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CERAWeek Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award

Why in News The Prime Minister of India was conferred with the Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award by Cambridge Energy Research...

08 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call

This article is based on “Climate and Consciousness” which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of...

05 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
WWF Conservation Drive on World Wildlife Day

Why in News Recently, on the occasion of World Wildlife Day (3rd March), the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) called on multiple stakeholders,...

04 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
NDC Synthesis Report: UNFCCC

Why in News The UNFCCC, in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report, has called for more ambitious climate action plans by the...

03 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Swachhta Saarthi Fellowship: Waste to Wealth Mission

Why in News The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India under its “Waste to Wealth” Mission launched the...

03 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Appeal to Resume Mining in Aravalli Hills

Why in News Recently, the Haryana government has appealed to the Supreme Court to permit it to resume mining in the Aravalli Hills on the grounds...

02 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Right to Repair: European Union

Why in News Companies that sell refrigerators, washers, hair dryers or tele-visions in the European Union (EU) will need to ensure that those...

02 Mar 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Ministry of Jal Shakti to devise an appropriate National River Rejuvenation...

27 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
State of Environment Report 2021: CSE

Why in News Recently, the State of Environment Report, 2021 was released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). CSE is a public...

26 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Report on Winter Pollution: CSE

Why in News Recently, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reported that the levels of PM 2.5, worsened in 43 out of 99 cities whose winter...

25 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
National Hydrogen Energy Mission

Why in News The Union Budget for 2021-22 has announced a National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM) that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as...

25 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Carbon Watch App: Chandigarh

Why in News Chandigarh became the first state or Union Territory in India to launch Carbon Watch, a mobile application to assess the carbon...

23 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Nature-Based Solutions

This article is based on “A climate-resilient future” which was published in The Indian Express on 20/02/2021. It talks about the...

22 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Making Peace with Nature: UNEP Report

Why in News The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has released the 'Making Peace with Nature' report, ahead of the fifth session of the UN...

22 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Declining Rainfall in Cherrapunji

Why in News A recent study that looked at the rainfall pattern in the past 119 years found a decreasing trend at Cherrapunji (Meghalaya) and nearby...

22 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Deglaciation and Threats

Deglaciation Glaciers, ice caps and continental ice sheets cover some 10% of the earth’s land surface at the present time, whereas during...

22 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Greenpeace Analysis On Economic Cost Of Air Pollution

Why in News According to a Greenpeace Southeast Asia (non-governmental organisation) analysis of cost to the economy due to air pollution, PM 2.5...

19 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Draft Blue Economy Policy

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has rolled out the draft Blue Economy policy, inviting suggestions and inputs from...

18 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
Pollution from Coal Burning: IEACCC

Why in News A study by the International Energy Agency’s Clean Coal Centre (IEACCC) has stated that coal burning is responsible for heavy air...

17 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation
World Sustainable Development Summit 2021

Why in News Recently, the World Sustainable Development Summit, the annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was...

