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CRCL Recognized as Regional Customs Laboratory

Why in News Central Revenues Control Laboratory (CRCL), New Delhi, under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs has been recognized as a...

04 Mar 2021 Health
First World Report on Hearing: WHO

Why in News The First World Report on Hearing was released by the World Health Organization (WHO) - a day ahead of World Hearing Day on 3rd...

04 Mar 2021 Health
State of Environment Report 2021: CSE

Why in News Recently, the State of Environment Report, 2021 was released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). CSE is a public...

26 Feb 2021 Health
Report on Winter Pollution: CSE

Why in News Recently, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reported that the levels of PM 2.5, worsened in 43 out of 99 cities whose winter...

25 Feb 2021 Health
PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the need to address health issues in a holistic manner and to adopt a four-pronged strategy...

25 Feb 2021 Health
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed...

24 Feb 2021 Health
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has launched the operational guidelines for integration of NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic...

23 Feb 2021 Health
Status of WASH in Healthcare Facilities in India: CDDEP

Why in News A recent research from Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), USA, has estimated the cost of ensuring WASH and...

22 Feb 2021 Health
Epilepsy

Why in News Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a...

20 Feb 2021 Health
Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge: Smart Cities Mission

Why in News The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has announced the names of the 25 cities selected for the Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge...

20 Feb 2021 Health
Autism Spectrum Disorder

Why in News Recently, a 12-year-old Maharashtra girl with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) successfully swam across the Arabian Sea from Bandra-Worli...

20 Feb 2021 Health
Health and Budget

This article is based upon “Towards Swasth Bharat” which was published in The Hindu Business Line on February 18, 2021. It talks about...

19 Feb 2021 Health
Greenpeace Analysis On Economic Cost Of Air Pollution

Why in News According to a Greenpeace Southeast Asia (non-governmental organisation) analysis of cost to the economy due to air pollution, PM 2.5...

19 Feb 2021 Health
The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index

Why in News? Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to bare necessities like drinking water, sanitation,...

16 Feb 2021 Health
Digital Health Services

This article is based on “The salience of digital medical services was highlighted during the pandemic” which was published in The...

10 Feb 2021 Health
Mental Health and Men

Why in News As per the data of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 70% of callers to the ‘Kiran Helpline’, launched in...

09 Feb 2021 Health
Hunter Syndrome: MPS II

Why in News Two brothers suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis II or MPS II (Hunter Syndrome, Attenuated Type) have approached the Delhi High Court...

09 Feb 2021 Health
Parivar Pehchan Patra and Privacy Concerns

Why in News Recently, there has been a privacy concern with respect to Haryana's Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP) Scheme. Although enrollment under...

06 Feb 2021 Health
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

Why in News Recently, the government's maternity benefit scheme, or Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), has crossed 1.75 crore eligible...

05 Feb 2021 Health
Covid-19 Performance Index

Why in News India has been ranked 86th in a “Covid-19 Performance Index” comprising 98 countries. Key Points About the...

