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Lingaraja Temple

Why in News Recently, the Odisha Government has restricted public entry into the Lingaraj Temple after four sevayats (priests) tested positive for...

19 Apr 2021 Temple Architecture
Rock Art (Part-2)

Rock Art (Part-I) Rock-Cut Architecture About: The rock-cut architecture is a type of Rock Art in which a structure is created by carving it...

09 Mar 2021 Temple Architecture
Centre Withdrew Draft Heritage Bylaws on Jagannath Temple

Why in News The Centre has withdrawn the draft heritage bylaws issued by the National Monuments Authority (NMA) for Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri,...

13 Feb 2021 Temple Architecture
Jagannath Temple

Why in News Recently, the Shree Jagannath Temple Administration (SJTA) announced that devotees don't need to produce their Covid-19 negative report...

11 Jan 2021 Temple Architecture
Hampi Stone Chariot

Why in News The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has taken steps to protect the stone chariot inside Vittala Temple complex at the UNESCO World...

07 Dec 2020 Temple Architecture
Laxmi Devi Temple: Hoysala

Why in News Recently, a Hoysala-era idol of Goddess Kali of the Lakshmi Devi Temple at Doddagaddavalli, Karnataka has been found damaged. Key...

23 Nov 2020 Temple Architecture
Revamp of Lingaraj Temple: Odisha

Why in News The Odisha government has decided to give a facelift to the 11th century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural...

20 Aug 2020 Temple Architecture
Day 15

Art and Culture- Visual and Performing Arts Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked...

03 Aug 2020 Temple Architecture
Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan

Why in News Natesa, a rare sandstone idol from the 9th century (Pratihara Style of Rajasthan) has been retrieved after 22 years by Rajasthan...

30 Jul 2020 Temple Architecture
Construction of Rath Yatra Chariots Allowed

Why in News The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has allowed the construction of chariots for the annual Rath Yatra at Jagannath Puri in Odisha. It...

08 May 2020 Temple Architecture
Covid-19 Affects Odisha’s Art and Festival

Why in News Recently, Odisha’s Ganjam district administration banned the Meru Jatra festival and congregations related to it at temples on the...

13 Apr 2020 Temple Architecture
Tara Tarini Temple

Why in News The annual Chaitra Jatra festival scheduled to be held on 17th March, 2020 at Odisha’s Tara Tarini hill shrine has been cancelled...

16 Mar 2020 Temple Architecture
Attukal Pongala Festival

Why in News In Thiruvananthapuram, Kerela, the annual “Attukal Pongala”, one of the largest all-women religious congregations, began...

11 Mar 2020 Temple Architecture
Conservation Plan for Konark Temple

Why in News The Union Government has decided to restore and preserve the nearly 800-year-old Konark Sun Temple, Odisha. Earlier, the monument had...

14 Feb 2020 Temple Architecture
Consecration at the Brihadisvara Temple

Why in News Recently, the consecration (Kumbhabhishekam) ceremony was held at the Brihadisvara Temple after 23 years in Thanjavur, Tamil...

06 Feb 2020 Temple Architecture
INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site

Why in News The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting...

13 Jan 2020 Temple Architecture
Shore Temple

Why in News The shoreline on the northern side of the Shore temple in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu is facing severe sea erosion. Shore Temple is...

12 Dec 2019 Temple Architecture
Maha Bodhi Temple Complex

Bhutan’s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar. The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is one of the four holy...

20 Nov 2019 Temple Architecture
Lakshmi Narasimha Temple: Hoysala Architecture

The 13th century Lakshmi Narasimha temple in Bhadravati of Shivamogga district, Karnataka is being renovated. About Lakshmi Narsimha Temple The...

30 Oct 2019 Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture

Introduction Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature. In different parts of the...