13 Feb 2021 Environmental Pollution & Degradation

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		'article_id' => (int) 7871,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CERAWeek Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Prime Minister of India</strong> was conferred with the <strong>Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award</strong> by <strong>Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was awarded for his commitment to expanding India's leadership in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a> to meet the country's, and the world's, future energy needs.</li>
<li>He addressed the<strong> CERAWeek</strong> <strong>conference</strong> and <strong>highlighted the steps taken by India</strong> to address the issue of climate change and attaining the target of achieving clean fuel.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the CERAWeek Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Award was <strong>instituted in 2016.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>recognises the commitment of leadership on the future of global energy and environment</strong>, and for offering solutions and policies for energy access, affordability and environmental stewardship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a consulting company in the United States</strong> that specializes in advising governments and private companies on energy markets, geopolitics, industry trends, and strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CERAWeek:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>founded in 1983 by Dr. Daniel Yergin.</strong></li>
<li>It is an <strong>annual energy conference, organized in Houston (USA) in March</strong>, since 1983.</li>
<li>CERAWeek <strong>by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-ihs-markit-india-services-business-activity-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IHS Markit</a></strong> is the annual international gathering of energy industry leaders, experts, government officials and policymakers, leaders from the technology, financial and industrial communities - and energy technology innovators.</li>
<li><strong>CERAWeek 2021</strong> was convened virtually from 1<sup>st</sup>-5<sup>th</sup> March, 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> The New Map: Energy, Climate, and Charting the Future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Highlights of PM Address:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Prime Minister in his address discussed the key initiatives taken by India to attain climate justice:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Hydrogen Mission</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kusum#:~:text=Component%20of%20the%20PM%2DKUSUM,standalone%20solar%2Dpowered%20agriculture%20pumps." target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM KUSUM</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat - 6 emission norms</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-petroleum-natural-gas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Give It Up Subsidy Movement</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satat-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SATAT initiatives</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bioethanol-blending-of-petrol#:~:text=The%20government%20has%20set%20targets,the%20National%20Biofuels%20Policy%2C%202018." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blending of ethanol</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/different-irrigation-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Modern techniques of irrigation</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organic-farming-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organic farming</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a>,</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s commitment towards the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-renewed-support-for-paris-agreement#:~:text=Paris%20Agreement%20(also%20known%20as,to%20deal%20with%20climate%20change." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></a>, and</li>
<li>Talked of <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies#:~:text=Trusteeship%2D%20Trusteeship%20is%20a%20socio,of%20the%20people%20in%20general." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s</strong></a> <strong>Principle of Trusteeship.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the core of Trusteeship is <strong>collectivism, compassion and responsibility.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1702783" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7857,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/climate-and-consciousness/article33983396.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Climate and Consciousness&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources just for the sake of development and how the recent disasters are a warning call for stringent policies regarding environment protection.</p>
</div>
<p>Humans have come quite far in terms of development, but unfortunately have left the concerns for the environment behind.</p>
<p>It is quite common to hear policymakers and the public referring to natural disasters &ldquo;acts of God&rdquo;. But concluding from events such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chamoli Flash Floods</strong></a> and<strong> flood in Kedarnath</strong> in 2013, it wasn&rsquo;t actually the god but human interventions with the natural environment.</p>
<p>Climate actions will continue to falter unless climate change is tagged as a primary culprit, instead of actions of god.</p>
<h3>The Changing Climate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Floods in the Himalayan Region:</strong> The Himalayan region has about 15,000 glaciers, which are retreating at a rate of 100 to 200 feet per decade. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The melting of the Himalayan glaciers that prompted the floods and landslides in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand have the fingerprints of global warming.</li>
<li>In 2013, glacial flooding in Kedarnath caused over 6,000 deaths during the monsoon months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Events:</strong> In 2003, the European heat wave killed over 70,000 people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The years 2015-19 have globally been the warmest years on record.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amazon</strong></a> fire of 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australian-bushfire#:~:text=The%20fire%20has%20impacted%20more,of%20wild%20animals%20have%20died.&amp;text=The%20three%20years%20between%202017,(a%20state%20of%20Australia)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bush fires of 2019-20 in Australia</strong></a> are some of the most dangerous impacts of changing climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Emission:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> showed that the year 2020 set new records in terms of rise in extreme weather events, including wildfires and hurricanes, and in the melting of glaciers and ice at both poles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the report, despite a brief dip in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pandemic</strong></a>, the world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of 3&deg;C this century; far beyond the 2015 <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Story of Texas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, Texas, US has been hit by extremely cold weather leading to<strong> strong wind storms</strong> in the state. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The winter storm has killed 21 people and left around 4.4 million without power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The brutal cold has engulfed vast swaths of the United States,<strong> shuttering Covid-19 inoculation centers and hindering vaccine supplies.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>double-digit negative temperatures</strong> (temperatures have fallen as low as -14&deg;C) are connected to <strong>Arctic-peninsula warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, there is a collection of winds around the Arctic keeping the cold locked far to the north, known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/polar-vortex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polar Vortex</strong></a>.</li>
<li>But <strong>global warming has caused gaps in these protective winds,</strong> allowing intensely cold air to move south: the phenomenon is accelerating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One of the Largest Emitters:</strong> For India, <strong>the third-largest carbon emitter after China and the United States,</strong> a decisive switch is needed from highly polluting coal and petroleum to cleaner and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>renewable power sources.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has announced carbon neutrality by 2060, Japan and South Korea by 2050, but <strong>India is yet to announce a target. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Rankings and Estimates:</strong> The HSBC ranks India at the top among 67 nations in <strong>climate vulnerability</strong> (2018), <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Germanwatch ranks India fifth among 181 nations in terms of <strong>climate risks</strong> (2020).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has warned that climate change could sharply diminish living conditions for up to 800 million people in South Asia.</li>
<li>As per the Emissions Gap Report 2020, over the last decade, China, USA, EU27+UK and India combined, have contributed to <strong>55%</strong> of the total GHG emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Stringent Policies:</strong> A big worry is that the state and central governments have been diluting, instead of strengthening, climate safeguards for hydroelectric and road projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies had flagged ice loss across the Himalayas has been rapidly melting thus increasing the dangers to densely populated catchments, but any hard and fast policy response has been lacking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Proper Training Programs:</strong> There were no awareness programs or training provided to the people about disaster management by the government in case of the recent Uttarakhand floods.</li>
<li><strong>Ignorance by Government:</strong> A 2012 expert group appointed by the government had recommended against the construction of dams in the <strong>Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin, including on the Rishiganga</strong> and in &ldquo;the periglacial zone,&rdquo; but the recommendations were ignored.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, ignorance of the Kerala government in terms of regulation of mining, quarrying and dam construction in ecologically sensitive places, led to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>massive floods</strong></a> and landslides in 2018 and 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective Satellite Monitoring:</strong> Physically monitoring of the entire Himalayan region (or any larger disaster-prone region) is not possible. However, satellite monitoring is possible and radars can help minimise loss. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite possessing remarkable satellite capabilities, India still hasn&rsquo;t been able to use such imagery effectively for advance warning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Budgetary Allocation:</strong> A vital step should be explicitly including policies for climate mitigation in the government budget, along with energy, roads, health and education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, growth targets should include <strong>timelines for switching to cleaner energy.</strong> There is also a need to launch a major campaign to mobilise climate finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Adaptation:</strong> Even if major economies speed up climate mitigation, such catastrophes will become more frequent due to the accumulated carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Climate adaptation is the way forward here. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disaster management strategies to be synced with the developmental plans such as <strong>infrastructure designing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such as in <strong>earthquake prone areas,</strong> building norms and guidelines can be issued or earthquake resistant buildings to be constructed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Central and State governments must increase allocations for risk reduction, such as agricultural innovations to withstand <strong>droughts.</strong></li>
<li>In case of<strong> fire prone areas,</strong> an area can be divided into pockets so as to prevent any massive spread of fire.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detailed Studies:</strong> Detailed studies should be conducted to understand which of the glacial lakes in the Himalayan region are prone to flooding. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such research should feed into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong></a> reports and guide decisions on developmental projects in the region</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Setting up Early Warning Systems:</strong> A relatively low-hanging fruit, but a very effective one, is to set up early warning systems that alert the downstream populations about an impending disaster. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has to be <strong>coupled with plans to quickly evacuate local communities</strong> to safer regions.</li>
<li>Flooding events do not occur all of a sudden; there are ample indications like changes in water level, discharge in the rivers etc which if monitored earlier can help saving a significant number of lives and other damages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sustainable growth depends on timely climate action and for that to happen, policymaking needs to connect the dots between carbon emissions, atmospheric warming, melting glaciers, extreme floods and storms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Events like Uttarakhand and Texas should be treated as lessons to change people&rsquo;s minds and for the public to demand urgent action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Disasters can not be stopped but well-preparedness and strong climate change mitigation policies can definitely help prevent a huge amount of loss.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 637px; background-color: #fefff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Disasters are not meteorological or geological phenomena alone, but are also determined by human interventions. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/858xS_01atM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/investment-from-china-the-issue-is-control-not-insulating-sector/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Investment from China: The issue is control, not insulating sector&rdquo;</strong></a> published in the Economic Times on March, 03, 2021.</p>',
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		'title' => 'WWF Conservation Drive on World Wildlife Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, on the occasion of <strong>World Wildlife Day (3<sup>rd</sup> March),</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)</strong></a> called on multiple stakeholders, including the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong></a>, to save Europe&rsquo;s last old-growth forests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WWF was <strong>established in 1961</strong> and is<strong> headquartered at Gland, Switzerland.</strong> Its mission is to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Europe&rsquo;s Old-Growth Forests (OGF) are <strong>primitive forests that are dominated by natural processes.</strong> They include virgin, near-virgin, long-untouched forests by humans, eg: Białowieża Forest in Poland.</li>
<li>To date, 3,50,000 hectares (ha) of old-growth and virgin forests had been identified in Central and Southeastern Europe. Of these, only 2,80,000 ha were legally protected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The largest areas of surviving OGF and forest habitats in Europe (outside of Russia) were found primarily in Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia and Bulgaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They were <strong>home to Europe&rsquo;s largest surviving large carnivore populations,</strong> as well as thousands of other species of flora and fauna.</li>
<li>These forests <strong>rendered important ecosystem services</strong> such as filtering and storing freshwater to regulating the climate and were thus essential to people and to the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing pressure on forests from both <strong>unsustainable legal and illegal logging,</strong> as well as the<strong> impacts of climate change.</strong></li>
<li>The fragmentation and destruction of forest habitats meant that<strong> both animals and disease vectors were inadvertently coming into more frequent contact and conflict with humans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps that can be Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Developing and promoting<strong> sustainable compensation mechanisms.</strong></li>