30 Jan 2021 Health

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		'article_id' => (int) 7838,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'CRCL Recognized as Regional Customs Laboratory',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Central Revenues Control Laboratory (CRCL), New Delhi, under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-merger-of-cbdt-and-cbic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Board of Indirect Taxes &amp; Customs</strong> </a>has been recognized as a<strong> Regional Customs Laboratory (RCL)</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-9th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Customs Organisation (WCO)</strong></a> for Asia-Pacific Region.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With its recognition as RCL, CRCL joins a select group of Customs Laboratories in the region like those in Japan &amp; Korea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Central Revenues Control Laboratory (CRCL):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Established:</strong> 1939.</li>
<li>With the introduction of instrument based testing, Revenue Laboratories are <strong>facilitating faster clearances,</strong> without compromising on law enforcement, and thereby playing a vital role in <strong>trade facilitation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Customs Laboratory:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their traditional work is the <strong>chemical analysis</strong> to determine tariff classification and the level of duties and other taxes.</li>
<li>Their role has evolved over time with changes in trade patterns and technical evolution.</li>
<li>Modern customs laboratories now play an important part in environmental protection (e.g., controlling the trade of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ozone-layer-preservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> ozone depleting substances</strong></a>), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>endangered species protection</strong></a>, control of dangerous goods such as pesticides, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ratification-of-7-persistent-organic-pollutants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>persistent organic pollutants</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/syrian-air-force-behind-chemical-attacks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>chemical weapons</strong></a>, as well as narcotics and drug precursors, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Customs Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Customs Organization (WCO), established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) is <strong>an independent intergovernmental body</strong> whose mission is to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of Customs administrations.</li>
<li>At present, it<strong> represents 183 Customs administrations</strong> across the globe that collectively process approximately 98% of world trade.</li>
<li><strong>India had become the vice-chair (regional head) of the Asia Pacific region</strong> of the WCO for a period of two years to June, 2020.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>only international organization with competence in Customs matters</strong> and which can rightly call itself the voice of the international Customs community.</li>
<li>It has its <strong>headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.</strong></li>
<li>Some <strong>Important Conventions/Mechanism</strong> under WCO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>SAFE Framework</strong> of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade.</li>
<li>The International <strong>Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System</strong> (HS Convention).</li>
<li>The International <strong>Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs procedures</strong> (revised Kyoto Convention or RKC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1702008" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7837,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'First World Report on Hearing: WHO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>First World Report on Hearing</strong> was released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong> </a>- a day ahead of <strong>World Hearing Day on 3<sup>rd</sup> March.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report underlines the need to rapidly step up efforts to prevent and address hearing loss by investing and expanding access to ear and hearing care services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nearly 2.5 billion people worldwide ─ or<strong> 1 in 4 people</strong> ─ will be living with <strong>some degree of hearing loss by 2050.</strong></li>
<li>At least <strong>700 million of these people will require access to ear and hearing care</strong> and other rehabilitation services unless action is taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Adverse Health Effects:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Untreated hearing loss can have a devastating impact on<strong> people&rsquo;s ability to communicate, to study and to earn a living.</strong> It can also impact <strong>people&rsquo;s mental health and their ability to sustain relationships.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Specialists among Low-Income Countries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>About 78% have fewer than one Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist per million population.</li>
<li>93% have fewer than one audiologist per million.</li>
<li>Only 17% have one or more speech therapists per million.</li>
<li>50% have one or more teachers for the deaf per million.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hearing Impairment in India: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Over 27,000 children are born deaf every year</strong> in India. Hearing impairment or loss is often neglected as it cannot be seen and in most cases the diagnosis is delayed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are many <strong>children</strong> who can benefit through advanced hearing technology but are <strong>missed out because of low awareness</strong> around hearing issues in babies.</li>
<li>One major reason is the <strong>unavailability of newborn screening programmes</strong> at birth and low awareness among parents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Programme for the Prevention &amp; Control of Deafness (NPPCD)</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> aims:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To<strong> prevent the avoidable hearing loss</strong> on account of disease or injury.</li>
<li><strong>Early identification, diagnosis</strong> and treatment of ear problems responsible for hearing loss and deafness.</li>
<li>To <strong>medically rehabilitate persons</strong> of all age groups, suffering with deafness.</li>
<li>To<strong> strengthen the existing inter-sectoral linkages</strong> for continuity of the rehabilitation programme, for persons with deafness.</li>
<li><strong>To develop institutional capacity for ear care services</strong> by providing support for equipment and material and training personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Required Interventions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Holding screening programmes can help in early diagnosis, which in turn will lead to early treatment.</li>
<li>The<strong> Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)</strong> helps in early detection of congenital hearing loss and this test is vital to detect hearing impairment in newborn babies and to ensure early intervention. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While <strong>UNHS screening is mandatory in developed countries,</strong> it is not included in the list of mandatory health screening procedures for newborns in India, except Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggested Strategies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Integration of Hearing Care into Primary Healthcare:</strong> This will close the present patient-doctor gap.</li>
<li><strong>Clinical Screening at Strategic Points in Life:</strong> To ensure early identification of any loss of hearing and ear diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Hearing Assistive Technology and Services:</strong> It includes measures such as captioning and sign language interpretation which can further improve access to communication and education for those with hearing loss.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Investments:</strong> WHO calculates that governments can expect a return of nearly USD 16 for every USD 1 invested.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Immunisation:</strong> In children, almost 60% of hearing loss can be prevented through measures such as immunisation for prevention of rubella and meningitis, improved maternal and neonatal care, and screening for, and early management of, otitis media &ndash; inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.</li>
<li><strong>Maintaining Hygiene:</strong> In adults, noise control, safe listening and surveillance of ototoxic (having a toxic effect on the ear) medicines together with good ear hygiene can help maintain good hearing and reduce the potential for hearing loss.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/1-in-4-people-projected-to-have-hearing-problems-by-2050-who-report-7211657/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7789,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'State of Environment Report 2021: CSE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>State of Environment Report, 2021</strong> was released by the<strong> Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CSE is a public interest research and advocacy organisation</strong> based in New Delhi. It researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pandemic Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India is all set to usher in a &lsquo;pandemic generation&rsquo;,</strong> with 375 million children (from newborns to 14-year-olds) likely to <strong>suffer long-lasting impacts,</strong> ranging from being underweight, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teenage-pregnancy-and-stunted-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stunting</strong></a> (low height-for-age) and increased child mortality, to <strong>losses in education and work productivity. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased School Dropouts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, over 500 million children were forced out of school globally and India accounted for more than half of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rise in Extreme Poverty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Covid-19 has made the world&rsquo;s poor poorer. Over <strong>115 million additional people</strong> might get pushed into extreme poverty by the pandemic and most of them live in South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution Levels Worsened:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s air, water and land have become more polluted between 2009 and 2018.</li>
<li>Of 88 major<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronics-manufacturing-clusters-emc2-0-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> industrial clusters</strong> </a>in the country, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board,</strong> </a>35 showed overall environmental degradation, 33 pointed to worsening air quality, 45 had more polluted water and in 17, land pollution became worse.</li>
<li><strong>Tarapur in Maharashtra</strong> emerged as the<strong> most polluted cluster.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regarding Sustainable Development Rankings: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India ranked 117 among 192 nations</strong> in terms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a> and was now behind all South Asian nations except Pakistan.</li>
<li><strong>States&rsquo; Performance In Sustainable Development Goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Best Performing States:</strong> Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Report on the Impact of Covid-19 on Children</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-winter-pollution-cse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Report on Winter Pollution: CSE</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-pandemic-generation-says-centre-for-science-and-environment/article33934601.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7777,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Report on Winter Pollution: CSE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)</strong> reported that the <strong>levels of PM 2.5, worsened in 43 out of 99 cities</strong> whose winter air was compared for two years, 2020 and 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5</strong> refers to <strong>fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers</strong> in diameter. It causes respiratory problems and also reduces visibility. It is <strong>an endocrine disruptor</strong> that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li><strong>CSE</strong> is a public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi. It researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cities with the worst pollution spikes in 2020 over 2019 include Gurugram, Lucknow, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, Agra, Navi Mumbai, and Jodhpur. Kolkata is the only mega city in this group.</li>
<li>When ranked from the most to the least polluted cities, <strong>23 of the most polluted cities are from north India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ghaziabad is the most polluted city </strong>in the<strong> northern belt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Best Performers: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Only 19 registered &ldquo;substantial improvement&rdquo;</strong> in PM 2.5 levels, one of these was <strong>Chennai.</strong></li>
<li>There are only <strong>four cities</strong> (Satna, Mysuru, Vijaypura and Chikkamagaluru) that have met the <strong>national 24-hour standard (60 &mu;g/m<sup>3</sup>)</strong> during the winter season.</li>