22 Jul 2019 Temple Architecture

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		'title' => 'Lingaraja Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Odisha Government has restricted public entry into the <strong>Lingaraj Temple</strong> after four sevayats (priests) tested positive for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>August 2020,</strong> the government had decided to give a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-lingaraj-temple-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>facelift to the temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural status.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618820610_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618820610_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lingaraj Temple, <strong>built in 11<sup>th</sup> century AD,</strong> is<strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva</strong> and is considered as the<strong> largest temple of the city Bhubaneswar (Odisha).</strong></li>
<li>It is believed to have been<strong> built by the Somvanshi King Yayati I.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>built in red stone</strong> and is a classic example of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalinga style of architecture.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple is <strong>divided into four sections - Garbha Griha</strong> (sanctum sanctorum), <strong>Yajna Shala</strong> (the hall for prayers),<strong> Bhoga Mandap</strong> (the hall of offering) and <strong>Natya Shala</strong> (hall of dance).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The sprawling temple complex has<strong> one hundred and fifty subsidiary shrines.</strong></li>
<li>Lingaraj is referred to as <strong>&lsquo;Swayambhu'</strong> &ndash; self-originated Shivling.</li>
<li>Another important aspect of the temple is that<strong> it signifies the syncretisation of Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects in Odisha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perhaps the rising cult of Lord Jagannath (considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) which coincided with the completion of the Lingaraja Temple had a role to play.</li>
<li>The <strong>presiding deity in the Temple is known as Hari-Hara;</strong> Hari denotes Lord Vishnu and Hara meaning Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temple is <strong>out of bounds for non-Hindus.</strong></li>
<li>The other attraction of the temple is the <strong>Bindusagar Lake,</strong> located in the north side of the temple.</li>
<li>On the western banks of Bindusagar, lies the <strong>garden of Ekamra Van</strong> named after the Hindu mythological texts where Bhubaneswar the capital city of Odisha was referred as <strong>Ekamra Van or a forest of a single mango tree.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other Important Monuments in Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Konark Sun Temple</a> (<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>)</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jagannath Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tara Tarini Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/rock-art-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kalinga Architecture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian temples are broadly divided into <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nagara</a>, Vesara, Dravida and Gadag styles of architecture.</strong></li>
<li>However, the<strong> temple architecture of Odisha corresponds to altogether a different category</strong> for their unique representations called <strong>Kalinga style of temple architecture.</strong></li>
<li>This style<strong> broadly comes under the Nagara style.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Architecture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Kalinga Architecture, basically a <strong>temple is made in two parts,</strong> a tower and a hall. The <strong>tower is called deula</strong> and the <strong>hall is called jagmohan.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>walls</strong> of both the deula and the jagmohan <strong>are lavishly sculpted</strong> with architectural motifs and a profusion of figures.</li>
<li>The most repeated form is the<strong> horseshoe shape,</strong> which has come from the earliest times, starting with the large windows of the chaitya-grihas.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>deula which makes three distinct types</strong> of temples in Kalinga Architecture:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rekha Deula.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pidha Deula.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Khakhara Deula.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The former two are associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples while the third is mainly with Chamunda and Durga temples.</li>
<li>The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618820430_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618820430_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/lingaraj-temple-closed-for-public-in-bhubaneswar/article34353981.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Rock Art (Part-2)',
		'description' => '<p><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/rock-art-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rock Art (Part-I)</strong></a></p>
<h3>Rock-Cut Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rock-cut architecture is a type of Rock Art in which a structure is created by carving it out of solid natural rock.</li>
<li>Cave temples and monasteries are found in many parts of India, but the <strong>largest and most famous artificial caves</strong> were excavated from <strong>Western Deccan region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was constructed during the regime of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earliest-sanskrit-inscriptions-in-south-india-found-in-a-p" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satavahana rulers</strong></a> and their successors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Timeline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This architecture had three definite phases; <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The earliest dating from the 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD</li>
<li>The second from the 5th to 7th century</li>
<li>The last from the 7th to 10th century</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rock-cut architecture occupies a very important place in the history of Indian Architecture as they present the most spectacular piece of ancient Indian art specimen.</li>