<li>Developing<strong> forest-based local green business and investment schemes</strong> to support sustainable development of such forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Wildlife Day </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated every year on the 3<sup>rd</sup> of March, since 2013. The date chosen coincides with the day the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a> was signed in 1973.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a> resolution also designated the CITES Secretariat as the facilitator for the global observance of this special day for wildlife on the UN calendar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The theme of World Wildlife Day 2021 is <strong>Forests and Livelihoods: Sustaining People and Planet.</strong> It is set in alignment with the UN <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On this occasion, <strong>the Union Environment Ministry declared that it is dedicated for reintroduction of Cheetah,</strong> which went extinct in 1952.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/world-wildlife-day-wwf-urges-stakeholders-to-save-europe-s-last-old-growth-forests-75757#:~:text=By%20DTE%20Staff&amp;text=The%20whole%20of%20Europe%20must,as%20'World%20Wildlife%20Day'." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7830,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NDC Synthesis Report: UNFCCC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>, in its <strong>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report</strong>, has called for more ambitious climate action plans by the countries in order to achieve the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement target</strong></a> of containing global temperature rise to 2&deg;C (ideally 1.5&deg;C) by the end of the century.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was <strong>sought ahead of the 26<sup>th</sup> session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 26) to the UNFCCC</strong> which is scheduled to take place from 1st-12th November 2021, in Glasgow, UK.</li>
<li>NDCs are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Each NDC reflects the country&rsquo;s ambition, taking into account its domestic circumstances and capabilities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NDC Synthesis Report <strong>covers submissions up to 31<sup>st</sup> December 2020 and includes new or updated NDCs by 75 Parties</strong>, which represent approximately <strong>30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Good Performers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United Kingdom and the European Union are the only regions among 18 of the world&rsquo;s biggest emitters that have significantly increased their greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under Performers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sixteen of the world's biggest emitters have not increased their emission reduction targets substantially or at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adaptation Action and Economic Diversification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More countries reported on mitigation co-benefits of adaptation action and economic diversification plans.</li>
<li>Adaptation actions and economic diversification plans with mitigation co-benefits include <strong>climate-smart agriculture, adapting coastal ecosystems</strong>, increasing the <strong>share of renewable sources in energy generation, carbon dioxide capture and storage, fuel switch and fuel price reforms</strong> in the transport sector, and moving to a <strong>circular economy</strong> for better waste management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for the Update:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>current levels of climate ambition are very far</strong> from putting us on a pathway that will <strong>meet our Paris Agreement goals.</strong></li>
<li>While a majority of countries increased their individual levels of ambition to reduce emissions, their combined impact will <strong>help achieve only a 1% reduction by 2030 compared to 2010 levels.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Global emissions, however, <strong>need to reduce by 45% in order to meet the 1.5&deg;C goal</strong>, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNFCCC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFCCC stands for <strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) is the United Nations entity</strong> tasked with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change.</li>
<li>The Convention has <strong>near universal membership (197 Parties)</strong> and is the <strong>parent treaty of the 2015 Paris Agreement.</strong> The UNFCCC is <strong>also the parent treaty of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UNFCCC secretariat is <strong>located in Bonn, Germany.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ultimate objective of all three agreements under the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system, in a time frame which allows ecosystems to adapt naturally and enables sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Paris Agreement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Paris Agreement (also known as the <strong>Conference of Parties 21 or COP 21</strong>) is a landmark environmental accord that was adopted in 2015 to address climate change and its negative impacts.</li>
<li>It replaced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong></a> which was an earlier agreement to deal with climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aims:</strong> To <strong>reduce global GHG emissions</strong> in an effort to limit the global temperature increase in this century to <strong>well below 2&deg;C</strong> above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing means to limit the increase to 1.5&deg;C by 2100. It also includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Addressing the financial losses vulnerable countries face from climate impacts such as extreme weather.</li>
<li>Providing financial assistance to countries that are less endowed and more vulnerable enabling them to adapt to climate change and transition to clean energy.</li>
<li>Climate finance is needed for mitigation, because large-scale investments are required to significantly reduce emissions. However, this part of the deal has been made non-legally binding on developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>INDCs:</strong> Before the conference started, more than 180 countries had submitted pledges to cut their carbon emissions (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or INDCs).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The INDCs were recognised under the agreement, but are not legally binding.</li>
<li>India also reaffirmed its INDCs commitments to meeting the goals under the Agreement in order to combat climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CMA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CMA oversees <strong>the implementation of the Paris Agreement</strong> and takes decisions to promote its effective implementation.</li>
<li>All States that are Parties to the Paris Agreement are represented at the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA), while States that are not Parties participate as observers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India's INDC, to be achieved primarily, by 2030</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To reduce the emissions intensity of the GDP by about a third.</li>
<li>A total of 40% of the installed capacity for electricity will be from non-fossil fuel sources.</li>
<li>India also promised an additional carbon sink (a means to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Participating nations will get more time to review and update their NDCs. This will be compiled in the final synthesis report to be brought out ahead of COP 26.</li>
<li>Climate action must be enabled and facilitated through the provision of adequate support where needed. This is critical and must be addressed also with high propriety and urgency &ndash; without adequate resources and access to greener technologies the deep transformation we need will not happen.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/paris-agreement-goals-un-urges-countries-to-update-emission-targets-75705" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7827,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Swachhta Saarthi Fellowship: Waste to Wealth Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser</strong></a> to the Government of India under its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/waste-to-energy-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Waste to Wealth&rdquo;</strong></a> Mission launched the <strong>&ldquo;Swachhta Saarthi Fellowship&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Swachhta Saarthi Fellowship:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> To <strong>recognize students, community workers/self-help groups, and municipal/sanitary workers</strong> who are engaged in tackling the enormous challenge of waste management, scientifically and sustainably.</li>
<li><strong>Three Categories of Awards under the Fellowships:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Category-A:</strong> Open to <strong>School students from 9<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> standards</strong> engaged in waste management community work.</li>
<li><strong>Category-B:</strong> Open to <strong>College students (UG, PG, Research students)</strong> engaged in waste management community work.</li>
<li><strong>Category-C:</strong> Open to <strong>Citizens working in the community and through SHGs, municipal or sanitary workers</strong> working beyond specifications of their job requirements/descriptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste to Wealth Mission:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This mission will identify, develop, and deploy technologies to treat waste to generate energy, recycle materials, and extract worth.</li>
<li>The Waste to Wealth Mission is <strong>one of the nine national missions </strong>of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/science-technology-and-innovation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</strong></a></li>
<li>The mission will <strong>assist and augment the</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> projects</strong> to <strong>create <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-australia-circular-economy-hackathon" target="_blank" rel="noopener">circular economic models</a></strong> that are financially viable for waste management to streamline waste handling in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-waste to Wealth: New Technology (IIT Delhi)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi has developed <strong>a zero-emission technology</strong> to manage and recycle e-waste to wealth.</li>
<li>The new methodology uses e-waste as an <strong>&ldquo;Urban Mine&rdquo;</strong> for <strong>metal recovery and energy production.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The e-waste is <strong>shredded and pyrolyzed</strong> to yield liquid and gaseous fuels, leaving behind a metal-rich solid fraction.</li>
<li>On further separation, the leftover solid residue yields a 90-95% pure metal mixture and some carbonaceous materials.</li>
<li>The carbonaceous material is further converted to aerogel for oil spillage cleaning, dye removal, carbon dioxide capture, and use in supercapacitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This technology will cater to the needs of <strong>&ldquo;Smart Cities,&rdquo; &ldquo;Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,&rdquo; and &ldquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a>&rdquo; initiatives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1701721#:~:text=The%20Office%20of%20the%20Principal%20Scientific%20Adviser%20to%20the%20Government,enormous%20challenge%20of%20waste%20management%2C" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7824,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Appeal to Resume Mining in Aravalli Hills',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Haryana government has appealed to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>to permit it to resume mining in the Aravalli Hills on the grounds that the pandemic had grounded the State&rsquo;s economy to a halt.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614684869_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614684869_image3.png" caption="false" width="300" height="220" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Aravalli Range: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They stretch for a distance of about 720 km from Himmatnagar in Gujarat to Delhi, spanning Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Aravallis date back to millions of years when a pre-Indian subcontinent collided with the mainland Eurasian Plate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Age:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-3600-years-old-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carbon dating</strong> </a>has shown that copper and other metals mined in the ranges date back to at least the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Characteristics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Aravallis of Northwestern India, one of the <strong>oldest fold mountains of the world,</strong> now form <strong>residual mountains</strong> with an elevation of 300m to 900m. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Guru Shikhar Peak</strong> on Mount Abu is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range (1,722 m).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been formed primarily of folded crust, when two convergent plates move towards each other by the process called <strong>orogenic movement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The mountains are<strong> divided into two main ranges &ndash;</strong> the Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar Khetri Range in Rajasthan, where their extension is about 560 km.</li>
<li>The hidden limb of the Aravallis that extends from Delhi to Haridwar creates a divide between the drainage of rivers of the Ganga and the Indus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Their Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Checks Desertification:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Aravallis act as a barrier between the fertile plains in the east and the sandy desert in the west.</li>
<li>Historically, it is said that the Aravalli range checked the spread of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thar-desert" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Thar desert</strong></a> towards the Indo-Gangetic plains, serving as a catchment of rivers and plains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rich in Biodiversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides habitat to 300 native plant species, 120 bird species and many exclusive animals like the jackal and mongoose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aravallis have an impact upon the climate of northwest India and beyond.</li>
<li>During monsoons, it provides a barrier and monsoon clouds move eastwards towards Shimla and Nainital, thus helping nurture the sub-Himalayan rivers and feeding the north Indian plains.</li>
<li>In the winter months, it protects the fertile alluvial river valleys from the cold westerly winds from Central Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recharges Groundwater:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aravallis also functions as a groundwater recharge zone for the regions around that absorb rainwater and revive the groundwater level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Checks Pollution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This range is considered the<strong> &ldquo;lungs&rdquo; for the polluted air of Delhi&ndash;National Capital Region (NCR).</strong></li>
<li>For Haryana, having the lowest forest cover at around 3.59% of the total forest cover in India, the Aravalli range is the only saving grace, providing the major portion of its forest cover (2017 Report).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravalli hills are <strong>an</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecologically sensitive zone</strong></a> but have for years borne the brunt of quarrying and environmental degradation.</li>
<li>A 2018 report by a Supreme Court-appointed <strong>Central Empowered Committee (CEC)</strong> found out that <strong>25% of the Aravalli range has been lost due to illegal mining</strong> in Rajasthan since 1967-68.</li>
<li>The <strong>consequences</strong> of the mining has been a<strong> destruction of aquifers and deforestation.</strong> Many<strong> rivers originating in the Aravalli like Banas, Luni, Sahibi and Sakhi,</strong> are now dead.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mining in the Aravalli region has been banned since 2002</strong> under the Supreme Court orders, unless expressly permitted by the Union Environment Ministry. However, mining continues illegally.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>green wall</strong></a> is being planned from Porbandar to Panipat which will help in restoring degraded land through afforestation along the Aravali hill range.</li>
<li>Residents along with volunteers from iamgurgaon, a citizen action group involved in the conservation of the Aravallis, were assisted by ecologists to create a self-sustaining Aravalli. This society driven model could be more effective to combat the degradation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/allow-us-to-resume-mining-in-aravalli-hills-haryana/article33965756.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7823,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to Repair: European Union',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Companies that sell refrigerators, washers, hair dryers or tele-visions in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> (EU) will need to ensure that those appliances can be <strong>repaired for up to 10 years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;Right to Repair,&rdquo;</strong> as it is sometimes called, came into force across the 27-nation from March 2021.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Right to Repair electronics refers to government <strong>legislation that is intended to allow consumers the ability to repair and modify their own consumer electronic devices</strong>, where otherwise the manufacturer of such devices require the consumer to use only their offered services.</li>
<li>Idea of Right to Repair originally <strong>originated from the USA</strong> where the <strong>Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act 2012</strong>, required the manufacturers to provide the necessary documents and information to allow anyone to repair their vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Rules:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the new EU rules, <strong>manufacturers will have to ensure parts are available for up to a decade</strong>, though some will only be provided to professional repair companies to ensure they are installed correctly.</li>
