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NITI Aayog Questions GTI

Why in News A report compiled by NITI Aayog has questioned the methodology adopted by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), to rank India as...

29 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
SAGAR Vision

This article is based on Putting the SAGAR vision to the test published in The Hindu on 22/04/2020. It talks about India's strategic vision...

23 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
5th Annual Meeting of NDB

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Finance attended the 5th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of New Development Bank (NDB) through...

21 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Plenary Meeting of IMFC

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Finance & Corporate Affairs attended the plenary meeting of the International Monetary and Financial...

18 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
US Halts its WHO Funding

Why in News The United States (US) has decided to cut off US payments to the World Health Organisation (WHO) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Key...

16 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Home Affairs

Important Bills Passed by Parliament Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A Remove Article 370 and 35A of Constitution of India. Brought Jammu...

13 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Talks on Oil Cut Deal at G-20

Why in News Recently, at G20 talks, top oil nations pushed to finalise a deal on oil cuts to lift prices slashed by the coronavirus crisis. Key...

11 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
India-China: 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations

Why in News India and China mark the 1st April 2020 as the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between them starting from...

01 Apr 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Virtual G20 Leaders’ Summit

Why in News Recently, an extraordinary Virtual G20 Leaders’ Summit has been convened to discuss the challenges posed by the outbreak of the...

27 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Sovereignty: Unconstrained Right?

This article is based on “Not an unfettered right” which was published in The Hindu on 23/03/2020. It talks about the UN High...

24 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
India-France Joint Patrolling

Why in News For the first time, India and France conducted joint patrols from the Reunion Island. The patrol was conducted in the month of...

23 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Revival Of SAARC

This article is based on “Drawing together”, “From virtual conferencing to real leadership”, “India has done well to...

19 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
COVID-19 and Global Unemployment

Why in News The International Labour Organization (ILO) has recently said that the COVID-19 pandemic will drastically increase global unemployment,...

19 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
India’s World: World Economic Forum 2020

The 50th edition of the WEF, held in January 2020 focussed on establishing stakeholder capitalism as a way of addressing the world’s greatest...

06 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
Multilateral Export Control Regimes

Introduction MECR are voluntary and non-binding agreements created by the major supplier countries that have agreed to co-operate in their effort to...

04 Mar 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
India-US Relations

This article is based on “Signs and substance: On outcome of Trump visit”, Forging a new India-U.S. modus vivendi, “Why trade with...

28 Feb 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts

Why in News India and Myanmar signed 10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar, during Myanmar President U Win...

28 Feb 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
USA President’s Visit to India

Why in News The President of the USA, Donald Trump, visited India from 24th - 25th February, 2020. India and the USA intended to upgrade their...

26 Feb 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
G20 Meeting in Saudi Arabia

Why in News Recently, the ministers and central bankers from the world’s largest economies participated in G20 meeting held in Riyadh (Saudi...

24 Feb 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests
National Rail Transportation Institute

Why in News Railway Board of India and the University of Birmingham has announced the launch of a joint masters programme in Railway Systems...