<li><strong>Satna and Maihar</strong> in Madhya Pradesh, and<strong> Mysuru</strong> in Karnataka, are the <strong>cleanest cities</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seasonal Peak Levels:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 37 cities that are otherwise showing stable or declining seasonal averages, their peak pollution levels have <strong>risen significantly during winter.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include Aurangabad, Indore, Nashik, Jabalpur, Rupnagar, Bhopal, Dewas, Kochi, and Kozhikode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In North India, other cities, including <strong>Delhi, have experienced the reverse,</strong> that is, an increase in the seasonal average but decline in the seasonal peak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Spike in Winter Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lockdown and Regional Factors:</strong> In the aftermath of the lockdown, several cities reported improved pollution levels but by winter, when lockdowns were significantly eased, pollution levels had clawed back to pre-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This underlines the significant <strong>contribution of local and regional factors</strong> to a city&rsquo;s pollution levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calm Weather:</strong> During winter, cool and calm weather traps and spikes daily pollution, particularly in north Indian cities located in the Indo Gangetic Plain. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, the average level of PM 2.5 during the summer and monsoon months was considerably lower than the previous year due to the summer lockdown.</li>
<li>However, the winter PM 2.5 concentration has risen compared to the 2019 winter in many cities across regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data from Pollution Control Board:</strong> The analysis is <strong>part of the air pollution tracker initiative</strong> of CSE. It&rsquo;s based on publicly available granular real time data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>CAAQMS Data:</strong> The data is captured from 248 official stations under the <strong>Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (CAAQMS)</strong> spread across 115 cities in 22 States and Union Territories. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CAAQMS<strong> facilitates in measuring a real time monitoring of Air Pollution,</strong> including particulate matter, all round the year.</li>
<li>It also <strong>displays digitally, other viral statistics of weather,</strong> to include wind speed, direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure and rain gauge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasised that<strong> rather than mega cities, it was the smaller and upcoming cities</strong> that were emerging as<strong> pollution hotspots.</strong></li>
<li>The report findings call for quicker reforms and<strong> action in key sectors of pollution -</strong> vehicles, industry, power plants and waste management to control winter pollution and bend the annual air pollution curve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Control Air Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dashboard-for-monitoring-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dashboard for Monitoring Air Quality.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-launches-mission-to-fight-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Air Quality Index (AQI).</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites#:~:text=It%20was%20entrusted%20with%20the,of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981.&amp;text=to%20promote%20cleanliness%20of%20streams,and%20abatement%20of%20water%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/winter-pollution-shows-rise-in-most-indian-cities-says-cse/article33926354.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7775,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7766,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0</strong> scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunisation during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reach the unreached population with all the available vaccines under Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) and thereby accelerate the full immunization and complete immunization coverage of children and pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have <strong>two rounds this year</strong> which will be <strong>conducted in 250 pre-identified districts/urban areas</strong> across 29 States/UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk, 152 medium risk and 250 high risk districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries from migration areas and remote areas</strong> would be targeted as they may have missed their vaccine doses during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It will foster India&rsquo;s march towards the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Immunization Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978</strong> as &lsquo;Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>In<strong> 1985,</strong> the Programme was <strong>modified as &lsquo;Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rapidly increasing immunization coverage,</li>
<li>Improving the quality of services,</li>
<li>Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level,</li>
<li>Introducing a district-wise system for monitoring of performance, and</li>
<li>Achieving self-sufficiency in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UIP prevents mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women <strong>against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong> But in the past, it was seen that the increase in immunization coverage had slowed down and it increased at the rate of 1% per year between 2009 and 2013.</li>
<li>To accelerate the coverage, <strong>Mission Indradhanush was envisaged</strong> and <strong>implemented since 2015</strong> to rapidly increase the full immunization coverage to 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Indradhanush:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To fully immunize more than 89 lakh children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated under UIP.</li>
<li>Targets children under 2 years of age and pregnant women for immunization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diseases Covered:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides vaccination against <strong>12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD)</strong> i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).</li>
<li>However, Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under IMI, greater focus was <strong>given on urban areas</strong> which were one of the gaps of Mission Indradhanush.</li>
<li>It focused to<strong> improve immunisation coverage in select districts and cities</strong> to ensure full immunisation to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a nationwide immunisation drive to mark the <strong>25 years of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse polio programme</a></strong> (2019-20).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>had targets of full immunization coverage in 272 districts</strong> spread over 27 States.</li>
<li>It aimed to <strong>achieve at least 90% pan-India immunisation coverage by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indradhanush-30-to-fill-gap-in-immunisation-due-to-covid/article33918209.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7755,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare</strong> has launched the operational guidelines for integration of<strong> NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)</strong> with <strong>NPCDCS (National Programme for Prevention &amp; Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> NPCDCS</strong> is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a>. It was launched in 2010 to prevent and control <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NAFLD:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver</strong> in the absence of secondary causes of fatty liver, such as harmful alcohol use, viral hepatitis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fatty liver occurs when too much fat builds up in liver cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>serious health concern as it encompasses a spectrum of liver abnormalities,</strong> from a simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, simple fatty liver disease) to more advanced ones like <strong>non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis</strong> and even liver cancer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Steatohepatitis</strong> is characterized by<strong> inflammation of the liver</strong> with concurrent fat accumulation in the liver. Mere deposition of fat in the liver is termed steatosis.</li>
<li><strong>Cirrhosis</strong> is a complication of liver disease that involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NAFLD acts as an <strong>independent predictor of future risk of cardiovascular diseases, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">type 2 diabetes</a></strong> and other metabolic syndromes like hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk From NAFLD: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Fatality Rate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the last two decades, the global burden of NASH has more than doubled. NASH caused 40 lakh prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis in 1990, which increased to 94 lakh cases in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risks Obese and Diabetic Individuals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Epidemiological studies suggest that prevalence of NAFLD is around 9% to 32% of the general population in India with a higher prevalence in those with overweight or obesity and those with diabetes or prediabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incurable:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once the disease develops, there is <strong>no specific cure available,</strong> and <strong>health promotion and prevention aspects</strong> targeting weight reduction, healthy lifestyle, etc. can prevent the mortality and morbidity due to NAFLD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by the Government: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aligning NPCDCS programme strategies</strong> to prevent and control NAFLD by encouraging behavior changes, early diagnosis and capacity building at various levels of healthcare.</li>
<li>Promoting screening of cancer, diabetes and hypertension under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Along with the focus of<strong> &lsquo;Eat Right India&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Fit India Movement&rsquo;,</strong> the entire vision of the government is to move from Diagnostic Cure to Preventive Health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699904" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7748,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Status of WASH in Healthcare Facilities in India: CDDEP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent research from <strong>Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP),</strong> USA, has estimated the cost of ensuring WASH and taking related steps for infection prevention and control for one year in healthcare facilities across India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CDDEP aims to use research to support better decision-making in health policy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>WASH</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WASH is an acronym that <strong>stands for the interrelated areas of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO) WASH Strategy</strong></a> has been developed in response to Member State Resolution (WHA 64.4) and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG 3: Good Health and Well Being, SDG 6: Clean Water And Sanitation).</li>
<li>It is a<strong> component of WHO&rsquo;s 13<sup>th</sup> General Programme of Work 2019&ndash;2023</strong> which aims to contribute to the health of three billion through multisectoral actions like better emergency preparedness and response; and one billion with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</strong></a></li>
<li>It also takes on board the need for progressive realization of the human rights to safe drinking-water and sanitation, adopted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> in July 2010.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for Study: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Inadequate Healthcare And Sanitation Facilities:</strong> A 2019 joint global baseline report by WHO and UNICEF had pointed out that globally, one in four healthcare facilities lacked basic water servicing and one in five had no sanitation service and 42% had no hygiene facilities at point of care.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Importance of Sanitation:</strong> A 2012 WHO report had calculated that for every dollar invested in sanitation, there was USD 5.50 to be gained in lower health costs, more productivity and fewer premature deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Fatalities due to Improper Implementation of the WAH Strategy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A WHO document on WASH in healthcare facilities points out that 8,27,000 people in low- and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene each year.</li>
<li>Also, death of 2,97,000 children under five years can be prevented each year if better WASH could be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Study:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To determine the cost-effectiveness of WASH interventions to reduce healthcare-associated infections among mother and neonates across the Indian healthcare system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cost Estimates:</strong> Improving WASH across the public healthcare facilities in India and maintaining this for a year would cost Rs. 2567 crores approximately in capital costs and Rs. 2095 crores in recurrent expenses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Costly Interventions:</strong> Providing clean water, linen reprocessing and sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>Least Expensive Interventions:</strong> Hand hygiene, medical device reprocessing and environmental surface cleaning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare Associated Infections:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inadequacies in proving WASH and also lack of infection prevention and control can lead to healthcare associated infections.</li>
