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Children’s Climate Risk Index: UNICEF

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in collaboration with Fridays for Future launched a report named ‘The...

27 Aug 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Oil Spills

Why in News A new study has confirmed that Stimulating Bacteria (Bioremediation) with nutrients in the cold seawaters of the Canadian Arctic can...

13 Aug 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
SOP for Environmental Violations: MoEFCC

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to deal with...

13 Jul 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Introduction Overview: The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing the protection and improvement...

28 Jun 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Rescuing Gharials: Mahanadi River

Why in News Recently, Odisha announced a cash award of Rs. 1,000 to conserve gharials in Mahanadi River Basin. Key Points About...

11 Jun 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Black Carbon and Glacier Melting

Why in News The report titled “Glaciers of the Himalayas: Climate Change, Black Carbon and Regional Resilience” says that the glaciers...

05 Jun 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Climate Change: Impact on Children

Why in News A recent analysis, based on Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) index, has shown the impact of climate change on children...

24 Apr 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Draft 2020

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EIA as per UNEP: The UNEP defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the...

19 Apr 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
World Air Quality Report 2020

Why in News The World Air Quality Report, prepared by Swiss organisation IQAir, mentions that 22 of the top 30 most polluted cities globally are in...

18 Mar 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call

This article is based on “Climate and Consciousness” which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of...

05 Mar 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Deglaciation and Threats

Deglaciation Glaciers, ice caps and continental ice sheets cover some 10% of the earth’s land surface at the present time, whereas during...

22 Feb 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Chamoli Flash Floods

This article is based on “Rethinking run-of-the-river hydro projects” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 11/02/2021. It...

11 Feb 2021 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Background The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was born out of India’s attempt to realise the objectives enshrined in the United Nations...

28 Dec 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
NGT Panel for Protection of Mahanadi Floodplain

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has constituted a high level committee to identify floodplain zones of the...

21 Dec 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Extreme Climate Events: CEEW

Why in News According to a recent study on the report “Preparing India for Extreme Climate Events” released by the Council on Energy,...

12 Dec 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Recovery from Coal Mining in Meghalaya’s Moolamylliang

Why in News Moolamylliang, a village in Meghalaya’s East Jaintia Hills district, is making progress in becoming a greener place amid abandoned...

07 Dec 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project

Why in News Recently, various green collectives and environmental organisations have come together to protest against the Anakkayam Small Hydro...

18 Nov 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Seagrass

Why in News Recently, the restoration process of seagrasses has been taken up by Tamil Nadu in the Gulf of Mannar. Key...

24 Oct 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Clearance to Kaleshwaram Project Invalid

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has declared that the environmental clearance (EC) granted to the Kaleshwaram Lift...

21 Oct 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Delhi Air Pollution

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change has highlighted that the air pollution is not a problem of Delhi...