<li>New devices will also have to come with <strong>repair manuals</strong> and be made in such a way that they can be dismantled using conventional tools when they really can&rsquo;t be fixed anymore, to <strong>improve recycling.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E-Waste Generation in Europe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <strong>Global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-e-waste" target="_blank" rel="noopener">E-Waste</a> Monitor 2020</strong>, Europeans produce more than <strong>16</strong> <strong>kilograms</strong> (kg) of electrical waste per person every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Asia and Africa were much lower: <strong>5.6 and 2.5 kg</strong> respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Global E-Waste Monitor:</strong> It is a collaboration of the <strong>Global E-waste Statistics Partnership</strong> (GESP), formed by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation</strong></a> University (UNU), the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Telecommunication Union</strong></a> (ITU), and the <strong>International Solid Waste Associatio</strong>n (ISWA), in close collaboration with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>About half of that junk is due to broken household appliances, and the <strong>EU recycles only about 40% of it</strong>, leaving behind huge amounts of potentially hazardous material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help <strong>reduce</strong> the vast mountain of <strong>electrical waste (e-waste)</strong> that piles up each year on the continent.</li>
<li>It will <strong>save consumers money.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>contribute to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-australia-circular-economy-hackathon" target="_blank" rel="noopener">circular economy</a> objectives</strong> by improving the life span, maintenance, re-use, upgrade, recyclability and waste handling of appliances.</li>
<li>It would tackle <strong>two manufacturing trends:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cavalier attitude towards planned obsolescence.</li>
<li>Tendency on the part of manufacturers to control the repair and maintenance network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problem with Repair of Modern Appliances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Need Special Tools:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Modern appliances are often glued or riveted together, if you need specialist tools or have to break open the device, then you can&rsquo;t repair it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Spare Parts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lack of spare parts is another problem, campaigners say. Sometimes a single broken tooth on a tiny plastic sprocket can be challenging work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns For Manufacturers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manufacturers have pushed back against a broader &ldquo;right to repair&rdquo; as that would <strong>hurt their ability to sell new products</strong> more frequently, and <strong>would push them to become a service provider</strong> rather than a product maker.</li>
<li>They also say allowing the consumer to <strong>repair high-technology products is a risk</strong>, think of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lithium-ion</strong></a> batteries in cars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>E-waste in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Official Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a>, India generated more than <strong>10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20</strong>, an increase from 7 lakh tonnes in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronic-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Waste Management Rules, 2016:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rules aim to enable the <strong>recovery and/or reuse of useful material from e-waste</strong>, thereby reducing the hazardous wastes destined for disposal and to ensure the environmentally sound management of all types of waste of electrical and electronic equipment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-e-waste-clinic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Waste Clinic:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aimed at segregating, processing and disposal of waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-Waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>E-Waste is short for <strong>Electronic-Waste</strong> and the term is used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliances. It includes <strong>their components, consumables, parts and spares.</strong></li>
<li>It is categorised into 21 types under<strong> two broad categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Information technology and communication equipment.</li>
<li>Consumer electrical and electronics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>E-waste includes their components, consumables, parts and spares.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Such regulations could be <strong>especially valuable in a country like India</strong>, where service networks are often spotty and authorised workshops are few and far between in the hinterland. India&rsquo;s informal repair sector does a good job with jugaad. But the <strong>quality of repair and maintenance services could improve</strong> substantially if such legislation was adopted</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7795,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NGT Suggests National River Rejuvenation Mechanism',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> directed the Ministry of <strong>Jal Shakti</strong> to devise an appropriate <strong>National River Rejuvenation Mechanism</strong> for effective monitoring of steps to curb pollution and for rejuvenation of all polluted river stretches across the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assessment of the CPCB:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the 2016-17 assessment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a>, the <strong>number of polluted stretches of the country's rivers has increased to 351</strong> from 302 two years ago, and the number of critically polluted stretches &mdash; where water quality indicators are the poorest&mdash;has gone up to 45 from 34.</li>
<li>Among them, <strong>117 such river stretches are in the States of Assam, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of the CPCB Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CPCB, since the 1990s, has a programme to monitor the quality of rivers primarily by measuring <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-improvement-in-ganga-water-quality#:~:text=BOD%20is%20the%20amount%20of,low%20DO%20content%20of%20water." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)</strong></a>, which is a proxy for organic pollution&mdash;the higher it is, the worse the river.</li>
<li>The CPCB considers a BOD <strong>less than 3 mg/l</strong> an indicator of a healthy river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>NGT had constituted a Central Monitoring Committee to prepare and enforce a national plan</strong> to make over 350 river stretches across the country pollution free as it has caused serious threat to safety of water and environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Latest Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been <strong>deterioration in the quality of water in rivers in spite of the Water Act</strong> which was enacted way back in 1974 which was intended to bring about improvement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NGT suggested the mechanism could be called <strong>&lsquo;National River Rejuvenation Mechanism (NRRM).</strong> NRRM may consider setting up a <strong>National, State or district environment data grid</strong> at appropriate levels as an effective monitoring strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expansion in the Scope of NRRM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of <strong>rejuvenation of rivers need not be confined to only 351 stretches</strong> but may be applicable to all small, medium and big polluted rivers, including those dried up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Effective measures should be taken by <strong>Chief Secretaries of all States and UTs</strong> in terms of action plans for abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of rivers.</li>
<li>The Chief Secretaries are also required to <strong>personally monitor progress at least once every month and the NRRM every quarter.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>accountability</strong> for failure to comply with the direction <strong>for payment of compensation</strong> will be <strong>of the Chief Secretaries concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Polluted River Stretches:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rapid <strong>urbanisation</strong> and lack of efficient <strong>waste disposal</strong> systems.</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Cities</strong> on the banks of rivers.</li>
<li>Run-off from <strong>agricultural activities</strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Bank estimates that the <strong>health costs of water pollution in India equal three percent of India's GDP.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also been suggested that <strong>eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The danger Ganga&rsquo;s polluted water poses is not only to the humans but also to <strong>the animals</strong>. Some of the important threatened species include, more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species, reptiles such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gharials</strong></a>, and mammals such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian River Dolphin.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 21:</strong> The <strong>fundamental right to clean the environment</strong>, and further, pollution-free water, has been protected under the broad rubric of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-rights-and-oci-cardholders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to life</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51-A (g):</strong> It mandates as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental duty</strong></a> of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, <strong>rivers and wildlife.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Tackle Water Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Water Policy (2012):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.</li>
<li>Started by the Ministry of Water Resources, it highlights the importance of water for human existence as well as for economic development related activities.</li>
<li>It suggests frameworks to conserve water resources through optimal, economical, sustainable and equitable means.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Water Mission (2010)</strong></a>: It ensures integrated water resource management leading to water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution forming better policies.</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/about_nmcg.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></a> which envisages a <strong>five-tier</strong> <strong>structure at national, state and district level</strong> to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Namami Gange Project:</strong></a> It integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga River in a comprehensive manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/devise-plan-to-curb-pollution-of-river-stretches/article33936170.ece#:~:text=Share%20Article-,NGT%20order%20comes%20after%20The%20Hindu%27s%20report,river%20stretches%20across%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7789,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'State of Environment Report 2021: CSE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>State of Environment Report, 2021</strong> was released by the<strong> Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CSE is a public interest research and advocacy organisation</strong> based in New Delhi. It researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pandemic Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India is all set to usher in a &lsquo;pandemic generation&rsquo;,</strong> with 375 million children (from newborns to 14-year-olds) likely to <strong>suffer long-lasting impacts,</strong> ranging from being underweight, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teenage-pregnancy-and-stunted-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stunting</strong></a> (low height-for-age) and increased child mortality, to <strong>losses in education and work productivity. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased School Dropouts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, over 500 million children were forced out of school globally and India accounted for more than half of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rise in Extreme Poverty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Covid-19 has made the world&rsquo;s poor poorer. Over <strong>115 million additional people</strong> might get pushed into extreme poverty by the pandemic and most of them live in South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution Levels Worsened:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s air, water and land have become more polluted between 2009 and 2018.</li>
<li>Of 88 major<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronics-manufacturing-clusters-emc2-0-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> industrial clusters</strong> </a>in the country, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board,</strong> </a>35 showed overall environmental degradation, 33 pointed to worsening air quality, 45 had more polluted water and in 17, land pollution became worse.</li>
<li><strong>Tarapur in Maharashtra</strong> emerged as the<strong> most polluted cluster.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regarding Sustainable Development Rankings: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India ranked 117 among 192 nations</strong> in terms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a> and was now behind all South Asian nations except Pakistan.</li>
<li><strong>States&rsquo; Performance In Sustainable Development Goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Best Performing States:</strong> Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Report on the Impact of Covid-19 on Children</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-winter-pollution-cse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Report on Winter Pollution: CSE</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-pandemic-generation-says-centre-for-science-and-environment/article33934601.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7777,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Report on Winter Pollution: CSE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)</strong> reported that the <strong>levels of PM 2.5, worsened in 43 out of 99 cities</strong> whose winter air was compared for two years, 2020 and 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5</strong> refers to <strong>fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers</strong> in diameter. It causes respiratory problems and also reduces visibility. It is <strong>an endocrine disruptor</strong> that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li><strong>CSE</strong> is a public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi. It researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cities with the worst pollution spikes in 2020 over 2019 include Gurugram, Lucknow, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, Agra, Navi Mumbai, and Jodhpur. Kolkata is the only mega city in this group.</li>
<li>When ranked from the most to the least polluted cities, <strong>23 of the most polluted cities are from north India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ghaziabad is the most polluted city </strong>in the<strong> northern belt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Best Performers: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Only 19 registered &ldquo;substantial improvement&rdquo;</strong> in PM 2.5 levels, one of these was <strong>Chennai.</strong></li>
<li>There are only <strong>four cities</strong> (Satna, Mysuru, Vijaypura and Chikkamagaluru) that have met the <strong>national 24-hour standard (60 &mu;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</strong> during the winter season.</li>
<li><strong>Satna and Maihar</strong> in Madhya Pradesh, and<strong> Mysuru</strong> in Karnataka, are the <strong>cleanest cities</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seasonal Peak Levels:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 37 cities that are otherwise showing stable or declining seasonal averages, their peak pollution levels have <strong>risen significantly during winter.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include Aurangabad, Indore, Nashik, Jabalpur, Rupnagar, Bhopal, Dewas, Kochi, and Kozhikode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In North India, other cities, including <strong>Delhi, have experienced the reverse,</strong> that is, an increase in the seasonal average but decline in the seasonal peak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Spike in Winter Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lockdown and Regional Factors:</strong> In the aftermath of the lockdown, several cities reported improved pollution levels but by winter, when lockdowns were significantly eased, pollution levels had clawed back to pre-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This underlines the significant <strong>contribution of local and regional factors</strong> to a city&rsquo;s pollution levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calm Weather:</strong> During winter, cool and calm weather traps and spikes daily pollution, particularly in north Indian cities located in the Indo Gangetic Plain. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, the average level of PM 2.5 during the summer and monsoon months was considerably lower than the previous year due to the summer lockdown.</li>
<li>However, the winter PM 2.5 concentration has risen compared to the 2019 winter in many cities across regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data from Pollution Control Board:</strong> The analysis is <strong>part of the air pollution tracker initiative</strong> of CSE. It&rsquo;s based on publicly available granular real time data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>CAAQMS Data:</strong> The data is captured from 248 official stations under the <strong>Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (CAAQMS)</strong> spread across 115 cities in 22 States and Union Territories. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CAAQMS<strong> facilitates in measuring a real time monitoring of Air Pollution,</strong> including particulate matter, all round the year.</li>