21 Feb 2020 Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

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		'article_id' => (int) 5171,
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		'title' => 'NITI Aayog Questions GTI',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A report compiled by<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NITI Aayog</strong></a> has <strong>questioned the methodology</strong> adopted by the <strong>Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP),</strong> to rank <strong>India as the seventh worst terrorism affected country.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IEP is an <strong>Australian based institute</strong> which releases the<strong> annual Global Terrorism Index (GTI).</strong></li>
<li>It is based on <strong>four parameters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Number of terrorist incidents per year.</li>
<li>Number of fatalities caused by terrorists per year.</li>
<li>Number of injuries caused by terrorists per year.</li>
<li>Total property damage caused by terrorism per year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>GTI 2019,</strong> India has moved to the<strong> seventh</strong> position from the<strong> previous year&rsquo;s eighth</strong> position.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Countries Ahead:</strong> Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Syria, Pakistan and Somalia. (top 6).</li>
<li><strong>Countries Behind:</strong> Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Palestine and Lebanon. (at different ranks)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NITI Aayog was being asked to<strong> track various global indices.</strong> The<strong> purpose</strong> was to see:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>How they can <strong>help drive reforms and growth.</strong></li>
<li>Which of these <strong>require some amount of engagement with the publishing agency</strong> to make the indices <strong>more relevant.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2017, India challenged at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Labour Organisation</a> (ILO),</strong> the country&rsquo;s ranking in a <strong>Global Slavery Report</strong> published by the <strong>Walk Free Foundation, Australia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of GTI scores in other rankings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Direct Use:</strong> In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-peace-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Peace Index</strong></a>, the <strong>Global Slavery Report </strong></li>
<li><strong>Indirect Use:</strong> In the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness and Global Competitiveness Indices</strong></a> and compilation of <strong>Safe Cities Index</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/urbanisation-trends-eiu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economist Intelligence Unit</strong></a>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The position in the global indices <strong>impact investments and other global opportunities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NITI Aayog <strong>questioned the rankings</strong> as well as the <strong>funding of the IEP.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The funding source and the list of donors<strong> has not been revealed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GTD is based <strong>solely on unclassified media articles,</strong> with more than 100 structured variables such as each attack&rsquo;s location, tactics and weapons, perpetrators, casualties and consequences etc.</li>
<li>The organisation has <strong>only 12 full-time staff, 12 full-time equivalent staff and 6 volunteers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is something to focus on how the organization is able to annually collect, meaningfully analyse and disseminate data about 163 countries in the Global Terrorism and Peace Indices and provide country wise national peace reports with such <strong>minimal resources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of the Methodology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GTD <strong>lacks mechanisms to engage with Governments</strong> or to further<strong> classify and verify open source media reports</strong> through Government databases in any of the 163 countries it covers.</li>
<li>The <strong>lack of a universally accepted definition of terrorism</strong> leads to<strong> ambiguity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-international-convention-on-terrorism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism</strong></a> (CCIT) is pending in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>General Assembly</strong> since 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>definition of mass shootings</strong> used in the GTI is <strong>limited</strong> to<strong> indiscriminate rampages in public places resulting in four or more victims killed by the attacker.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>leaves out lone wolf attacks</strong> which may have lesser fatalities and more injuries, and <strong>attacks foiled by security and intelligence agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NITI Aayog report concluded that the GTI has <strong>low direct value for policymakers </strong>due to the<strong> absence of a robust data collection and analysis methodology</strong> and any engagement with Governments facing the scourge of terrorism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the reasons, it <strong>cannot be used as an aid to understand and alleviate challenges</strong> to countries from domestic and cross border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/niti-aayog-questions-australian-institutes-terror-ranking-of-india/article31455989.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5120,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'SAGAR Vision',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/putting-the-sagar-vision-to-the-test/article31399219.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Putting the SAGAR vision to the test</strong></a> published in The Hindu on 22/04/2020. It talks about India's strategic vision (Security and Growth for All in the Region - SAGAR) for the Indian Ocean.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India was admitted to Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) as an observer member. This development is one of the steps in India&rsquo;s strategic vision (SAGAR) for the Indian Ocean.</p>
<p>In 2015, India unveiled it's strategic vision for the Indian Ocean i.e. <strong>Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).</strong> It is an increasing recognition of the increasing importance of<strong> maritime security, maritime commons and cooperation.</strong></p>
<p>Through SAGAR, India seeks to deepen <strong>economic and security cooperation</strong> with its maritime neighbours and assist in building their maritime security capabilities. For this, India would cooperate on the<strong> exchange of information, coastal surveillance, building of infrastructure and strengthening their capabilities.</strong></p>
<p>Further, India seeks to safeguard its national interests and ensure Indian Ocean region to become <strong>inclusive, collaborative and respect international law.</strong></p>
<h3>Need for SAGAR Vision</h3>
<p><strong>Leveraging Blue Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Blue economy</strong></a> presents India with an unprecedented opportunity to meet its national socio-economic objectives (livelihood generation, achieving energy security, building ecological resilience etc.) as well as strengthening connectivity with neighbors.</li>
<li>Apart from it, blue economy provides many opportunities:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oceans provide a substantial portion of the global population with food and livelihood, as well as transportation for 80% of global trade.</li>
<li>The seabed currently provides 32% of the global supply of hydrocarbons, with exploration expanding. The sea also offers vast potential for renewable <strong>blue energy</strong> production from wind, wave, tidal, thermal and biomass sources.</li>
<li>New technologies are opening frontiers of<strong> marine resource development from bio-prospecting to mining of seabed mineral resources (poly-metallic nodules).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tackling Regional Issues</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to strengthen efforts to provide <strong>humanitarian assistance</strong> in wake of natural disasters and counter non-state actors engaged in <strong>piracy and terrorism.</strong></li>
<li>Further, India seeks an integrated approach and cooperative future, which will result in <strong>sustainable development for all</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Checking Chinese Influence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China through its <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>maritime silk route (part of BRI initiative)</strong></a> has been increasing its influence in Indian ocean region (IOR).</li>
<li>Moreover, Chinese investments in India's neighboring countries are of <strong>dual nature i.e commercial with military underpinnings.</strong> The <strong>string of pearls</strong> has caused strategic concerns for India.</li>
<li>In this context, SAGAR vision assumes much importance in countering such issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of SAGAR Vision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAGAR provides a mechanism for India to expand strategic partnerships with other IOR littorals in Asia and Africa.</li>
<li>SAGAR indicates the leadership role and responsibilities India is ready to play in the region on a long-term basis in a transparent manner through its capacity building and capability enhancement programs.</li>
<li>The key relevance of SAGAR emerges when seen in conjunction with India&rsquo;s other policies impacting the maritime domain like<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Act East Policy</strong></a>, <strong>Project Sagarmala, Project Mausam, India as &lsquo;net security provider&rsquo;, focus on Blue Economy</strong> etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This symbolises India&rsquo;s maritime resurgence, as maritime issues are now centre of India&rsquo;s foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With effective implementation of all these policies, India can <strong>act as an enabler to create a positive environment in the IOR.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Global Commons&rsquo; approach</strong> (everyone&rsquo;s property is no one's responsibility) to using marine resources, especially in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with no oversight on issues of governance, access and benefit sharing.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It poses a risk for overexploitation of marine resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SAGAR Vision has created engagement of <strong>multiple players, the duplication of actions, and regional dependence on international navies.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Formulating a Governance Framework</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A regional legally-binding instrument concerning marine genetic resource governance including issues of access to genetic resources and benefit sharing (ABS), is to be concluded within the framework of the <strong>UN Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, there is a need to identify options and areas for designating as special ecologically and biologically sensitive areas to ensure such areas receive additional protection and sustainable management provisions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Focusing on Regional Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India must focus on the<strong> Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).</strong> IORA's mandate is to promote sustainable growth and balanced development in the region.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IORA needs to consider a special regional cooperation programme on Blue Economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India has been granted the observer status in <strong>Indian Ocean Commission (IOC).</strong> India can learn from <strong>IOC Bottom-up regionalism.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Ocean Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IOC is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1982 comprises <strong>five small-island states</strong> in the Western Indian Ocean: the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, R&eacute;union (a French department), and Seychelles.</li>
<li>The IOC has its own regional agenda, and has made impressive headway in the design and implementation of a regional maritime security architecture in the Western Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>Over the years, the IOC has emerged as an active and trusted regional actor, working in and for the Western Indian Ocean and implementing a range of projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, in 2012, the IOC was one of the four regional organisations to launch the MASE Programme.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MASE programme is the European Union-funded programme to promote Maritime Security in Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>Under MASE, the IOC has established a mechanism for surveillance and control of the Western Indian Ocean with two regional centres.</li>
<li>The <strong>Regional Maritime Information Fusion Center (RMIFC),</strong> based in Madagascar, is designed to deepen maritime domain awareness by monitoring maritime activities and promoting information sharing and exchange.</li>
<li>The Regional Coordination Operations Centre (RCOC), based in Seychelles, will eventually facilitate joint or jointly coordinated interventions at sea based on information gathered through the RMIFC.</li>
<li>These centres are a response to the limitations that the states in the region face in policing and patrolling their often enormous Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bottom-up Regionalism</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IOC style of &lsquo;bottom-up regionalism&rsquo; has produced a<strong> sub-regional view and definition of maritime security problems and local ownership of pathways</strong> towards workable solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to make a tangible impact through <strong>Project Sagarmala,</strong> with a focus on port<strong> development, connectivity, port-led industrialisation, and coastal community development,</strong> in a timely and effective manner.</li>
<li>The role of the <strong>Coast Guard Agencies</strong> in all the Indian Ocean littorals becomes critical Therefore, SAGAR vision should now be expanded to include the coast guard agencies of the IOR littorals countries.</li>
<li>SAGAR vision should not only tap the potential of oceans and marine areas for economic development of member states but also consider focusing on contribution to achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s consultative, democratic and equitable leadership can help achieve the Security and sustainable growth to all in the region. Apart from it, India must also lead in ensuring <strong>Sustainability and Growth for All in the Region.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1587644461_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1587644461_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffeceb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the importance of SAGAR vision in safeguarding India&rsquo;s maritime interest.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gTG5Q4EJcYI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on &ldquo;Future Shock&rdquo; published in The Hindu on April 22, 2020. Follow editorial analysis on our youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5085,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '5th Annual Meeting of NDB',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Finance</strong> attended the<strong> 5<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of</strong> <strong>New Development Bank (NDB)</strong> through <strong>video-conference</strong> in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Highlights of the Meeting</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India appreciated NDB&rsquo;s efforts</strong> in establishing itself as a <strong>credible Global Financial Institution,</strong> delivering its mandate successfully by taking a more sustainable and inclusive approach.</li>
<li>NDB<strong> fast-tracked financial assistance of about $5 billion to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BRICS</a> countries</strong> including <strong>Emergency Assistance of $1 billion to India</strong> to combat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <strong>pandemic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The assistance under this facility was <strong>suggested</strong> to be <strong>enhanced to $10 billion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-brazil-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brazil</a> thanked India for sending critical drugs</strong> for timely management of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus</strong></a> in Brazil.</li>
<li>NDB was encouraged to take <strong>appropriate actions to join the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G-20</a> forum</strong> along with other <strong>Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and International Financial Institutions (IFIs)</strong> like the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-development-outlook-2019-strengthening-disaster-resilience-adb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong> </a>(ADB), <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asian-infrastructure-investment-bank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</strong></a> (AIIB), etc.</li>
<li>India urged NDB to follow <strong>novel practices in supporting the BRICS nations</strong> for achieving their <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development</a> Goals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Measures taken by India</strong> to respond to the health crisis and to mitigate its impact were highlighted. <strong>Few of them are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rs-15000-crore-sanctioned-to-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Covid-19 Emergency Response and Health System Preparedness Package:</strong> </a><strong>Allocation of $2 Billion (₹15,000 crore)</strong> by the Government of India for <strong>strengthening the healthcare</strong> system.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a>: Announcement of a scheme of social support measures amounting to <strong>$23 Billion (₹1.70 lakh crore)</strong> to <strong>alleviate the hardship of the poor and the vulnerable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Insurance cover of $67,000 (₹50 lakh) per person</strong> to over 2.2 million <strong>frontline health workers and others provision of relief</strong> to firms in statutory and regulatory compliance matters</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Easing of monetary policy</strong></a> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> (RBI) and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> three-month moratorium</strong> </a>on loan instalments.</li>