19 Oct 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

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		'title' => 'Children’s Climate Risk Index: UNICEF',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> in collaboration with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fridays-for-future-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fridays for Future</strong> </a>launched a report named<strong> &lsquo;The Climate Crisis Is a Child Rights Crisis: Introducing the Children&rsquo;s Climate Risk Index&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>first comprehensive analysis of climate risk from a child&rsquo;s perspective.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier an analysis, based on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-impact-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) index</strong></a>, had shown the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-climate-and-deglaciation-a-warning-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change</strong></a> on children across the world.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Level of Climate Risk on Various Countries</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1630050400_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1630050400_image4.png" caption="false" width="650" height="455" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Children&rsquo;s Climate Risk Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>ranks countries based on children&rsquo;s exposure to climate and environmental shocks,</strong> such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclones</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Heatwaves</strong></a>, as well as their vulnerability to those shocks, based on their access to essential services.</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan</strong> (14<sup>th</sup>), <strong>Bangladesh</strong> (15<sup>th</sup>), <strong>Afghanistan</strong> (25<sup>th</sup>) <strong>and India</strong> (26<sup>th</sup>) are among four South Asian countries where children are at <strong>extremely high risk</strong> of the impacts of the climate crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is among four South Asian countries</strong> where children are most at risk of the impacts of climate change threatening their health, education, and protection.</li>
<li>It is estimated that <strong>more than 600 million Indians will face &lsquo;acute water shortages&rsquo;</strong> in the coming years, while at the same time<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-and-flash-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Flash Flooding</a> is to increase significantly</strong> in the majority of India&rsquo;s urban areas once the global temperature increase rises above 2 Celsius. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Twenty-one of the world&rsquo;s 30 cities with the most polluted air in 2020 were in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Countries With Maximum Vulnerability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Young people living in the <strong>Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau</strong> are the most at risk of the impacts of climate change.</li>
<li>These children face a deadly combination of exposure to multiple climate and environmental shocks with <strong>a high vulnerability due to inadequate essential services, such as water and sanitation, healthcare and education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Climate and Environmental Hazards:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly every child around the world is at risk from at least one of the climate and environmental hazards which are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-levels" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coastal Flooding</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Riverine Flooding</strong></a>,<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Cyclones</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/zoonotic-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vector Borne Diseases</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/toxic-metals-in-delhi-vegetables-markets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lead Pollution</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/heat-waves-and-heat-dome#:~:text=Heat%20Wave%3A,of%20people%20to%20hazardous%20heat." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Heatwaves</strong></a> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-water-crisis-unicef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Water Scarcity.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An estimated 850 million children &ndash; 1 in 3 worldwide &ndash; live in <strong>areas where at least four of these climate and environmental shocks overlap.</strong></li>
<li>As many as 330 million children &ndash; 1 in 7 worldwide &ndash; live in <strong>areas affected by at least five major shocks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inequitable Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a disconnect between <strong>where <a href="/pdf/Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse gas (GHG) Emissions</a></strong> are generated, and <strong>where children are enduring the most</strong> significant climate-driven impacts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The children from<strong> countries least responsible will suffer most of all.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Climate change is deeply inequitable. While <strong>no child is responsible for rising global temperatures, they will pay the highest costs. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Children are More Precarious:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Compared to adults, children require more food and water per unit of their body weight, are less able to survive extreme weather events, and are <strong>more susceptible to toxic chemicals, temperature changes and diseases, among other factors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nations Not Meeting the Climate Goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The majority of the carbon emission reduction pledges for 2030 that 184 countries made under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong> </a>aren&rsquo;t nearly enough to keep global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius.</li>
<li>Some countries won&rsquo;t achieve their pledges, and <strong>some of the world's largest carbon emitters will continue to increase their emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase Investment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increase <strong>investment in climate adaptation and resilience</strong> in key services for children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Countries must cut their emissions <strong>by at least 45% (compared to 2010 levels) by 2030 to keep warming to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provide Climate Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provide children with <strong>climate education and greens skills,</strong> critical for their adaptation to and preparation for the effects of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Include Young People in Decisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Include young people in all national, regional and international climate negotiations and decisions, including at<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> COP (Conference of the Parties- A climate Convention)</a> 26</strong> (It will be held in Glasgow, UK in November 2021).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensure Pandemic Recovery is Inclusive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ensure the<strong> recovery from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a> is green,</strong> low-carbon and inclusive, so that the capacity of future generations to address and respond to the climate crisis is not compromised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meet the Goal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to avoid the worst impacts of climate change,<strong> global net man-made emissions of carbon dioxide must be nearly halved by 2030,</strong> and reach<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/net-zero-by-2050-iea#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20International%20Energy%20Agency%27s,Glasgow%2C%20Scotland%20in%20November%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;net zero&rdquo; by 2050.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scale up Social Protection System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scale up <strong>adaptive and shock-responsive social protection systems</strong> &ndash; such as grants for pregnant mothers and children - to <strong>address the increasing impacts of climate change on children and their families.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>United approach towards child rights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More countries need to work towards their commitment in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-children-s-day#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20treaty%20adopted,their%20race%2C%20religion%20or%20abilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> </a>to ensure every child is protected from poverty, for example by providing universal child benefits to improve children&rsquo;s well-being and build resilience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/climate-crisis-putting-a-billion-children-at-extremely-high-risk-warns-new-un-report-78630" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9283,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Oil Spills',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A new study has confirmed that<strong> Stimulating Bacteria (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bioremediation-mechanism-for-oil-spills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bioremediation</a>)</strong> with nutrients in the cold seawaters of the Canadian Arctic <strong>can help decompose diesel and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-crude-oil-price-hike" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Other Petroleum Oil</a> after<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oil-spill-in-siberia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Oil Spills</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2020, the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chnnai has developed an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bioremediation-mechanism-for-oil-spills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eco-Friendly Crude Oil Bioremediation</strong></a> mechanism technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oil-Spill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An oil spill refers to<strong> any uncontrolled release of crude oil, gasoline, fuels, or other oil by-products into the environment.</strong></li>
<li>Oil spills can <strong>pollute land, air, or water,</strong> though it is mostly used for oceanic oil spills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Causes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oil spills have become a major environmental problem, <strong>chiefly as a result of intensified petroleum exploration and production</strong> on continental shelves and the transport of large amounts of oils in vessels.</li>
<li>Oil spills that happen in <strong>rivers, bays and the ocean most often are caused by accidents</strong> involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs and storage facilities, <strong>but also occur from recreational boats and natural disasters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental Impacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Threat to Indigenous people:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Oil pollution poses health hazards for the <strong>indigenous population who depend on seafood.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmful to aquatic life:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Oil on ocean surfaces is harmful to many forms of aquatic life because it <strong>prevents sufficient amounts of sunlight from penetrating the surface,</strong> and it also reduces the level of dissolved oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hypothermia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Crude oil ruins the insulating and waterproofing properties of feathers and fur of birds, and thus oil-coated birds and <strong>marine mammals may die from hypothermia (decrease in body temperature to below-normal levels).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Toxic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Moreover,<strong> ingested oil can be toxic to affected animals,</strong> and damage their habitat and reproductive rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threat to Mangroves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saltwater marshes and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mangroves</strong> </a>frequently suffer from oil spills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Impacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tourism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If beaches and populated shorelines are fouled, <strong>tourism and commerce may be severely affected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Plants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The power plants and other utilities that <strong>depend on drawing or discharging sea water are severely affected</strong> by oil spills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fishing:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Major oil spills are frequently followed by the <strong>immediate suspension of commercial fishing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Remedies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bioremediation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bacteria <strong>can be used to clean up oil spills in the ocean</strong> through bioremediation. Specific bacteria can be used to<strong> bioremediate specific contaminants, such as hydrocarbons, which are present in oil</strong> and gasoline.</li>
<li>Using bacteria such as<strong> Paraperlucidibaca, Cycloclasticus, Oleispira, Thalassolituus Zhongshania</strong> and some others can help remove several classes of contaminants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Containment Booms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Floating barriers, called booms, are used to restrict the spread of oil and to allow for its recovery, removal, or dispersal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skimmers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are devices used for physically separating spilled oil from the water&rsquo;s surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sorbents:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Various sorbents (e.g., straw, volcanic ash, and shavings of polyester-derived plastic) that absorb the oil from the water are used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dispersing agents:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are<strong> chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substances</strong> such as oil into small droplets. They accelerate its natural dispersion into the sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Laws in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presently, there is no law covering oil spill as such and its consequential environmental damage in India but India has <strong>&ldquo;the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan of 1996 (NOS-DCP)&rdquo;</strong> to handle such situations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The document was issued by the Ministry of Defense in 1996; <strong>it was last updated in March 2006.</strong></li>
<li>It gives the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indias-coastal-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong> </a>the mandate to coordinate with state departments, ministries, port authorities and environmental agencies to assist in oil spill cleaning operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2015 India ratified the International Convention on <strong>Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001</strong> (Bunker Convention). Convention ensures adequate, prompt and effective compensation for damage caused by oil spills.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Maritime Organization (IMO)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/bacteria-in-candian-arctic-seawater-can-help-clear-up-oil-spills-study-78436" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8850,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SOP for Environmental Violations: MoEFCC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC)</strong> issued the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to deal with environmental violations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SOP is a result of orders from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong></a>, which earlier in 2021 directed the ministry to<strong> put in place penalties and an SOP for green violations.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Categories of Green Violation as per the SOP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Projects Without Clearance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Violations&rsquo; involving cases where construction work, including expansion of an existing project, has begun <strong>without the project proponent having acquired environmental clearance.</strong></li>
<li>Projects that are not permissible for environmental clearance.</li>
<li>The permissibility of the project shall be examined from the perspective of whether such activity/project was at all eligible for grant of prior environment clearance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For Example:</strong> If a Red Industry(Industrial Sectors having <strong>Pollution Index (PI)</strong> score of 60 and above) is functioning in a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coastal-regulation-zone-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)-I area</strong></a>, which means it was not permitted at the time of commencement of the project. Therefore, the activity shall be closed.</li>
<li>PI of any industrial sector is a <strong>number from 0 to 100 and the increasing value of PI denotes the increasing degree of pollution</strong> load from the industrial sector. It is developed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and used for categorization of industrial sectors in <strong>red, orange, green and white categories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Compliant Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Projects in which <strong>prior environmental clearance has been accorded, but it is in violation of norms</strong> prescribed in the approval.</li>
<li>Projects which are permissible according to environmental law but which have not acquired the requisite clearance.</li>
<li>In cases of expansion of a project, including increase in volume of production, if environmental clearance has not been received, then the <strong>government agency can force the project proponent to revert to the level of construction/manufacturing before the expansion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In cases where operations have commenced <strong>without the required environmental clearance, 1% of the total project cost</strong> and in addition <strong>0.25 % of the total turnover</strong> during the period of violation will be levied.</li>
<li>In <strong>violation cases</strong>, where operations have not commenced, <strong>1% of the total project cost incurred up to the date</strong> of filing of the application (for instance a fine of Rs 1 lakh for a project worth Rs 1 crore) will be levied.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Raised by Environmentalists:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SOP normalises <strong>post facto regularisation of violations</strong> in which violations are first committed and then the project proponent files for clearance by which they &ldquo;are let off by paying a penalty&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>institutionalising of violations on the basis of the polluter pays norm.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives of MOEFCC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier MoEFCC has published the draft <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-eia-draft-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020</strong></a>, with the intention of replacing the existing EIA Notification, 2006 under the <strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, the ministry had initiated a <strong>six-month amnesty scheme on penalising green violations</strong>, which was later extended.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Environmental Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/making-peace-with-nature-unep-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> </a>defines EIA as a tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>predict environmental impacts</strong> at an early stage in project planning and design,<strong> find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts</strong>, shape projects to suit the local environment and<strong> present the predictions and options to decision-makers.</strong></li>
<li>The Environment Impact Assessment in India is <strong>statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides a <strong>cost effective method to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of developmental projects.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enables the decision makers to analyse the effect of developmental activities on the environment</strong> well before the developmental project is implemented.</li>
<li>Encourages the adaptation of mitigation strategies in the developmental plan.</li>
<li>Makes sure that the <strong>developmental plan is environmentally sound and within the limits of the capacity of assimilation and regeneration</strong> of the ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>specialised body set up under the National Green Tribunal Act (2010)</strong> for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</li>
<li>With the establishment of the NGT,<strong> India became the third country in the world to set up a specialised environmental tribunal</strong>, only after Australia and New Zealand, and the first developing country to do so.</li>
<li>NGT is <strong>mandated to make disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing the same.</strong></li>
<li>The NGT has <strong>five places of sittings, New Delhi is the Principal place</strong> of sitting and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the other four.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/moefcc-issues-sop-violations-may-lead-to-closing-demolition-of-projects-7398763/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8723,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Environment (Protection) Act, 1986',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overview:</strong> The <strong>Environment (Protection) Act (EPA)</strong> was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing the protection and improvement of the environment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>empowers the Central Government</strong> to establish authorities charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country.</li>
