li>
<li>This portal is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/govt-notifies-100-fdi-in-air-india-for-nris/article32215469.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5867,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Aids to Navigation Bill 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Ministry of Shipping</strong> has issued the <strong>draft</strong> of the <strong>Aids to Navigation Bill, 2020</strong> for suggestions from the stakeholders and general public.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to regulate <strong>state-of-the-art technologies of marine navigation</strong> which was earlier used to tangle in statutory provisions of <strong>Lighthouse Act, 1927.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A navigational aid</strong> is any kind of marker which aids the traveler in navigation, usually nautical or aviation travel. Common types of such aids include <strong>lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Replacement of Lighthouse Act:</strong> It is proposed to replace the <strong>nine decades old colonial Lighthouse Act, 1927,</strong> to incorporate the <strong>global best practices, technological developments</strong> and India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International obligations</strong></a> in the field of aids to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> marine navigation.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also provides for <strong>identification and development of heritage lighthouses.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Lighthouse Act</strong> is an act<strong> relating to the provision, maintenance and control of lighthouses.</strong> It was enacted by the Brtishers in 1927.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Empowerment of DGLL:</strong> It provides for empowering <strong>Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL) with additional power and functions</strong> such as vessel traffic service, wreck flagging, training and certification, implementation of other obligations under International Conventions, where India is a signatory.</li>
<li><strong>Offences:</strong> It comprises a <strong>new schedule of offences,</strong> along with commensurate penalties for obstructing and damaging the aids to navigation, and non-compliance with directives issued by the Central Government and other bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Aids to Navigation Cess:</strong> Every ship arriving at or departing from any port in India will have to <strong>pay cess at rates</strong> notified by the Central government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Central government, as per the provisions of the Lighthouse Act, levies <strong>light dues</strong> on all the foreign going ships arriving at or departing from any port in India.</li>
<li><strong>Light dues</strong> are the charges levied on <strong>ships</strong> for the maintenance of lighthouses and other aids to navigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Proactive Approach:</strong> The draft bill is part of the<strong> proactive approach</strong> adopted by the Ministry of Shipping by repealing archaic colonial laws and replacing it with modern and contemporary needs of the maritime industry.</li>
<li><strong>Misinterpretation of the Lighthouse Act:</strong> It is often seen that the Act is <strong>misinterpreted by the custom department under the Customs Act of 1962</strong> and has led to incorrect collection of a huge sum of light dues thereby putting financial &amp; economic burden upon citizens.</li>
<li><strong>Modern Technologies:</strong> The role of authorities regulating and operating maritime navigation has changed drastically along with the <strong>advent improved aids to maritime navigation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The new law <strong>encompasses a major shift from lighthouses to modern aids</strong> of navigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of the Provisions:</strong> The suggestions from the public and stakeholders will strengthen the provisions of the legislation. This is in line with the vision for augmenting<strong> people&rsquo;s participation and transparency</strong> in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>governance</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subordinate office under the <strong>Ministry of Shipping</strong> to provide general aids to marine navigation along the Indian coast.</li>
<li><strong>Mission:</strong> To help the mariners and local fisherman to navigate safely in the Indian waters.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Noida, Uttar Pradesh</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1637688" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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