<li><strong>Causative Agents:</strong> The pathogens like <em><strong>Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae</strong></em> have been found to be causative agents of healthcare associated infections because of their <strong>ability to develop resistance to antibiotics.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Common Healthcare Associated Infections:</strong> Central-line-associated bloodstream infections, Catheter-associated urinary tract infections, Surgical site infections and Ventilator-associated pneumonia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Study: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Suggests Suitable Strategies:</strong> Findings show that addressing gaps in WASH across the Indian healthcare system is not only within the realm of possibility in terms of affordability &ndash; when compared to other national health campaigns &ndash; but can also be combined with other national efforts to address health priorities such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also highlights the need for a concerted effort from local bodies, State and Central governments to sustainably <strong>address quality and inequality issues in WASH provision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improve Healthcare Policy Framing:</strong> The intersection between WASH, infection prevention and control and antimicrobial resistance is unique in that it offers policy makers an opportunity to address multiple overlapping problems through interventions on WASH in healthcare facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/an-estimate-of-wash-across-healthcare-facilities-in-india/article33889963.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7740,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Epilepsy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a major drugmaker has developed the <strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)</strong> and the finished dosage formulation of Brivanext, a drug for epilepsy.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Epilepsy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.</li>
<li>Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects people of all ages.</li>
<li>Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it&rsquo;s more common in young children and older adults. It occurs slightly more in males than in females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alterations to sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, or touch, dizziness, tingling and twitching of limbs, Staring blankly, unresponsiveness, performing repetitive movements.</li>
<li>It may or may not involve loss of awareness or consciousness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There&rsquo;s <strong>no cure for epilepsy,</strong> but the disorder can be managed with medications and other strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiative to Raise Awareness:</strong> In 2019, a report <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Epilepsy, a public health imperative</strong></a> was released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first global report on epilepsy summarizing the available evidence on the burden of epilepsy and the public health response required at global, regional and national levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APIs, also called bulk drugs, are significant<strong> ingredients in the manufacture</strong> of drugs. The Hubei province of China is the hub of the API manufacturing industry.</li>
<li>India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China. India&rsquo;s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per year, and around 70%, or $2.5 billion, come from China.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/msn-group-to-unveil-drug-to-treat-epilepsy/article33883235.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7732,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge: Smart Cities Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong> has announced the names of the<strong> 25 cities selected</strong> for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-for-cities-mohua#:~:text=Nurturing%20Neighborhoods%20Challenge%3A,families%20in%20the%20public%20realm." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities Mission.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> November 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> 3-year initiative that aims to</strong> work with Indian cities and their partners to pilot and scale ways to improve public space, mobility, neighborhood planning, access to early childhood services and amenities, and data management across city agencies.</li>
<li>It aims to propagate <strong>an early childhood centric approach</strong> among Indian cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partner Organisations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Bernard van Leer Foundation (BvLF) and World Resources Institute (WRI) India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Support to Selected Cities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Selected cities based on their proposal, readiness, and commitment - <strong>will receive technical support and capacity-building</strong> to develop, pilot and scale solutions that enhance the quality of life of young children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sensitivity Towards Children:</strong> Urban design and city planning play a crucial role in <strong>shaping the early years (0- 5 years) of a child&rsquo;s life &ndash;</strong> the period most vital for a child&rsquo;s long-term health and development.</li>
<li><strong>In Line with the ITCN Framework of the Smart Cities Mission:</strong> ITCN refers to the <strong>Infant, Toddler, Caregiver-Friendly Neighbourhoods</strong> framework. It has the following <strong>five objectives</strong> pertaining to neighbourhoods - Safe, Playful, Accessible, Inclusive and Green.</li>
<li><strong>Promotes Inclusive Development:</strong> It promotes inclusive development as it aims to enhance opportunities in urban areas for all vulnerable citizens, especially young children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Smart City Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is an innovative initiative under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, <strong>to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people</strong> by enabling local development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of Smart Solutions.</li>
<li><strong>Focus:</strong> On sustainable and inclusive development and to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a lighthouse to other aspiring cities.</li>
<li><strong>Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pan-city initiative in which at least one Smart Solution is applied city-wide.</li>
<li>Develop areas step-by-step with the help of following three models:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Retrofitting.</li>
<li>Redevelopment.</li>
<li>Greenfield.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage and Duration:</strong> The Mission covered 100 cities for the duration of five years starting from the financial year (FY) 2015-16 to 2019-20.</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong> It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699010#:~:text=The%20following%20cities%20have%20been,%2C%20Thiruvananthapuram%2C%20Tiruppur%2C%20Ujjain%2C" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7731,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Autism Spectrum Disorder',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a 12-year-old Maharashtra girl with <strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)</strong> successfully swam across the Arabian Sea from Bandra-Worli Sea Link to Gateway of India in Mumbai.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ASD refers to a range of conditions characterised by some degree of <strong>impaired social behaviour, communication and language,</strong> and a narrow range of interests and activities that are both unique to the individual and carried out repetitively.</li>
<li>It is a complex brain development disability which makes itself visible during the first 3 years of a person&rsquo;s life.</li>
<li>It is <strong>not mental retardation</strong> as people with autism may show excellent skills in spheres like art,music, writing etc. The level of intellectual functioning in individuals with ASDs is <strong>extremely variable,</strong> extending from profound impairment to superior levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are probably many factors that make a child more likely to have an ASD, including <strong>environmental and genetic factors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Signs and Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Difficulty with social communication and interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although autism is <strong>not curable,</strong> its symptoms can be addressed with appropriate interventions like evidence-based psychosocial interventions, behavioural treatment and skills training programmes for parents and other caregivers, health promotion, care, rehabilitation services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global &amp; National Initiatives to Raise Awareness on ASD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> deal with rights of people with disabilities including autism.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016</strong></a> increased the types of disabilities <strong>from 7 to 21.</strong> It also added<strong> autism spectrum disorder</strong> among others, which were largely ignored in earlier Act.</li>
<li>In 2014, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> adopted a resolution entitled "Comprehensive and coordinated efforts for the management of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)," which was supported by more than 60 countries.</li>
<li>In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously declared 2<sup>nd</sup> April as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-autism-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Autism Awareness Day.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699006#:~:text=Miss%20Jiya%20Rai%2C%20a%2012,to%20raise%20awareness%20about%20Autism." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7730,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Health and Budget',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/towards-swasth-bharat/article33873108.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Towards Swasth Bharat&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu Business Line on February 18, 2021. It talks about how increased budgetary allocation in the health sector is a much desired thing for the post-pandemic era and what are the associated issues.</p>
</div>
<p>Today, India is amidst this <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global pandemic</strong></a>, a black swan event which has re-emphasised that our biggest resource is our people and hence, has brought to the forefront an urgent need for stronger health systems to ensure the well being of its people.</p>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget for FY 2021-22</strong></a> has come up with a holistic approach to health, incorporating &lsquo;preventive&rsquo;, &lsquo;curative&rsquo;, and &lsquo;well-being&rsquo; aspects with an increase of 137% as compared to the previous fiscal.</p>
<p>However, the numbers often seem high until evaluated carefully. The outlay on the health sector has been lowered to approximately 10% as compared to the estimates for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FY 2020-21.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Current Situation of Health Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s health infrastructure came under considerable strain in 2020, with 11 million Covid cases and perhaps over a million requiring hospitalisation.</li>
<li>India currently has <strong>one doctor over the population of 1,445</strong> against the WHO norm of 1:1000.</li>
<li>India spent 1.8% of its GDP on health in FY 2020-21 and 1-1.5% in the previous years.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As compared with the OECD countries&rsquo; average of 7.6% and other BRICS countries&rsquo; average of 3.6% on their health sector, this is considerably low.</li>
<li>As a result, India is among the top nations with the highest <strong>Out Of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to estimates, out of pocket expenses in healthcare in India hover close to 62%, nearly thrice the global average of 18%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A report released by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2019 suggested that nearly <strong>one out of every 100 Indian children</strong> does not live to celebrate their fifth birthday on account of either diarrhoea or pneumonia.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Suboptimal access to clean water and sanitation</strong> is directly linked to diseases such as diarrhoea, polio and malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Health Budget 2021</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Budget has committed to an outlay of ₹2,23,846 crore in health and well-being for 2021-22, a <strong>137%</strong> increase over previous year&rsquo;s Budget Estimate of ₹94,452 crores.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes a ₹60,030 crore outlay on drinking water and sanitation, a ₹2,700 crore outlay on nutrition, nearly ₹49,000 crore as Finance Commission grants and ₹35,000 crore toward <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccination</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Water and sanitation sector have received a 179% increase over the previous year&rsquo;s allocation from Rs 21,518 crore to Rs 60,030 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is also in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey&rsquo;s</strong></a> recommendation of increasing public health spending to about 2.5-3% of GDP.</li>
<li>Another important public health-related announcement in Budget 2021 was the government&rsquo;s decision to expand the coverage of the pneumococcal vaccine across the country.</li>