<li>The Act is <strong>one of the most comprehensive legislations</strong> with a pretext to protection and improvement of the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The roots of the enactment of the EPA lies in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</strong></a> held at <strong>Stockholm</strong> in June, 1972 <strong>(Stockholm Conference),</strong> in which India participated, to take appropriate steps for the improvement of the human environment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act implements the decisions made at the <strong>Stockholm Conference. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The EPA Act was enacted under<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-space-activities-bill-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 253</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution which provides for the <strong>enactment of legislation for giving effect to international agreements. </strong></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/15-02-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 48A</strong> </a>of the Constitution specifies that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 51A</strong></a> further provides that every citizen shall protect the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> The Act is applicable to the whole of India including the state of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delimitation-in-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the EPA Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Powers of the Central Government:</strong> The Central Government shall have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment in coordination with the State Governments. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central government is also empowered to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Plan and Execute a nation-wide programme</strong> for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Lay down standards for the quality of environment</strong> in its various aspects.</li>
<li>Lay down <strong>standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants</strong> from various sources.</li>
<li>The <strong>restriction of areas</strong> in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall/ shall not be carried out subject to certain safeguards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government may<strong> appoint officers under this Act</strong> for various purposes and entrust them with the corresponding powers and functions.</li>
<li>The central government as per the Act has the power to direct: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process.</li>
<li>The stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water or any other service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restriction on Pollutant Discharge:</strong> No individual or organisation shall discharge/emit or permit to discharge/emit any environmental pollutant in excess of the prescribed standards.</li>
<li><strong>Compliance with Procedural Safeguards:</strong> No individual shall handle or shall be caused to handle any hazardous substance except in accordance with the procedure and without complying with the safeguards, as prescribed.</li>
<li><strong>Powers of Entry and Inspection:</strong> Any person empowered by the Central Government shall have a right to enter (with the assistance deemed necessary) at any place: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the inspection of compliance of any orders, notifications and directions given under the Act.</li>
<li>For the purpose of examining (and if required seizing) any equipment, industrial plant, record, register, document or any other material object may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of Environmental Laboratories:</strong> The Central Government, as per the Act, is entitled to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establish environmental laboratories.</li>
<li>Recognise any laboratory or institute as environmental laboratories to carry out the functions entrusted to such a laboratory. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central Government is also entitled to make rules specifying the functions of environmental laboratories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Government Analyst:</strong> A Government Analyst is appointed by the Central Government for the analysing the samples of air, water, soil or other substance sent to a recognised environmental laboratory.</li>
<li><strong>Penalties for Offences:</strong> Non-compliance or Contravention to any of the provisions of the Act is considered as an offence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any offences under the EPA are punishable with the imprisonment of upto five years or a fine upto one lakh rupees or both.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offences by Companies:</strong> If an offence under this Act is committed by a company, every person directly in charge of the company, at the time of the commitment of offence, is deemed to be guilty unless proven otherwise.</li>
<li><strong>Offences by Government Departments:</strong> If an offence under this Act has been committed by any Department of Government, the Head of the Department (HoD) shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence unless proven otherwise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any officer, other than HoD, if proven guilty, shall also be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cognizance of offences:</strong> No Court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act except on a complaint made by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Government or any authority on behalf of the former.</li>
<li>A person who has approached the Courts after a 60-day notice has been furnished to the Central Government or the authority on its behalf.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Drawbacks of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Complete Centralisation of the Act:</strong> A potential drawback of the Act could be its centralization. While such wide powers are provided to the Centre and no powers to the state governments, the former is liable to its arbitrariness and misuse.</li>
<li><strong>No Public Participation:</strong> The Act also says nothing about public participation as regards environmental protection. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to involve the citizens in environmental protection to check arbitrariness and raise awareness and empathy towards the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incomplete Coverage of Pollutants:</strong> The Act does not address modern concept of pollution such as noise, overburdened transport system and radiation waves which are also an important cause for the deteriorating environment.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA) and National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by the Central Government under the <strong>The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.</strong></li>
<li>NEAA was<strong> established to hear appeals</strong> regarding the restriction of areas in which any industries, processes or operations shall be/shall not be carried out subject to certain safeguards <strong>under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</strong></li>
<li>However, NEEA (along with the<strong> National Environment Tribunal</strong>) was found to be inadequate giving rise to the demand for an institution to deal with environmental cases more efficiently and effectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> was established in 2010 under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act 2010</strong> for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection.</li>
<li>Along with the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, NGT also deals with civil cases under six other laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Important Notifications Issued Under EPA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coastal-regulation-zone-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (1991)</strong></a>, which regulates activities along coastal stretches. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In December 2018, the Union cabinet approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-regulation-zone-crz-notification-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-eia-draft-2020#:~:text=EIA%20as%20per%20UNEP%3A%20The,project%20prior%20to%20decision%2Dmaking." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Environmental Impact Assessment</strong></a> of Development Projects Notification.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Conventions for Environment Protection to which India is a Signatory</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ozone-layer-preservation#:~:text=The%20Protocol%20was%20signed%20by,a%20number%20of%20industrial%20sectors." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention</strong> </a>on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-waste-dumping-proposal-stands-defeated" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basel Convention</strong> </a>on Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes, 1989.</li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/brs-conventions-cop-meet-in-geneva#:~:text=Rotterdam%20Convention%3A%20was%20adopted%20on,force%20on%2024th%20February%202004.&amp;text=The%20Convention%20creates%20legally%20binding,Informed%20Consent%20(PIC)%20procedure." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rotterdam Convention, 1998.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ratification-of-7-persistent-organic-pollutants#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20global%20treaty,and%20negotiations%20among%20member%20countries." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stockholm Convention</strong></a> on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc#:~:text=It%20aims%3A,and%20switch%20to%20renewable%20energy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sixth-national-report-to-the-convention-of-biological-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-to-combat-desertification-and-drought#:~:text=the%20Future%20Together%E2%80%9D-,United%20Nations%20Convention%20to%20Combat%20Desertification%20(UNCCD),development%20to%20sustainable%20land%20management.&amp;text=The%20UNCCD%20collaborates%20closely%20with,on%20Biological%20Diversity%20(CBD)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>International Tropical Timber Agreement and The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO),</strong> 1983, 1994: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ITTO established by the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), 1983, came into force in 1985 and became operational in 1987.</li>
<li>The ITTO<strong> facilitates discussion, consultation and international cooperation on</strong> issues relating to the international trade and <strong>utilization of tropical timber</strong> and the sustainable management of its resource base.</li>
<li>The successor agreement to the ITTA (1983) was negotiated in 1994, and came into force on 1 January 1997.</li>
<li>The organization has 57 member countries.<strong> India ratified the ITTA in 1996.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8584,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rescuing Gharials: Mahanadi River',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha announced a cash award of Rs. 1,000 to conserve gharials in Mahanadi River Basin.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623407680_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623407680_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Gharials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gharials, sometimes <strong>called gavials,</strong> are <strong>a type of Asian crocodilian distinguished by their long, thin snouts. Crocodilians are a group of reptiles</strong> that includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and more.</li>
<li><strong>India has three species of Crocodilians namely:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gharial</strong> (Gavialis gangeticus): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>- <strong>Critically Endangered</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mugger crocodile</strong></a> (Crocodylus palustris): <strong>IUCN- Vulnerable.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saltwater crocodile</strong></a> (Crocodylus porosus): <strong>IUCN- Least Concern.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All the three are listed on <strong>Appendix I</strong> of<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CITES</strong> </a>and<strong> Schedule I</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Exception: Saltwater Crocodile populations of Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea </strong>are<strong> included in Appendix II of CITES.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat of Gharials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Natural Habitat:</strong> Fresh waters of the northern part of India.</li>
<li><strong>Primary Habitat:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramgarh-dam#:~:text=1982%20Asian%20Games.-,Chambal%20River,(Indore%2C%20Madhya%20Pradesh)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chambal river</strong></a> (a tributary of Yamuna).</li>
<li><strong>Secondary Habitat:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ghagra</strong></a>, Gandak river, Girwa river (Uttar Pradesh), the Ramganga river (Uttarakhand) and the Sone river (Bihar).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> Population of Gharials are <strong>a good indicator of clean river water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Efforts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Breeding Centres of <strong>Kukrail Gharial Rehabilitation Centre in Lucknow,</strong> Uttar Pradesh, <strong>National Chambal Sanctuary (Gharial Eco Park, Madhya Pradesh).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increased river pollution, dam construction, massive-scale fishing operations and floods.</li>
<li>Illegal sand mining and poaching.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the <strong>third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna,</strong> and the <strong>largest river of Odisha state.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> catchment area</strong> of the river extends to<strong> Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its <strong>basin is bounded by</strong> the Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>rises from a place near Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh</strong> to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries:</strong> Seonath River, Hasdeo river, Mand river, Ib river, Jonking river, Tel river</li>
<li><strong>Mahanadi River Dispute:</strong> The Central Government constituted <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong></a> in 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Major Dams/Projects on Mahanadi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-issues-notice-in-hirakud-displacement-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hirakud Dam</strong></a>: This is the longest dam of India.</li>
<li>Ravishankar Sagar, Dudhawa Reservoir, Sondur Reservoir, Hasdeo Bango and Tandula are other major projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623407885_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623407885_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/odisha-forest-department-announces-cash-reward-for-rescuing-gharials-77386" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8530,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Black Carbon and Glacier Melting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The report titled <strong>&ldquo;Glaciers of the Himalayas: Climate Change, Black Carbon and Regional Resilience&rdquo;</strong> says that the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/glaciers-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glaciers</strong></a> are melting faster than the global average ice mass. However, the strong policy on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/concentration-of-black-carbon-on-gangotri-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black carbon</strong></a> can sharply cut glacier melt.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The research report is <strong>released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a></strong> and covers the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-on-sustaining-himalayan-ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Himalaya</a>, Karakoram</strong>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindu Kush (HKHK)</strong></a> mountain ranges.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Black Carbon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Black carbon is <strong>a kind of an aerosol.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An <strong>aerosol</strong> is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in the air.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among aerosols (such as brown carbon, sulphates), Black Carbon (BC) has been <strong>recognized as the second most important anthropogenic agent for climate change</strong> and the <strong>primary marker to understand the adverse effects caused by air pollution.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>gets emitted</strong> from gas and diesel engines, coal-fired power plants, and other sources that burn fossil fuel. It <strong>comprises a significant portion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dashboard-for-monitoring-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener">particulate matter or PM</a></strong>, which is an air pollutant.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>HKHK Mountain Region:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HKHK Region <strong>spans eight countries</strong>; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar and also <strong>has some of the world&rsquo;s tallest mountains including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-height-for-mount-everest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mt. Everest</a> and K2.</strong></li>
<li>HKHK Glaciers <strong>feed into river systems</strong> including Ganga, Yangtze, Irrawaddy, and Mekong.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water that runs down from glaciers <strong>feeds the agriculture</strong>, on which nearly 2 billion people are dependent upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>HKHK Region, also known as the <strong>third pole</strong>, along with China&rsquo;s Tien Shan Mountains holds most ice outside the North and the South Pole.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Black Carbon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BC is a <strong>short-lived pollutant</strong> that is the <strong>second-largest contributor to warming the planet behind carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike other greenhouse gas emissions, BC is <strong>quickly washed out and can be eliminated from the atmosphere if emissions stop.</strong></li>
<li>Unlike historical carbon emissions it is <strong>also a localised source with greater local impact.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source of Black Carbon in Himalayan Region:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Industry</strong> (primarily brick kilns) and <strong>residential burning of solid fuel</strong> together account for 45-66% of regional anthropogenic (man-made) BC deposition, followed by <strong>on-road diesel fuels</strong> (7-18%) and <strong>open burning</strong> (less than 3% in all seasons) in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Deposits of BC:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>acts in two ways</strong> hastening the pace of glacier melt:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By decreasing surface reflectance of sunlight.</li>
<li>By raising the air temperature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rate of De-glaciation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rate of retreat of HKHK glaciers is <strong>estimated to be 0.3 metres per year in the west to 1.0 metre per year</strong> in the east.</li>
<li>Full implementation of <strong>current policies to mitigate BC can achieve a 23% reduction</strong> but <strong>enacting new policies</strong> and incorporating them through regional cooperation among countries can achieve enhanced benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)</strong> is one such policy adopted in India. It is one of the eight missions under the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BC deposits can be sharply reduced</strong> through new, currently feasible policies <strong>by an additional 50%</strong> from current levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Glacier Melt:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Glacier melt <strong>produces <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener">flash floods</a>, landslips, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/India%20lost%20One-Third%20of%20its%20Coastline%20Due%20to%20Soil%20Erosion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">soil erosion</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/himalayan-glaciers-impacted-by-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In the short run, the higher volumes of melt water <strong>could replace receding groundwater downstream.</strong> But in the long run, decreased water availability would <strong>aggravate water shortage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures to be Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Himalayas, <strong>reducing black carbon emissions from cookstoves, diesel engines, and open burning</strong> would have the greatest impact and could significantly <strong>reduce radiative forcing</strong> and help to maintain a greater portion of Himalayan glacier systems. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Radiative forcing is a measure of the change in energy balance</strong> as a result of a change in a forcing agent (e.g., greenhouse gases, aerosol, cloud, and surface albedo) to affect the global energy balance and contribute to climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps to be Taken by Regional Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Review the <strong>policies on water management</strong>, with an emphasis on basin-based regulation and use of price signals (value of a particular action) for efficiency.</li>
<li>Careful <strong>planning and use of hydropower</strong> to reflect changes in water flows and availability.</li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>efficiency of brick kilns</strong> through proven technologies.</li>