<li>Creation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Emergency Fund</strong></a> for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAARC</strong></a> countries.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>efforts in supplying critical medicine to the countries in need (e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-sanjeevani" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Sanjeevani</a>)</strong>, to tackle the Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>New Development Bank</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> multilateral development bank</strong> jointly founded by the <strong>BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)</strong> at the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>formed to support</strong> infrastructure and sustainable development efforts in BRICS and other underserved, emerging economies for faster development through innovation and cutting-edge technology.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered</strong> at <strong>Shanghai, China.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the NDB received <strong>observer status</strong> in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a><strong>General Assembly,</strong> establishing a firm basis for active and fruitful cooperation with the UN.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fostering development of member countries.</li>
<li>Supporting economic growth.</li>
<li>Promoting competitiveness and facilitating job creation.</li>
<li>Building a knowledge sharing platform among developing countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To fulfill its purpose, the Bank <strong>supports public or private projects</strong> through <strong>loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments.</strong></li>
<li>NDB has so far <strong>approved 14 projects in India</strong> for an amount of $4,183 million.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1616547" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5067,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Plenary Meeting of IMFC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Finance &amp; Corporate Affairs</strong> attended the plenary meeting of the <strong>International Monetary and Financial Committee</strong> (IMFC) through video-conferencing.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This meeting&rsquo;s <strong>Global Policy Agenda</strong> was<strong> &ldquo;Exceptional Times &ndash; Exceptional Action&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The IMFC was <strong>updated by the members</strong> on the<strong> actions and measures</strong> taken by the member countries to combat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The members <strong>remarked on IMF&rsquo;s crisis-response package</strong> to address <strong>global liquidity</strong> and <strong>members&rsquo; financing needs.</strong></li>
<li>India also highlighted that the IMF has always <strong>played a pivotal role in maintaining stability of the international monetary and financial system</strong> and that it should continue rendering this critical role to the global financial architecture.</li>
<li><strong>Measures taken by India</strong> to respond to the health crisis and to mitigate its impact were highlighted.<strong> Few of them are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rs-15000-crore-sanctioned-to-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Covid-19 Emergency Response and Health System Preparedness Package:</strong></a> <strong>Allocation of $2 Billion (₹15,000 crore)</strong> by the Government of India for<strong> strengthening the healthcare</strong> system.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana:</strong></a> Announcement of a scheme of social support measures amounting to<strong> $23 Billion (₹1.70 lakh crore) </strong>to<strong> alleviate the hardship of the poor and the vulnerable.</strong></li>
<li>Provision of <strong>relief to firms</strong> in statutory and regulatory compliance matters.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Easing of monetary policy</strong> </a>by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> (RBI) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three-month moratorium</strong></a> on loan instalments.</li>
<li>Creating a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Emergency Fund</strong></a> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAARC</strong></a> region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Monetary and Financial Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>Ministerial-level committee</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></a> (IMF).</li>
<li>It <strong>meets twice a year,</strong> once during the<strong> Fund-Bank Annual Meetings in October</strong> and once during the<strong> Spring Meetings in April.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This year, due to the Covid-19 outbreak, the meeting took place through video-conference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It discusses the<strong> management of the international monetary and financial system.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>advises the IMF</strong> on any other matters of common concern <strong>affecting the global economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMFC has <strong>24 members,</strong> drawn from the pool of 189 governors, and represents all member countries. <strong>India</strong> is one of the current members.</li>
<li>It operates on <strong>consensus,</strong> including on the selection of its chairman.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=202319" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5042,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'US Halts its WHO Funding',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>United States</strong> (US) has decided to cut off US payments to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> The US has accused WHO for <strong>failing to curb the early spread</strong> of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coronavirus</a></strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been claimed by the US that the <strong>outbreak could have been contained at its source</strong> and lives could have been saved if the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN) health agency (i.e. WHO) has done a better job.</li>
<li>The US has criticised the <strong>WHO for being China-centric</strong> and has alleged that earlier WHO had criticized US&rsquo;s ban on travel from and to China.</li>
<li>This comes when the <strong>global case load approaches 2 million,</strong> including <strong>over 1 lakh deaths.</strong> The <strong>US has seen the most cases</strong> (over 6 lakh) and deaths (over 26,000) <strong>despite being the highest contributor</strong> (almost 15%) to the WHO.</li>
<li>However, the US has made it clear that it would <strong>continue to engage with the WHO in pursuit of meaningful reforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Criticisms:</strong> Most countries closed down air travel at the first stage but the <strong>WHO took a stand against travel and trade restrictions on China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Health Regulations</strong></a> <strong>Emergency Committee</strong> urged countries to be prepared, but <strong>did not recommend any travel or trade restriction.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <strong>National Centre for Disease Control, WHO officials rejected Indian concerns saying that there was no human to human transmission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong> For the WHO, the<strong> loss of about 15% of its total funding is bound to have an impact the world over.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, unless other countries do the same as the US, the move may not severely hamper WHO operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of US Stand:</strong> The <strong>UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres</strong> has held that WHO is absolutely critical in the global fight to combat Covid-19 and<strong> this is not the time to end support and reduce resources</strong> for the operations.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand: India</strong> has <strong>reacted cautiously</strong> to this announcement,<strong> avoiding an official response</strong> and maintaining the country&rsquo;s focus now is containment and management of the outbreak.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Source of WHO&rsquo;s Funds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>funded</strong> by <strong>countries, philanthropic organisations, other UN organisations</strong> etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-funding-and-advisories" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Voluntary donations</strong></a> from member states contribute 35.41%,<strong> assessed contributions</strong> are 15.66%,<strong> philanthropic organisations account</strong> for 9.33%, <strong>UN organisations contribute</strong> about 8.1% and the rest comes from <strong>myriad sources.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>US contributes almost 15%</strong> of the WHO&rsquo;s total funding and almost <strong>31% of the member states&rsquo; donations</strong>, the <strong>largest chunk in both cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India contributes 1% of member states&rsquo; donations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Countries</strong> decide<strong> how much they pay</strong> and <strong>may also choose not to.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Spending of WHO&rsquo;s Funds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The WHO is<strong> involved in various programmes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018-19, 19.36% (about $1 bn) was spent on <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polio</a> eradication,</strong> 8.77% on increasing <strong>access to essential health and nutrition services,</strong> 7% on <strong>vaccine preventable diseases</strong> and about 4.36% on <strong>prevention and control of outbreaks.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>American continent</strong> received $62.2 mn for WHO projects. That is where most of WHO funding comes from and the least of it goes.</li>
<li>The <strong>African countries</strong> received $1.6 bn for WHO projects and<strong> South East Asian countries</strong> (including India) received $375 mn.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India is a member state of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WHO South East Asia Region</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Spending Priorities of WHO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>annual programme of work</strong> is passed by WHO&rsquo;s decision-making body, the <strong>World Health Assembly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is held <strong>annually in Geneva.</strong></li>
<li>It is attended by <strong>delegates from all member states</strong> and focuses on a specific health agenda prepared by the Executive Board.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> To determine WHO policies, appoint the Director-General, supervise financial policies, and review and approve the proposed programme budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The decision on which country gets how much depends on the situation in the countries.</li>
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-for-eliminating-industrially-produced-trans-fats-by-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WHO&rsquo;s 13<sup>th</sup> General Programme of Work</a> (2019-23)</strong> lays down:<strong> &ldquo;Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of diseases, especially communicable diseases, is a common danger.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>WHO&rsquo;s Involvement in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> became a party to the <strong>WHO Constitution on 12<sup>th</sup> January, 1948</strong> and the<strong> first session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia was held on 4<sup>th</sup>-5<sup>th</sup> October 1948, </strong>in <strong>India.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-india-country-cooperation-strategy-2019-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) 2019-2023</strong></a> has been developed jointly by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)</strong> and the <strong>WHO India country office.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CCS&rsquo;s <strong>strategic priorities</strong> are to accelerate progress on Universal Health Coverage, promote health and wellness by addressing determinants of health, better protect the population against health emergencies and enhance India&rsquo;s global leadership in health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the ground, WHO has been a key partner in the <strong>immunisation programme (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mission Indradhanush</a>), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tuberculosis-report-2019-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tackling Tuberculosis (TB)</a></strong> and <strong>neglected diseases such as <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/leprosy-health-gs-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">leprosy</a> and kala azar</strong> and nutrition programmes across states.</li>
</ul>
<h3>WHO and India During Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WHO has been <strong>working closely with the MoHFW and various state governments on preparedness and response measures for Covid-19,</strong> including surveillance and contact tracing; laboratory and research protocols; risk communications; hospital preparedness; training on infection prevention and control and cluster containment plan.</li>
<li>However, <strong>India has largely built its own strategy</strong> covering its reluctance to test, the early travel restrictions to and from China and the lockdown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India imposed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> when cases were just 341 (on 22nd March 2020).</li>
<li>India <strong>showed resistance to mass testing</strong> which is akin to the US&rsquo;s strategy.</li>
<li>India has also <strong>taken a call on universal use of masks</strong> when the WHO maintained that masks protect others rather than the wearer and need not be mandatory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/donald-trump-halts-who-funding-over-handling-of-coronavirus-6363166/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5005,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Home Affairs',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Bills Passed by Parliament</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Remove <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong> </a>and 35A of Constitution of India.</li>
<li>Brought Jammu &amp; Kashmir (JK) and Ladakh at par with other States and UTs.</li>
<li>All provisions of Constitution of India, without any modifications or exceptions, to now apply to JK &amp; Ladakh.</li>
<li>Laws of Union Government wrt education, empowerment of SC, ST, Minorities etc to be applicable to JK &amp; Ladakh.</li>
<li>Boost to local economy and employment opportunities by increasing investment; Reservation to EWS of society in jobs &amp; educational institutions to apply in JK &amp; Ladakh.</li>
<li>Betterment of socio-economic infrastructure in JK &amp; Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/05-08-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jammu and Kashmir reorganised into Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir with legislature, and Union Territory of Ladakh without Legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586776972_Image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586776972_Image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-july-2019#12" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>3% reservation in services and educational institutions extended to people living near the International Border (IB) in J&amp;K, in line with reservation given to people living near the Line of Control (LoC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/nia-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment bill seeks to widen the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-investigation-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>authority of the NIA</strong></a> in terms of the crimes that it can investigate irrespective of the place of occurrence of the crime.</li>
<li>It expands the ambit of the list of crimes that the agency can investigate, including human trafficking, counterfeit currency, manufacture or sale of prohibited arms, cyber-terrorism, and offences under the Explosive Substances Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-and-the-related-issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists</strong></a> if the person commits or participates in acts of terrorism, prepares for terrorism, promotes terrorism or is otherwise involved in terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-protection-group-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Special Protection Group (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aims to increase operational efficiency of SPG in ensuring the security of the Prime Minister of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/citizenship-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/images/uploads/1577348703_Citizenship%20(Amendment)%20Act,%202019%20(Mind%20Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grants Indian Citizenship</strong></a> to persons belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian communities who have migrated to India after facing persecution on grounds of religion in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-december-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arms (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enhances the punishment for existing offences like illegal manufacture, sale, transfer and illegal acquiring, possessing or carrying prohibited arms or prohibited ammunition; illicit trafficking of firearms; celebratory gunfire endangering human life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-of-human-right-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make the constitution of NHRC and SHRCs broader and more inclusive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-and-daman-and-diu-merger-of-union-territories-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to provide better delivery of services to the citizens of both Union Territories by improving efficiency and reducing paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777336_Image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777336_Image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="304" height="392" /></a></p>
<h3>Important Policies</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kartarpur-corridor-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kartarpur Sahib Corridor</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Cabinet passed a resolution on 22<sup>nd</sup> November 2018 to celebrate the historic occasion of 550<sup>th</sup> Birth Anniversary of Sri Guru Nanak Devji.</li>