<li>The launch of <strong>Pradhan Mantri Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana (PMANSBY)</strong> was also announced under the budget.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It laid emphasis on the expansion of health and wellness centres along with a ₹13,192 crore <strong>Finance Commission grant</strong> for strengthening the primary health system through local government bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613739640_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613739640_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="660" height="933" /></a></p>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduced budgetary allocation:</strong> The Union Budget 2021-22 allocated Rs 71,268.77 crore to the Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry. However, the revised estimates for last year was Rs 78,866 crores.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This implies the budgetary allocation to the Union health ministry came down by nearly 10%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allocation for vaccination:</strong> Apart from the health outlay, ₹35,000 crore was allocated for COVID-19 vaccination in FY 2021-22.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even assuming the cheapest prices of vaccines for all the citizens, India will be able to vaccinate only 65% of its total population with this amount.</li>
<li>Moreover, this Finance Commission grant for COVID-19 vaccination is a one-time allocation and, therefore, does not strengthen the overall system at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Combined health and water &amp; sanitation sector:</strong> There is an increased allocation for water &amp; sanitation but allocation for nutrition has decreased by 27%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Added together, health, water and sanitation and nutrition make up the claimed 137% increase in allocation to &ldquo;health&rdquo; services with a real decline in healthcare and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The misses:</strong> The budget has clearly missed mentioning any reduction in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> on <strong>active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduction of import duty on medical devices that could have helped reduce the cost of healthcare services for citizens is another aspect missing in the budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>To bring down costs:</strong> Beyond a few islands of excellence such as the AIIMS, investments in other medical colleges shall be encouraged to possibly bring down costs and ramp up quality of health services.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government may focus on medical education, infrastructure and research in an expanded health Budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Private Partnerships:</strong> Emphasising on <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Private Partnerships</a> (PPP)</strong> in other clinical procedures and hospitals and leveraging private sector expertise in the vaccination drive for a quicker and successful achievement of the target.</li>
<li><strong>Incentivised R&amp;D and reduced GST:</strong> Incentivising R&amp;D by additional tax deductions to further support greater investments in new drug developments and reducing GST on life-saving and essential drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Skill enhancement of healthcare workers:</strong> To prepare the existing healthcare workforce to provide the people the proposed healthcare facilities, it is important to give significant attention to their training, re-skilling, and knowledge upgradation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To cater to this need, the government can take into account public-private collaborations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The health sector has found a prominent place in the government&rsquo;s agenda over the last few years, and it has increased even more amid the pandemic.</p>
<p>Although much remains to be done, the Union Budget 2021&ndash;22 has laid a strong foundation to increase the resilience of the sector in the post-COVID-19 era and achieving Universal Health Coverage by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals agenda.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The Union Budget 2021-22 has emphasised on the importance of health by increasing the budgetary allocation by 137% as compared to the previous fiscal.&rdquo; Critically examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ld_BsM3v7ZE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/start-trials-for-mutant-strains/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Start trials for mutant strains</strong></a> published in the EconomicTimes on 17 February, 2021. Now watch this on our youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7726,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Greenpeace Analysis On Economic Cost Of Air Pollution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/toxic-air-the-price-of-fossil-fuels-greenpeace-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greenpeace Southeast Asia</strong></a> (non-governmental organisation) analysis of cost to the economy due to air pollution, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trends-in-air-pollution-cpcb#:~:text=in%20the%20IGP.-,PM2.,human%20health%20and%20the%20climate." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM 2.5 air pollution</strong></a> claimed approximately 54,000 lives in Delhi in 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5</strong> refers to <strong>fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers</strong> in diameter. It causes <strong>respiratory problems</strong> and also reduces visibility. It is <strong>an endocrine disruptor</strong> that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Report on Indian Cities: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Delhi:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In July 2020, Greenpeace found out that of the 28 global cities studied, <strong>Delhi bore the highest economic cost of air pollution</strong> with an estimated loss of 24,000 lives in the first half of 2020 despite a strict <strong>Covid-19 lockdown.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, air pollutant levels in Delhi <strong>remained almost six times above the prescribed WHO (World Health Organisation) limits of 10 &mu;g/m3 annual mean.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>estimated air pollution-related economic losses</strong> were USD 8.1 billion, which <strong>amounts to 13% of Delhi's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mumbai:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An estimated <strong>25,000 avoidable deaths in Mumbai</strong> in 2020 have been attributed to air pollution from PM 2.5 and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Cities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Damage due to air pollution is equally worrying in other cities - <strong>Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Lucknow -</strong> featured in the global analysis.</li>
<li>Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad estimated an approximate 12,000, 11,000, and 11,000 avoidable deaths respectively due to polluted air.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, <strong>approximately 1,60,000 deaths</strong> have been attributed to PM 2.5 air pollution <strong>in the five most populous cities &mdash;</strong> Delhi (India), Mexico City (Mexico), S&atilde;o Paulo (Brazil), Shanghai (China) and Tokyo (Japan).</li>
<li>In 2020, the estimated <strong>economic cost of PM 2.5 air pollution exceeded USD 5 billion in 14 cities</strong> included in the analysis.</li>
<li><strong>Tokyo (Japan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the included cities, the<strong> highest estimated total financial cost</strong> from air pollution was recorded in Tokyo, which suffered approximately 40,000 avoidable deaths and an economic loss of USD 43 billion due to PM 2.5 air pollution in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Los Angeles (USA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It recorded the<strong> highest per capita financial cost of PM 2.5 air pollution</strong> of all cities on the estimator, at approximately USD 2,700 per resident.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indicators Used in Measurement: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM 2.5 Measurements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Real-time ground-level PM 2.5 measurements were collected from different places and combined together in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> IQAir&rsquo;s database.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IQAir is an air quality technology company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Using Algorithms, such data was applied to scientific risk models in combination with population and public health data to estimate the health and economic costs of air pollution exposure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Willingness To Pay:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To show the impact of air pollution-related deaths on the economy, the approach used by Greenpeace is called <strong>&lsquo;willingness-to-pay&rsquo; &mdash;</strong> a lost life year or a year lived with disability is converted to money by the amount that people are willing to pay in order to avoid this negative outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost Estimator:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Cost Estimator&rsquo;,</strong> an online tool that estimates the real-time health impact and economic cost from fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air pollution in major world cities, was deployed in a collaboration between Greenpeace Southeast Asia,<strong> IQAir</strong> and the <strong>Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fatality of Air Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Globally:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to WHO, toxic air is now the biggest environmental risk of early death, responsible for one in nine of all fatalities.</li>
<li><strong>It kills 7 million people a year,</strong> far more than HIV, tuberculosis and malaria combined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Bank:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to a 2016 World Bank report, the lost lives and ill health caused are also a colossal economic burden: USD 225bn is lost labour income in 2013, or USD 5.11tn per year (about $1m a minute), if welfare losses are also added.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall:</strong> Long-term exposure to outdoor and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indoor-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>household (indoor) air pollution</strong></a> contributed to over <strong>1.67 million annual deaths</strong> from stroke, heart attack, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diabetes</strong></a>, lung cancer, chronic lung diseases, and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>neonatal diseases</strong></a>, in India in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Infant Related Data:</strong> High PM contributed to the deaths of more than 1,16,000 Indian infants who did not survive their first month.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Infants in the first month of life are already at a vulnerable stage and a growing body of scientific evidence-supported studies in India indicates that particulate air pollution exposure during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight and preterm birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Control Air Pollution In India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commission-for-air-quality-management-in-the-ncr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas</strong></a>: It coordinates efforts of state governments to curb air pollution, and will lay down the parameters of air quality for the region.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms</strong></a>: These are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dashboard-for-monitoring-air-quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dashboard for Monitoring Air Quality</strong></a>: It is a National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) based dashboard, built on data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/health-emergency-in-new-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board&rsquo;s</strong></a> National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) Network which was started in 1984-85 and covers 344 cities/towns in 29 states and 6 UTs.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-launches-mission-to-fight-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme</strong></a>: Launched in 2019, it is a comprehensive pan-India air pollution abatement scheme for 102 cities.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Air Quality Index (AQI)</strong></a>: It focuses on health effects one might experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.</li>
<li>National Ambient Air Quality Standards: They are the standards for ambient air quality with reference to various identified pollutants notified by the Central Pollution Control Board under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites#:~:text=It%20was%20entrusted%20with%20the,of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981.&amp;text=to%20promote%20cleanliness%20of%20streams,and%20abatement%20of%20water%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/breathe-an-action-plan-for-combating-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Breathe</a></strong>: It is a 15 point action plan to fight air pollution by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-reconstituted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</strong></a>: It aims at providing clean-cooking fuel to the poor households and bringing in qualitative charges in the living standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/pm25-air-pollution-claimed-54000-lives-in-delhi-last-year-study/article33869467.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7699,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Bare Necessities Index',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KsO0iam8o5o" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-mce-fragment="1"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the widespread efforts and improvements, inequalities in access to <strong>bare necessities</strong> like <strong>drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions</strong> continue to exist between urban and rural India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The above inference is drawn from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2020-21</strong></a> in its newly constructed <strong>&ldquo;Bare Necessities Index&rdquo; (BNI).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BNI is built on the idea of <strong>Thalinomics</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-survey-2019-20-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey for 2019-20</strong></a>, through which it had sought to examine the access to food in the country.</li>