<li>There must also be greater <strong>knowledge sharing</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/strong-policies-on-black-carbon-can-sharply-cut-glacier-melt-says-world-bank-study/article34719913.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8224,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Climate Change: Impact on Children',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent analysis, based on <strong>Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN)</strong> index, has shown the impact of climate change on children across the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The analysis was done by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/childhood-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Save the Children International</strong></a>, a <strong>child rights</strong> non-profit organisation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ND-GAIN is <strong>part of the Climate Change Adaptation Program of the University of Notre Dame's Environmental Change initiative (ND-ECI).</strong></li>
<li><strong>ND-GAIN's Country Index</strong> shows which countries are best prepared to deal with global changes brought about by overcrowding, resource-constraints and climate disruption.</li>
<li>The Country Index uses <strong>20 years</strong> of data to <strong>rank more than 180 countries</strong> annually based on their vulnerability and, uniquely, how ready they are to adapt.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vulnerability is considered in six life-supporting sectors &ndash;</strong> food, water, health, ecosystem service, human habitat and infrastructure.</li>
<li>Overall <strong>readiness is measured by considering three components &ndash;</strong> economic readiness, governance readiness and social readiness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the scores for <strong>2018, India ranked 122</strong> and is the <strong>48<sup>th</sup> most vulnerable country </strong>and the <strong>70<sup>th</sup> least ready country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From the Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Countries with Highest Climate Risk:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa</strong> has<strong> 35 of the 45 countries</strong> globally at highest climate risk.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-climate-vulnerability-assessment-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate risk</a> </strong>can be defined as a combination of hazard exposure, sensitivity to impact, and adaptive capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chad, Somalia, Central African Republic, Eritrea and Democratic Republic of the Congo </strong>are the<strong> least capable of adapting to the impact of climate change.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Around 490 million children</strong> under the age of 18 in 35 African countries are at the <strong>highest risk of suffering</strong> the impact of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Situation in South Asian Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the<strong> 750 million</strong> children in <strong>45 countries</strong> likely to be most affected by climate risk, 210 million are in three South Asian nations &mdash; <strong>Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Climate Change on Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Floods, droughts, hurricanes and other extreme weather events</strong> will have a deep impact on vulnerable children and their families. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Malaria and dengue fever already plague children in the Democratic Republic of Congo.</li>
<li>Increasing extreme weather events can lead to new health risks while the health system is already limited.</li>
<li><strong>Around 9.8 million people were displaced due to the disasters</strong> caused by climate change during the<strong> first half of 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of them were in South and South-East Asia and the Horn of Africa, confirmed the World Meteorological Organisation in its flagship State of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/provisional-report-on-the-state-of-the-global-climate-2020-wmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Climate report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Children will be <strong>impacted by food shortages, diseases and other health threats, water scarcity, or be at risk from rising water levels &ndash;</strong> or a combination of these factors.</li>
<li>There is enough evidence that establishes the<strong> impact of &ldquo;climate crisis on food production&rdquo;.</strong> Hence, this will lead to<strong> local food scarcity and price hikes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Children of the poorest households will be the most-affected. In fact, there has been scientific evidence of the<strong> link between obesity, under-nutrition and climate change.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Findings from 2020 PwC Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Disadvantaged and vulnerable populations (including children), indigenous people and local communities dependent on agricultural</strong> or coastal livelihoods are <strong>at a disproportionately higher risk of adverse consequences</strong> due to climate change.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children bear the brunt of climate change as it affects their fundamental rights of survival, protection, development and participation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other <strong>potential effects of climate change on children</strong> are orphanhood, trafficking, child labour, loss of education and development opportunities, separation from family, homelessness, begging, trauma, emotional disruption, illnesses, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance in Other Related Indices:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-performance-index#:~:text=Overall%20Performance%3A%20India%20ranked%2010,63.98%20points%20out%20of%20100.&amp;text=In%20September%202019%2C%20at%20the,from%20175%20GW%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate Change Performance Index</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>ranked 10<sup>th</sup></strong> in CCPI 2021, released by Germanwatch, the New Climate Institute and the Climate Action Network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-risk-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Risk Index 2020</strong></a>: India has ranked 89<sup>th</sup> among 181 countries on the WRI 2020 and is fourth-most-at-risk in South Asia, after Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), B&uuml;ndnis Entwicklung Hilft and the University of Stuttgart in Germany.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-moes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: MoES</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s first-ever national forecast on the impact of global warming on the subcontinent in the coming century, published by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-climate-vulnerability-assessment-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report</strong></a>: Released by the Department of Science and Technology, it identified Jharkhand, Mizoram, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal as states highly vulnerable to climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of the Indian Initiatives to Fight Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shift from <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-india-will-shift-to-bs-vi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission</strong></a> norms,</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-environment-forest-and-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</a>,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UJALA scheme</a>, </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Action Plan on Climate Change</a> (NAPCC),</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scale up <strong>adaptive and shock-responsive social protection systems &ndash;</strong> such as grants for pregnant mothers and children - to address the increasing impacts of climate change on children and their families.</li>
<li>More countries <strong>need to work towards their commitment in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-children-s-day#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20treaty%20adopted,their%20race%2C%20religion%20or%20abilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></strong> to ensure every child is protected from poverty, for example by providing universal child benefits to improve children&rsquo;s well-being and build resilience.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-490-million-children-in-africa-most-vulnerable-76595" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8185,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Draft 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EIA as per UNEP:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/making-peace-with-nature-unep-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNEP</strong></a> defines <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</strong></a> as a tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. </li>
<li><strong>Aim of EIA:</strong> It aims to<strong> predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design,</strong> find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Importance of EIA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provides a<strong> cost effective method</strong> to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of developmental projects.</li>
<li>Enables the decision makers to <strong>analyse the effect of developmental activities on the environment</strong> well before the developmental project is implemented.</li>
<li>Encourages the <strong>adaptation of mitigation strategies</strong> in the developmental plan.</li>
<li>Makes sure that the <strong>developmental plan is environmentally sound</strong> and within the limits of the capacity of assimilation and regeneration of the ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>EIA and India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong> The need first arose in 1976-77 when the Planning Commission asked the Department of Science and Technology to examine the river-valley projects from an environmental angle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first EIA notification was promulgated in 1994 by the then Ministry of Environment and Forests (now the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The notification mandated Environmental Clearance (EC) for expansion or modernisation of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Statute:</strong> The Environment Impact Assessment in India is<strong> statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986</strong> which contains various provisions on EIA methodology and process.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>2006 Amendment to the EIA Notification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decentralisation of Project Clearances:</strong> It classified the developmental projects in two categories: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category A (national level appraisal):</strong> projects are appraised by Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) and the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC)</li>
<li><strong>Category B (state level appraisal):</strong> State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) provide clearance to the Category B projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Introduction of Different Stages:</strong> The Amendment introduced four stages into EIA Cycle; Screening, Scoping, Public hearing and Appraisal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Category A projects require mandatory environmental clearance and thus they do not have to undergo the screening process.</li>
<li>Category B projects undergo a screening process and are further classified into B1 (Mandatorily requiring EIA) and B2 (Not requiring EIA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projects with Mandatory Clearance:</strong> Projects such as mining, thermal power plants, river valley, infrastructure (road, highway, ports, harbours and airports) and industries including very small electroplating or foundry units are mandated to get environment clearance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Draft EIA Notification 2020</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&amp;CC) has published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020, with the intention of replacing the existing EIA Notification, 2006 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Key Proposals of the 2020 Draft include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Time for Public Hearings:</strong> One of the major steps of the EIA Mechanism is the public participation. The 2020 <strong>draft proposes to reduce the notice period for public hearings from 30 days to 20 days.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the MoEFCC has claimed it to be &ldquo;in tune with the times&rdquo;, given the growth of internet and mobile telephony.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exemption of Projects:</strong> Furthermore, by classifying a number of projects into A, B1 and B2, a host of<strong> projects are exempted from public scrutiny.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Category B2 projects do not require mandatory Environment Clearance (EC), unlike the Category A and B1 projects.</li>
<li><strong>Exempted Projects:</strong> The projects under this exempted category include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Offshore and onshore oil, gas and shale exploration.</li>
<li>Hydroelectric projects up to 25 MW.</li>
<li>Irrigation projects between 2,000 and 10,000 hectares of command area.</li>
<li>Small and medium cement plants.</li>
<li>Acids other than phosphoric or ammonia, sulphuric acid.</li>
<li>MSMEs in dye and dye intermediates, bulk drugs, synthetic rubbers, medium-sized paint units.</li>
<li>All inland waterway projects and expansion or widening of highways between 25 km and 100 km with defined parameters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include roads that cut through forests and dredging of major rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Aerial ropeways in ecologically sensitive areas.</li>
<li>Specified building construction and area development projects; built-up area up to 1,50,000 sq. m.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-clearance compliance:</strong> It implies that once a project gets approved by the concerned authority, the proponent projects are required to adhere to certain rules laid down in the EIA report in order to ensure that no further environmental damages take place.</li>
<li><strong>Annual Submission of Reports:</strong> The new draft EIA, <strong>proposes the submission of compliance reports annually</strong> whereas as per the 2006 notification, the compliance report was to be submitted every six months. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Environmental experts are of the view that allowing a longer period for filling the compliance report will give an opportunity to project proponents to hide disastrous consequences, which could go unnoticed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Report Prepared Solely by Project Proponents:</strong> Meanwhile, <strong>submission of the compliance report will be solely prepared by the project proponents itself,</strong> which, without oversight and review, may lead to inaccurate information submitted on the project. </li>
<li><strong>No Public Reporting for Non-Compliance:</strong> The EIA Notification 2020 excludes reporting of violations and non-compliance by the public. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead, the <strong>government will take cognisance of reports only from the violator-promoter,</strong> government authority, Appraisal Committee or Regulatory Authority. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-facto Clearance:</strong> Another major proposal in the draft 2020 is granting &lsquo;post-facto clearance&rsquo; where a <strong>project that has been operating without environmental clearance, can be regularised or allowed to apply for clearance.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The judiciary has held, as in the case of Alembic Pharmaceutical vs. Rohit Prajapati in April 2020 that &ldquo;environment law cannot countenance the notion of an ex post facto clearance.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Penalty for Firms:</strong> Firms found violating the terms of their establishment, if they have to get the clearance, however, will have to pay a penalty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opens the Floodgates of Violations:</strong> The environmental lawyers have argued that the Post-Facto Clearance of the Projects is likely to encourage industries to commence operations without bothering clearance and eventually get regularized by paying the penalty amount and thus opening the floodgates of violations.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthens the Government but Weakens the Public:</strong> The draft offers no remedy for the political and bureaucratic stronghold on the EIA process, and thereby on industries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead, it proposes to bolster the government&rsquo;s discretionary power while limiting public engagement in safeguarding the environment.</li>
<li>Also, the draft, by limiting public consultation, is not in consonance with protecting the rights of tribals, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Easy Clearance for &lsquo;Strategic&rsquo; Projects:</strong> While projects concerning national defence and security are naturally considered strategic, the government gets to decide on the &ldquo;strategic&rdquo; tag for other projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 2020 draft says no information on &ldquo;such projects shall be placed in the public domain&rdquo;. This opens a window for clearance for any project deemed strategic without having to explain why.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Time means Reduced Awareness:</strong> The reduced notice period for public hearing from 30 days to 20 days will only make it difficult to study the draft EIA report, more so when it is not widely available or provided in the regional language.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the reduction of time would particularly pose a problem in those areas where information is not easily accessible or areas in which people are not that well aware of the process itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-Conformity to International Frameworks And Conventions:</strong> India&rsquo;s has been an active participant of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN) Conference on Human, Environment and Development in Stockholm in 1972</strong></a>, the Rio Summit in 1992, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618838400074000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0N0G3zV7zKmNp1JiwhUhZp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</strong> </a>and the<strong> Paris Climate Accord</strong> which has significantly strengthened its environmental governance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After pledging allegiance to these international environmental instruments and now on the contrary proposing to weaken its EIA regime at the domestic level, India is in a position of cognitive dissonance. </li>
<li>Such a non-conformity to pledges made at international negotiations and agreements will weaken India&rsquo;s stance as a global leader in environmental governance and climate politics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ministry, instead of reducing the time for public consultation, should focus on ensuring access to information as well as awareness about the public hearing and its impact upon the whole EIA process.</li>
<li>In order to improve ease of doing business, the government should bring down the average delay of 238 days in granting environmental clearance, that emanates from bureaucratic delays and complex laws.</li>
<li>Grow now, sustain later should not be the policy, as the notion is dangerously tilted against the concept of sustainable development.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7959,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Air Quality Report 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>World Air Quality Report,</strong> prepared <strong>by Swiss organisation IQAir,</strong> mentions that<strong> 22 of the top 30 most polluted cities globally are in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report <strong>aggregated PM2.5 data from 106 countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PM 2.5</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an atmospheric particulate matter of diameter of fewer than 2.5 micrometres, which is around 3% the diameter of a human hair.</li>
<li>It causes respiratory problems and also reduces visibility. It is an endocrine disruptor that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li>It is very small and can only be detected with the help of an electron microscope.</li>
<li>Some are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.</li>
<li>Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which are pollutants emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Capital City Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Delhi</strong> has been ranked as the <strong>world's most polluted capital city</strong> followed by <strong>Dhaka (Bangladesh), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Kabul (Afghanistan), Doha (Qatar).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Country Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bangladesh</strong> has been ranked as the <strong>most polluted country followed by Pakistan and India.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>least polluted country</strong> is<strong> Puerto Rico, followed by New Caledonia, US Virgin Islands</strong> respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World City Ranking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hotan in China</strong> is the <strong>most polluted city</strong> with an average concentration of 110.2 &micro;g/m&sup3;<strong> followed by Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh at 106. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shows a <strong>boost in Delhi&rsquo;s air quality</strong> by approximately<strong> 15% from 2019 to 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Delhi has been listed as the <strong>10<sup>th</sup> most polluted city</strong> and the <strong>top polluted capital city in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ghaziabad is the second most polluted city in the world</strong> followed by Bulandshahar, Bisrakh Jalalpur, Bhiwadi, Noida, Greater Noida, Kanpur and Lucknow.</li>