<li>It also <strong>displays digitally, other viral statistics of weather,</strong> to include wind speed, direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure and rain gauge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasised that<strong> rather than mega cities, it was the smaller and upcoming cities</strong> that were emerging as<strong> pollution hotspots.</strong></li>
<li>The report findings call for quicker reforms and<strong> action in key sectors of pollution -</strong> vehicles, industry, power plants and waste management to control winter pollution and bend the annual air pollution curve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Control Air Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dashboard-for-monitoring-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dashboard for Monitoring Air Quality.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-launches-mission-to-fight-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Air Quality Index (AQI).</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites#:~:text=It%20was%20entrusted%20with%20the,of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981.&amp;text=to%20promote%20cleanliness%20of%20streams,and%20abatement%20of%20water%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/winter-pollution-shows-rise-in-most-indian-cities-says-cse/article33926354.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7773,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Hydrogen  Energy Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a<strong> National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.The initiative has the potential of transforming transportation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NHM</strong> initiative will capitalise on one of the most abundant elements on earth (Hydrogen) for a cleaner alternative fuel option.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Hydrogen Energy Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Focus on <strong>generation of hydrogen from green power resources.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>link India&rsquo;s growing renewable capacity with the hydrogen economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India's ambitious goal of 175 GW by 2022 got an impetus in the 2021-22 budget which allocated Rs. 1500 crore for renewable energy development and NHM.</li>
<li>The usage of hydrogen will not only help India in achieving its emission goals under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, but will also <strong>reduce import dependency on fossil fuels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>first element</strong> on the <strong>periodic table.</strong> Since the <strong>weight of hydrogen is less than air</strong>, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore <strong>rarely found in its pure form, H<sub>2</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and <strong>highly combustible diatomic gas.</strong></li>
<li>Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen. It can be <strong>used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines.</strong> It is also used as a <strong>fuel for spacecraft propulsion.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Type of Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Constitutes India&rsquo;s bulk Production.</li>
<li>Extracted from hydrocarbons (fossil fuels, natural gas).</li>
<li>By product: CO<sub>2</sub></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sourced from fossil fuels.</li>
<li>By product: CO, CO<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><strong>By products are Captured and Stored</strong>, so better than gey hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generated from renewable energy (like Solar, Wind).</li>
<li>Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.</li>
<li>By Products : Water, Water Vapor</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia-Pacific Stance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Asia-Pacific sub-continent, <strong>Japan</strong> and <strong>South Korea</strong> are on the <strong>front foot</strong> in terms of <strong>hydrogen policy making.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, <strong>Japan</strong> formulated the <strong>Basic Hydrogen Strategy</strong> which sets out the country&rsquo;s action plan till 2030, including the establishment of an international supply chain.</li>
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> is operating hydrogen projects and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Fuel Cell</strong></a> production units under the auspices of its <strong>Hydrogen Economy Development and Safe Management of Hydrogen Act, 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>South Korea</strong> has also passed the Economic Promotion and Safety Control of Hydrogen Act, which deals with three key areas - <strong>hydrogen vehicles, charging stations</strong> and <strong>fuel cells.</strong> This law is <strong>intended to bring transparency to the nation&rsquo;s hydrogen pricing system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Context:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>a huge edge in green hydrogen production</strong> owing to its <strong>favorable geographic conditions</strong> and presence of <strong>abundant natural elements.</strong></li>
<li>The government has given impetus in <strong>scaling up the gas pipeline infrastructure</strong> across the length and breadth of the country, and has introduced reforms for the power grid, including the <strong>introduction of smart grids.</strong> Such steps are being taken t<strong>o effectively integrate renewable energy in the present energy mix.</strong></li>
<li>Capacity addition to renewable power generation, storage and transmission, <strong>producing green hydrogen in India can become cost effective</strong> which will not only guarantee energy security, but also ensure self-sufficiency gradually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Challenges :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the biggest challenges faced by the industry for using hydrogen commercially is the <strong>economic sustainability of extracting green or blue hydrogen.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The technology used in production and use of hydrogen like <strong>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)</strong> and <strong>hydrogen fuel cell technology are at nascent stage</strong> and are expensive which in turn increases the cost of production of hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance costs</strong> for fuel cells post-completion of a plant can be costly.</li>
<li>The commercial usage of hydrogen as a fuel and in industries <strong>requires mammoth investment in R&amp;D of such technology and infrastructure</strong> for production, storage, transportation and demand creation for hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At this juncture, with a calibrated approach, India can uniquely position itself to take advantage <strong>with increasing investment in R&amp;D, capacity building, compatible legislation</strong>, and the <strong>opportunity for creation of demand</strong> among its vast population. Such initiatives can propel India to become the most favored nation by exporting hydrogen to its neighbors and beyond.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electric-vehicle-technology-hydrogen-car-national-hydrogen-mission-7193217/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7754,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Carbon Watch App: Chandigarh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Chandigarh became the first state or Union Territory</strong> in India to launch<strong> Carbon Watch,</strong> a mobile application<strong> to assess the carbon footprint of an individual.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>carbon footprint</strong> is the <strong>total amount of <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gases</a>&mdash;</strong>primarily carbon dioxide&mdash;released into the atmosphere by a particular human activity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the App:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The app focuses on individuals&rsquo; actions and<strong> calculates carbon footprint on the basis of Transport, Energy, Waste and Water consumption.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>also provide information such as the national and world average of the emission,</strong> and the individual&rsquo;s level of emission generation.</li>
<li>It<strong> encourages people to be Climate-Smart Citizens</strong> while making them capable of accessing their carbon footprint, along with providing them with steps to reduce it.</li>
<li>It also <strong>sensitizes people about their lifestyle emissions,</strong> their impact and possible countermeasures to mitigate the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Footprint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a>, a carbon footprint is a measure of the impact people&rsquo;s activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) produced through the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed as a weight of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions produced in tonnes.</li>
<li>It is <strong>usually measured as tons of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted per year,</strong> a number that can be supplemented by tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent gases, including methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases.</li>
<li>It can be a broad measure or be applied to the actions of an individual, a family, an event, an organization, or even an entire nation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Footprint vs Ecological Footprint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Carbon footprint is <strong>different from ecological footprint.</strong> While the carbon footprint measures the emission of gases that contribute to global warming, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earth-overshoot-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecological footprint</strong> </a>focuses on measuring the use of bio-productive space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Higher Carbon Footprint: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Climate change</strong> is the ultimate effect of large carbon footprints. Greenhouse gases, whether natural or human-produced, contribute to the warming of the planet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 1990 to 2005, carbon dioxide emissions increased by 31%. By 2008, the emissions had contributed to a 35% increase in radiative warming, or a shift in Earth&rsquo;s energy balance toward warming, over 1990 levels.</li>
<li>According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong></a> records, 2011-2020 was the warmest decade on record, in a persistent long-term climate change trend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Depletion of Resources:</strong> Large carbon footprints deplete resources on large scales, from a country&rsquo;s deforestation activities to one home&rsquo;s increased use of air conditioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methods of Reducing Carbon Footprint: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Adopting the 4 R&rsquo;s-</strong> Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.</li>
<li>Driving <strong>more-efficient vehicles</strong> (or making sure that current vehicles are properly maintained), taking public transportation.</li>
<li>Individuals and companies can also offset some of their carbon dioxide emissions by <strong>purchasing carbon credits,</strong> the money from which can go into projects such as planting trees or investing in renewable energy.</li>
<li>Implementation of the Climate change conventions like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reducing-emissions-from-coal-based-power-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian initiatives</strong></a> for the same must be fast forwarded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian initiatives include <strong>Nation Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), National Wetland Conservation Programme,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-carbon-watch-indias-1st-app-to-assess-ones-carbon-footprint-7198710/#:~:text=Chandigarh%20became%20the%20first%20state,carbon%20footprint%20of%20an%20individual.&amp;text=Carbon%20footprint%20is%20the%20amount,by%20a%20particular%20human%20activity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7751,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Nature-Based Solutions',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-climate-resilient-future-7198487/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A climate-resilient future&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 20/02/2021. It talks about the concept of Nature-based solutions (NbS) that can help in climate resilience building and resource management.</p>
</div>
<p>Five years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the signatories are again in the process of revising their nationally determined contributions as they prepare for COP26 that is scheduled for later this year.</p>
<p>Also, with the beginning of the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration in 2021, an even wider scale of discussions of Nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate change adaptation strategy at COP26 is envisaged.</p>
<p>In this context, the concept of Nature-based solutions (NbS) can help in climate resilience building and resource management.</p>
<h3>What Are Nature-Based Solutions?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature-based solutions (NBS) refer to the sustainable management and use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges.</li>
<li>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.</li>
<li>It is further associated with other sector-specific terms like green infrastructure, natural infrastructure, ecological engineering, ecosystem-based mitigation, ecosystem-based adaptation, and ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction.</li>
<li>NbS creates harmony between people and nature, enables ecological development, and represents a holistic, people-centered response to climate change.</li>
<li>Also, NbS are an essential component of the overall global effort to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In its essence, Article 5.2 of the Paris Agreement recognizes the importance of natural resources in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.</li>
<li>Article 7 further promotes the idea of building the resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Example of Nature-Based Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Helping Local People:</strong> NbS has been very successful in helping local people to deal with the impacts of climate change, improving ecosystem services, and storing carbon. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the restoration project in the Lake District National Park, United Kingdom was successful in improving not just the local biodiversity but also brought with it revenue generation by way of increased tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NbS for Disaster Reduction:</strong> Restoration or protection of mangroves along coastlines utilizes a nature-based solution to accomplish several things.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mangroves moderate the impact of waves and wind on coastal settlements or cities and sequester CO<sub>2</sub>.</li>
<li>They also provide safe nurseries for marine life that can be the basis for sustaining populations of fish that local populations depend on.</li>
<li>Additionally, the mangrove forests can help control coastal erosion resulting from sea-level rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Urban Issues:</strong> In addition to NbS being used for restoring ecosystems, it can also be used in combination with man-made infrastructure in cities to benefit human health and urban biodiversity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, in cities, green roofs or walls are nature-based solutions that can be used to moderate the impact of high temperatures, capture stormwater, abate pollution, and act as carbon sinks, while enhancing biodiversity.</li>
<li>Creating permeable lesser concrete areas to help replenish groundwater in regions facing water scarcity.</li>
<li>Large hotels and resorts can effectively pioneer solutions such as artificial wetlands for water recycling, which would also add to the local landscape&rsquo;s aesthetics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need For NbS</h3>
<p>Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges to mankind today. Both cities and natural ecosystems have the most to lose as far as climate change impacts are concerned.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growing Vulnerabilities of Cities:</strong> The vulnerability of cities, in particular, is further aggravated by added complexities of land-use change, the density of population, increased concretization, social inequalities, poor air quality, and several other associated issues. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This poses a serious challenge to human health, social well-being, and quality of life, especially for the underprivileged classes of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk to Natural Ecosystem:</strong> Natural ecosystem losses such as loss of biodiversity, depletion of water resources, etc. have similarly been well documented.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To overcome or minimize the impacts of climate change, the idea of local-led adaptation has been widely discussed, which directs us to NbS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Local-led Adaptation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Local-led adaptation refers to local communities, local governments acting strong in taking effective decisions to tackle climate change.</li>
<li>Local-led adaptation is often characterized by indigenous solutions, which are often associated with nature.</li>