<li>Most of the rock-cut structures were closely associated with various <strong>religions and religious activities.</strong></li>
<li>Numerous caves were excavated by the Buddhist monks for <strong>prayer and residence purposes.</strong></li>
<li>The rock-cut architecture differs from traditional buildings in many ways.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is <strong>more similar to sculpture</strong> than architecture, as structures were produced by cutting out solid rocks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The architectures are classified into <strong>Rock-Cut Caves</strong> and <strong>Rock-Cut Temple</strong> Architecture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rock-Cut Caves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mauryan period:</strong> The earliest rock-cut caves in India are attributed to the Mauryan period, mainly to <strong>Ashoka (273-232 BC)</strong> and his grandson Dasharath. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Caves in this period were generally used as <strong>viharas</strong>, i.e. living quarters, by the Jain and Buddhist monks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Caves were earlier used by the Ajivika sect and later by the Buddhists as monasteries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Barabar caves and Nagarjuni caves</strong></a> in Bihar were formed during the time of Dasharath, grandson of Ashoka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-Mauryan Period:</strong> The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period. However, this period saw the development of Viharas and Chaitya halls. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Chaitya halls</strong> were mainly quadrangular chambers with flat roofs and used as prayer halls. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inside Chaityas and Viharas, windows and balconies and gates were carved as huge arch shaped openings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The caves also had open courtyards and stone screen walls to shield from rain and were decorated with human and animal figures.</li>
<li><strong>Examples:</strong> <strong>Karle Chaitya hall, Ajanta caves</strong> (29 caves ( 25 Vihars + 4 Chaitya)), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gupta Period:</strong> The emergence of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century A.D. is often hailed as the <strong>&ldquo;Golden period of Indian Architecture&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the Gupta period, architectural development of the caves remained constant. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the use of <strong>mural paintings on the walls</strong> of the caves became an added feature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Caves of the Gupta Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Udayagiri Caves:</strong> At Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh, <strong>20 rock-cut chambers</strong> were excavated during the Gupta period, two of which bear inscriptions from the reign of <strong>Chandra Gupta II.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These caves are vital documents since they constitute the earliest intact body of Hindu art in India.</li>
<li>One of the most important Udayagiri caves is Cave 5, the <strong>Varaha Cave .</strong></li>
<li>Its main feature is a colossal rock-cut relief of the boar-incarnation of God Vishnu rescuing the Earth Goddess from chaos in the presence of adoring gods and saints.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ajanta Caves: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta</a></strong> is a series of <strong>rock-cut caves in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-july-11th-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sahyadri ranges</a></strong> on <strong>Waghora river</strong> near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These caves were <strong>carved out in 4<sup>th</sup> century AD out of volcanic rocks.</strong></li>
<li>It consists of a set of 29 caves, carved in a horse-shoe shape.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>25 of them were used as Viharas or residential caves while 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ellora Caves:</strong> <a href="/printpdf/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ellora caves</strong></a> are another important site of cave architecture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It&rsquo;s located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves.</li>
<li>It is a group of <strong>34 caves &ndash; 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist and 5 Jain.</strong></li>
<li>These caves were developed during the period between 5th and 11th centuries A.D. <strong>(newer as compared to the Ajanta caves).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bagh Caves:</strong> Located on the bank of the Bagh river in Madhya Pradesh, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tribals-tensed-over-destruction-of-rock-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bagh Caves</strong></a> is a group of <strong>9 Buddhist caves</strong> developed around the 6th Century A.D. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is architecturally <strong>very similar to the Ajanta caves</strong> in terms of their design, execution and decoration.</li>
<li>These are remarkable and interesting rock-cut shrines and monasteries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In modern times these caves were first discovered in <strong>1818.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Other Important Rock Cut Caves:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lalitgiri-a-treasure-trove-of-buddhism-in-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves</a>, Odisha:</strong> They were made under the <strong>Kalinga King Kharavela</strong> in 1<sup>st</sup>-2<sup>nd</sup> century BC near modern-day Bhubaneswar. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cave complex has both man-made and natural caves possibly carved out for residence of Jain monks.</li>
<li>There are 18 caves in Udayagiri and 15 in Khandagiri.</li>
<li>Udayagiri caves are famous for the <strong>Hathigumpha inscription</strong> which is carved out in Brahmi script.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sittanavasal Caves (Arivar Koil):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Located 16 km northwest of Pudukkottai town in Tamil Nadu, these famous rock-cut caves are known for the <strong>paintings in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jain temples</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tribals-tensed-over-destruction-of-rock-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jogimara Cave</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> artificially carved out cave</strong> located in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh.</li>