<li>Compared to<strong> north Indian cities,</strong> the cities in the<strong> Deccan recorded relatively better air quality,</strong> remaining above the daily WHO limits of 25 &micro;g/m3 for most part of 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>every city in India observed air quality improvements compared to 2018 and earlier,</strong> while 63% saw direct improvements against 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major sources of India&rsquo;s air pollution</strong> include transportation, biomass burning for cooking, electricity generation, industry, construction, waste burning, and episodic agricultural burning.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>2020 was a particularly <strong>severe year for agricultural burning</strong> in which farmers set fire to crop residue after a harvest. <strong>Farm fires in Punjab increased 46.5% over 2019. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid and Its Impact :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2020, the spread of Covid-19 raised new concerns as<strong> exposure to particle pollution was found to increase vulnerability to the virus and its impact on health.</strong></li>
<li>Early reports suggest that the <strong>proportion of Covid-19 deaths attributed to air pollution exposure ranges from 7% to 33%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Air Pollution in Delhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Air pollution in Delhi-NCR and the Indo Gangetic Plains is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on a variety of factors.</li>
<li><strong>Change in Wind Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>October usually marks the withdrawal of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoons</strong> </a>in Northwest India and during this time, the predominant direction of winds is northwesterly.</li>
<li>The direction of the wind is northwesterly in summers as well, which brings the dust from northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Wind Speed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High-speed winds are very effective at dispersing pollutants, but winters bring a dip in wind speed overall as compared to in summers which makes the region prone to pollution.</li>
<li>Also, Delhi lies in a landlocked region which does not have a geographical advantage that eastern, western or southern parts of the country enjoy where the sea breeze disperses the concentrated pollutants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stubble Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-stubble-burning-challenge-in-punjab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stubble burning</a> in Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana is blamed for causing a thick blanket of smog in Delhi during winters.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere</strong> which contain harmful gases like methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Farm fires have been an easy way to get rid of paddy stubble quickly and at low cost for several years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vehicular Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>one of the biggest causes of dipping air quality in Delhi</strong> in winters and around 20% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM2.5</strong></a> in winters comes from it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dust Storms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dust storms from Gulf countries enhance the already worse condition.</strong> Dry cold weather means dust is prevalent in the entire region, which does not see many rainy days between October and June.</li>
<li><strong>Dust pollution contributes to around 56%</strong> of<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-roadmap-towards-cleaning-indias-air" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM10</a> </strong>and the PM2.5 load.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dip in Temperatures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As temperature dips, the<strong> inversion height is lowered and the concentration of pollutants in the air increases</strong> when this happens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Inversion height</strong> is the layer beyond which pollutants cannot disperse into the upper layer of the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Firecrackers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/SC%20Order%20on%20Crackers%20During%20Diwali" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> ban on cracker sales</a>, firecrackers are a common sight on Diwali.</strong> It may not be the top reason for air pollution, but it definitely contributed to its build-up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Construction Activities and Open Waste Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Large-scale construction in Delhi-NCR is another culprit that is increasing dust and pollution in the air. Delhi also has landfill sites for the dumping of waste and burning of waste in these sites also contributes to air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Measures Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS)</strong> which is a machine mounted on a tractor that cuts and uproots the stubble, in order to reduce stubble burning.</li>
<li>The<strong> introduction of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BS-VI vehicles</a></strong>, push for<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> electric vehicles</strong></a> (EVs), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/health-emergency-in-new-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odd-Even</strong></a> as an emergency measure and<strong> construction of the Eastern and Western Peripheral Expressways to reduce vehicular pollution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Implementation</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/grap-to-be-enforced-in-delhi-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Graded Response Action Plan</strong></a> (GRAP) to tackle the rising pollution in the Capital. It includes measures like shutting down thermal power plants and a ban on construction activities.</li>
<li><strong>Development of the National AQI</strong> for public information under the aegis of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board</strong> </a>(CPCB). AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Appropriate political will and aware citizenry is a prerequisite to tackle the menace, otherwise, all the measures will remain on paper only and greater public transparency is essential to the success of winning the war on air pollution.</li>
<li>There is no better watchdog than active citizens, which is why the pollution targets must be made public every year for their perusal and to be evaluated at the end of the year.</li>
<li>Breathing clean air is a fundamental right of every Indian citizen. Therefore, human health must become a priority when it comes to tackling air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-air-quality-pollution-7231568/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7857,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/climate-and-consciousness/article33983396.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Climate and Consciousness&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources just for the sake of development and how the recent disasters are a warning call for stringent policies regarding environment protection.</p>
</div>
<p>Humans have come quite far in terms of development, but unfortunately have left the concerns for the environment behind.</p>
<p>It is quite common to hear policymakers and the public referring to natural disasters &ldquo;acts of God&rdquo;. But concluding from events such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chamoli Flash Floods</strong></a> and<strong> flood in Kedarnath</strong> in 2013, it wasn&rsquo;t actually the god but human interventions with the natural environment.</p>
<p>Climate actions will continue to falter unless climate change is tagged as a primary culprit, instead of actions of god.</p>
<h3>The Changing Climate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Floods in the Himalayan Region:</strong> The Himalayan region has about 15,000 glaciers, which are retreating at a rate of 100 to 200 feet per decade. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The melting of the Himalayan glaciers that prompted the floods and landslides in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand have the fingerprints of global warming.</li>
<li>In 2013, glacial flooding in Kedarnath caused over 6,000 deaths during the monsoon months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Events:</strong> In 2003, the European heat wave killed over 70,000 people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The years 2015-19 have globally been the warmest years on record.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amazon</strong></a> fire of 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australian-bushfire#:~:text=The%20fire%20has%20impacted%20more,of%20wild%20animals%20have%20died.&amp;text=The%20three%20years%20between%202017,(a%20state%20of%20Australia)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bush fires of 2019-20 in Australia</strong></a> are some of the most dangerous impacts of changing climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Emission:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> showed that the year 2020 set new records in terms of rise in extreme weather events, including wildfires and hurricanes, and in the melting of glaciers and ice at both poles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the report, despite a brief dip in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pandemic</strong></a>, the world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of 3&deg;C this century; far beyond the 2015 <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Story of Texas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, Texas, US has been hit by extremely cold weather leading to<strong> strong wind storms</strong> in the state. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The winter storm has killed 21 people and left around 4.4 million without power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The brutal cold has engulfed vast swaths of the United States,<strong> shuttering Covid-19 inoculation centers and hindering vaccine supplies.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>double-digit negative temperatures</strong> (temperatures have fallen as low as -14&deg;C) are connected to <strong>Arctic-peninsula warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, there is a collection of winds around the Arctic keeping the cold locked far to the north, known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/polar-vortex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polar Vortex</strong></a>.</li>
<li>But <strong>global warming has caused gaps in these protective winds,</strong> allowing intensely cold air to move south: the phenomenon is accelerating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One of the Largest Emitters:</strong> For India, <strong>the third-largest carbon emitter after China and the United States,</strong> a decisive switch is needed from highly polluting coal and petroleum to cleaner and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>renewable power sources.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has announced carbon neutrality by 2060, Japan and South Korea by 2050, but <strong>India is yet to announce a target. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Rankings and Estimates:</strong> The HSBC ranks India at the top among 67 nations in <strong>climate vulnerability</strong> (2018), <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Germanwatch ranks India fifth among 181 nations in terms of <strong>climate risks</strong> (2020).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has warned that climate change could sharply diminish living conditions for up to 800 million people in South Asia.</li>
<li>As per the Emissions Gap Report 2020, over the last decade, China, USA, EU27+UK and India combined, have contributed to <strong>55%</strong> of the total GHG emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Stringent Policies:</strong> A big worry is that the state and central governments have been diluting, instead of strengthening, climate safeguards for hydroelectric and road projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies had flagged ice loss across the Himalayas has been rapidly melting thus increasing the dangers to densely populated catchments, but any hard and fast policy response has been lacking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Proper Training Programs:</strong> There were no awareness programs or training provided to the people about disaster management by the government in case of the recent Uttarakhand floods.</li>
<li><strong>Ignorance by Government:</strong> A 2012 expert group appointed by the government had recommended against the construction of dams in the <strong>Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin, including on the Rishiganga</strong> and in &ldquo;the periglacial zone,&rdquo; but the recommendations were ignored.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, ignorance of the Kerala government in terms of regulation of mining, quarrying and dam construction in ecologically sensitive places, led to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>massive floods</strong></a> and landslides in 2018 and 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective Satellite Monitoring:</strong> Physically monitoring of the entire Himalayan region (or any larger disaster-prone region) is not possible. However, satellite monitoring is possible and radars can help minimise loss. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite possessing remarkable satellite capabilities, India still hasn&rsquo;t been able to use such imagery effectively for advance warning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Budgetary Allocation:</strong> A vital step should be explicitly including policies for climate mitigation in the government budget, along with energy, roads, health and education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, growth targets should include <strong>timelines for switching to cleaner energy.</strong> There is also a need to launch a major campaign to mobilise climate finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Adaptation:</strong> Even if major economies speed up climate mitigation, such catastrophes will become more frequent due to the accumulated carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Climate adaptation is the way forward here. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disaster management strategies to be synced with the developmental plans such as <strong>infrastructure designing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such as in <strong>earthquake prone areas,</strong> building norms and guidelines can be issued or earthquake resistant buildings to be constructed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Central and State governments must increase allocations for risk reduction, such as agricultural innovations to withstand <strong>droughts.</strong></li>
<li>In case of<strong> fire prone areas,</strong> an area can be divided into pockets so as to prevent any massive spread of fire.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detailed Studies:</strong> Detailed studies should be conducted to understand which of the glacial lakes in the Himalayan region are prone to flooding. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such research should feed into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong></a> reports and guide decisions on developmental projects in the region</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Setting up Early Warning Systems:</strong> A relatively low-hanging fruit, but a very effective one, is to set up early warning systems that alert the downstream populations about an impending disaster. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has to be <strong>coupled with plans to quickly evacuate local communities</strong> to safer regions.</li>
<li>Flooding events do not occur all of a sudden; there are ample indications like changes in water level, discharge in the rivers etc which if monitored earlier can help saving a significant number of lives and other damages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sustainable growth depends on timely climate action and for that to happen, policymaking needs to connect the dots between carbon emissions, atmospheric warming, melting glaciers, extreme floods and storms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Events like Uttarakhand and Texas should be treated as lessons to change people&rsquo;s minds and for the public to demand urgent action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Disasters can not be stopped but well-preparedness and strong climate change mitigation policies can definitely help prevent a huge amount of loss.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 637px; background-color: #fefff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Disasters are not meteorological or geological phenomena alone, but are also determined by human interventions. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/858xS_01atM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/investment-from-china-the-issue-is-control-not-insulating-sector/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Investment from China: The issue is control, not insulating sector&rdquo;</strong></a> published in the Economic Times on March, 03, 2021.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7743,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Deglaciation and Threats',
		'description' => '<h3>Deglaciation </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Glaciers, ice caps and continental ice sheets <strong>cover some 10% of the earth&rsquo;s land surface</strong> at the present time, whereas during the ice ages, they covered about three times this amount <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present ice cover corresponds to about three-quarter of the world&rsquo;s total freshwater resources. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The gradual melting away of a glacier from the surface of a landmass is known as <strong>Deglaciation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The processes that remove snow, ice, and moraine from a glacier or ice sheet are called <strong>Ablation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes melting, evaporation, erosion, and calving.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The process of deglaciation, that intensified in the 20th century, is leaving our planet iceless. </li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes of Deglaciation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global warming:</strong> The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by <strong>industry, transport, deforestation and burning fossil fuels,</strong> amongst other human activities, <strong>warm the planet and cause glaciers to melt.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ocean warming:</strong> Oceans absorb 90% of the Earth's warmth, and this affects the melting of marine glaciers, which are mostly located near the poles.</li>
<li><strong>Rapid industrialisation:</strong> Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting, <strong>specifically, since the industrial revolution,</strong> carbon dioxide and other<strong> greenhouse gas emissions have raised temperatures,</strong> even <strong>higher in the poles,</strong> and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting, calving off into the sea and retreating on land.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impacts of Deglaciation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raised sea level:</strong> The melting glaciers have played the major role in<strong> raising average global sea level between four and eight inches</strong> (10 and 20 centimeters) in the past hundred years, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rising sea levels increase coastal erosion and elevates storm surge as warming air and ocean temperatures create more frequent and intense coastal storms like hurricanes and typhoons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On mountain glaciers:</strong> The famed snows of <strong>Kilimanjaro</strong> have melted more than 80% since 1912. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Glaciers in the Garhwal region</strong> of the Himalayas are retreating so fast that researchers believe that most central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could virtually disappear by 2035. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In the Northern Hemisphere:</strong> Spring freshwater ice breakup in the Northern Hemisphere now<strong> occurs nine days earlier</strong> than it did 150 years ago, and <strong>autumn freeze-up ten days later. </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Arctic sea</strong> ice has thinned significantly over the past half century, and its extent has declined by about 10% in the past 30 years. </li>
<li>The <strong>Greenland</strong> ice sheet is disappearing four times faster than in 2003 and already contributes 20% of current sea level rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Melting of Thwaites Glacier:</strong> Also called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/melting-of-thwaites-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doomsday Glacier</strong></a>, it is a 120 km wide, fast-moving glacier located in <strong>Antarctica.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of its size (1.9 lakh square km), it contains enough water to raise the world sea level by more than half a metre.</li>
<li>Studies have detected the <strong>presence of warm water</strong> at a vital point beneath the Thwaites glacier as the cause of its melting.</li>
<li>Its <strong>melting already contributes 4% to global sea-level rise each year.</strong> It is estimated that it would collapse into the sea in 200-900 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Studies have found the amount of ice flowing out of it has nearly doubled over the past 30 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disappearance of species:</strong> Glaciers are the natural habitat of a number of animals, both terrestrial and aquatic, if the melting continues at the same rate, a number of species will become extinct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also disturb the balance of the food chain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613974001_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613974001_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>The Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<p><strong>About</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Himalayan glaciers form the largest body of ice outside the polar caps and are the source of water for the innumerable rivers that flow across the Indo-Gangetic plains. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Himalayan glaciers are also known as the Third Pole. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Himalayan glacial snowfields store about 12,000 km3 of freshwater. </li>
<li>15,000 Himalayan glaciers form a unique reservoir which supports perennial rivers such as the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra which, in turn, are the lifeline of millions of people in South Asian countries (Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, India and Bangladesh). </li>