<li>The Economic Survey (2020-21) has underlined the <strong>need to focus on reducing variations in the access to bare necessities across states,</strong> between rural and urban areas, and between income groups.</li>
<li>With us moving to a completely digital era, the <strong>bare necessities are no more confined to &ldquo;Roti, Kapda aur Makan&rdquo;</strong> but goes beyond it.</li>
<li><strong>Access to technology; smartphones, internet</strong> and connectivity with the whole nation are the <strong>newly added bare necessities</strong> to go hand in hand with the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thalinomics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the 2019-20 Economic Survey, Thalinomics was introduced to make an <strong>attempt to relate economics to the common person using something that an individual encounters every day -</strong> a plate of food i.e a Thali.</li>
<li>Affordability of Thalis vis-&agrave;-vis a day&rsquo;s pay of a worker has<strong> improved over time,</strong> indicating improved welfare of the common person.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Bare Necessities Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Bare Necessities Index (BNI)</strong> is based on the large annual household survey data.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is constructed using suitable indicators and methodology at district level for all/targeted districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The BNI summarises<strong> 26 indicators on five dimensions -</strong> water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities and has been created for all states for 2012 and 2018 using NSO data.</li>
<li>The index classifies areas on three levels of access- <strong>high, medium, low</strong> to bare necessities.</li>
<li><strong>Utility of data:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To check inter state disparities or a progress of a particular state over time.</li>
<li>To check the efficacy of policies/ schemes implemented to meet these bare necessities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in bare necessities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bare necessities have improved across all States in the country in 2018 as compared to 2012.</li>
<li>Increase in equity is noteworthy as the rich can access private options for public goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps taken to Provide the Bare Necessities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saubhaggya yojana</strong> </a>for housing.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat-pm-jay-sehat-jk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-JAY</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased allocations for some of the bare necessities in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>budget 2020-21</strong></a> such as the health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Government%20will%20launch%20PM%20eVIDYA,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVIDYA</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swayam Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA</strong></a> in the educational sector.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana</strong></a>: It is aimed at incentivising the creation of new employment opportunities during the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organisation%20(WHO,31st%20December%2C%202019)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Covid-19</strong></a> economic recovery phase.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog#:~:text=The%20index%20documents%20the%20progress,which%20covered%20only%2013%20goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Niti Aayog Sustainable Development Goals Index</strong></a>: The index documents the progress made by India&rsquo;s States and Union Territories towards achieving the 2030 SDG targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<p><strong>Internet Facility as a Bare Necessity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the pandemic, besides the bare necessities, the <strong>biggest need was found to be the internet and smartphones,</strong> whether it was about working from home, or attending online classes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most people were able to afford smartphones and the internet, but those who couldn&rsquo;t afford them, were found to be in a very deprived situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Internet facilities and access to smartphones is a necessity in the present that has not been taken into account while preparing the list of bare necessities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To catch up with everyone else in this electronic world, the people who are devoid of these necessities need more uplift than just food and housing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lack of equal internet access is not only a huge inequality in the education sector, but also in the health sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the increasing use of<strong> telemedicines, e-skilling, e-governance and e-education,</strong> not being provided with the internet facility, a major part of India will continue to be a laggard in this electronic world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kerala which has an enormous <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a>, still there children can be found facing several difficulties due to lack of internet access.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Food, oil and unemployment allowance are provided to them by the government, but the internet is not included in the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Multiplicity of Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are about<strong> 250-300 poverty alleviation schemes</strong> launched by central and state government at the district level which are<strong> almost similar in nature.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This multiplicity of schemes is very infructuous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This<strong> brings inefficiency</strong> within the effective functioning of schemes and <strong>opens windows for corruption.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Framing the policies keeping in mind the future needs and possibilities:</strong> The schemes shall be futuristic keeping in mind that the idea of bare necessities have changed over the years and will definitely change even more for the upcoming generation.</li>
<li><strong>Digital education aspect:</strong> One of the easiest ways is to target the younger, school-going generation and take into account what they need so that they get equal access to education.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatnet-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net</strong></a> must be accelerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discouraging multiplicity of schemes:</strong> The high number of infructuous schemes shall be integrated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Quality should be raised instead of quantity, a few but well organised and effective schemes must be preferred over too many schemes creating chaos and confusions.</li>
<li><strong>Convergence of these schemes</strong> is needed, so that the schemes which are not necessary should be done away with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Keeping the traditional as well as new needs into consideration:</strong> It is not an &lsquo;either this-or that&rsquo; situation, India shall focus on the traditional bare needs along with including smartphones and internet facilities as a basic need to bridge a digital divide in this technological era.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly introduced &ldquo;digital aspect&rdquo; of bare needs must be addressed but the traditional needs must not be compromised, they must be taken into account at a priority basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The need of proper health facilities:</strong> The most important traditional bare need is <strong>public health which adheres to sewage and sanitation.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A medical condition called <strong>environmental enteropathy</strong> is caused by poor health and sanitation conditions which<strong> infects people&rsquo;s ability to absorb nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Environmental enteropathy (also called tropical enteropathy) is a<strong> subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination</strong> and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and intestinal inflammation.</li>
<li>Besides, every block hospital should be upgraded, upgradation of the hospitals will ultimately lead to the quantum leap in the health services available at the block level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bare Necessities Index is a <strong>good way to ensure equal access to the bare necessities</strong> across sectors, states and the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It shows that there needs to be a<strong> special focus on public health.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multiplicity of schemes has to be addressed and integrated; <strong>better synergy shall be there among the centre and states.</strong></li>
<li>The status of basic needs in the country must be improved as it would lead to the growth of the country and bring improvement in the rank of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Human development Index (HDI)</a>.</strong></li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7663,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Digital Health Services',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/healthcare-technology-telemedicine-7181551/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The salience of digital medical services was highlighted during the pandemic&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 09/02/2021. It talks about the benefits and challenges associated with Digital Health Services.</p>
</div>
<p>In the last few years, it&rsquo;s been extremely encouraging to see how integrating technology and new innovative tools can improve public service delivery. For example, the development of IndiaStack and the JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile) trinity.</p>
<p>Similarly, the Covid-19 pandemic re-emphasized the need to reimagine the health system in the digital space. The recent launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission</strong></a> highlights the use of digital technology in the health sector.</p>
<p>Further, as the cost of treating chronic conditions is increasing and doctor shortages are imminent worldwide, digital health can provide much-needed transformation in pursuit of realizing the goal of the health of all.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Digital Health Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to realize the vision for universal health coverage, the Government of India launched the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) in 2020.</li>
<li>The NDHM is a complete digital health ecosystem. The digital platform will be launched with four key features &mdash; health ID, personal health records, Digi Doctor, and health facility registry.</li>
<li>The NDHM is implemented by the National Health Authority (NHA) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>NDHM is a manifestation of one of the guidelines of the National Health Policy 2017 that had envisaged the creation of a digital health technology eco-system aiming at developing an integrated health information system.</li>
<li>It is a landmark move that is based on the principles of the India health stack and aims to connect the different touch-points of the health ecosystem, such as Health Information Provider to Health Information User to Consent Manager, through digital tools to provide affordable access to quality healthcare.</li>
<li>The NDHM also aims to ensure that preventive and assistive healthcare come under the same broader umbrella.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits of Digital Health Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tackling the Spread of a Pandemic:</strong> Once data is recorded and available for analysis, it can help the systems determine both prevalence and genomic data to provide information on disease transmission and geospatial coverage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Innovative use of digital tools such as deep learning and cloud emergency response algorithms has significantly aided emergency room workers during the pandemic to reduce response time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patient-Friendly Health:</strong> The deployment of artificial intelligence tools for all aspects of the health system, including triaging, diagnostics, among others, will substantially reduce delays, and, therefore, the costs associated with healthcare.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Digital transformation of healthcare is at the core of addressing issues such as resource limitations, a varied population mix, and an urgent need to increase medical reach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventive Care:</strong> Emerging technologies not only expedite the development of new drugs but also introduce a completely new class of therapies, such as digital therapeutics (DTx).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DTx are software-based solutions that can treat disease or disorder which are linked to lifestyle issues.</li>
