Science & Technology
Anti-Radiation Pills
- 01 Sep 2022
- 3 min read
For Prelims: Potassium Iodide, Thyroid Gland, WHO.
For mains: Anti-Radiation Pills.
Why in News?
With fears of a nuclear disaster at Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia power plant growing, the European Union has decided to pre-emptively supply 5.5 million Anti-Radiation Pills to be distributed among residents in the vicinity.
What is a Radiation Emergency?
- These are unplanned or accidental events that create radio-nuclear hazard to humans and the environment.
- Such situations involve radiation exposure from a radioactive source and require prompt intervention to mitigate the threat.
- Dealing with such an emergency also involves the use of anti-radiation tablets.
What are Anti-Radiation Pills?
- Potassium Iodide (KI) tablets, or anti-radiation pills, are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure.
- They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subsequent concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.
How do these Pills Work?
- After a radiation leak, radioactive iodine floats through the air and then contaminates food, water and soil.
- Internal exposure, or irradiation, occurs when radioactive iodine enters the body and accumulates in the thyroid gland.
- The thyroid gland, which uses iodine to produce hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism, has no way of telling radioactive from non-radioactive iodine.
- Potassium iodide (KI) tablets rely on this to achieve ‘thyroid blocking’.
- KI pills taken a few hours before or soon after radiation exposure ensure that non-radioactive iodine in the medicine is absorbed quickly to make the thyroid “full”.
- The thyroid becomes full and cannot absorb any more iodine – either stable or radioactive – for the next 24 hours.
- But KI pills are preventive only and cannot reverse any damage done by radiation to the thyroid gland.
- Once thyroid gland absorbs radioactive iodine, those exposed are at a high risk of developing thyroid cancer.
Is the method Fool-Proof?
- Anti-radiation pills do not provide 100% protection.
- The effectiveness of KI depends on how much radioactive iodine gets into the body and how quickly it is absorbed in the body.
- Also, the pills are not meant for everybody. They are recommended for people under 40 years of age.