<li>The Gangetic basin alone is home to 500 million people, about 10% of the total human population in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Receding Glaciers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rate of receding:</strong> Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The glaciers have been losing the equivalent of more than a vertical foot and half of ice each year since 2000; double the amount of melting that took place from 1975 to 2000.</li>
<li>According to the statistics in the last 25 years approximate 400 crore tons of ice being melted in the Himalayan glaciers.</li>
<li>The 30.2 km long <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/concentration-of-black-carbon-on-gangotri-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gangotri Glacier</strong> </a>has been receding alarmingly in recent years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of receding:</strong> The receding and thinning of Himalayan glaciers can be attributed primarily to global warming due to increase in anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The relatively high population density near these glaciers and consequent deforestation and land-use changes have also adversely affected these glaciers. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the Hindukush region:</strong> Climate change has hastened glacial melting across the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region</strong></a>, home to some of the world&rsquo;s tallest peaks, including Mount Everest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glacier collapse at Nanda Devi</strong></a> in Uttarakhand&rsquo;s Chamoli district led to a massive flood in the Dhauli Ganga river and caused large-scale devastation in the upper reaches of the ecologically fragile Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air warming over HKH:</strong> Air over HKH warmed at a rate of 0.2℃ each decade from 1951 to 2014 and at an even higher rate of 0.5℃ per decade at elevations higher than 4,000 meters, as per a report prepared by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report projected that even with the Indian government&rsquo;s commitment to mitigate greenhouse gases by 2030, the Indian Himalayas could warm by 2.6℃&ndash;4.6℃ by 2100. </li>
<li>In the worst-case scenario, the mean surface temperature over the whole region could rise by 5.2℃ by 2100.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613973937_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613973937_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7671,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Chamoli Flash Floods',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/rethinking-run-of-the-river-hydro-projects-101612965305568.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Rethinking run-of-the-river hydro projects&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 11/02/2021. It talks about the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glacial burst in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand</strong></a> is an eye-opener to the ongoing disruption of the ecological balance. A similar flash flood caused by a glacial lake burst ravaged the Kedarnath Shrine at the peak of the pilgrimage season in 2013.</p>
<p>It is very rare that, anywhere in the world, two such big disasters in a region take place in a short duration of less than a decade. There is enough data to suggest that climate change is responsible for the increasing number of severe flash floods due to glacial melt.</p>
<p>However, apart from climate change, the sudden spurt of environmentally-unfriendly development activities is responsible for the frequent occurrence of the disaster due to flash floods.</p>
<h3>Climate Crisis Aggravating Flash Floods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new report by the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) held that 36% of the volume of glaciers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region will be gone by the end of 2100 even if the world manages to keep the temperature rise within 1.5 degree Celsius target of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement.</strong></a></li>
<li>Similarly, the data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> reveal that the melting of the glaciers has increased in the first 20 years of this century.</li>
<li>The faster melting of Ganga glaciers will impact the livelihood of close to 600 million people living in the Ganga river basin, extending from Uttarakhand in the north to Bangladesh in the south.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Flash Floods: A Man-Made Disaster</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayas, a Volatile Mountain System:</strong> The Himalayas are a young and therefore volatile mountain system. Even a minor change in the orientation of its rocks can trigger landslides. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite this, high-intensity stone quarrying, frequent blasting of mountains, and digging of tunnels through the base of the fragile mountain system for the back-to-back under-construction dams are going in the Himalayan region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlooking Environmental Norms:</strong> Moreover, little attention has been paid to the damage caused to local ecology and loss of forest cover in the upper reaches of the central Himalayas by building hydel dams and construction of wider roads overlooking environmental norms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The upper reaches of Uttarakhand, the source for several small riverine systems feeding the Ganga, already have 16 dams and another 13 under construction.</li>
<li>The state government has proposed another 54 dams to harness the hydel energy potential of these rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydropower, not Entirely Green Projects:</strong> Hydropower is a low-emission energy source, but by design, these projects are not environmentally suitable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the river water is diverted for power generation, and this destroys the riverine ecology.</li>
<li>The blasting and tunneling that happens while building a dam dry up mountain springs, which provide water for drinking and agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Run of the River (ROR) projects are seen as a &ldquo;green&rdquo; alternative to high-dam hydropower projects such as the Tehri Hydropower Project.</li>
<li>This is because an ROR dam diverts the river flow in a controlled environment to generate electricity and sends the water back to the river, whereas a high-dam project stores river water in a reservoir.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Broad Framework For Vulnerable Zones:</strong> With the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region, a broad framework for robust early warning systems, infrastructure development, construction, and excavation in vulnerable zones must be evolved.</li>
<li><strong>Reexamining HydroPower Option:</strong> IPCC report has assessed that the climate crisis has altered the frequency and magnitude of the natural hazards in high mountain regions of the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need for adherence to the Chopra Committee recommendations, which studied the impact of receding glaciers on hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) and objected to the construction of HEPs in paraglacial regions (between 2,200 to 2,500 meters above the sea level).</li>
<li>Therefore, the hydropower projects must be weighed against their benefits and challenges.</li>
<li>Apart from this, other alternatives like solar energy, wind energy should be pursued as the green growth model of development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adhering to NDMA Guidelines:</strong> The NDMA guidelines say that the construction of any habitation should be prohibited in the high hazard zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Restricting constructions and development in glacial lake outburst flood-prone areas is a very efficient means to reduce risks at no cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research on Glacial Lakes:</strong> Detailed Project Analysis should be conducted to understand which of the 12,000-odd glacial lakes in Uttarakhand are prone to flooding. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such research should feed into environmental impact assessment reports and guide decisions on developmental projects in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The exact cause of the recent Chamoli glacial lake outburst disaster will unfold in the coming times, but there is no doubt that the impact would have been far less with more prudent development of projects in the region. Policymakers should realize that damaging today and repairing tomorrow is not an option in the Himalayan region.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f6fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In the context of increasing flash floods in the Himalayan region, there is a need for reexamining the ways in which mountains and high-altitude regions have been positioned in the country&rsquo;s development discourse. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mrEJUPwF1pI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cutting-trans-fat-the-hindu-editorial-on-healthier-food/article33795606.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Cutting trans fat: On healthier food&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 10<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7314,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Biological Diversity Act, 2002',
		'description' => '<h3>Background</h3>
<p>The <strong>Biological Diversity Act, 2002</strong> was born out of India&rsquo;s attempt to realise the objectives enshrined in the <strong>United Nations <a href="/pdf/sixth-national-report-to-the-convention-of-biological-diversity.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)</a> 1992</strong> which recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Biodiversity:</strong> The biodiversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of which they are part and includes diversity within species or between species and of ecosystems</li>
<li><strong>Biological Resources:</strong> The biological resources means plants, animals and micro-organisms or parts thereof, their genetic material and by-products (excluding value added products) with actual or potential use or value, but does not include human genetic material.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Biological Diversity Act, 2002</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The act was enacted in 2002, it <strong>aims at the conservation of biological resources</strong>, managing its <strong>sustainable use </strong>and<strong> enabling fair and equitable sharing benefits</strong> arising out of the use and knowledge of biological resources with the local communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Salient Features of the Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act prohibits the following activities without the prior approval from the <strong>National Biodiversity Authority:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any person or organisation (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilisation.</li>
<li>The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India.</li>
<li>The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The National Biodiversity Authority</strong> (NBA)</li>
<li><strong>The State Biodiversity Boards</strong> (SBBs)</li>
<li><strong>The Biodiversity Management Committees</strong> (BMCs) (at local level)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shall notify <strong>threatened species</strong> and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation and conservation</li>
<li>Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The act stipulates all offences under it as <strong>cognizable and non-bailable.</strong></li>
<li>Any grievances related to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act, shall be taken to the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Green Tribunal (NGT)</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The other laws that NGT deals with, include:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,</li>
<li>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,</li>
<li>The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,</li>
<li>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,</li>
<li>The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,</li>
<li>The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Exemptions from the Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act excludes<strong> Indian biological resources</strong> that are <strong>normally traded as commodities.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such exemption holds only so far the biological resources are used as commodities<strong> and for no other purpose.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The act also excludes <strong>traditional uses</strong> of Indian biological resources and associated knowledge and when they are used in<strong> collaborative research projects between Indian and foreign institutions</strong> with the approval of the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Uses by cultivators and breeds,</strong> e.g. farmers, livestock keepers and bee keepers and traditional healers e.g.vaids and hakims are also exempted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The National Biodiversity Authority</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)</strong> was established in <strong>2003</strong> by the Central Government to implement India&rsquo;s Biological Diversity Act (2002).</li>
<li>It is a<strong> Statutory body</strong> that performs facilitative, regulatory and advisory functions for the Government of India on the issue of Conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.</li>
<li>The NBA has its <strong>Headquarters in Chennai,</strong> Tamil Nadu, India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure of the NBA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Biodiversity Authority consists of the following members to be appointed by the central government, namely:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A Chairperson.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Three ex officio members,</strong> one representing the Ministry dealing with Tribal Affairs and two representing the Ministry dealing with Environment and Forests.</li>
<li><strong>Seven ex-officio members</strong> to represent respectively the Ministries of the Central Government dealing with:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Agricultural Research and Education</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
<li>Ocean Development</li>
<li>Agriculture and Cooperation</li>
<li>Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy</li>
<li>Science and Technology</li>
<li>Scientific and Industrial Research;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Five non-official members</strong> to be appointed from amongst specialists and scientists having special knowledge and experience in the required matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions of the NBA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creating an enabling environment, as appropriate, to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.</li>
<li><strong>Advising the central government, regulating activities</strong> and<strong> issuing guidelines</strong> for access to biological resources and for fair and equitable benefit sharing in accordance with the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.</li>
<li>Taking necessary <strong>measures to oppose the grant of intellectual property rights</strong> in any country outside India on any biological resource obtained from India or knowledge associated with such biological resources derived from India illegally.</li>
<li><strong>Advising the State Governments</strong> in the selection of areas of biodiversity importance to be notified as heritage sites and suggest measures for their management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The SBBs</strong> are established by the State Governments in accordance with <strong>Section 22</strong> of the Act.</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong> The State Biodiversity Board consists of the following members:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A Chairperson</strong></li>
<li>Not more than <strong>five ex officio members</strong> to represent the concerned Departments of the State Government</li>
<li>Not more than<strong> five members from amongst experts</strong> in matters relating to conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.</li>
<li><strong>All the members of the SBB are appointed by the respective State Governments.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions of SBBs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advise the State Government,</strong> subject to any guidelines issued by the Central Government, on matters relating to the conservation, sustainable use or sharing equitable benefits.</li>
<li><strong>Regulate by granting approvals</strong> or otherwise requests for <strong>commercial utilisation or bio-survey and bio-utilisation</strong> of any biological resource by people.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are no State Biodiversity Boards constituted for Union territories.</li>
<li>The National Biodiversity Authority exercises the powers and performs the functions of a State Biodiversity Board for the UTs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Section 41 of the Act,</strong> every local body shall constitute the BMC within its area for the purpose of promoting conservation, sustainable use and documentation of biological diversity including:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Preservation of habitats</li>
<li>Conservation of Landraces</li>
<li>Folk varieties and cultivars</li>
<li>Domesticated stocks And breeds of animals</li>
<li>Microorganisms And Chronicling Of Knowledge Relating To Biological Diversity</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It shall consist of<strong> a chair person</strong> and <strong>not more than six persons</strong> nominated by the local body.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Out of total members of a BMC, <strong>not less than one third should be women</strong> and not less than <strong>18% should belong to the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chairperson of the Biodiversity Management Committee shall be elected from amongst the members of the committee in a meeting to be chaired by the Chairperson of the local body.</li>
<li>The chairperson of the local body shall have the casting votes in case of a tie.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main function of the BMC is to prepare <strong>People&rsquo;s Biodiversity Register</strong> in consultation with the local people.</li>
<li>The register shall contain comprehensive information on availability and knowledge of local biological resources, their medicinal or any other use or any other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>People&rsquo;s Biodiversity Registers (PBR):</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PBRs focus on <strong>participatory documentation of local biodiversity,</strong> traditional knowledge and practices.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The register shall contain comprehensive information on the <strong>availability and knowledge of local biological resources,</strong> their medicinal or any other use or any other traditional knowledge associated with them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are seen as <strong>key legal documents</strong> in ascertaining the rights of local people over the biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002</strong> the State Government in consultation with local bodies may notify the areas of biodiversity importance as <strong>Biodiversity Heritage Sites.</strong></li>
<li>The Biodiversity Heritage Sites are the well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - <strong>terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and, marine</strong> having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the following components:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories</li>
<li>high endemism</li>
<li>presence of rare and threatened species</li>
<li>keystone species</li>
<li>species of evolutionary significance</li>
<li>wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or their varieties</li>
<li>past preeminence of biological components represented by fossil beds</li>
<li>having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values; important for the maintenance of cultural diversity (with or without a long history of human association with them)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Areas having any of the following characteristics may qualify for inclusion as BHS.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 304px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #151d47; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #151d47; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>District/State</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nallur Tamarind Grove</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Bangalore, Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Hogrekan</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Chikmagalur, Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Ambaraguda</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Glory of Allapalli</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Maharashtra</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Tonglu BHS and Dhotrey BHS under the Darjeeling Forest Division</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Darjeeling, West Bengal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Mandasaru</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Dialong Village</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Manipur</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Ameenpur lake</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Telangana</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Majuli</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Assam</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Gharial Rehabilitation Centre</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Chilkigarh Kanak Durga</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">West Bengal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Purvatali Rai</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Goa</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Naro Hills</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Madhya Pradesh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 60.2848%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Asramam</td>
<td style="width: 39.7152%; height: 19px; background-color: #f2f4ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Kerala</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7258,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NGT Panel for Protection of Mahanadi Floodplain',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has constituted a high level committee to identify <strong>floodplain zones of the Mahanadi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mahanadi</strong> is Odisha&rsquo;s <strong>largest river.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>January 2020</strong> Chief Minister of Odisha had announced that the<strong> 424 acres</strong> reclaimed from the river Mahanadi would be utilised to add <strong>ecological, recreational, sporting, cultural and technological value in the lives of the people of Cuttack.</strong></li>