<li>Thus, digital health has a growing impact on the delivery of care and provides the opportunity to tackle the next frontier in healthcare by shifting the focus from treatment to prevention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Helps in Clinical Trials:</strong> Digital health can harness the power of data that can aid in the analysis of samples and images to diagnose as well as drive better clinical decision-making.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Risk of Online Fraud:</strong> The lack of access to care and diminishing trust towards the healthcare system can make patients turning to inefficient therapies and online medical quackery.</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Health Literacy:</strong> Despite the use of digital technologies, the development of health status is also dependent on health literacy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those with lower health literacy levels are generally in a worse state of health, visit the doctor more often, use fewer prevention techniques, and on the whole, are more costly for the healthcare system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Out-of-pocket Expenditure:</strong> Before the transition from traditional health care to digital healthcare, there is a need to protect the poor from the uncertainties of doctor hunting, receiving irrational treatment from unqualified medical practitioners, provide drugs and address the inability to pay for high-end diagnostics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unless the costs of outpatient treatment are catered, out-of-pocket expenditure will continue before a patient needs hospitalization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Data:</strong> Before embracing digital healthcare, there is a need for certain checks and balances to ensure there is no misuse of the data.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the government should expedite enacting the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, which will ensure that consent for use of data can only be sought with the defined purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The concept of digital health is the cultural transformation of how disruptive technologies that provide digital and objective data accessible to both caregivers and patients leads to an equal level doctor-patient relationship with shared decision-making and the democratization of care.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss how the concept of digital health can lead to the democratization of care.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ppdST2F4hZM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/take-nature-for-granted-at-your-own-peril/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Take Nature for granted at your own peril&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Economic Times on February 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7651,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mental Health and Men',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the data of the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 70% of callers</strong> to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Kiran Helpline&rsquo;</strong></a>, launched in September 2020, were <strong>men. Most of the calls</strong> have been from <strong>young adults.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 24/7 toll-free helpline<strong> &lsquo;Kiran&rsquo;</strong> provides <strong>support to people</strong> facing <strong>anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts</strong> and other <strong>mental health</strong> concerns.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gender &amp; Mental Health:</strong> Out of the 13,550 new calls received, <strong>70.5% were from males </strong>and<strong> 29.5% from females.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Age Group:</strong> The majority of callers (75.5%) were in the age group of <strong>15 to 40 years,</strong> while 18.1% in the<strong> 41 to 60 age group.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major Issues:</strong> Majorly the challenges faced by the callers were related to<strong> anxiety</strong> and <strong>depression;</strong> while few others included <strong>pandemic-related challenges, suicidal tendency, substance abuse</strong> and others miscellaneous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Related to Male Mental Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Traditional Gender Roles:</strong> Societal <strong>expectations</strong> and<strong> traditional gender roles</strong> play an important role in why men are less likely to discuss or seek help for their mental health problems.</li>
<li><strong>Ignoring Warning Signs:</strong> For men, the warning signs of mental disorders include irritability, trouble focusing, tiredness or listlessness, aches and pains, alcohol or drug abuse and more.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Proper Attention:</strong> Research on men&rsquo;s health issues has been given relatively <strong>low priority.</strong> Due to lack of funding and proper attention, the situation becomes more serious.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Number of Suicides:</strong> In 2018, around <strong>250 Indian men</strong> took their own lives per day - more than twice the number of<strong> women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mental Health</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the WHO, <strong>mental health is &lsquo;a state of well-being</strong> in which the individual realizes his or her own<strong> abilities,</strong> can cope with the <strong>normal stresses</strong> of life, can work <strong>productively and fruitfully,</strong> and is able to make a<strong> contribution to his or her community.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li>Like <strong>Physical health, Mental health</strong> is also important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Public Health Burden:</strong> An estimated <strong>150 million people</strong> across India are in need of mental health care interventions, according to India&rsquo;s latest National Mental Health Survey 2015-16.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Resources:</strong> Low proportion of the mental health workforce in India (per 100,000 population) include psychiatrists (0.3), nurses (0.12), psychologists (0.07) and social workers (0.07).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Low financial resource allocation</strong> of just over a percent of GDP on healthcare has created impediments in public access to affordable mental healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Challenges:</strong> Poor awareness about the symptoms of mental illness, social stigma and abandonment of mentally ill, especially old and destitute, leads to social isolation and reluctance on part of family members to seek treatment for the patient.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has resulted in a <strong>massive treatment gap,</strong> which further worsens the present mental illness of a person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by the Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Mental Health Program (NMHP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To address the huge burden of mental disorders and shortage of qualified professionals in the field of mental health, the government has been implementing the National Mental Health Program (NMHP) since <strong>1982.</strong></li>
<li>The Program was<strong> re-strategized in 2003</strong> to include two schemes, viz. Modernization of State Mental Hospitals and Up-gradation of Psychiatric Wings of Medical Colleges/General Hospitals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mental HealthCare Act 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It guarantees every affected person access to mental healthcare and treatment from services run or funded by the government.</li>
<li>It has <strong>significantly reduced the scope for the use of Section 309 IPC</strong> and made the attempt to commit suicide punishable only as an exception.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Section 115(1) of the MHCA states: &ldquo;Notwithstanding anything contained in section 309 of the Indian Penal Code any person who attempts to commit suicide shall be presumed, unless proved otherwise, to have severe stress and shall not be tried and punished under the said Code.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many researches have emphasized the importance of &lsquo;disrupting how men traditionally think about depression and suicide by breaking down the stigma that surrounds these topics&rsquo; through nationwide campaigns.</li>
<li>Originating a dialogue, sustaining that dialogue, challenging outdated social mores, and giving a voice to the voiceless without fear of exclusion and mockery is what needs to be undertaken to ensure that all people&rsquo;s mental health is taken seriously and addressed in a manner that is dignified and respectful.</li>
<li>Modern techniques, such as web-based interventions and electronic health (e-health) tools, can also be developed and utilized to reach out to people who might not otherwise seek help.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministrys-mental-health-helpline-sees-most-calls-from-men/article33774872.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7648,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hunter Syndrome: MPS II',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Two brothers suffering from<strong> Mucopolysaccharidosis II or MPS II (Hunter Syndrome, Attenuated Type)</strong> have approached the Delhi High Court seeking direction to the Centre and AIIMS to provide them free treatment.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>MPS II is a rare disease</strong> that is passed on in families.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> MPS II mostly <strong>affects boys</strong> and their bodies<strong> cannot break down a kind of sugar </strong>that <strong>builds bones, skin, tendons and other tissues.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cause:</strong> It is <strong>caused by changes (mutations) of the<em> IDS</em> gene</strong> that regulates the production of the iduronate 2-sulfatase (I2S) enzyme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This enzyme is <strong>needed to break-down complex sugars,</strong> known as <strong>glycosaminoglycans (GAGs),</strong> produced in the body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong> Lack of I2S enzyme activity<strong> leads to the accumulation of GAGs within cells,</strong> specifically inside the <strong>lysosomes.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lysosomes are compartments in the cell that <strong>digest and recycle different types of molecules.</strong></li>
<li>Conditions that cause molecules to build up inside the lysosomes, including MPS II, are called <strong>lysosomal storage disorders.</strong></li>
<li>The accumulation of GAGs increases the size of the lysosomes, which is why <strong>many tissues and organs are enlarged in this disorder. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It is characterized by <strong>distinctive facial features, a large head, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly),</strong> hearing loss, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Inheritance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MPS II is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, which means that this condition occurs almost exclusively in males. <strong>Females are generally unaffected carriers of this condition.</strong></li>
<li>In a family with more than one affected individual, the mother of the affected males must be a carrier. When a carrier female has a child, there is a 25% (1 in 4) chance that she will have an affected son.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rare Diseases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A rare disease is a <strong>health condition of low prevalence</strong> that affects a small number of people compared with other prevalent diseases in the general population.</li>
<li>Though rare diseases are of low prevalence and individually rare, collectively they <strong>affect a considerable proportion of the population.</strong></li>
<li><strong>80% of rare diseases are genetic in origin</strong> and hence disproportionately impact children.</li>
<li>Recently, the Delhi High Court has directed the Centre to <strong>finalise the National Health Policy for Rare Diseases of 2020</strong> by March 2021 and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crowdfunding-for-rare-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>make operational provision of crowdfunding</strong></a> envisaged under the law for treatment of high-cost rare diseases.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/hc-asks-govt-aiims-to-facilitate-free-treatment-of-children-with-rare-diseases/article33777103.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7632,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Parivar Pehchan Patra and Privacy Concerns',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, there has been a privacy concern with respect to <strong>Haryana's Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP) Scheme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although enrollment under the scheme is voluntary, but the <strong>precondition of linking it</strong> to get the benefit of many essential services has raised serious concerns about the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Contradictory Position:</strong> Although the enrollment under the PPP is<strong> voluntary,</strong> but in case a citizen or a family wishes to apply for a service delivered by the Haryana government, the PPP ID would be <strong>required,</strong> which leaves very little choice before the residents.</li>
<li><strong>Data Abuse:</strong> In the absence of <strong>privacy laws</strong> in India, or any indication of data protection<strong> Standard Operating Procedures</strong> being followed for this exercise, there is strong possibility of<strong> potential abuse</strong> of the data collected under the PPP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Moreover, a lot of data which is being sought is well above and beyond what is required for the delivery of a particular service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> PPP scheme was formally launched in July 2019 to achieve Haryana government&rsquo;s vision for<strong> &lsquo;paperless&rsquo; and &lsquo;faceless&rsquo;</strong> delivery of schemes, services and benefits offered by the state government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, each family is considered a<strong> single unit</strong> and gets an <strong>8-digit unique identification number,</strong> called <strong>family ID.</strong></li>