<li>India signed the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor Agreement with Pakistan on 24<sup>th</sup> October, 2019.</li>
<li>Indian pilgrims of all faiths to undertake year-round Visa-free travel to Gurudwara Kartarpur Sahib through Kartarpur Sahib Corridor.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777379_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777379_Image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="416" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Cyber Crime Control</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (<a href="https://www.cybercrime.gov.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>www.cybercrime.gov.in</strong></a>) launched as a citizen centric initiative to facilitate public for reporting of all types of Cyber Crimes without visiting Police Station</li>
<li>The complaints reported on this portal are accessible online to the law enforcement agencies of respective States/UTs for taking appropriate action as per law</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-security-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>12<sup>th</sup> India Security Summit</strong></a> on &lsquo;Towards New National Cyber Security Strategy&rsquo; held in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Smart Fencing</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BOLD-QIT (Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique)</strong></a> was launched under Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) on Indo-Bangladesh border in Dhubri district of Assam, as an effective deterrence against illegal infiltration.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CIBMS is a robust and integrated system that is capable of addressing the gaps in the present system of border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment.</li>
<li>CIBMS is being implemented since 2016.</li>
<li>CIBMS has three components which are using a number of different devices for surveillance, efficient and dedicated communication network and data storage for a composite picture.</li>
<li>Sensors like Thermal Imager, Unattended Ground Sensor(UGS), Fiber Optical Sensors, Radar, Sonar, satellite imagery are used in CIBMS.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC), Assam</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A machinery created for detection and deportation of illegal immigrants</li>
<li>&lsquo;In-principle&rsquo; approval given for setting up of 1000 additional Foreigners Tribunals (FTs)</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies meant to &ldquo;furnish opinion on the question as to whether a person is or is not a foreigner within the meaning of Foreigners Act, 1946&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The MHA constitutes foreigners tribunals whenever required to look into the question of whether a person is or not a foreigner within the meaning of Foreigners Tribunals act, 1946.</li>
<li>In the backdrop of finalization of NRC, this order was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foreigners-tribunals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>amended in 2019</strong></a>, to empower individuals to approach the Tribunals. Earlier, only the State administration could move the Tribunal against a suspect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census of India - 2021</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foundation Stone of &lsquo;Janganana Bhawan&rsquo; laid.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census 2021</a> will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8<sup>th</sup> schedule) and English,</strong> while Census 2011 was in 16 of the 22 scheduled languages declared at that time.</li>
<li>The option of &ldquo;Other&rdquo; under the gender category will be changed to<strong> &ldquo;Third Gender&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country's population.</li>
<li>A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country.</li>
<li>However, the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Disaster Management</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launched by Prime Minister during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/un-climate-action-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Climate Action Summit</strong></a> in New York on 23<sup>rd</sup> September, 2019</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Knowledge exchange platform</strong></a> on different aspects of disaster and calamity resilience of infrastructure</li>
<li>Assist countries for Infrastructure Development based on risk context and economic needs</li>
<li>Pooling of Technological Expertise of stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India hosted SCOJtEx-2019 for the 1<sup>st</sup> time</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)</strong></a> Joint Exercise (SCOJtEx)-2019 on Urban Earthquake Search &amp; Rescue organized in New Delhi.</li>
<li>SCOJtEx to facilitate collective preparedness &amp; building a common understanding of internationally recognized procedures to co-ordinate post-earthquake responses</li>
<li>This joint exercise with SCO member states to be helpful in developing personal understanding amongst counterpart teams to tackle any disaster situation</li>
<li>The 19<sup>th</sup> annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sco-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SCO summit</strong></a> was held on 13-14 June 2019 in Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-landslides-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference on &lsquo;Landslides Risk Reduction and Resilience&rsquo;</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India hosted the 1<sup>st</sup> International Conference on &lsquo;Landslides Risk Reduction and Resilience&rsquo;</strong> in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bilateral Agreements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-uzbekistan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Uzbekistan</strong></a> signed Security Cooperation Agreement.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777439_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777439_Image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MoU signed between <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/04-11-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Indonesia</strong></a> on combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and its precursors.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777466_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MoUs signed between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-saudi-arabia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Saudi Arabia</strong></a> in the field of combating illicit trafficking and smuggling of Narcotic Drugs, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-curb-abuse-of-synthetic-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Psychotropic Substances</strong></a> and Chemical Precursors.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777554_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777554_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MoU signed between<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-myanmar-ink-various-pacts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> India and Myanmar</a></strong> on bilateral cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777587_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586777587_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MoU signed between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-us-relations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and USA</strong></a> to access tip line reports on Missing and Exploited Children.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4985,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Talks on Oil Cut Deal at G-20',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, at <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-meeting-in-saudi-arabia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> talks, top oil nations pushed to finalise a deal on oil cuts to lift prices slashed by the coronavirus crisis.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Measures to curb the spread of the <strong>coronavirus have destroyed demand for fuel</strong> and driven down oil prices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It strained the budgets of oil producers and also affected the U.S. shale industry which is more vulnerable to low prices due to its higher costs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saudi Arabia</strong> and <strong>Russia and its allies (OPEC + group),</strong> had forged a pact to curb crude production by the <strong>equivalent of 10% of global supplies.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>also want other producers</strong> including the United States and Canada to cut a further 5%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>crisis in the oil market</strong> has <strong>pushed Russia and Saudi Arabia to patch up differences</strong> after their hostile meeting in March, 2020.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/oil-prices-crash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dispute over how best to tackle falling prices</strong></a> led them to scrap their existing pact on production restraint that had helped balance the oil market for three years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Russia and Saudi Arabia agreed that their cuts would both be calculated from an October 2018 baseline.</li>
<li>But <strong>efforts to conclude the deal hit the buffers</strong> when <strong>Mexico said it would only cut output by a quarter of the amount</strong> demanded by OPEC +.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mexico also said that the US had offered to make extra U.S. cuts on Mexico&rsquo;s behalf.</li>
<li>Mexico also <strong>cares less about low oil prices</strong> because of its hedging programme, which protects it against price falls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The demand for oil has plunged by 30% and even an unprecedented cut of 15% made by the deal in global supplies would have little effect on prices.</li>
<li>The head of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Energy Agency</strong></a> said <strong>importing countries could offer some support to the market by making extra purchases</strong> of crude for strategic reserves.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United States has said that it would help demand by opening its strategic reserve to store as much oil as possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>OPEC +</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>non-OPEC countries which export crude oil</strong> are termed as <strong>OPEC +</strong> countries.</li>
<li>OPEC + countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a <strong>permanent, intergovernmental organization,</strong> created at the <strong>Baghdad Conference</strong> in 1960, by <strong>Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.</strong></li>
<li>It aims <strong>to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market,</strong> in order to avoid fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Vienna, Austria.</strong></li>
<li>OPEC membership is open to any country that is a substantial exporter of oil and which shares the ideals of the organization.</li>
<li>As of April 2020, OPEC has a total of 13 Member Countries viz. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, Angola, and Venezuela are members of OPEC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G-20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 is an<strong> informal group of 19 countries</strong> and the <strong>European Union,</strong> with representatives of the<strong> International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a <strong>mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies,</strong> representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li>The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.</li>
<li>It does not have <strong>any permanent secretariat</strong> or headquarters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/saudi-russia-press-on-with-oil-cut-deal-at-g20-talks-us-offers-help-6357401/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'talks-on-oil-cut-deal-at-g-20',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4871,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-China: 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India and China mark the 1<sup>st</sup> April 2020 as the <strong>70<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between them starting from 1950 till now.</strong></p>
<h3>Chronology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1950</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and China established <strong>diplomatic relations</strong> on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> April 1950. </strong></li>
<li><strong>India</strong> was the <strong>first non-socialist country</strong> to establish relations with the People's Republic of China and the catchphrase <strong>&lsquo;Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai&rsquo;</strong> became famous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1955</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries attended the <strong>Asian-African Conference</strong> in which 29 countries participated in<strong> Bandung, Indonesia</strong> and jointly advocated the <strong>Bandung Spirit of solidarity, friendship and cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>It has led to the decolonisation of the whole of Asia and Africa and to the formation of a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Aligned Movement</strong> </a>as the third Way between the Two Blocs of Superpowers.</li>
<li>The First NAM Summit Conference took place in <strong>Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in September 1961.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1962</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> border conflict</strong> led to a serious setback in bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1976</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China and India<strong> restored ambassadorial relations</strong> and bilateral ties improved gradually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1988</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China, <strong>initiating the process of normalization of bilateral relations.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides <strong>agreed to look forward</strong> and develop bilateral relations actively in other fields while seeking a mutually acceptable solution to boundary questions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1992</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian President <strong>R. Venkataraman</strong> visited China.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>first President who visited China since the independence of the Republic of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>1996</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese President Jiang Zemin visited India.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>first head of state from China who visited India since the establishment of bilateral ties.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Agreement</strong> between the Government of China and the Government of India on <strong>Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field</strong> along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas was <strong>signed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2000</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian President K R Narayanan visited China on the occasion of the <strong>50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties</strong> between China and India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2008</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>"A Shared Vision for the 21<sup>st</sup> Century"</strong> was<strong> agreed upon</strong> by the two governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2010</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties</strong> between China and India.</li>
<li>In December, the two countries issued a <strong>Joint Communiqu&eacute;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2011</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the <strong>&lsquo;China-India Exchange Year&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Both sides held a<strong> series of people-to-people and cultural exchange activities.</strong></li>
<li>Both of them signed a <strong>memorandum on joint compilation</strong> for the<strong> &lsquo;Encyclopedia of India-China Cultural Contacts&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2012</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the<strong> &lsquo;Year of China-India Friendship and Cooperation&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The head of the governments met each other on the <strong>sidelines of the 4<sup>th</sup> BRICS Summit</strong> and the<strong> United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2015</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two sides met on the sidelines of the <strong>7<sup>th</sup> BRICS Summit in Ufa, Russia </strong>and the <strong>Leaders' Meetings on East Asia Cooperation in Malaysia.</strong></li>
<li>China decided to <strong>open the Nathu La Pass (Sikkim)</strong> to Indian official pilgrims to Xizang.</li>
<li>India celebrated the <strong>India Tourism Year</strong> in China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2018</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese President held an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-china-ties-marching-on" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>informal meeting with Indian Prime Minister in Wuhan</strong></a> which set up a new model of exchanges between two leaders.</li>
<li>Indian Prime Minister visited China to attend the <strong>SCO Summit in Qingdao.</strong></li>
<li>The two leaders met again on the <strong>sidelines of the 10<sup>th</sup> BRICS Summit and the G20 Summit in Buenos Aires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2019</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-2nd-informal-summit-mamallapuram-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second informal meeting was held in Mamallapuram, Chennai</strong></a> which <strong>reaffirmed the Wuhan consensus.</strong></li>
<li>Both nations agreed to build a closer partnership for development, enhance the in-depth strategic communication, promote mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields and advance exchanges and mutual learning between the two civilizations.</li>
<li>Both sides met on the sidelines of the <strong>SCO Summit in Bishkek and the 11<sup>th</sup> BRICS Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It marks the year of the <strong>70<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations</strong> between China and India.</li>