<li>Given that the most vulnerable populations are the ones that are more dependent on natural resources, it is, therefore, to be expected that coping solutions also often germinate from the same source.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenge to NBs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly Context-Specific:</strong> NbS are highly contexted specific, and their effectiveness is also uncertain under changing climatic conditions. While natural ecosystems are affected by changing climate, their effectiveness in future climate scenarios is questionable.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Huge Finances:</strong> Apart from the uncertainties revolving around the NbS, securing a continuous flow of investments is an added challenge. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a report by United Nations Environment Programme (2020), an investment of $140 billion to $300 billion annually by 2030, rising to between $280 billion and $500 billion by 2050 might be required to finance NbS globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing NbS</h3>
<p>IUCN released a global standard including a set of criteria and associated indicators for implementing NbS, addressing sustainable development goals and resilient project management.</p>
<p>To illustrate these criteria for decision-making prior to implementation, we take the example of the restoration of a hilly area using NbS. This area once mined excessively for mineral resources; is now susceptible to soil erosion, landslides, and increased climate risk.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restoring such an area would address more than one societal challenge.</li>
<li>The scale of the design of the restoration program needs to be estimated.</li>
<li>Further, whether or not the planned restoration will improve the biodiversity of the region and is economically workable needs to be checked as well.</li>
<li>For inclusive governance, the plantation of plant species must be carried out in consultation with local stakeholders as they are the ultimate caretakers of the plantation.</li>
<li>While we&rsquo;re restoring the area, it might cause an improvement in the region&rsquo;s biodiversity, it may also result in the loss of playgrounds for children.</li>
<li>However, such trade-offs must be thought of in advance, mutually agreed upon and maintained throughout the time. To meet the seventh criterion, the restored area must be maintained, studied, and effectively documented to support future decision-making.</li>
<li>The global NbS standards should highlight the importance of replicating workable solutions in similar environments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>If we can address the complexities revolving around NbS along with securing sustainable investment, we might develop a climate-resilient future in addition to protecting, conserving, and restoring our natural environment.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Nature-based solutions can help in protecting, conserving, and restoring our natural environment. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7750,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Making Peace with Nature: UNEP Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> has released the<strong> 'Making Peace with Nature'</strong> report, <strong>ahead of the fifth session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report explains how <strong>climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution add up to three self-inflicted planetary emergencies</strong> that are closely interconnected and put the well-being of current and future generations at unacceptable risk.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Planetary Emergencies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> Climate change is<strong> increasing the chances of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arctic-concerns-opportunities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arctic Ocean</a> being ice-free</strong> in summer, further disrupting ocean circulation and Arctic ecosystems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Climate change <strong>drives changes in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wildfires</a></strong> and water stress and combines with biodiversity loss to <strong>degrade land and enhance drought</strong> in some regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biodiversity Loss:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than one million of the estimated 8 million plant and animal species are increasingly at risk of extinction.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/significance-of-dead-coral-reef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coral reefs</a> are particularly vulnerable to climate change</strong> and are projected to decline to 10-30% of their former cover at 1.5&deg;C of warming and to less than 1% at 2&deg;C of warming, compromising food provision, tourism and coastal protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every year, nine million people die prematurely due to pollution.</li>
<li>Up to <strong>400 million tons of heavy metals,</strong> solvents, toxic sludge and other industrial wastes enter the world&rsquo;s waters annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Widening Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Human prosperity is strained by widening inequalities, whereby the<strong> burden of environmental decline weighs heaviest on the poor and vulnerable</strong> and looms even larger over<strong> today&rsquo;s youth and future generations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inequity in economic growth has left 1.3 billion people poor. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance over SDGs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Current and projected changes in climate, biodiversity loss and pollution make achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> </a>even more challenging.</li>
<li>The current mode of development <strong>degrades the Earth&rsquo;s finite capacity</strong> to sustain human well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance over Different Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Society is <strong>failing to meet most of its commitments to limit environmental damage.</strong></li>
<li>Society is not on course to achieve<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> land degradation neutrality</strong></a>, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/31-12-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aichi Targets</strong></a> and targets of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Human knowledge, ingenuity, technology and cooperation</strong> can transform societies and economies and secure a sustainable future.</li>
<li>Given the interconnected nature of climate change, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, and air and water pollution, it is essential that these problems are <strong>tackled together.</strong></li>
<li>Governments must<strong> scale up and accelerate</strong> action to meet the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> goals and limit dangerous climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Economic and financial systems</strong> can and must be transformed to lead and power the shift toward sustainability.</li>
<li><strong>Moving to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-australia-circular-economy-hackathon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> circular economic systems</a></strong> that reuse resources, reduce emissions and weed out the chemicals and toxins that are causing millions of premature deaths &ndash; all while creating jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on 5th June 1972.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the sustainable development within the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emission Gap Report</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/adaptation-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adaptation Gap Report</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Environment Outlook</a></strong>, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Assembly</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is the <strong>governing body of the UN Environment Programme.</strong></li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s highest-level decision-making body on the environment.</li>
<li>It <strong>meets biennially</strong> to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</li>
<li>It was <strong>created in June 2012,</strong> during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/time-to-reset-our-relationship-with-nature-un-ahead-of-5th-environment-assembly-75613" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7745,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Declining Rainfall in Cherrapunji',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study that looked at the <strong>rainfall pattern in the past 119 years</strong> found a <strong>decreasing trend at Cherrapunji (Meghalaya) and nearby areas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The village of <strong>Mawsynram in East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya</strong> has beaten Cherrapunji to become the <strong>wettest place in the world.</strong> Mawsynram receives over 10,000 millimetres of rain in a year.</li>
<li>Mawsynram is located around <strong>81 km by road from Cherrapunji</strong> however the straight line distance between the two is <strong>15.2 km.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613980587_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613980587_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduction in Rainfall:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>annual mean rainfall</strong> for the period <strong>1973&ndash;2019</strong> showed <strong>decreasing trends</strong> of about <strong>0.42 mm per decade.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was statistically significant along seven stations <strong>(Agartala, Cherrapunji, Guwahati, Kailashahar, Pasighat, Shillong and Silchar).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rising Temperature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>changes in the Indian Ocean temperature</strong> have a <strong>huge effect</strong> on the rainfall in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian Ocean region was pointed out by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-moes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first climate change assessment report</strong></a> published by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences in June 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Human Activities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The satellite data showed that there was a <strong>reduction in the vegetation area</strong> in northeast India in the past two decades, implying that human influence also plays an important role in the changing rainfall patterns.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The traditional way of cultivation known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-report-on-shifting-cultivation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jhum cultivation or shifting cultivation</strong></a> is now decreased and being replaced by other methods.</li>
<li>There is sizable <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deforestation-rate-declined"><strong>deforestation</strong></a> in the region. The study saw the <strong>decrease in vegetation cover and increase in the areas of cropland</strong> mainly from the year 2006 onwards.</li>
<li>The analysis showed <strong>reductions in vegetation</strong> with <strong>104.5 sqkm lost per year.</strong></li>
<li>On the other hand, there were <strong>significant increases in cropland</strong> (182.1 sqkm per year) and <strong>urban and built-up lands</strong> (0.3 sqkm per year) during the period 2001&ndash;2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Studying the North-East Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since north-east India is mostly hilly and is an extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the <strong>region is highly sensitive to changes</strong> in regional and global climate.</li>
<li>It has to be noted that the <strong>first signs of the effect of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a></strong> will be evident for the extreme cases such as the rainfall at Cherrapunji.</li>
<li>North-east India has the <strong>highest vegetation cover</strong> in India and includes <strong>18 biodiversity hotspots of the world</strong>, indicating the importance of the region in terms of its greenery and <strong>climate-change sensitivity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Reason for High Rainfall in Cherrapunji and Mawsynram</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cherrapunji (elevation 1313 m)</strong> and <strong>Mawsynram (elevation 1401.5 m)</strong> are located on the southern slopes of the east Khasi Hills in Meghalaya. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Meghalaya is a mountainous state with <strong>numerous valleys and highland plateaus.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Elevation</strong> in the plateau region ranges between <strong>150 m</strong> to <strong>1,961 m ,</strong> with the central part comprising the Khasi Hills with the highest elevations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The rainfall in Cherrapunji-Mawsynram is <strong>caused by the orography favouring a monsoon wind regime.</strong></li>
<li>The northward moving moist winds from the Bay of Bengal passing over the plains of Bangladesh are <strong>forced to converge in the narrow valleys of the Khasi Hills</strong> with orography providing forced ascent that causes condensation, formation of clouds resulting in rain on the windward side of the slope.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Shifting Cultivation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shifting cultivation, locally called 'Jhum', is a widely practiced system of crop cultivation among the indigenous communities of North-east India. The practice, also known as <strong>slash-and-burn agriculture</strong>, is when farmers clear land by slashing vegetation and burning forests and woodlands to create clear land for agricultural purposes.</li>
<li>This provides a <strong>very easy and very fast method</strong> of the preparation of the land for agriculture.</li>
<li>The bush and the weeds can be removed easily. The <strong>burning of waste materials provides needed nutrients for the cultivation.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>gives</strong> a family its <strong>food, fodder, fuel, livelihood</strong> and is closely linked to their identity.</li>
<li>Because of cutting of forests and trees, this practice <strong>leads to soil erosion and may also affect the course of rivers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/wettest-place-on-earth-sees-decreasing-trend-in-rainfall/article33889697.ece#:~:text=The%20quiet%2C%20sleepy%2C%20yet%20mesmerising,to%20The%20Hindu%20subscribers%20only." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7743,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Deglaciation and Threats',
		'description' => '<h3>Deglaciation </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Glaciers, ice caps and continental ice sheets <strong>cover some 10% of the earth&rsquo;s land surface</strong> at the present time, whereas during the ice ages, they covered about three times this amount <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present ice cover corresponds to about three-quarter of the world&rsquo;s total freshwater resources. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The gradual melting away of a glacier from the surface of a landmass is known as <strong>Deglaciation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The processes that remove snow, ice, and moraine from a glacier or ice sheet are called <strong>Ablation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes melting, evaporation, erosion, and calving.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The process of deglaciation, that intensified in the 20th century, is leaving our planet iceless. </li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes of Deglaciation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global warming:</strong> The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by <strong>industry, transport, deforestation and burning fossil fuels,</strong> amongst other human activities, <strong>warm the planet and cause glaciers to melt.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ocean warming:</strong> Oceans absorb 90% of the Earth's warmth, and this affects the melting of marine glaciers, which are mostly located near the poles.</li>
<li><strong>Rapid industrialisation:</strong> Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting, <strong>specifically, since the industrial revolution,</strong> carbon dioxide and other<strong> greenhouse gas emissions have raised temperatures,</strong> even <strong>higher in the poles,</strong> and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting, calving off into the sea and retreating on land.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impacts of Deglaciation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raised sea level:</strong> The melting glaciers have played the major role in<strong> raising average global sea level between four and eight inches</strong> (10 and 20 centimeters) in the past hundred years, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rising sea levels increase coastal erosion and elevates storm surge as warming air and ocean temperatures create more frequent and intense coastal storms like hurricanes and typhoons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On mountain glaciers:</strong> The famed snows of <strong>Kilimanjaro</strong> have melted more than 80% since 1912. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Glaciers in the Garhwal region</strong> of the Himalayas are retreating so fast that researchers believe that most central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could virtually disappear by 2035. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In the Northern Hemisphere:</strong> Spring freshwater ice breakup in the Northern Hemisphere now<strong> occurs nine days earlier</strong> than it did 150 years ago, and <strong>autumn freeze-up ten days later. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Arctic sea</strong> ice has thinned significantly over the past half century, and its extent has declined by about 10% in the past 30 years. </li>