<li>Family IDs are also linked to independent schemes like <strong>scholarships, subsidies and pensions,</strong> so as to ensure consistency and reliability.</li>
<li>It also enables <strong>automatic selection</strong> of beneficiaries of various schemes, subsidies and pensions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The primary objective of <strong>Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP)</strong> is to create <strong>authentic, verified and reliable data</strong> of all families in Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of PPP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Family as a Unit:</strong> Union government&rsquo;s<strong> Aadhaar card</strong> contains individual&rsquo;s details and does not cater to the entire family as a unit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although the <strong>ration card system</strong> is there, it is<strong> not updated</strong> and does not contain <strong>adequate family records.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Smooth Service Delivery:</strong> Government services and schemes such as<strong> social security pensions, ration cards and birth, death, caste and income certificates etc.</strong> are being delivered by various departments of the Haryana government through PPP.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficial for Migrant Workers: Registration IDs</strong> are provided to those who live in Haryana but have <strong>not completed residency requirements.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This enables the State government to provide benefits such as rations from fair price shops, benefits of labour schemes, street vendors&rsquo; support schemes, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PPP vs Aadhaar</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While Aadhaar represents an<strong> individual as a unit,</strong> a PPP represents a<strong> family as a unit</strong> and this is where PPP is important because, most of our government schemes are <strong>structured around the family,</strong> not around an <strong>individual.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, <strong>ration eligibility</strong> is there for the family but the family can split it into various members as long as they are above 18 years and say they are separating entitlements for all individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PPP may also be linked to <strong>property records</strong> in the government database of lands and properties to prevent<strong> fraudulent transactions</strong> and<strong> clarify ownership.</strong></li>
<li>Besides, the government should start a<strong> mass campaign</strong> to make people aware about the <strong>schemes and its benefits.</strong></li>
<li>Government should also introduce<strong> measures</strong> to strengthen the security of <strong>data</strong> being collected under the <strong>Parivar Pehchan Patra</strong> (PPP) scheme.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/privacy-concerns-over-haryanas-id-scheme/article33763956.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7619,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government's maternity benefit scheme, or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a>, has crossed 1.75 crore eligible women till the financial year 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A total sum of Rs. 5,931.95 crore</strong> was paid to <strong>1.75 crore eligible beneficiaries</strong> between financial year 2018 and 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612515755_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612515755_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 10px;" width="564" height="365" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PMMVY is a <strong>maternity benefit programme</strong> being implemented in all districts of the country with effect from 1st January, 2017.</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-governance-quality-index-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong></a> being executed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cash benefits are provided to pregnant women in their bank account directly to meet enhanced nutritional needs and partially compensate for wage loss.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Target Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All <strong>Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers (PW&amp;LM)</strong>, excluding those who are in regular employment with the Central Government or the State Governments or PSUs or those who are in receipt of similar benefits under any law for the time being in force.</li>
<li>All eligible Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers who have their <strong>pregnancy on or after 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017 for the first child in the family</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits under the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Beneficiaries receive a <strong>cash benefit of Rs. 5,000 in three installments</strong> on fulfilling the following conditions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Early registration of pregnancy</li>
<li>Ante-natal check-up</li>
<li>Registration of the birth of the child and completion of first cycle of vaccination for the first living child of the family.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The eligible beneficiaries also receive cash incentive under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)</strong></a>. Thus, on an average, a woman gets Rs. 6,000.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinctive Feature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Implementation of the scheme is closely monitored by the central and state governments through the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana - Common Application Software (PMMVY-CAS)</strong>.</li>
<li>PMMVY-CAS is a web based software application that <strong>enables tracking the status of each beneficiary under the scheme,</strong> resulting in expedited, accountable and better grievance redressal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Janani Suraksha Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>100% centrally sponsored scheme</strong> which is being implemented with the objective of<strong> reducing maternal and infant mortality</strong> by promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the data of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1#:~:text=Infant%20Mortality%20Rate%20(IMR)%20is,and%2023%20for%20urban%20areas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey-5</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Infant and child mortality rates</strong> across most Indian states have declined.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bihar registered the highest prevalence of neonatal mortality rate (NMR-34), infant mortality rate (IMR-47), and under-five mortality rate (U5MR-56) across 22 surveyed states and Union territories while Kerala reported the lowest death rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)</strong> in India has declined to <strong>113 (per 1,00,000 live births)</strong> in 2016-18 from 122 in 2015-17 and 130 in 2014-2016, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-maternal-mortality-ratio" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2016-18</strong></a>, released by the Office of the Registrar General's Sample Registration System (SRS).</li>
<li>The<strong> target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> set by the United Nations aims at reducing the global maternal mortality ratio to less than <strong>70 per 1,00,000 live births</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Basically, it is a safe motherhood intervention under the <strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the JSY, <strong>eligible pregnant women are entitled for cash assistance irrespective of the age of mother and number of children,</strong> for giving birth in a government or accredited private health facility.</li>
<li>The scheme also provides performance based incentives to women health volunteers known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</strong></a> for promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Other Schemes Focussing on Nutritional and Health Aspects of Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna (IGMSY)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme aims to contribute to a better enabling environment by providing cash incentives for improved health and nutrition to pregnant and lactating mothers.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kudumbashree in Kerala</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in Kerala in 1998 to wipe out absolute poverty through community action. It is the largest women empowering project in the country. It has three components i.e., microcredit, entrepreneurship and empowerment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in March 2018, the goal of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></a> is to achieve improvement in the nutritional status of Children (0-6 years) and Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers in a time-bound manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme provides specific interventions targeted towards the vulnerable groups including children below 6 years and <strong>women</strong>.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pmmvy-beneficiaries-cross-175-crore/article33750096.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7582,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Covid-19 Performance Index',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has been ranked 86<sup>th</sup> in a<strong> &ldquo;Covid-19 Performance Index&rdquo;</strong> comprising 98 countries.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Index</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Institution Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Covid-19 Performance Index</strong> was compiled by the <strong>Sydney-based Lowy Institute,</strong> an Australian think tank, which sought to<strong> measure the response of countries to the Pandemic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Institute <strong>also took into account</strong> the impact of geography, political systems and economic development in assessing outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parameter Used:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Six Indicators:</strong> Confirmed cases, confirmed deaths, cases per million people, deaths per million people, cases as a proportion of tests, and tests per thousand people.</li>
<li><strong>Fewer reported cases and deaths,</strong> both in aggregate and per capita terms, point towards a better response to the virus.</li>
<li><strong>More tests</strong> conducted on a per capita basis reveal an accurate picture of the <strong>extent of the pandemic at the national level. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Lower rates of positive tests</strong> indicate <strong>greater degrees of control</strong> over the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>transmission of Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Assessing Method:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Assessed <strong>98 countries in the 36 weeks</strong> that followed their hundredth case.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>China was not included in the study</strong> because all of its testing rates are not publicly available.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An average across six indicators was calculated for individual countries in each period and normalised to produce <strong>a score from 0 (worst performing) to 100 (best performing).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Results:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Top Countries: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>New Zealand topped the rankings</strong> closely followed by Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand and Cyprus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bottom Countries: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Brazil stood at the bottom</strong> of the index. The<strong> USA was the fifth-worst performing country,</strong> it stood at 94 out of 98 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South Asian Countries: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sri Lanka was the best performing nation in South Asia,</strong> ranking 10, while the Maldives was at 25, Pakistan at 69, Nepal at 70, and Bangladesh at 84.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of India: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India ranked 86<sup>th</sup></strong> in the Covid-19 Performance Index out of 98 countries.</li>
<li>At <strong>24.3,</strong> India&rsquo;s average was <strong>lower than the region it belongs to &mdash; Asia-Pacific &mdash;</strong> which scored 58.2 and ranked best in the region-wise evaluation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trend Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Smaller countries performed better:</strong> In general, <strong>countries with smaller populations, cohesive societies, and capable institutions</strong> have a comparative advantage in dealing with a global crisis such as a pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Smaller countries with fewer than 10 million people</strong> consistently outperformed their larger counterparts throughout 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leadership Mattered:</strong> Levels of economic development and differences in political systems didn&rsquo;t have as much of an impact on coronavirus response as expected. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Proper management of the pandemic was not much dependent on the regime type</strong> but whether citizens trust their leaders, and whether those leaders preside over a competent and effective state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The relatively<strong> &lsquo;low-tech&rsquo; nature</strong> of the health measures used to mitigate the spread of the virus created a more level playing field between developed and developing countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> deployment of vaccines,</strong> however, <strong>could give richer countries an advantage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-zealand-vietnam-top-covid-19-performance-index-india-at-86/article33685268.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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