<li>It is also <strong>China-India Year of Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges,</strong> where the two sides agreed to hold 70 celebratory activities to demonstrate the historic connection between the two civilizations as well as their growing bilateral relationship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Facts and Figures on China-India Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political and Diplomatic Relations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Communist Party of China</strong> (CPC) has maintained friendly exchanges with 9 major Indian political parties including the BJP, Congress and left-wing parties for a long time.</li>
<li>20 <strong>Inter-parliamentary friendship groups</strong> have been set up by China and India.</li>
<li>There are 50 <strong>dialogue mechanisms</strong> between China and India for exchanging views on various topics of bilateral, regional and global concern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economy and Trade</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, trade between China and India has grown from less than $3 billion to nearly $100 billion, an<strong> increase of about 32 times.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019, the trade volume between China and India was $92.68 billion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With a <strong>combined market of over 2.7 billion people and a GDP of 20% of the world's total,</strong> China and India enjoy huge potential and broad prospects for economic and trade cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science and Technology</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both nations have held <strong>Joint Research workshops</strong> on Science and Technology Innovation.</li>
<li>Indian companies have set up <strong>IT corridors in China,</strong> which help promote China-India cooperation in information technology and high technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defense</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Hand-in-Hand&rsquo; joint anti-terrorist exercises</strong> to enhance mutual understanding and trust, exchange training experiences and jointly improve anti-terrorism capabilities.</li>
<li><strong>China-India defense and security consultation</strong> to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the defense field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>People-to-People Exchanges</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both nations have held meetings of <strong>China-India High-Level People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges Mechanism.</strong> The two sides have made new progress on exchanges and cooperation in the fields of art, publishing, media, film and television, museum, sports, youth, tourism, locality, traditional medicine, yoga, education and think tanks.</li>
<li>Sessions of <strong>China-India High Level Media Forum</strong> and <strong>China-India Think Tank Forum</strong> were held to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of media and think tanks.</li>
<li>The two countries have established<strong> pairs of sister cities and provinces.</strong> For example, sister provinces and cities between <strong>Fujian Province and Tamil Nadu State, Quanzhou City and Chennai City.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>number of Indian pilgrims to Xizang Autonomous Region of China has surged</strong> from several hundreds in the 1980s to more than 20,000 in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today's achievements of India-China relations embodied the great efforts of several generations.</li>
<li>Both nations <strong>need to master the four keys of:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Leading:</strong> It means to reach consensus and guide the direction of the development of bilateral relations under the guidance of leaders from both nations.</li>
<li><strong>Transmitting:</strong> It means to transmit the leaders&rsquo; consensus to all levels and translate it into tangible cooperation and outcomes.</li>
<li><strong>Shaping:</strong> It means to go beyond the mode of managing differences, shape bilateral relations actively and accumulate positive momentum.</li>
<li><strong>Integrating:</strong> It means to strengthen exchanges and cooperation, promote convergence of interests and achieve common development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At this moment, it is particularly important to revisit the original aspiration of establishing diplomatic relations 70 years ago and carry forward the spirit of good neighborliness and friendship, unity and cooperation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/70-years-of-diplomatic-relations-between-china-and-india-1950-2020/article31219737.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4828,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Virtual G20 Leaders’ Summit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an <strong>extraordinary Virtual <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> Leaders&rsquo; Summit</strong> has been convened to discuss the challenges posed by the outbreak of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong> and to forge a global coordinated response.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>video-conference of leaders</strong> of the world&rsquo;s top twenty economies was <strong>hosted by Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Takeaways:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 countries have voluntarily committed to inject <strong>more than $5 trillion</strong> into the global economy and contribute to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) led<strong> COVID-19 solidarity response fund.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>joint statement</strong> has been issued which calls for a transparent, robust, coordinated, large-scale and science-based global response in the spirit of solidarity to come over the interconnectedness and vulnerabilities of the countries highlighted by the pandemic.</li>
<li>The member countries have <strong>agreed to share</strong> timely and transparent information, exchange epidemiological and clinical data, share materials necessary for research and development and strengthen health systems globally by supporting the full implementation of the WHO International Health Regulations.</li>
<li>The leaders agreed to have more interactions before the <strong>Riyadh Summit</strong> which will take place in <strong>November 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO was criticised</strong> for failing to alert the world quickly enough of the potential threat from the pandemic, even after it had been informed of its spread in Wuhan by China in December 2019.</li>
<li>The <strong>US has criticised China</strong> for not having been transparent and sharing information about the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference of opinion on lockdown:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been differences among G-20 countries on lockdowns in order to control the pandemic spread through social distancing.</li>
<li>The<strong> US wants to lift the lockdown</strong> as it is impacting the economy.</li>
<li>The <strong>President of Brazil</strong> has called state-imposed lockdowns a <strong>crime.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India</strong> has imposed a <strong>stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">21-day lockdown</a></strong> across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the effort to control the pandemic, most countries have acted individually but the <strong>need for a more coordinated effort</strong> was stressed upon by the members.</li>
<li>India emphasised on the <strong>need to redefine conversations on globalisation </strong>to<strong> include social and humanitarian issues</strong> like terrorism, climate change and pandemics along with financial and economic discussions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> informal group of 19 countries</strong> and the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> European Union</a> (EU),</strong> with representatives of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank.</strong></a></li>
<li>The membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li>The<strong> work of G20 is divided into two tracks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Finance track</strong> comprises all meetings with G20 finance ministers and central bank governors and their deputies. Meeting several times throughout the year they focus on monetary and fiscal issues, financial regulations, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>Sherpa track</strong> focuses on broader issues such as political engagement, anti-corruption, development, energy, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.</li>
<li><strong>Spain</strong> as a<strong> permanent, non-member invitee,</strong> also attends leader summits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure and Functioning of G20</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 <strong>Presidency rotates annually</strong> according to a system that ensures a regional balance over time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For the selection of presidency, the 19 countries are divided into 5 groups, each having no more than 4 countries. The presidency rotates between each group.</li>
<li>Every year the G20 selects a country from another group to be president.</li>
<li><strong>India is in Group 2</strong> which also has<strong> Russia, South Africa and Turkey.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The G20 <strong>does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters..</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Addressed by G20:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 focuses on a broad agenda of issues of global importance, although, issues pertaining to the global economy dominate the agenda, additional items have become more important in recent years, like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Financial markets</li>
<li>Fight against corruption</li>
<li>Advancement of women in job market</li>
<li>2030 Agenda for Sustainable development</li>
<li>Climate Change</li>
<li>Global Health</li>
<li>Anti-terrorism</li>
<li>Inclusive entrepreneurship</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/coronavirus-g20-leaders-pledge-5-trillion-united-response-to-crisis/article31176075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4799,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Sovereignty: Unconstrained Right?',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/not-an-unfettered-right/article31136495.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Not an unfettered right&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 23/03/2020. It talks about the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights filing an application in Supreme Court of India seeking to intervene as <strong>amicus curiae</strong> in a petition challenging the constitutionality of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNCHR), Michelle Bachelet, filed an application seeking to intervene as <strong>amicus curiae</strong> in a petition <strong>(&lsquo;Deb Mukharji &amp; Ors vs Union of India &amp; Ors&rsquo;)</strong> challenging the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/opposition-to-citizenship-amendment-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>constitutionality of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a> (CAA) in the Supreme Court of India.</p>
<p>The government of India in a strong reaction stated that the CAA is an internal matter, concerning the sovereign right of Parliament to make laws, and no foreign body had any locus standi (the right or capacity to bring an action or to appear in a court) on issues pertaining to India&rsquo;s sovereignty.</p>
<p>In this context, this case provides an opportunity for India to have clarity on questions pertaining to sovereignty in relation to international law which may intervene in domestic proceedings.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amicus Curiae</strong></p>
<p>An amicus curiae <strong>(literally, "friend of the court")</strong> is someone who is not a party to a case and may or may not have been solicited by a party and who assists a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case.</p>
<p><strong>UNCHR</strong></p>
<p>The post of the UNCHR was established in pursuant to the UN General Assembly Resolution 48/141 (1993), with the mandate to:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Promote and protect the effective enjoyment of human rights.</li>
<li>Take an active role in preventing the continuation of human rights violations.</li>
<li>Engage in dialogue with governments in the implementation of human rights obligations.</li>
<li>Support domestic courts, with their constitutional or judicial function, in ensuring the implementation of international legal obligations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What is the concept of Sovereignty?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sovereignty</strong> is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.</li>
<li>The <strong>Preamble to the Indian Constitution</strong> lays out the position, wherein the people of India have resolved to constitute the Indian Republic into a sovereign country.</li>
<li>However, in practical terms, no country can exercise sovereignty by being isolated with other countries, it has to engage and collaborate with other nations under a defined set of international law.</li>
<li>According to the<strong> International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty,</strong> &ldquo;national political authorities are responsible to the citizens internally and to the international community through the UN&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is appropriate to say that an authority&rsquo;s right to sovereignty is not unfettered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, <strong>Article 51 (c)</strong> of the Constitution directs the state to &ldquo;foster respect for international law&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Case of Locus Standi of UNCHR</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is a voluntary application rather than at the invitation of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>India is a state party and signatory to various international conventions including the<strong> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</strong> and the <strong>International Covenant on Economic, Social and Culture Rights</strong> which contain important non-discrimination clauses, including on the ground of religion.</li>
<li>Further, as part of its mandate, the UNCHR routinely intervenes before regional and domestic courts across the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accordingly, the UNCHR has previously filed amicus briefs before regional courts such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court on Human Rights as well as domestic courts such as the US Supreme Court and final appellate courts in Asia and Latin America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, while interpreting fundamental rights under the Constitution, the Supreme Court (SC) has taken into account and given due weightage to India&rsquo;s international legal obligations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the KS Puttaswamy case, SC&rsquo;s conception of the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &ldquo;right to privacy&rdquo;</a></strong> was informed by India&rsquo;s international law obligations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India should reconsider its stance of not allowing UNCHR as amicus curiae in CAA case. If the intervention is allowed, the Indian government will also have the opportunity to address the implications of the CAA under international law. This will also send a strong signal to the international community that India is a nation that respects the rule of international law.</p>
<p>Moreover, the case provides an opportunity for the Supreme Court to lay down the law on whether such applications interfere with national sovereignty.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #d9faed;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>A sovereign nation can operate independently without interference from foreign powers. Critically analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4776,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-France Joint Patrolling',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time, India and France conducted joint patrols from the Reunion Island.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The patrol was conducted in the month of February by a<strong> P-8I aircraft</strong> with French Navy personnel onboard.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>P-8I aircraft</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Boeing&rsquo;s P-8A Poseidon</strong> is designed for long-range Anti-Submarine warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</li>
<li>The <strong>P-8s Indian variant</strong> is referred to as <strong>P-8I.</strong></li>
<li>Of a total of 12 ordered aircrafts, India has received eight, making the Indian Navy's P-8 fleet the second largest in the world. Another four aircrafts are on-schedule to be delivered in 2020.</li>
<li>The P-8I is not just responsible for coastal patrolling but is also used for other critical missions like search-and-rescue, anti-piracy, and supporting operations of other arms of the military.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Neighbourhood First&rsquo; policy</strong></a> and broader maritime cooperation, the Indian Navy undertakes joint <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> surveillance with Maldives, Seychelles and Mauritius and <strong>Coordinated Patrols (CORPATs)</strong> with Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.</li>
<li>The objectives of the CORPATs are to ensure effective implementation of <strong>United Nations Conventions on Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNCLOS specifies regulations regarding protection and conservation of natural resources, conservation of marine environment, prevention and suppression of illegal, unregulated fishing activity, drug trafficking, piracy, exchange of information in prevention of smuggling, illegal immigration and conduct of search and rescue operations at sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> joint patrolling with France</strong> shows India&rsquo;s intent to engage with friendly foreign partners in expanding its footprint in the Indian Ocean, focusing on the stretch between the East African coastline and the Malacca straits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has recently become an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observer to the Indian Ocean Commission.</strong> </a>It consists of Reunion as one of its members.</li>
<li>India has<strong> so far carried out CORPATs only with maritime neighbours</strong> and had <strong>rejected a similar offer by the US in 2016.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India- France Defence Relations<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1584949934_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1584949934_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France is the first country to deploy a Liaison Officer at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Navy&rsquo;s Information Fusion Centre (IFC-IOR)</strong> </a>as part of efforts to improve Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</li>
<li>France has steadily emerged as a major strategic partner for India with big ticket defence deals and increased military to military engagement.</li>