<li>The <strong>Greenland</strong> ice sheet is disappearing four times faster than in 2003 and already contributes 20% of current sea level rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Melting of Thwaites Glacier:</strong> Also called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/melting-of-thwaites-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doomsday Glacier</strong></a>, it is a 120 km wide, fast-moving glacier located in <strong>Antarctica.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of its size (1.9 lakh square km), it contains enough water to raise the world sea level by more than half a metre.</li>
<li>Studies have detected the <strong>presence of warm water</strong> at a vital point beneath the Thwaites glacier as the cause of its melting.</li>
<li>Its <strong>melting already contributes 4% to global sea-level rise each year.</strong> It is estimated that it would collapse into the sea in 200-900 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Studies have found the amount of ice flowing out of it has nearly doubled over the past 30 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disappearance of species:</strong> Glaciers are the natural habitat of a number of animals, both terrestrial and aquatic, if the melting continues at the same rate, a number of species will become extinct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also disturb the balance of the food chain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613974001_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613974001_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>The Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<p><strong>About</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Himalayan glaciers form the largest body of ice outside the polar caps and are the source of water for the innumerable rivers that flow across the Indo-Gangetic plains. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Himalayan glaciers are also known as the Third Pole. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Himalayan glacial snowfields store about 12,000 km3 of freshwater. </li>
<li>15,000 Himalayan glaciers form a unique reservoir which supports perennial rivers such as the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra which, in turn, are the lifeline of millions of people in South Asian countries (Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, India and Bangladesh). </li>
<li>The Gangetic basin alone is home to 500 million people, about 10% of the total human population in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Receding Glaciers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rate of receding:</strong> Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The glaciers have been losing the equivalent of more than a vertical foot and half of ice each year since 2000; double the amount of melting that took place from 1975 to 2000.</li>
<li>According to the statistics in the last 25 years approximate 400 crore tons of ice being melted in the Himalayan glaciers.</li>
<li>The 30.2 km long <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/concentration-of-black-carbon-on-gangotri-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangotri Glacier</strong> </a>has been receding alarmingly in recent years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of receding:</strong> The receding and thinning of Himalayan glaciers can be attributed primarily to global warming due to increase in anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The relatively high population density near these glaciers and consequent deforestation and land-use changes have also adversely affected these glaciers. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the Hindukush region:</strong> Climate change has hastened glacial melting across the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region</strong></a>, home to some of the world&rsquo;s tallest peaks, including Mount Everest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glacier collapse at Nanda Devi</strong></a> in Uttarakhand&rsquo;s Chamoli district led to a massive flood in the Dhauli Ganga river and caused large-scale devastation in the upper reaches of the ecologically fragile Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air warming over HKH:</strong> Air over HKH warmed at a rate of 0.2℃ each decade from 1951 to 2014 and at an even higher rate of 0.5℃ per decade at elevations higher than 4,000 meters, as per a report prepared by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report projected that even with the Indian government&rsquo;s commitment to mitigate greenhouse gases by 2030, the Indian Himalayas could warm by 2.6℃&ndash;4.6℃ by 2100. </li>
<li>In the worst-case scenario, the mean surface temperature over the whole region could rise by 5.2℃ by 2100.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613973937_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613973937_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7726,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Greenpeace Analysis On Economic Cost Of Air Pollution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/toxic-air-the-price-of-fossil-fuels-greenpeace-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greenpeace Southeast Asia</strong></a> (non-governmental organisation) analysis of cost to the economy due to air pollution, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trends-in-air-pollution-cpcb#:~:text=in%20the%20IGP.-,PM2.,human%20health%20and%20the%20climate." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM 2.5 air pollution</strong></a> claimed approximately 54,000 lives in Delhi in 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5</strong> refers to <strong>fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers</strong> in diameter. It causes <strong>respiratory problems</strong> and also reduces visibility. It is <strong>an endocrine disruptor</strong> that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Report on Indian Cities: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Delhi:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In July 2020, Greenpeace found out that of the 28 global cities studied, <strong>Delhi bore the highest economic cost of air pollution</strong> with an estimated loss of 24,000 lives in the first half of 2020 despite a strict <strong>Covid-19 lockdown.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, air pollutant levels in Delhi <strong>remained almost six times above the prescribed WHO (World Health Organisation) limits of 10 &mu;g/m3 annual mean.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>estimated air pollution-related economic losses</strong> were USD 8.1 billion, which <strong>amounts to 13% of Delhi's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mumbai:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An estimated <strong>25,000 avoidable deaths in Mumbai</strong> in 2020 have been attributed to air pollution from PM 2.5 and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Cities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Damage due to air pollution is equally worrying in other cities - <strong>Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Lucknow -</strong> featured in the global analysis.</li>
<li>Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad estimated an approximate 12,000, 11,000, and 11,000 avoidable deaths respectively due to polluted air.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, <strong>approximately 1,60,000 deaths</strong> have been attributed to PM 2.5 air pollution <strong>in the five most populous cities &mdash;</strong> Delhi (India), Mexico City (Mexico), S&atilde;o Paulo (Brazil), Shanghai (China) and Tokyo (Japan).</li>
<li>In 2020, the estimated <strong>economic cost of PM 2.5 air pollution exceeded USD 5 billion in 14 cities</strong> included in the analysis.</li>
<li><strong>Tokyo (Japan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the included cities, the<strong> highest estimated total financial cost</strong> from air pollution was recorded in Tokyo, which suffered approximately 40,000 avoidable deaths and an economic loss of USD 43 billion due to PM 2.5 air pollution in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Los Angeles (USA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It recorded the<strong> highest per capita financial cost of PM 2.5 air pollution</strong> of all cities on the estimator, at approximately USD 2,700 per resident.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indicators Used in Measurement: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5 Measurements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Real-time ground-level PM 2.5 measurements were collected from different places and combined together in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IQAir&rsquo;s database.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IQAir is an air quality technology company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Using Algorithms, such data was applied to scientific risk models in combination with population and public health data to estimate the health and economic costs of air pollution exposure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Willingness To Pay:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To show the impact of air pollution-related deaths on the economy, the approach used by Greenpeace is called <strong>&lsquo;willingness-to-pay&rsquo; &mdash;</strong> a lost life year or a year lived with disability is converted to money by the amount that people are willing to pay in order to avoid this negative outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost Estimator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Cost Estimator&rsquo;,</strong> an online tool that estimates the real-time health impact and economic cost from fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air pollution in major world cities, was deployed in a collaboration between Greenpeace Southeast Asia,<strong> IQAir</strong> and the <strong>Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fatality of Air Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Globally:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to WHO, toxic air is now the biggest environmental risk of early death, responsible for one in nine of all fatalities.</li>
<li><strong>It kills 7 million people a year,</strong> far more than HIV, tuberculosis and malaria combined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Bank:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to a 2016 World Bank report, the lost lives and ill health caused are also a colossal economic burden: USD 225bn is lost labour income in 2013, or USD 5.11tn per year (about $1m a minute), if welfare losses are also added.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall:</strong> Long-term exposure to outdoor and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indoor-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>household (indoor) air pollution</strong></a> contributed to over <strong>1.67 million annual deaths</strong> from stroke, heart attack, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diabetes</strong></a>, lung cancer, chronic lung diseases, and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>neonatal diseases</strong></a>, in India in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Infant Related Data:</strong> High PM contributed to the deaths of more than 1,16,000 Indian infants who did not survive their first month.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Infants in the first month of life are already at a vulnerable stage and a growing body of scientific evidence-supported studies in India indicates that particulate air pollution exposure during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight and preterm birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Control Air Pollution In India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas</strong></a>: It coordinates efforts of state governments to curb air pollution, and will lay down the parameters of air quality for the region.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms</strong></a>: These are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dashboard-for-monitoring-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dashboard for Monitoring Air Quality</strong></a>: It is a National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) based dashboard, built on data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/health-emergency-in-new-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board&rsquo;s</strong></a> National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) Network which was started in 1984-85 and covers 344 cities/towns in 29 states and 6 UTs.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-launches-mission-to-fight-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme</strong></a>: Launched in 2019, it is a comprehensive pan-India air pollution abatement scheme for 102 cities.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Air Quality Index (AQI)</strong></a>: It focuses on health effects one might experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.</li>
<li>National Ambient Air Quality Standards: They are the standards for ambient air quality with reference to various identified pollutants notified by the Central Pollution Control Board under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites#:~:text=It%20was%20entrusted%20with%20the,of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981.&amp;text=to%20promote%20cleanliness%20of%20streams,and%20abatement%20of%20water%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/breathe-an-action-plan-for-combating-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Breathe</a></strong>: It is a 15 point action plan to fight air pollution by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-reconstituted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</strong></a>: It aims at providing clean-cooking fuel to the poor households and bringing in qualitative charges in the living standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/pm25-air-pollution-claimed-54000-lives-in-delhi-last-year-study/article33869467.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7718,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Blue Economy Policy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has rolled out the<strong> draft <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue Economy</a> policy,</strong> inviting suggestions and inputs from various stakeholders.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is in line with the Government of<strong> India&rsquo;s Vision of New India by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The policy document highlighted the blue economy as <strong>one of the ten core dimensions for national growth.</strong></li>
<li>It emphasizes policies across several key sectors to <strong>achieve holistic growth</strong> of India&rsquo;s economy. It recognizes the following seven thematic areas:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National accounting framework for the blue economy and ocean governance.</li>
<li>Coastal marine spatial planning and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tourism-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tourism</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Marine <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-fisheries-day-1#:~:text=The%20fisheries%20and%20aquaculture%20production,as%20envisioned%20by%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fisheries</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aquaculture</strong></a>, and fish processing.</li>
<li>Manufacturing, emerging industries, trade, technology, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>services</strong></a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skill development.</strong></a></li>
<li>Logistics, infrastructure and shipping, including trans-shipments.</li>
<li>Coastal and deep-sea mining and offshore energy.</li>
<li>Security, strategic dimensions, and international engagement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enhance contribution of the blue economy to India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The blue economy, which consists of economic activities dependent on marine resources, comprises<strong> 4.1% of India&rsquo;s economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Improve lives of coastal communities.</li>
<li>Preserve marine biodiversity.</li>
<li>Maintain the national security of marine areas and resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason and Need for a Blue Economy Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vast Coastline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With a coastline of nearly <strong>7.5 thousand kilometers,</strong> India has a unique maritime position.</li>
<li><strong>Nine of its 28 states are coastal,</strong> and the nation&rsquo;s geography includes 1,382 islands.</li>
<li>There are nearly <strong>199 ports,</strong> including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/major-port-authorities-bill-2020#:~:text=It%20also%20seeks%20to%20replace,and%20Kolkata%20(including%20Haldia)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>12 major ports</strong> </a>that handle approximately 1,400 million tons of cargo each year.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613635691_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613635691_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utilisation of Non-living Resources:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone</strong> </a>of over 2 million square kilometers has a huge living and non-living resources with significant recoverable resources such as<strong> crude oil and<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-natural-gas-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> natural gas</a>. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustenance of Coastal Communities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The coastal economy sustains over 4 million <strong>fisherfolk and coastal communities. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-norway-task-force-on-blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</strong></a> :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was inaugurated jointly by both the countries in 2020 to<strong> develop and follow up joint initiatives</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sagarmala Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagarmala-seaplane-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sagarmala project</strong></a> is the <strong>strategic initiative for port-led development</strong> through the extensive use of IT enabled services for modernization of ports.</li>