<li>A local citizen approached the <strong>NGT</strong> against the state government's plan alleging that illegal construction activities will adversely <strong>affect the river ecology and disturb the flow of Mahanadi river.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGT&rsquo;s Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NGT has formed a<strong> panel of experts</strong> from the <strong><a href="/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Water Commission</a>, National Institute of Hydrology </strong>and <strong>state and central pollution control board</strong> for laying down norms to ensure that the riverfront development takes place without <strong>damage to the floodplains</strong> of the river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legislation to Regulate the Flood Plains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is<strong> no central legislation</strong> to regulate the flood plains, except a <strong>2016 notification</strong> issued by the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation,</strong> with respect to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-utsav-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganga river</strong></a>, under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a>, prohibiting any construction in the active floodplain area of <strong>river Ganga or its tributaries.</strong></li>
<li>However some states have laws to regulate the flood plains :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Manipur Flood Zoning Act, 1978</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uttarakhand Flood Plain Zoning Act, 2012</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Floodplains</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Floodplain is an <strong>area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river,</strong> formed mainly by <strong>flooding of rivers and deposition of sand sediments</strong> on the riverbanks.</li>
<li>These sandy floodplains are <strong>exceptional aquifers</strong> where any withdrawal is compensated by gravity flow from a large surrounding area.</li>
<li>Some floodplains such as those of Himalayan Rivers contain up to <strong>20 times more water than the virgin flow in rivers in a year.</strong></li>
<li>Since<strong> recharge is by rainfall and during late floods, the water quality is good.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mahanadi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the<strong> third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna,</strong> and the <strong>largest river of Odisha state.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source of origin of the Mahanadi river:</strong> It rises from a place near Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries of the Mahanadi river</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seonath River</li>
<li>Hasdeo River</li>
<li>Mand River</li>
<li>Ib River</li>
<li>Jonking River</li>
<li>Tel River</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Basin of the Mahanadi river:</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The catchment area of the river extends to&nbsp;<strong>Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its basin is bounded by the <strong>Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7188,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extreme Climate Events: CEEW',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study on the report <strong>&ldquo;Preparing India for Extreme Climate Events&rdquo;</strong> released by the <strong>Council on Energy, Environment and Water</strong> (CEEW),<strong> over 75% of districts in India are hotspots of extreme climate events</strong> such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>floods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unccd-drought-tool-box#:~:text=Drought%20is%20generally%20considered%20as,definition%20of%20drought%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>droughts</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heat waves</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cold-wave-1#:~:text=Cold%20Wave%20Conditions%3A,degree%20Celsius%20is%20rarely%20reached." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cold waves.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the<strong> first time</strong> that extreme weather event hotspots in the country have been mapped. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CEEW</strong> is an independent, non-partisan, one of Asia&rsquo;s leading not-for-profit policy research institutions, devoted to research on all matters affecting the use, reuse, and misuse of resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report comes just after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> (UNEP) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> which warned that the world is heading for a temperature <strong>rise of over 3 degrees Celsius</strong> this century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>frequency, intensity,</strong> and<strong> unpredictability</strong> of extreme events have risen in recent decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While India witnessed 250 extreme climate events in 35 years between 1970 and 2005, it recorded 310 such weather events in only 15 years since then.</li>
<li>With an unusual spike in extreme events since 2005, these districts are bearing the <strong>effects of changing microclimate </strong>with<strong> loss of property, livelihoods and lives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>pattern reflects the global changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Extreme weather events resulting from climate change led to <strong>4,95,000 human deaths across the world in 1999-2018.</strong></li>
<li>More than 12,000 extreme weather events led to <strong>losses worth USD 3.54 trillion</strong> (measured in terms of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-purchasing-power-parities-icp-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>purchasing power parity</strong></a> or PPP) during this period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> current trend</strong> of catastrophic climate events <strong>results from a mere 0.6 degrees Celsius temperature rise in the last 100 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>already the 5<sup>th</sup> most vulnerable country globally</strong> in terms of extreme climate events, and it is all set to become the world&rsquo;s flood capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>After 2005,</strong> the yearly average number of<strong> districts affected by cyclones tripled</strong> and the <strong>cyclone frequency-doubled.</strong></li>
<li>In the past decade, 258 districts were affected by cyclones with hotspot districts<strong> all along the eastern coastline.</strong></li>
<li>The east coast&rsquo;s warming regional microclimate, <strong>land-use change,</strong> and<strong> degrading forests</strong> are triggering the region&rsquo;s cyclonic activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flood Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decade <strong>2000-2009 showed a spike in extreme flood events and in associated flood events,</strong> which affected almost 473 districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Events associated with floods such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> landslides</strong></a>, <strong>heavy rainfall, hailstorms, thunderstorms, and cloudbursts</strong> increased by over 20 times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The compounding effects of<strong> land subsidence,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>urban heat island phenomenon</strong></a>, and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/large-population-and-assets-to-be-affected-by-sea-level-rise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sea-level rise</a> due to glacial melts</strong> are leading to the <strong>intensification of cyclonic disturbances,</strong> thus increasing the number of flood events experienced during the decade and making it an outlier.</li>
<li>While the <strong>number of rainy days during monsoon has decreased, single-day extreme rainfall events are increasing,</strong> leading to flooding.</li>
<li><strong>Six of India&rsquo;s eight most flood-prone districts</strong> in the last decade, Barpeta, Darrang, Dhemaji, Goalpara, Golaghat and Sivasagar, are <strong>located in Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Droughts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>yearly average of drought-affected districts increased 13 times after 2005.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2005, the number of districts affected by drought was six, but<strong> after 2005 this figure rose to 79.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the<strong> intensity of damage in terms of loss of life has reduced significantly, </strong>droughts <strong>increase uncertainties related to agriculture and rural livelihoods.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drought-affected district hotspots of India in the last decade</strong> were Ahmednagar, Aurangabad (both Maharashtra), Anantapur, Chittoor (both Andhra Pradesh), Bagalkot, Bijapur, Chikkaballapur, Gulbarga, and Hassan (all Karnataka).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weakening of Monsoon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The empirical evidence generated from the analysis coincides with the <strong>weakening of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monsoons</a> due to rising micro-temperatures.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This further can be validated by the fact that states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh saw severe <strong>water scarcity during 2015 due to record-breaking temperatures during summer and weakening monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swapping of Nature of Extreme Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study also found a<strong> shift in the pattern of extreme climate events,</strong> such as <strong>flood-prone areas becoming drought-prone and vice-versa,</strong> in over 40% of Indian districts.</li>
<li>This swapping has<strong> happened in two ways.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In some cases, districts which were <strong>flood-prone have now become drought-prone and vice versa.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>many districts are facing floods and droughts simultaneously.</strong> This trend is both <strong>unusual and alarming, </strong>and <strong>requires further investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coastal southern Indian states</strong> are increasingly <strong>witnessing more droughts.</strong></li>
<li>Further,<strong> floods and droughts coincide during the same season</strong> in several districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Develop a Climate Risk Atlas</strong> to map critical vulnerabilities such as coasts, urban heat stress, water stress, and biodiversity collapse.</li>
<li><strong>Develop an Integrated Emergency Surveillance System</strong> to facilitate a systematic and sustained response to emergencies.</li>
<li><strong>Mainstream risk assessment at all levels,</strong> including localised, regional, sectoral, cross-sectoral, macro and micro-climatic level.</li>
<li><strong>Enhance adaptive and resilience capacity</strong> to climate-proof lives, livelihoods and investments.</li>
<li><strong>Increase the participatory engagement of all stakeholders</strong> in the risk assessment process.</li>
<li><strong>Integrate risk assessment</strong> into local, sub-national, and national level plans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microclimatic zones shifting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Microclimatic zones, or<strong> areas where the weather is different from surrounding areas, </strong>are<strong> shifting across</strong> various districts of India.</li>
<li>A shift in microclimate zones may<strong> lead to severe disruptions across sectors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every 2 degrees Celsius rise in annual mean temperature will reduce agricultural productivity by 15-20%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some reasons<strong> identified behind this shift </strong>in microclimatic zones is<strong> change in land-use patterns, deforestation, encroachments upon mangroves, disappearing wetlands</strong> and <strong>natural ecosystems by encroachment, </strong>and<strong> urban heat islands that trap heat locally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-75-districts-hotspots-of-extreme-weather-events-finds-study-2-7100341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7154,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recovery from Coal Mining in Meghalaya’s Moolamylliang',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Moolamylliang,</strong> a village in <strong>Meghalaya&rsquo;s East Jaintia Hills district,</strong> is making progress in becoming a greener place amid abandoned pits from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rat-hole-mining#:~:text=Rat%20hole%20mining%20involves%20digging,unscientific%20and%20unsafe%20for%20workers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rat-hole mining.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Jaintia Coal Miners and Dealers&rsquo; Association</strong> claims there are around 60,000 coal mines across 360 villages in East Jaintia Hills district.</li>
<li>Moolamylliang used to be one such village until the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong></a> (NGT) <strong>banned</strong> hazardous rat-hole coal mining in Meghalaya in <strong>April 2014</strong> and set a time limit for transporting the coal already mined till that time.</li>
<li>Though the NGT <strong>ban did not stop illegal mining</strong> in the district, it <strong>helped Moolamylliang reform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal Mining in Northeast:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the northeast, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coal mining</strong></a> is part of a larger trend which is the <strong>decimation of natural resources.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, there is large-scale <strong>deforestation going on in the Garo and Khasi Hills</strong> of Meghalaya, besides <strong>limestone mining</strong> in the <strong>Jaintia Hills.</strong></li>
<li>Assam, which has lost most of its once extensive forest cover, sees <strong>poaching in the Dima Hasao region, coal mining</strong> in Upper Assam, and<strong> sand/stone mining</strong> from river beds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are three notable <strong>peculiarities of coal mining in the Jaintia Hills</strong> (and elsewhere in Meghalaya).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Being a tribal state where the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp#:~:text=6th%20Schedule,(1)%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</a> applies, all land is privately owned,</strong> and hence coal mining is done by private parties. The schedule <strong>does not explicitly refer to mining.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>sizable coal deposits</strong> in the state, mostly in the Jaintia Hills, <strong>occur in horizontal seams only</strong> a few feet high that run through the hills which is why <strong>rat-hole mining is practised instead of open cast mining.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Most of the labour</strong> (including children) comes from Nepal, the <strong>poorer areas</strong> of Assam, and Bangladesh. In Meghalaya, the non-tribal is a second-class citizen, as is the poor tribal, which explains the<strong> general lack of concern even within the State about the trapped miners.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rat-hole Mining:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a term used for a <strong>hazardous and arduous mining technique</strong> where miners crawl into winding underground tunnels that are just 4-5 feet in diameter to extract coal from the deep seams with a pickaxe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Open Cast Mining:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> surface mining technique</strong> of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a <strong>borrow.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ecological Issues:</strong> Unsustainable mining in hilly areas <strong>contaminates the farmlands and turns the streams acidic,</strong> leading to the<strong> loss of biodiversity and local heritage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Health Issues:</strong> The prevalence of mining in an area <strong>causes various diseases</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetic-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fibrosis</strong></a>, pneumoconiosis and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silicosis-and-mining-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>silicosis</strong></a> in workers as well as locals.</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Trafficking:</strong> Majority of the workers involved in 'rat-hole' mining are children. They are suited for this job because of their small anatomy that fits small mine tunnels. Rat-hole mining has <strong>encouraged child<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking#:~:text=Section%20370%20and%20370A%20of,the%20forced%20removal%20of%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> trafficking</a></strong> apart from <strong>engaging with immigrants</strong> from many states.</li>
<li><strong>Corruption: Police officials often collaborate with mine owners</strong> in states where the open cast mining and rat hole mining are the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The administration tried to make coke factories and cement plants in the vicinity contribute to <strong>earth rejuvenation programmes</strong> in the area under their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong> </a>(CSR).</li>
<li>Among the projects being pursued is <strong>low-cost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-conservation-traditional-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rainwater harvesting</a></strong> for <strong>recharging the area</strong> that has become dry because of coal mining.</li>
<li>Making Moolamylliang a <strong>base camp for tourists to explore caves, canyons and waterfalls</strong> in parts of East Jaintia Hills that have escaped the impact of mining, will <strong>boost <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> and bring in revenue.</strong></li>
<li>Since the 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule does not explicitly refer to mining,<strong> environmental activists are calling for the coal trade to come under central mining and environmental laws.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives Related to Mining</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>April 2018,</strong> the Ministry of Coal launched the <strong>Unlocking Transparency by Third Party Assessment of Mined Coal </strong>(UTTAM)<strong> Application</strong> for coal quality monitoring.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/national-mineral-policy-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy</strong></a> (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019, which em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
<li>In <strong>Septem&shy;ber 2019, 100% FDI un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed</strong> for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
<li>In <strong>January 2020,</strong> the Parliament passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mineral-laws-amendment-bill-2020#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Parliament%20has%20passed,promulgated%20on%2011th%20January%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mineral Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It amends the <strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong> and the<strong> Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>1957 Act</strong> regulates the mining sector in India and specifies the requirement for obtaining and granting mining leases for mining operations.</li>
<li>The<strong> 2015 Act</strong> provides for allocation of coal mines and vesting of the right, title and interest in and over the land and mine infrastructure together with mining leases to successful bidders with a view to ensure continuity in coal mining operations and production of coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill <strong>per&shy;mits com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing for lo&shy;cal and global firms</strong> with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meghalaya-village-turns-oasis-in-coal-mine-desert/article33265390.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7017,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, various green collectives and environmental organisations have come together to protest against the <strong>Anakkayam Small Hydro Electric Project</strong> in Kerala.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The site of the project is not far from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/athirapally-hydel-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Athirapally Hydel Electric Project.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will come up in the buffer zone of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/early-migration-of-butterflies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></a> (PTR) and will also<strong> create a 5.617-km-long tunnel</strong> within the forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environmental Consequences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Around <strong>20 hectares of forest land will have to be cleared</strong> out and <strong>around 1900 large trees</strong> and a larger number of small trees<strong> will be cut.</strong></li>
<li>The area is<strong> ecologically fragile,</strong> as seen in the massive<strong> landslide followed by minor landslides at the project site in 2018,</strong> and the consequences will extend to<strong> loss of precious flora and fauna species.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Absence of Consent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>granted approval without obtaining permission</strong> from the local <strong>Kadar tribe</strong> which holds the <strong>right of Community Forest Resources</strong> (CFR) as per the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest Rights Act, 2006.</strong></a></li>