<li>The Indian navy is currently inducting<strong> French Scorpene conventional submarines,</strong> being built in India under technology transfer, and the Indian Air Force will soon get the first batch of its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/87th-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>36 Rafale fighter jets.</strong></a></li>
<li>India is working with France to develop strategic and economic partnership involving Madagascar, Reunion Islands-Comoros so as to balance the growing influence of China in that part of the Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li>Defence Exercises between India and France:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Varuna &ndash; Naval exercise</strong></li>
<li><strong>Garuda &ndash; Air exercise</strong></li>
<li><strong>Shakti &ndash; Army exercise</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Note:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gagan Shakti</strong> is conducted by the <strong>Indian Air Force</strong> to showcase its air dominance over the entire extended area of the Indian Ocean Region. It includes all terrain operations &ndash; desert, high altitude, maritime scenarios and special operations &ndash; in real time with specific focus on key areas like aerial combat, air to surface combat, paratrooper assault and medical evacuation.</li>
<li><strong>Garuda Shakti</strong> is the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> joint military exercise</strong></a> between<strong> India and Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mitra Shakti</strong> is the joint military exercise between <strong>India and Sri Lanka.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reunion Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>R&eacute;union is a <strong>French overseas department</strong> and overseas region in the western Indian Ocean. It is located about 420 miles (680 km) east of Madagascar and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of Mauritius.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1584949981_image2.gif" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/in-a-first-india-france-conduct-joint-patrols-from-reunion-island/article31129323.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4754,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Revival Of SAARC',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/coronavirus-india-saarc-6317511/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Drawing together&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/from-virtual-conferencing-to-real-leadership/article31085140.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;From virtual conferencing to real leadership&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-has-done-well-to-revive-saarc-opinion/story-ax17bHXpQHzfgEPK7AaDHP.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;India has done well to revive SAARC&rdquo;</strong></a>. It talks of India's regional efforts that can lead to the revival of SAARC.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, Prime Minister of India proposed to set up a <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a> Emergency Fund</strong> ($10 million) and formation of a <strong>Rapid Response Team</strong> (of doctors, specialists, testing equipment and attendant infrastructure) in order to combat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></p>
<p>Though, this initiative may or may not fully succeed in eradicating the epidemic, in a densely-populated South Asia which has very poor public health awareness and infrastructure. However, this may have prompted the reactivation and revival of the SAARC.</p>
<h3>Problems faced by SAARC nations vis-a-vis Coronavirus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maldives and Sri Lanka highlighted the massive economic impact of the dramatic decline of tourism that is a major source of revenue and employment.</li>
<li>Land-locked Afghanistan is struggling to cope with the open border with virus-infected Iran and Pakistan&rsquo;s decision to close the border through which much of the nation&rsquo;s trade flows occur.</li>
<li>Apart from this, many SAARC countries share borders with China, the place where the virus originated.</li>
<li>Also, the population density in Indian subcontinent is very high, so there are more chances of rapid transmission of infection.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Idea of SAARC</h3>
<p>In 1980's the idea of SAARC was initiated by General Zia Ur Rehman of Bangladesh, which resulted in the first summit of the seven leaders of the region in 1985. Later, Afghanistan joined in 2007. However, in the nearly 35 years of its existence, SAARC has not lived up to its promise of regional integration.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>South Asia is the world&rsquo;s least integrated region; less than 5% of the trade of SAARC countries is within.</li>
<li>A South Asian Free Trade Zone, which was agreed on in 2006, has not been materialised yet.</li>
<li>The 19th SAARC summit, scheduled to be held in Islamabad in November 2016, was postponed after the terrorist attacks in Uri; none has been held since then.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why SAARC failed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the smaller states and external players believe that the India-Pakistan conflict has undermined SAARC.</li>
<li>The reasons for a dysfunctional SAARC:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bilateral issues cannot be discussed in SAARC but since the organisation relies on the principle of unanimity for all major decisions, Pakistan has often vetoed the major initiatives proposed at SAARC. For example, <strong>SAARC Motor Vehicle Agreement proposed at Kathmandu summit, 2014.</strong></li>
<li>For India, Pakistan&rsquo;s use of terror as an instrument of foreign policy has made normal business impossible.</li>
<li>Dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan over the Durand line, is also a reason.</li>
<li>Also, India&rsquo;s economic position vis-a vis other SAARC countries, creates an impression of India being a big brother rather than a strategic partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Trust in Indo-Pakistan relations:</strong> After the deadly terror attack on the Indian security forces at Uri in 2016, India refused to engage with the SAARC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since then, the SAARC has become almost marginal to the regions' collective consciousness and other organisations such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</strong></a> came into the forefront.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Should India continue to neglect SAARC over BIMSTEC?</h3>
<p>The two organisations&mdash;SAARC and BIMSTEC&mdash;focus on geographically overlapping regions. However, this does not make them equal alternatives.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC is a purely regional organisation, whereas BIMSTEC is interregional and connects both South Asia and ASEAN. BIMSTEC provides SAARC countries a unique opportunity to connect with ASEAN.</li>
<li>Further, the scope of BIMSTEC has been undermined by China.Thailand and Myanmar are now economically and strategically closer to China. Apart from it, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh also have extensive economic engagement with China and are struggling to work out balancing strategies between India and China.</li>
<li>The revival of SAARC will also facilitate India&rsquo;s neighbourhood policy in meeting the challenge of regional strategic encroachment by China through its Belt and Road Initiative.</li>
<li>Thus, insofar as their regions of interest overlap, SAARC and BIMSTEC complement each other in terms of functions and goals. . The success of BIMSTEC does not render SAARC pointless; it only adds a new chapter in regional cooperation in South Asia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>BIMSTEC vs SAARC</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.416%; height: 261px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 100px;"><strong>SAARC</strong></td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 100px;"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 49px; width: 100px;" rowspan="6">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A regional organisation looking into integrating South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 49px; width: 100px;" rowspan="6">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Interregional organisation connecting South Asia and SouthEast Asia.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 28px;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1985; a product of the Cold War era.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1997 in the post-Cold War.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Member countries suffer from mistrust and suspicion.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Members maintain reasonably friendly relations.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Suffers from regional politics.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Member countries share strategic trust amongst each other.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 28px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asymmetric power balance.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 28px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Balancing of power with the presence of Thailand and India on the bloc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 27px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intra-regional trade only 5%</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 27px; width: 100px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intra-regional trade has increased by around 6% in a decade</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The tragedy of Covid-19 may provide an opportunity for India to demonstrate its compassionate face to secure a region at peace with itself. This emergency fund is a step in reviving SAARC which has been dysfunctional till now, is a reiteration of India&rsquo;s prompt and decisive support to the neighbours at the time of facing natural disasters. However, the dream of New South Asia requires much more diplomatic and political will.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0edd3;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #003366;">Drishti Mains Question</span></strong></em></p>
<p>The success of BIMSTEC does not overshadow the role of SAARC in contemporary international relations. Critically analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4749,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'COVID-19 and Global Unemployment',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> has recently said that the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> COVID-19</a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong> will drastically increase global unemployment, leaving up to 25 million more people out of work and slashing incomes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>COVID-19</strong> is not only a <strong>global health crisis</strong> but also a major <strong>labour market and economic crisis </strong>that is having a huge impact on people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization</strong></a> <strong>(ILO)</strong>, has warned that the economic and labour crisis sparked by the coronavirus will have far-reaching impacts on labour market outcomes.</li>
<li>The <strong>ILO</strong> said that by comparison, the global financial crisis of 2008-09 increased global unemployment by 22 million.</li>
<li><strong>Major Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A study based on the report suggests that the world should prepare to see a <strong>significant rise in unemployment and underemployment</strong> in the wake of the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the best-case scenario, 5.3 million more people will be pushed into unemployment.</li>
<li>In the worst case scenario, 24.7 million more will become jobless, on top of the 188 million registered as unemployed in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Underemployment</strong> is also expected to increase on a large scale, as the economic consequences of the virus outbreak translate into reductions in working hours and wages.</li>
<li><strong>Self-employment in developing countries</strong> usually serves to <strong>cushion the impact of economic shifts</strong> but this time due to the severe restrictions on the movement of people and goods, it might not help</li>
<li><strong>Reductions in access to work</strong> will also mean large<strong> income losses</strong> for workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The study estimates the income loss between $860 billion and $3.4 trillion by the end of 2020, which will translate into falls in consumption of goods and services, in turn affecting the prospects for businesses and economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>number of people who live in poverty</strong> despite holding one or more jobs will also <strong>increase significantly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The strain on incomes resulting from the decline in economic activity will devastate workers close to or below the poverty line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some groups will be disproportionately impacted</strong> by the jobs crisis, including youth, older workers, women and migrants which will only increase the already prevailing inequality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ILO has called for <strong>urgent, large-scale and coordinated measures</strong> to protect workers in the workplace and stimulate the economy, employment and job support through social protections, paid leave and other subsidies.</li>
<li>It is suggested to <strong>tackle this pandemic in the same way the global financial crisis of 2008 was tackled,</strong> by presenting a united front to address the consequences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-could-make-another-25-million-jobless/article31104436.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'covid-19-and-global-unemployment',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4639,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'India’s World: World Economic Forum 2020',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lw1GCkVIdBo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The 50<sup>th</sup> edition of the WEF, held in January 2020 focussed on establishing <strong>stakeholder capitalism</strong> as a way of addressing the world&rsquo;s greatest challenges, ranging from the societal divisions created by income inequality and political polarisation to the climate crisis we face today.</p>
<h3>World Economic Forum at 50: The Journey</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Based in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is a not-for-profit International organization established in the year 1971.</li>
<li>The Forum provides a platform for the CEOs of the largest companies, heads of state of countries, to meet each other and discuss business through bilateral meetings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It&rsquo;s a meet to showcase countries&rsquo; potential in order to attract businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> theme</strong> of WEF 2020 is <strong>Stakeholders for a Cohesive and Sustainable World.</strong></li>
<li>It is basically a networking event where countries project themselves to garner investment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>WEF Goals and Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protectionism</strong> is the biggest problem that the world is facing and the 50<sup>th</sup> summit of WEF is being held in this backdrop. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the recent past, US has advocated protectionism and has also been trying to decimate the WTO and other such organizations.</li>
<li>The US' approach towards climate agenda and towards trade has been disruptive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because of the US-China trade war, there has been a <strong>distinct fall in investment flows and trade flows.</strong> World trade faced renewed headwinds in 2018 as trade tensions and economic policy uncertainty rose sharply.</li>
<li>All the major, fastest-growing economies including India and China have slowed down presently. Most of the European economies are showing a growth of less than 1%.</li>
<li>Many economists are projecting that by the end of 2020 there might be a mild global recession.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Trade and India</h3>
<p>India is a land that has the power of democracy, demography, leadership, talent, culminating in the "power of opportunity." These are the 5 selling points that India has projected to the rest of the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>FDI:</strong> India needs to attract more FDI. India needs to get a place for manufacturing exports and if there are tariff and non-tariff barriers they need to be breached. Reforms are needed such as better infrastructure, land-labor reforms and lesser regulations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other important factors to attract FDI will be labour issues, electricity supply issues and electricity rates, the logistics, the infrastructure scenario and the large domestic market of India.</li>
<li>FDI in manufacturing in India is not much, it is mainly concentrated in services and e-commerce sector.</li>
<li>Some more domestic reforms are needed to promote FDI in manufacturing before ably competing against countries like Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia etc</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Matching up to the 6 key themes:</strong> India&rsquo;s performance in regards to attracting FDI will depend on how these five selling points match with the 6 key themes that WEF has outlined, namely: <strong>Economy, Ecology, Technology, Society, Geopolitics and Industry.</strong> These factors are interlinked and India needs to take advantage of this.`</li>
<li><strong>Focussing on exports:</strong> Almost 40% of the world's GDP is contributed by the US and China. The simple formula to increase GDP of a country is to increase consumption, plus private investments, plus government expenditures, plus exports, minus imports. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For India, to grow fast and achieve the objective of a $5 trillion economy it needs to step up exports and get a bigger share in the world exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government incentives:</strong> All that India can achieve will depend on the various incentives being offered by the government, especially the recent corporate tax reduction.</li>
<li>Parameters like ease of doing business, resolution of contractual disputes etc will matter prominently.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has moved 14 places to be 63rd among 190 nations in the World Bank&rsquo;s ease of doing business ranking.</li>
<li>However, India's contract enforcement rank 2018 was163 out of 190 countries, the lowest among G-20 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Best Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to put in place the policies of data localisation and cross border data flows.</li>