<li>It aims at developing Inland <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>waterways</strong> </a>and coastal shipping which will revolutionize maritime logistics, creating million new jobs, reducing logistics costs etc.</li>
<li>It focuses on the <strong>development of coastal communities and people</strong> in the sustainable use of ocean resources, modern fishing techniques and coastal tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>O-SMART:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has an umbrella scheme by the name of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-o-smart-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>O-SMART</strong></a> which aims at regulated use of oceans, marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It focuses on conservation of coastal and marine resources, and improving livelihood opportunities for coastal communities etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Fisheries Policy :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has a National Fisheries policy for promoting 'Blue Growth Initiative' which focus on sustainable utilization of fisheries wealth from the marine and other aquatic resources</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Steps:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 14</strong></a> seeks to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Blue Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept was introduced by <strong>Gunter Pauli in his 2010 book-</strong> &ldquo;The Blue Economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100 million jobs&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> advocates the greening of ocean development strategies</strong> for higher productivity and conservation of ocean's health.</li>
<li>It encompasses&ndash;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></a>: Sustainable marine energy can play a vital role in social and economic development.</li>
<li><strong>Fisheries:</strong> Sustainable fisheries can generate more revenue, more fish and help restore fish stocks.</li>
<li><strong>Maritime Transport:</strong> Over 80% of international goods traded are transported by sea.</li>
<li><strong>Tourism:</strong> Ocean and coastal tourism can bring jobs and economic growth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change</strong></a>: Oceans are an important carbon sink (blue carbon) and help mitigate climate change.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Waste Management</strong></a>: Better waste management on land can help oceans recover.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Blue Economy emphasizes on<strong> integration of development of the ocean economy with social inclusion, environmental sustainability, combined with innovative business models.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With its vast maritime interests, the blue economy occupies <strong>a vital potential position in India&rsquo;s economic growth.</strong></li>
<li>It could well be the<strong> next multiplier of GDP and well-being,</strong> provided sustainability and socio-economic welfare are kept center-stage.</li>
<li>Therefore, India's draft blue economy policy is envisaged as a<strong> crucial framework towards unlocking the country's potential</strong> for economic growth and welfare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1698608#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Earth%20Sciences,NGOs%2C%20academia%2C%20and%20citizens.&amp;text=Stakeholders%20have%20been%20invited%20to,ideas%20by%20February%2027%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7711,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pollution from Coal Burning: IEACCC ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p style="text-align: left;">A study by the<strong> International Energy Agency&rsquo;s Clean Coal Centre (IEACCC)</strong> has stated that <strong>coal burning</strong> is responsible for heavy <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/air-pollution-concerted-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>air pollution</strong></a> in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, a Delhi-based think tank<strong> Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)</strong> has also discussed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reducing-emissions-from-coal-based-power-sector#:~:text=Other%20Initiatives%20to%20Reduce%20Emissions,to%20be%20adopted%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>measures to reduce carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</strong></a> footprints of India&rsquo;s coal-based power sector and <strong>cautioned the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&amp;CC) against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sulfur-dioxide-emission-norms-delayed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">extending the deadline of meeting emission norms</a></strong> for coal-based thermal power plants in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pollution from Coal-Based Thermal Power Stations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coal-based thermal power stations contribute over half <strong>sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>),</strong> 30% <strong>oxides of nitrogen (NOx),</strong> about 20% <strong>particulate matter (PM),</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Persistent burning of coal in thermal power stations and a <strong>delay in implementation of latest carbon capture storage technology</strong> are among major reasons of air pollution in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution from Other Sectors:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Transport and other industrial sectors stand second</strong> to coal-based thermal power stations as a contributor to air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613559361_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613559361_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Retirement of Old Fleet of Power Stations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To limit pollution and improve the fleet efficiency by adopting clean coal technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment in Cleaner and Advanced Technology:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most new advanced technology plants in India - such as <strong>Mundra and Sassan in Gujarat</strong> are struggling financially, causing stakeholders to lose confidence in investing in cleaner and advanced technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch More Ambitious Schemes:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The current energy efficiency schemes, including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-energy-conservation-day#:~:text=Perform%2C%20Achieve%20and%20Trade%20Scheme&amp;text=The%20scheme%20provides%20the%20option,Specific%20Energy%20Consumption%20reduction%20targets." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>performance and achieve trade scheme</strong></a>, efficiency standards scheme and carbon pricing schemes, are<strong> not ambitious enough to drive significant improvement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adopting Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is equally important to reduce emissions. It suggested India to include it as a part of its climate commitment.</li>
<li>CCUS is the <strong>process of capturing waste CO<sub>2</sub>, transporting it to a storage site</strong> and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Coal Burning and Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coal Formation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Formed deep underground over thousands of years of heat and pressure, <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coal-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coal</a> is a carbon-rich black rock</strong> that releases energy when burned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When coal is burned, it releases a number of airborne toxins and pollutants.</li>
<li>They include <strong>mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates,</strong> and various other <strong>heavy metals.</strong></li>
<li>Health impacts can range from<strong> asthma and breathing difficulties, to brain damage, heart problems, cancer, neurological disorders, and premature death.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coal-fired power plants <strong>produce more than 100 million tons of coal ash</strong> every year.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than half of that waste ends up in<strong> ponds, lakes, landfills, and other sites where, over time, </strong>it can <strong>contaminate waterways and drinking water supplies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other water impacts include <strong>acid rock drainage</strong> from coal mines, the destruction of mountain streams and valleys by mountaintop removal mining, and the energy-water collisions that occur when coal plants rely too heavily on local water supplies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coal is a large contributor to <strong>Global Warming.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Control Emissions from Power Plants:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exploring CCUS:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is exploring its potential, as a plant at the industrial port of Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s Tuticorin has begun <strong>capturing CO<sub>2</sub> from its own coal-powered boiler and using it to make baking soda.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emission Standard:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has issued orders for <strong>thermal power plants to comply with emissions standards for installing Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) units</strong> that cut emissions of toxic sulphur dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Graded Action Plan:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Power has proposed a <strong>"graded action plan,"</strong> whereby areas where plants are located would be graded according to the severity of pollution, with Region 1 referring to critically polluted areas, and Region 5 being the least polluted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Energy Agency&rsquo;s Clean Coal Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>technology collaboration programme,</strong> organised under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Energy Agency</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>17 members,</strong> made up of<strong> contracting parties and sponsoring organisations.</strong></li>
<li>India's <strong>Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)</strong> is a sponsoring organisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based in<strong> London</strong> with a team of engineers, scientists and other experts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Support:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is supported financially by <strong>national governments</strong> (contracting parties) and by <strong>corporate industrial organisations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide independent information and analysis on how coal can become a cleaner source of energy, compatible with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
<li>To <strong>address the role of coal in the energy</strong> trilemma and the need to balance security of supply, affordability and environmental issues.</li>
<li>To<strong> focus on reducing emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and other pollutants</strong> from coal use through <strong>High Efficiency, Low Emissions (HELE) technologies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/air/coal-burning-responsible-for-heavy-air-pollution-in-india-ieaccc-study-75536" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7682,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Sustainable Development Summit 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>World Sustainable Development Summit,</strong> the<strong> annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</strong> was held.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the 2021 Summit was<strong> &lsquo;Redefining our common future: Safe and secure environment for all&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>TERI is a <strong>non-profit research institute,</strong> established in 1974. It conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development for India and the Global South.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Event:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emphasis on Climate Justice:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&ldquo;Climate justice&rdquo; is a term, and more than that a movement that <strong>acknowledges climate change can have differing social, economic, public health, and other adverse impacts</strong> on underprivileged populations.</li>
<li>As per India, &lsquo;climate justice&rsquo; is inspired by a <strong>vision of trusteeship -</strong> where growth comes with greater compassion to the poorest. It also means giving the developing countries enough space to grow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reassurance to Climate Mitigation Efforts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India reassured <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>commitments</strong> </a>to its targets under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris deal</strong> </a>to reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33 to 35 percent from 2005 levels.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s steady progress on its commitment to <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/17-06-2020#:~:text=Restore%20and%20Rehabilitate%3A%20To%20achieve,25%25%20in%20the%20year%202030." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land Degradation Neutrality</strong></a> and setting up of <strong>450 gigawatts of Renewable Energy generating capacity</strong> till 2030 was also highlighted.</li>
<li>Initiatives of India under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> were also discussed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commitment to Enhancing Disaster Resilience:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enhance India&rsquo;s disaster management capabilities, commitments to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong></a> were assured. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CDRI:</strong> A multi-stakeholder global partnership of country governments, UN agencies, multilateral banks, private sector and knowledge institutions that aims to build resilience into infrastructure systems to ensure sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Efforts Towards Sustainable Development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 2019, <strong>India achieved nearly 100% electrification</strong> through sustainable technologies and innovative models.</li>
<li>Through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ujala Programme</strong></a>, 367 million LED bulbs were distributed which reduced over 38 million tonnes carbon dioxide per year.</li>
<li>Through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM Ujjwala Yojna</strong></a>, more than 80 million households below the poverty line have access to clean cooking fuel. India is working to<strong> increase the share of natural gas in India's energy basket from 6% to 15%.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> has connected over 34 million households with tap connections in 18 months.</li>
<li>Through <strong>conservation efforts,</strong> the population of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-the-population-of-asiatic-lions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> lions</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tigers</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-snow-leopard-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> leopards</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dolphin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangetic river dolphins</strong> </a>has gone up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Sustainable Development Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) is the <strong>annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>earlier known as Delhi Sustainable Development Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been conceptualized as a single platform <strong>to accelerate action towards <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to <strong>bring together global leaders and thinkers</strong> in the fields of sustainable development, energy and environment sectors on a common platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>"Sustainable development is<strong> development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".</strong> This most widely accepted definition of Sustainable Development was given by the Brundtland Commission in its report &lsquo;Our Common Future&rsquo; (1987).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>long-term change in the average weather patterns</strong> that have come to define Earth&rsquo;s local, regional and global climates.</li>
<li>Climate data records provide<strong> evidence of climate change key indicators,</strong> such as global land and ocean temperature increases; rising sea levels; ice loss at Earth&rsquo;s poles and in mountain glaciers; frequency and severity changes in extreme weather such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-laura#:~:text=Origin%3A%20Tropical%20cyclones%20or%20hurricanes,of%20low%20air%20pressure%20below." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hurricanes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves#:~:text=The%20heat%20wave%20is%20considered,to%20be%20heat%20wave%20condition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heatwaves</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong></a>, droughts, floods and precipitation; and cloud and vegetation cover changes, to name but a few.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1696905" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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