<li>The site of the hydel project comes within the 400 sq kms of forest land that were given as CFR to the Kadar tribe which has the responsibility to protect and conserve the habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Athirapally Hydel Electric Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2020,</strong> the Kerala government approved the Athirapally Hydro Electric Project (AHEP) on the <strong>Chalakudy river in Thrissur district of Kerala.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chalakudy River <strong>originates in the Anamalai region of Tamil Nadu</strong> and is joined by its <strong>major tributaries</strong> Parambikulam, Kuriyarkutti, Sholayar, Karapara and Anakayam in Kerala. It <strong>flows through Palakkad, Thrissur and Ernakulam</strong> districts of Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also been<strong> facing opposition and protests</strong> due to its <strong>adverse effects on the fragile river ecosystem</strong> at Athirappilly and the other <strong>related environmental threats.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a well protected ecological portion in the <strong>Nelliampathy-Anamalai landscape</strong> of the <strong>Southern Western Ghats</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is located in the<strong> Palakkad District of Kerala.</strong></li>
<li>It was<strong> declared as Tiger Reserve during 2008-09.</strong></li>
<li>The reserve is credited with the<strong> first scientifically managed teak plantation in the world</strong> which was later merged with the forest land.</li>
<li>It has the <strong>world's largest and oldest teak tree</strong> named <em>"Kannimara",</em> which is believed to be <strong>350 years old.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605695306_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605695306_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/green-collectives-to-protest-against-anakkayam-hydel-project/article33120677.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6831,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Seagrass',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>restoration process of seagrasses</strong> has been taken up by Tamil Nadu in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-june-2019#:~:text=in%20Mandapam%20cluster.-,Gulf%20of%20Mannar,miles%20(160%20km)%20long." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gulf of Mannar.</strong></a></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603533009_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603533009_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603532962_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603532962_image2.jpg" caption="false" width="250" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seagrasses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>flowering plants</strong> that<strong> grow submerged in shallow marine waters</strong> like bays and lagoons.</li>
<li>These have<strong> tiny flowers</strong> and <strong>strap-like or oval leaves.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Terrestrial plants</strong> evolved about <strong>850 million years</strong> ago from a group of green <strong>algae</strong> and seagrasses evolved from terrestrial plants that recolonised the ocean <strong>70-100 million years ago.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like terrestrial plants, seagrasses also <strong>require sunlight for photosynthesis</strong> from which these<strong> manufacture their own food </strong>and<strong> release oxygen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reproduction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sexual Reproduction Method:</strong> The <strong>pollen from the flower of the male plant is transferred to the ovary of the female</strong> flower through this method.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is known as <strong>submarine pollination.</strong> Most species undergo this process and complete their life cycle underwater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asexual Reproduction Method:</strong> Seagrasses can also reproduce asexually by <strong>branching off at their rhizomes</strong> (modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Because of this character, they <strong>can recover after being cut by grazers or disturbed by storms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Order and Species:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>60 species</strong> belonging to four families in the <strong>order <em>Alismatales.</em></strong></li>
<li>Some of the important seagrasses are <strong>Sea Cow Grass</strong> <em>(Cymodocea serrulata),</em> <strong>Thready Seagrass</strong> <em>(Cymodocea rotundata),</em><strong> Needle Seagrass </strong><em>(Syringodium isoetifolium), </em><strong>Flat-tipped Seagrass</strong><em> (Halodule uninervis)</em>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though seagrasses <strong>inhabit all types of substratas</strong> (layers) from mud to rock, the lush green seagrass beds are <strong>found extensively in muddy and sandy substratas.</strong></li>
<li>These occur all <strong>along the coastal areas of India</strong> and are abundant in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Palk Strait</strong></a> and Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seagrasses are considered<strong> &lsquo;Ecosystem Engineers&rsquo;</strong> as they are known for providing many ecosystem services and are also called<strong> &lsquo;the lungs of the sea&rsquo;</strong> as they release oxygen into the water through photosynthesis.</li>
<li><strong>Sequesters up to 11% of the organic carbon</strong> buried in the ocean even though they occupy only 0.1% of the ocean floor and <strong>absorb 83 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere annually.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Seagrasses can capture carbon from the atmosphere <strong>up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Help maintain water quality</strong> by trapping fine sediments and suspended particles in the water column and increase water clarity.</li>
<li><strong>Filter nutrients released from land-based industries</strong> before they reach sensitive habitats like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/significance-of-dead-coral-reef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coral reefs.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Prevent soil erosion</strong> as the extensive vertical and horizontal root systems of seagrasses stabilise the sea bottom.</li>
<li><strong>Provide food as well as habitat</strong> for fishes, octopuses, shrimp, blue crabs, oysters, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Endangered marine organisms like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-dugong-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dugong</strong> </a>(Sea Cow), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/two-headed-green-turtle" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>green turtle</strong></a>, etc,<strong> graze directly</strong> on seagrass leaves.</li>
<li><strong>Bottle-nosed dolphins feed on the organisms</strong> that live in seagrass areas.</li>
<li><strong>Detritus</strong> (natural waste) of decomposed dead seagrass <strong>supplies food for worms, sea cucumbers, crabs,</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>After decomposition,</strong> it releases <strong>nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus</strong> which are absorbed by seagrasses and phytoplankton.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protect</strong> juvenile and small adult fish<strong> from large predators</strong> and also protect worms, crabs, starfishes, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, etc,<strong> from strong currents.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Provide ideal nursery sites</strong> for important commercial marine life like squids and cuttlefish.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seagrass beds are facing <strong>decline all over the world at the rate of 2-5% annually.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Around 30,000 square kilometres of seagrass has been lost during recent decades at a global level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These face <strong>natural disturbances</strong> like grazing, storms, <strong>ice-scouring</strong> (abrasion and erosion of seabeds by glaciers.) and <strong>desiccation</strong> (extreme dryness).</li>
<li><strong>Human disturbances</strong> like <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/marine-pollution#:~:text=Eutrophication%3A%20When%20a%20water%20body,depletion%20of%20the%20water%20body." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eutrophication</strong></a>, mechanical destruction of habitat, overfishing, release of nutrients, coastal engineering construction, pollution, etc are destructive for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If seagrass habitats are lost, the marine organisms that depend on them for their survival may also face extinction, resulting in the loss of marine ecosystem productivity.</li>
<li>Protection and restoration should be attempted at a global level as it can play a significant role in mitigating climate change.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to take earnest measures to conserve seagrasses and their habitats. For that, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for the Conservation of Nature</strong> </a>(IUCN) should intervene immediately and study the status of the different seagrass species before they become extinct.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/why-we-must-conserve-the-world-s-seagrasses-73852#:~:text=Seagrass%20habitats%20protect%20juvenile%20and,%2C%20etc%2C%20from%20strong%20currents." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6805,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Environmental Clearance to Kaleshwaram Project Invalid',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/10-years-of-national-green-tribunal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has declared that the environmental clearance (EC) granted to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-project-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project</strong> </a>in Telangana was ex post facto (i.e. granted after completion of substantial work) and illegal.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-purpose irrigation project,</strong> on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-lift-irrigation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Godavari River</strong></a> in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally, Telangana initiated in 2016.</li>
<li>The project starts at the confluence point of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-lift-irrigation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pranahita River</strong></a> <strong>and Godavari River.</strong></li>
<li>Originally called <strong>Dr. B R Ambedkar Pranahita Chevella Sujala Sravanthi Project</strong> in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, it was redesigned, extended and <strong>renamed as Kaleshwaram project in Telangana in 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues in the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> petition filed in 2018</strong> stated that while the <strong>Kaleshwaram Project</strong> was a <strong>lift irrigation system,</strong> the<strong> state government wrongly claimed, until the grant of environmental clearance (EC),</strong> that the project was not for lift irrigation, but <strong>only for drinking water supply.</strong></li>
<li>Substantial work of the project had already been undertaken before granting of EC in December 2017. Thus, the EC was ex post facto, in violation of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) had published the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/draft-eia-notification-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification 2020</strong></a>, with the intention to replace the existing EIA Notification 2006 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</li>
<li>The draft notification <strong>has provisions for post facto project clearance,</strong> reiteration of a March 2017 notification for projects operating without clearance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Project also underwent change by increase in capacity and inclusion of <strong>Mission Bhagiratha</strong> to provide drinking water to Hyderabad and certain villages of Telangana. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the pre-feasibility report submitted in January, 2017 and draft of EIA report submitted in July, 2017 did not mention the Mission Bhagiratha<strong> which involved interlinking of the two projects.</strong></li>
<li>Feasibility of the changed project was never evaluated while granting EC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGT&rsquo;s Observation:</strong> There are <strong>two legal issues confronting the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One,</strong> Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation<strong> Project was functioning without requisite prior environmental clearance</strong> under <strong>EIA Notification, 2006, until 2017,</strong> when the EC was granted.</li>
<li><strong>Second,</strong> project contractor L&amp;T was alleged to have cleared large areas of forest land for construction of quarters for its employees, <strong>without requisite forest clearance</strong> under the <strong>Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>NGT directed</strong> that until the Telangana government obtains final forest clearance, it should <strong>stop all work except the drinking water component.</strong></li>
<li>It has further asked MoEFCC to consider measures to prevent recurrence of such violations where EC is sought ex post facto.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is particularly required when the projects are multi-purpose and part of it requires EC, so that such requirement is not defeated on specious plea that the project was partly not covered by the schedule Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification as has happened in the present case.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It observed that<strong> accountability of the responsible person needs to be fixed and remedial measures has to be taken.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that purpose, it has directed the MoEFCC to <strong>constitute a seven-member expert committee.</strong></li>
<li>The expert committee could assess the extent of damage caused in going ahead with the project without EC &ndash; the period from 2008 to 2017 &mdash; and identify the necessary restoration measures.</li>
<li>The expert committee must be constituted within a month and needs to complete its exercise within six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mission Bhagiratha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>project for safe drinking water</strong> for every village and city household in Telangana State.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to provide piped water</strong> to 2.32 crore people in 20 lakh households in urban and 60 lakhs in rural areas of Telangana.</li>
<li>The project will supply clean drinking water to all households in the state through <strong>water sourced from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2nd-meeting-of-the-apex-council-for-krishna-and-godavari-river-water-dispute" target="_blank" rel="noopener">River Godavari and River Krishna.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ngt-red-flags-kaleshwaram-project-green-clearance-was-in-violation-of-law-halt-work-6813921/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6785,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Delhi Air Pollution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change has highlighted that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/indias-new-attack-on-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>air pollution</strong></a> <strong>is not a problem of Delhi and its corporations alone</strong> but that of a big <strong>airshed</strong> around it that includes the National Capital Region (NCR).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Airshed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In geography, an airshed is defined as a<strong> region in which the atmosphere shares common features with respect to the dispersion of pollutants;</strong> in other words, a <strong>region sharing a common flow of air.</strong></li>
<li>With reference to the air pollution in and around Delhi, the airshed includes <strong>Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, areas of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and even Alwar in Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Air Quality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sameer-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air Quality Index</strong> </a>(AQI) of Delhi has improved within the &lsquo;poor&rsquo; category.</li>
<li>As per a forecast from the Central government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/safar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research</strong></a> (SAFAR) the AQI is expected to stay in the higher end of &lsquo;poor&rsquo; to the lower end of &lsquo;very poor&rsquo; category for the following days.</li>
<li>During the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-lockdown-improved-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> lockdowns, Delhi saw among the cleanest air</strong> </a>since comprehensive records have been kept since 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Air Pollution in Delhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Air pollution in Delhi-NCR and the <strong>Indo Gangetic Plains</strong> is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on a variety of factors.</li>
<li><strong>Change in Wind Direction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>October usually marks the withdrawal of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoons</strong></a> in Northwest India and during this time, the <strong>predominant direction of winds is northwesterly.</strong></li>
<li>The direction of the wind is northwesterly in summers as well, which<strong> brings the dust</strong> from northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Wind Speed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High-speed winds are very effective at dispersing pollutants, but <strong>winters bring a dip in wind speed</strong> overall as compared to in summers which makes the region <strong>prone to pollution.</strong></li>
<li>Also, Delhi lies in a <strong>landlocked region</strong> which does not have a geographical advantage that eastern, western or southern parts of the country enjoy where the <strong>sea breeze disperses the concentrated pollutants.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stubble Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-stubble-burning-challenge-in-punjab" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stubble burning</strong> </a>in Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana is blamed for causing a thick blanket of smog in Delhi during winters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere which contain harmful gases</strong> like methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Farm fires have been an<strong> easy way to get rid of paddy stubble quickly and at low cost</strong> for several years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vehicular Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>one of the biggest causes</strong> of dipping air quality in Delhi in winters and around 20% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM2.5</strong></a> in winters comes from it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dust Storms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dust storms from Gulf countries</strong> enhance the already worse condition. Dry cold weather means <strong>dust is prevalent in the entire region, which does not see many rainy days</strong> between October and June.</li>
<li>Dust pollution contributes to around 56% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-roadmap-towards-cleaning-indias-air" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM10</strong></a> and the PM2.5 load.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dip in Temperatures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As temperature dips, the <strong>inversion height is lowered and the concentration of pollutants in the air increases</strong> when this happens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Inversion height</strong> is the layer beyond which pollutants cannot disperse into the upper layer of the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Firecrackers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/SC%20Order%20on%20Crackers%20During%20Diwali" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ban on cracker sales</strong></a>,<strong> firecrackers are a common sight on Diwali.</strong> It may not be the top reason for air pollution, but it definitely contributed to its build-up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Construction Activities and Open Waste Burning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Large-scale construction</strong> in Delhi-NCR is another culprit that is increasing dust and pollution in the air. Delhi also has <strong>landfill sites for the dumping of waste and burning of waste</strong> in these sites also contributes to air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Measures Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder</strong> (THS) which is a machine mounted on a tractor that cuts and uproots the stubble, in order to reduce stubble burning.</li>
<li>The <strong>introduction of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BS-VI vehicles</a></strong>, push for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electric vehicles</strong></a> (EVs), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/health-emergency-in-new-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odd-Even</strong></a> as an emergency measure and <strong>construction of the Eastern and Western Peripheral Expressways</strong> to reduce vehicular pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/grap-to-be-enforced-in-delhi-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Graded Response Action Plan</a></strong> (GRAP) to tackle the rising pollution in the Capital. It includes measures like shutting down thermal power plants and a <strong>ban on construction activities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Development of the National AQI</strong> for public information under the aegis of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board</strong> </a>(CPCB). AQI has been<strong> developed for eight pollutants</strong> viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Appropriate political will and aware citizenry is a prerequisite to tackle the menace, otherwise, all the measures will remain on paper only and greater public transparency is essential to the success of winning the war on air pollution.</li>
<li>There is no better watchdog than active citizens, which is why the pollution targets must be made public every year for their perusal and to be evaluated at the end of the year.</li>
<li>Breathing clean air is a fundamental right of every Indian citizen. Therefore, human health must become a priority when it comes to tackling air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/air-pollution-not-only-delhi-problem-but-pan-ncr-one-need-coordination-javadekar-6779544/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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