<li>Also India will have to make a clear case for special and differential treatment for its coastal fishermen who carry out fishing as a source of livelihood rather than for commercial purposes unlike Korea, Japan and China.</li>
</ul>
<p>India needs to support multilateralism and multilateral institutions. It needs to work on its perception and project a confident image of itself in the world economic scenario assuring the investors of its economic stability.</p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4612,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Multilateral Export Control Regimes',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>MECR are voluntary and non-binding agreements created by the major supplier countries that have agreed to co-operate in their effort to prevent and regulate the transfer of certain military and dual use technology. It aims at preventing the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are independent of the United Nations.</li>
<li>Their regulations apply only to members and it is not obligatory for a country to join.</li>
<li>India is now a member of three of the four MECRs, except the Nuclear supplier Group.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>There are currently four such regimes under MECR</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Nuclear Suppliers Group</strong> (NSG), for the control of nuclear related technology.</li>
<li>The <strong>Australia Group (AG)</strong> for control of chemical and biological technology that could be weaponized.</li>
<li>The <strong>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)</strong> for the control of rockets and other aerial vehicles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.</li>
<li>The <strong>Wassenaar Arrangement</strong> on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Nuclear Suppliers Group</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of Guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports.</li>
<li>The NSG came into being as a response to the 1974 nuclear tests by India. There is a Trigger List and items from the list are forbidden to be exported to Non-NPT member countries.</li>
<li>It has 48 participating governments. China is a member of the NSG but not of the Wassenaar Arrangement or the MTCR.</li>
<li><strong>India is not a member of the NSG</strong> because all its efforts were consistently blocked by China and some other members. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s bid for membership being blocked on the ground of India <strong>being a non-signatory to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.</strong></li>
<li>China demanded for a non-discriminatory procedures for entry of the countries that haven&rsquo;t signed NPT.</li>
<li>China to further obstruct India&rsquo;s membership demand, had clubbed India's membership bid with that of Pakistan&rsquo;s. However, Pakistan&rsquo;s credentials for membership is extremely inaccurate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Australia Group</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Australia Group (AG) is an informal forum of countries which, through the harmonisation of export controls, seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons.</li>
<li>The formation of the Australia Group (AG) in 1985 was prompted by Iraq&rsquo;s use of chemical weapons during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)</li>
<li>Coordination of National export control measures assists Australia Group members to fulfil their obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological &amp; Toxin Weapons Convention.</li>
<li>The Australia Group has a list of 54 compounds that are identified to be regulated in global trade. This list includes more items than the Chemical Weapons Convention.</li>
<li>It has 43 members (including the European union). The members work on a consensus basis. The annual meeting is held in Paris, France.</li>
<li>India joined the Australia Group (AG) on 19 January 2018.</li>
<li>The Australia Group decided to admit India as the Group&rsquo;s 43rd Participant through a consensus decision.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s entry into the Group would be mutually beneficial and further contribute to international security and non-proliferation objectives.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entry was expected to strengthen India&rsquo;s concerted bid for membership of Nuclear Supplier Group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an informal and voluntary partnership among 35 countries to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of carrying greater than 500 kg payload for more than 300 km. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members are thus prohibited from supplying such missiles and UAV systems that are controlled by the MTCR to non-members.</li>
<li><strong>The decisions are taken by consensus of all the members.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a non&ndash;treaty association of member countries with certain guidelines about the information sharing, national control laws and export policies for missile systems and a rule-based regulation mechanism to limit the transfer of such critical technologies of these missile systems.</li>
<li>It was established in April 1987 by G-7 countries &ndash; USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, and Japan.</li>
<li>In 1992, the focus of the regime extended to on the proliferation of missiles for the delivery of all types of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), i.e., nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.</li>
<li><strong>It is not a legally-binding treaty.</strong> Hence, no punitive measures could be taken against non-compliance to the guidelines of the regime.</li>
<li>These efforts of non-proliferation of ballistic missile systems had further been strengthened by <strong>&ldquo;The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation&rdquo;,</strong> also known as the <strong>Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC),</strong> which was established on 25 November 2002 as an arrangement to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles with 136 UN member countries including India.</li>
<li><strong>India was inducted into the Missile Technology Control Regime in 2016 as the 35<sup>th</sup> member.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has joined MTCR as a full member and also agreed to join the Hague Code of conduct which <strong>bolstered its position as a responsible nuclear state</strong> and strengthen its case for the <strong>membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group.</strong></li>
<li>India can procure high-end missile technology and run joint programmes for development of unmanned aerial vehicles with other countries. eg. Procurement of theater missile interceptor &ldquo;Arrow II '' from Israel, military drones like &ldquo;Avenger&rdquo; from the USA etc.</li>
<li>India being a member of the regime will have some obligations like sharing critical information about its military and technological assets, consulting other member countries regarding the export of any MTCR items, especially those notified or denied by another partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China is not a member of this regime</strong> but it had verbally pledged to adhere to its original guidelines but not to the subsequent additions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Wassenaar Arrangement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Wassenaar Arrangement is a voluntary export control regime. The Arrangement, formally established in July 1996, has 42 members who exchange information on transfers of conventional weapons and dual-use goods and technologies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dual-use refers</strong> to the ability of a good or technology to be used for multiple purposes - usually peaceful and military.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Wassenaar Arrangement has been established in order to contribute to regional and international security and stability, by promoting transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies</li>
<li>Wassenaar Arrangement&rsquo;s Secretariat is in Vienna, Austria.</li>
<li>It has 42 member states comprising mostly NATO and EU states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Participating States seek, through their national policies, to ensure that transfers of these items do not contribute to the development or enhancement of military capabilities which undermine these goals, and are not diverted to support such capabilities. The aim is also to prevent the acquisition of these items by terrorists.</li>
<li>Participating States are required to report their arms transfers and transfers/denials of certain dual-use goods and technologies to destinations outside the Arrangement on a six-monthly basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a successor to the <strong>Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM)</strong> from the Cold War era.</li>
<li>The Wassenaar Arrangement has control lists that document the dual-use goods and technologies. These lists are updated regularly.</li>
<li>The Wassenaar Arrangement Plenary is the decision-making body of the Arrangement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is composed of representatives of all Participating States and normally meets once a year, usually in December.</li>
<li>The position of Plenary Chair is subject to annual rotation among Participating States.</li>
<li>In 2018 the Plenary Chair was held by the United Kingdom, and in 2019 the Chair is held by Greece.</li>
<li><strong>All Plenary decisions are taken by consensus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India was inducted to the Wassenaar Arrangement on 7 December, 2017 as the 42<sup>nd</sup> member.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India joining the Wassenaar Arrangement</strong> implies that India is also recognised to have dual use technology. There is an exchange of notes when countries meet in such arrangements. So, India will gain access to high technology which will <strong>help to address the demands of its defence &amp; space sectors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits to India by becoming a member of a Multilateral export control regime:</strong></p>
<p>The membership of a multilateral export control regime is beneficial for India due to the following reasons:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It would open the way for India to buy <strong>high-end missile technology</strong> from member nations for use in peaceful purposes like its <strong>space programme</strong> under the MTCR.</li>
<li>India can export the most <strong>advanced UAVs for use in security and counter-terrorism purposes</strong> under the MTCR for example, the Predator drone from the USA.</li>
<li>The <strong>range of the Brahmos missile can be extended</strong> beyond the 300km that it has been limited to under the MTCR.</li>
<li>India will be a <strong>part of the rule-making system</strong> and will not only adhere to the rules but have a say in their formulation.</li>
<li>It will allow India to <strong>ensure that the waiver due to the Indo-US 123 Agreement (Civil nuclear agreement)</strong> stays and is not modified. This can only be done if India becomes a member of the NSG.</li>
<li>The membership of the MECRs also shows that India is a mature and responsible nation and strengthens its bid for other major reforms in the international order like <strong>reform of the UNSC.</strong></li>
<li>The fact that India was made a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement even though it is not a signatory to the Nuclear NPT shows the strict adherence to non-proliferation that India has maintained.</li>
<li>It would allow <strong>access to dual-use goods and technologies</strong> under the Wassenaar Arrangement.</li>
<li>It gives strategic significance to India's stance as now India is a member of three of the four MECRs where China is not a member. This will allow India a better bargaining chip in its quest to gain a position in the NSG.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Multilateral export control regimes today form significant decision making bodies in the global rules-based order. Membership to these not only allows greater technology and material access but enhances the credibility of a nation as a responsible member of the world order. India is poised to become a significant player in the world and thus requires a voice in these MECRs to further its claim as a rising power.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4569,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'India-US Relations',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/signs-and-substance-the-hindu-editorial-on-outcome-of-donald-trump-visit/article30925379.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Signs and substance: On outcome of Trump visit&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/forging-a-new-india-us-modus-vivendi/article30883223.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forging a new India-U.S. modus vivendi</strong></a>, &ldquo;<strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-us-trade-free-trade-agreement-donald-trump-visit-6276553/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why trade with the US matters to India</a></strong>&rdquo; &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-us-trade-donald-trump-visit-modi-6276480/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trading with America</strong></a>&rdquo;. It talks about the current state of the relationship between India and the US.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-presidents-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US President, Donald Trump visited India.</strong></a> While only three of the nine US Presidents during 1947-2000 visited India, every President in the last two decades has visited India at least once.</p>
<p>Many <strong>reasons</strong> could be ascribed to the higher frequency of visits &mdash;<strong> a shift in global geopolitics in the post-Cold War era, India&rsquo;s economic ascent, the rise of an assertive China, and India's place on the global high table.</strong> Relations between India and the US have transformed from being <strong>Estranged democracies (during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cold war</a>) to Strategic partners (in the Post-cold war era).</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Estranged democracies:</strong> US and India, though being the oldest democracy and largest democracy respectively, remained detached during the cold war.</li>
<li><strong>Strategic partners:</strong> US and India, in the post-cold war era (after 1991) turned into strategic allies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>During the cold war, India got tilted towards the Soviet Union after If the 1971 Friendship Treaty, which was a response to the continuing U.S. tilt towards Pakistan and the beginnings of convergence between US and China. At present, India and US convergence is due to potentially hegemonic China in the Indo-Pacific region.</p>
<p>In this context, the visit of the US president further cements the <strong>strategic convergence</strong> between India and the US.</p>
<h3>Key Takeaways From the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreement signed for defence purchases worth $3-billion, including <strong>American helicopters (MH-60 Romeo helicopters),</strong> has led to both sides signalling more cooperation in defence, military exercises and technology sharing.</li>
<li>MoU signed for <strong>Petronet to invest in American gas company Tellurian.</strong></li>
<li>A commercial agreement for <strong>Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>Along with these two leaders shared strong language in references aimed at <strong>China&rsquo;s hegemony in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea</a></strong> as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative.</strong></a></li>
<li>However, there was <strong>no agreement</strong> on the trade deal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Divergence In India-US relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade Deal:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade has been a major bone of contention between India and the US.</strong></a> India has been referred by the US, as <strong>&ldquo;tariff king&rdquo;</strong> that imposes<strong> &ldquo;tremendously high&rdquo;</strong> import duties. Donald Trump formulated <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/28-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>America First policy</strong></a>, on the economic dimension, it means reducing the U.S. 's trade deficits with major trading partners, including India. In pursuance of this:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In June 2019, the Trump administration decided to terminate India&rsquo;s benefits under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/generalized-system-of-preference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) scheme,</strong> </a>which provides preferential, duty-free access for over $6 billion worth of products exported from this country to the US.</li>
<li>Removal from the GSP list amidst rising trade tensions prompted India to finally impose retaliatory tariffs on several American imports.<strong> This made the US approach the WTO against India.</strong></li>
<li>The office of the<strong> US Trade Representative (USTR)</strong> has underlined India&rsquo;s measures to restrict companies from sending personal data of its citizens outside the country as a &ldquo;key&rdquo; barrier to digital trade.</li>
<li>Also, the US has long demanded greater access to American agriculture and dairy products. For India, protecting its domestic agriculture and dairy interests was a <strong>major reason to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-exits-rcep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">walk out of the RCEP agreement.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>US-Pakistan Equation:</strong> US has softened its position on Pakistan in the last seven months, due to the role Pakistan can play in the <strong>Afghan deal</strong> (between the US and the Taliban), likely to be signed on February 29, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In return, Pakistan wants the US to engage with India on the Kashmir issue <strong>(internationalising the Kashmir issue).</strong> Whereas India maintains the view that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan and no third party can be engaged in it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internal Issues in India:</strong> India-US strong strategic partnership is also based on an idea of <strong>&ldquo;shared values&rdquo;</strong> of democracy, rule of law, religious freedom and protection of minorities. However, the revocation of Article 370, the new citizenship law and the NRC is testing this &ldquo;shared values&rdquo; principle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the US president maintained that these matters are internal to India, criticism from the US Congress and some parts of US civil society is pushing the US administration to tell India to bring Kashmir to normalcy and not go ahead with the new citizenship law followed by the NRC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Convergence in Indo-US relations</h3>
<p>In the post-cold war era, India's relationship with the US on defence and strategic issues has strengthened. This can be reflected in the following:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A foundational military agreement that allows for the sharing of encrypted communications and equipment <strong>(COMCASA- Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement).</strong></li>
<li>A change in U.S. export control laws that places India in a privileged category of NATO and non-NATO U.S. allies.</li>
<li>The signing of an Industrial Security Annex that will allow for greater collaboration among the two countries&rsquo; private defence industries.</li>
<li>A new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;2+2&rsquo; foreign and defence ministers dialogue.</strong></a></li>
<li>The bilateral Strategic Energy Partnership was launched in April 2018 under which India has started importing crude and LNG from the US. Now, the US is India&rsquo;s sixth-largest source of crude oil imports and hydrocarbons.</li>
<li>Inauguration of the first India-US tri-service military exercise and expansion of existing military exercises.</li>
<li>Inclusion of India and South Asia in the US Maritime Security Initiative.</li>
<li>These intense engagement has helped achieve robust support from the US against terrorism. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was evident after the Pulwama attack, leading to the designation of Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Masood Azhar as a global terrorist under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.</li>
<li>Also, placing Pakistan on the grey-list of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Financial Action Task Force.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The US under its Pivot to Asia policy views India as an ideal balancer to check the aggressive rise of China. Therefore, the US has formulated the concept of Indo-Pacific to counter China in the South China Sea and the Indian ocean.</li>
<li>The US has designated India as an integral part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/new-indo-pacific-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-pacific</strong></a> narrative by the conception of <strong>Quad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the historic nuclear deal (2008), civilian nuclear cooperation has not taken off, but the agreement with Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors will finally bring US nuclear energy on Indian soil.</li>
<li>In order to counter China in the maritime domain, India needs to fully engage with the US and other partners in the Indo-pacific region, in order to preserve the freedom of navigation and the rules-based order.</li>
<li>In international politics, there are no permanent friends and no permanent enemies, only permanent interests in such a scenario India must continue to pursue its foreign policy of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic hedging.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p>India-US relation remains critical for the shaping of world order in the 21st century. In order to realise the full potential of relations, the two governments must now strive to complete the unfinished agreements and set the course for a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #dcf5e8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In the 21st century, India-US relations have found many reasons for strategic convergence. However, there is also a pressing need to weed out the divergences. Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4567,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India and Myanmar</strong> signed <strong>10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar,</strong> during Myanmar President U Win Myint&rsquo;s visit to India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Myanmar stands at the confluence of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East Policy</strong> </a>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Myanmar partnership</strong></a> is at the heart of India&rsquo;s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries will start a coordinated bus service between <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Imphal </strong>and<strong> Myanmar&rsquo;s Mandalay</strong> from April 2020.</li>
<li>India will assist Myanmar in the construction of <strong>Integrated Check Point at Tamu, Myanmar, bordering Manipur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two countries signed the<strong> Land Border Crossing Agreement in 2018,</strong> which allowed bona fide travellers with valid documents to cross the border at two<strong> international points of entry/exit- Moreh-Tamu </strong>and <strong>Zokhawathar-Rih.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rakhine-state-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhine State Development Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More projects will be added to this programme.</li>
<li>India signed a development programme for Rakhine State in Myanmar in late 2017 which was designed to assist the Myanmar government in Rakhine State to build housing infrastructure for displaced Rohingyas.</li>
<li>India had committed <strong>$25 million grant assistance to Myanmar</strong> and phase-I involved completion of 250 prefabricated houses in Rakhine State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will also<strong> support the establishment of Myanmar&rsquo;s diplomatic academy, </strong>and<strong> extend the National Knowledge Network</strong> to Myanmar.</li>
<li>Both countries have decided to extend the <strong>Quick Impact Project schemes to Myanmar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, India will take up capacity development work in the form of small projects which yield quick beneficial results for the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides agreed to work together to promote principles of openness, inclusiveness, transparency, respect for international law and<a href="/burning-issues-of-the-month/association-of-southeast-asian-nations-asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> <strong>(ASEAN)</strong> centrality in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation under other sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will offer<strong> medical radiation equipment Bhabhatron II</strong> for the treatment of cancer patients and <strong>strengthen cooperation in the health sector.</strong></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to have<strong> government-to-government cooperation in petroleum,</strong> including in refinery, stockpiling, blending and retail.</li>
<li>In governance, India will help Myanmar with the<strong> project of e-ID cards,</strong> which is modelled after the Aadhaar project.</li>
<li>The two sides showed commitment to continue negotiations on pending treaties like <strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)</strong> and <strong>Extradition Treaty.</strong></li>
<li>An MoU has also been signed on<strong> &lsquo;Cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons; Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking&rsquo;</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are agreements between governments allowing for the exchange of evidence and information in criminal and related matters between the signing countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Extradition Treaty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an agreement or arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the Extradition of fugitive criminals.</li>
<li>Extradition treaties are traditionally <strong>bilateral in character.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-myanmar-ink-pact-on-bus-service-developing-rakhine-6290294/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4537,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'USA President’s Visit to India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The President of the USA, Donald Trump, visited India from 24<sup>th</sup> - 25<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the USA intended to upgrade their bilateral relationship to a <strong>Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership (CGSP)</strong>.</li>
<li>The CGSP will include issues such as defence, security cooperation and revitalisation of the Indo-Pacific with quadrilateral dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economic Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA has proposed the <strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA)</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>FTA will include the restoration of benefits of low or zero duty to certain Indian exports under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)</a> and market access for each other&rsquo;s agricultural products.</li>
<li>The <strong>Trade Policy Forum</strong> will be set up as a joint study group to facilitate smooth framing of FTA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Totalisation Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of this agreement will allow <strong>Indian professionals</strong> working in the USA <strong>to get a refund of social security contribution that they make while working in the USA</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and the USA have decided to come up with a <strong>comprehensive agreement on intellectual property rights (IPR)</strong>.</li>
<li>A comprehensive deal on the IPR front would be a major development as <strong>India has slipped to the 40<sup>th</sup> position</strong> on the <strong>US Chamber's International IP Index, 2020</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries intend to come with an <strong>energy deal</strong> in the future.</li>
<li>India imports a significant portion of its energy needs from the US, which has only increased in the past few years. The USA is the <strong>sixth-largest</strong> oil supplier to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>United States</strong> has become <strong>India's top trading partner surpassing China</strong>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bilateral trade between the US and India</a> stood at nearly 88 billion dollars in 2018-19 compared to China which was at 87.1 billion dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Security and Terrorism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cross border Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both the countries condemned cross-border terrorism in all its forms.</li>
<li>They also called on Pakistan to ensure that no territory under its control is used to launch terrorist attacks and to expeditiously bring to justice the perpetrators of such attacks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kashmir Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA president reiterated its offer to mediate on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kashmir issue</a> during the visit.</li>
<li>However, India stated that it is a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan and there is no scope for any third-party mediation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber Security:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the United States recognised the need for an innovative digital ecosystem that is secure and reliable and facilitates the flow of information and data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>USA and India have concluded the agreement for the purchase of <strong>24 MH-6OR Seahawk, and six AH-64E attack helicopters</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>International Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quad Dialogue:</strong> U.S. and India stressed to revitalise the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quadrilateral initiative</a> consisting of Japan, the U.S., India and Australia.</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Pacific Region:</strong> Both the countries discussed to <strong>develop and evolve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indo-Pacific region</a> collaboratively</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>South China Sea Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides took note of the efforts of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/16th-india-asean-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> region to create a code of conduct in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea region</a></strong>.</li>
<li>A code of conduct in the South China Sea region will be a set of rules outlining the norms and rules and responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organisation in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-have-finalised-defence-deals-worth-3-billion-trump-after-talks-with-modi/article30912085.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4515,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G20 Meeting in Saudi Arabia',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the ministers and central bankers from the world&rsquo;s largest economies participated in <strong>G20 meeting</strong> held in <strong>Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>presided</strong> by <strong>Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first Arab nation to hold the G20 presidency.</strong></a></li>
<li>The 2020 G20 Presidency will focus discussions, forums, working groups and Ministerial Meetings under the <strong>theme of &ldquo;Realizing Opportunities of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century for All&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The global economic growth<strong> remains slow</strong> and downside risks due to the geopolitical and remaining trade tensions, and policy uncertainty.</li>
<li>Though the economic growth is <strong>expected to increase in 2020 and 2021</strong> due to<strong> loose monetary policy</strong> and an <strong>easing of trade tensions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IMF&rsquo; Views at the Meeting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It projects a <strong>&ldquo;V-shaped, rapid recovery&rdquo;</strong> for the global economy, but it warns about the uncertainty around the spread of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID 19</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF</strong></a> also warned about other <strong>risks including rising debt levels in some countries as well as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Global Taxation System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It discussed ways to achieve<strong> consensus</strong> on a global taxation system for the digital era by the <strong>end of 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to allow governments to tax digital companies where they do business, rather than where they are registered for tax purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also demanded closer collaboration between international revenue agencies<strong> to investigate tax affairs of offenders who cross borders for escaping tax investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G-20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the <strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> and the <strong>World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 operates<strong> as a forum and not as an organisation.</strong> Therefore, it does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1997-1999 Asian Financial Crisis:</strong> This was a ministerial-level forum which emerged after G7 invited both developed and developing economies. The finance ministers and central bank governors began meeting in 1999.</li>
<li>Amid<strong> 2008 Financial Crisis</strong> the world saw the need for a new consensus-building at the highest political level. It was decided that the G20 leaders would begin meeting once annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members of the G20 are <strong>Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.</strong></li>
<li>One nation holds the <strong>Chair every year,</strong> known as<strong> 'G20 Presidency'.</strong> Argentina chaired the G20 summit of 2018 and Japan for 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>V-Shaped Recovery<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A V-shaped recovery is characterized by a sharp economic decline followed by a quick and sustained recovery.</li>
<li>The recession of 1953 is an example of a V-shaped recovery.</li>
<li>A V-shaped recovery is different from an L-shaped recovery, in which the economy stays in a slump for a prolonged period of time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/saudi-hosts-g20-financial-leaders-amid-coronavirus-alarm/articleshow/74255028.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4496,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Rail Transportation Institute',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Railway Board of India</strong> and the <strong>University of Birmingham</strong> has announced the launch of a<strong> joint masters programme</strong> in<strong> Railway Systems Engineering and Integration</strong> in the academic year 2020-2021 by the <strong>National Rail Transportation Institute (NRTI).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This initiative will benefit NRTI students by providing them<strong> access to world-class expertise and facilities in railway systems</strong> at the <strong>Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education (BCRRE).</strong></li>
<li>BCRRE will also gain valuable insights into India&rsquo;s transport sector and get involved in related research and development issues in India.</li>
<li>The initiative has been taken under the <strong>Centre of Excellence for Next-Generation Transportation Systems</strong> which was set up by an MoU between the NRTI and the University of Birmingham in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Rail Transport Institute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was set up as a<strong> deemed to be university</strong> and has been <strong>operational since 2018</strong> and is India&rsquo;s<strong> first to focus on transport-related education, multidisciplinary research and training.</strong></li>
<li>It is specifically established to <strong>create a resource pool of best-in-class professionals for the railway and transportation sector</strong> through institutional partnerships for collaborating on developing curriculum, research projects and executive education programs.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to develop interdisciplinary Centres of Excellence,</strong> bringing together academicians, scientists and engineers from various backgrounds and plans to leverage its academic and industry partnerships and collaborations.</li>
<li>It is situated in<strong> Vadodara, Gujrat.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>largest university-based</strong> <strong>centre</strong> for railway research and education in <strong>Europe.</strong></li>
<li>It is involved in<strong> developing new technologies alongside higher education programmes, research and innovations</strong> in Climate Change, Aerodynamics and International Benchmarking, Power Systems and Energy Use, Railway Control and Operations Simulation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603899" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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