<li>It is dated back around 1000-300 BC and has few <strong>paintings and inscriptions</strong> of a love story in <strong>Brahmi script.</strong></li>
<li>The cave is said to be an attachment to amphitheatre and paintings were made to decorate the room.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nasik Caves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a group of <strong>24 Buddhist caves (Hinayana Period)</strong>, also known as <strong>&ldquo;Pandav Leni&rdquo;</strong>, developed during the 1st century A.D. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These caves belong to the <strong>Hinayana period</strong>. However, later, the influence of the Mahayana period can also be found in these caves.</li>
<li>The idols of Buddha were also carved inside these caves representing influence of Mahayana Buddhism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The site also depicts an<strong> excellent system of water management</strong> indicated through the presence of <strong>water tanks carved out of solid rocks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rock-Cut Temple Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A monolithic rock-cut <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">temple</a></strong> is chiselled out of a single colossal rock in the shape of masonry or wooden temples including embellishment on walls and other areas showcasing fine work of art and engineering.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The architects of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mamallapuram-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pallava Dynasty</strong> </a>initiated rock carving to create monolithic structures that resemble temples.</li>
<li><strong>Rock-Cut Temple Architecture in South India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Temple architecture in South India began under the <strong>Pallava ruler Mahendravarman.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temples developed during the Pallava dynasty reflected the stylistic taste of the individual rulers and can be classified into four stages chronologically.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mahendra group:</strong> This was the first stage of Pallava temple architecture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The temples built under Mahendravarman were basically <strong>rock-cut temples.</strong></li>
<li>Under him, the temples were known as mandapas, unlike the Nagara style in which the mandapas meant only the assembly hall.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Narasimha group:</strong> Second stage of the development of temple architecture in South India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>rock-cut temples were decorated by intricate sculptures.</strong></li>
<li>The mandapas were now divided into separate rathas.</li>
<li>The biggest one was called the Dharmaraja ratha while the smallest one was called the Draupadi ratha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rajsimha group and Nandivarman group:</strong> Third and fourth stage of temple development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Development of real structural temples was started which <strong>replaced the rock-cut temples.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Rock-Cut Temples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kailash Temple</a>:</strong> It is a rock-cut temple complex, dedicated to Lord Shiva in the Ellora Caves (16). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was developed under the patronage of <strong>Rashtrakuta king Krishna I (8<sup>th</sup> century A.D.)</strong> and was carved out of a monolith, and even has a courtyard.</li>
<li>There is also a <strong>sculpture on the wall of Kailash temple</strong> depicting Ravana shaking Mount Kailash. It is considered one of the masterpieces of Indian sculpture.</li>
<li>It is counted among the <strong>largest rock-cut monastery-temple caves</strong> complexes of the world and marked as a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
<li>The temple also showcases fine architectural works including relief panels depicting the two main Hindu Epics namely the <strong>Ramayana and the Mahabharata.</strong></li>
<li>Pallava and Chalukya styles of architecture are noticed in this cave temple which is decorated with <strong>carved sculptures</strong> including that of gods and goddesses from the Hindu Puranas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Architecture at Mahabalipuram:</strong> The ancient<strong> port city</strong> of <strong>Mamallapuram</strong> under <strong>Pallava dynasty</strong> in Tamil Nadu, flourished with a number of marvelous architecture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These seventh century Pallava sites have been declared as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO- World Heritage Sites</strong></a> in 1984 by the name &ldquo;Group of <strong>Monuments at Mahabalipuram</strong>&rdquo;. They include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Pancha Ratha:</strong> Also known as <strong>Pandava Rathas</strong>, they are the <strong>earliest rock cut temples</strong> in India, comprising of Dharmaraja Ratha, Bhima Ratha, Arjuna Ratha, Nakula and Sahadeva Ratha, and Draupadi Ratha, dated around 7th century AD. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dharmaraja Ratha is the largest structure among the five.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rock-cut caves:</strong> which include Varaha Cave Temple, Krishna Cave Temple, Panchapandava Cave Temple, and the Mahishasuramardini Mandapa (Bas-relief of Goddess Durga killing Mahishasura).</li>
<li><strong>Open Air Rock Reliefs:</strong> which include <strong>Descent of the Ganges</strong> which is also known as <strong>Arjuna&rsquo;s Penance or Bhagiratha&rsquo;s Penance</strong> carved on two huge boulders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It narrates the story of descent of River Ganga on earth from heaven by the efforts of Bhagiratha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shore Temple complex:</strong> It includes two small and one large temple enclosed within a two tier compound wall studded with images of <strong>Nandi</strong>, the vahana of Shiva. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The temple is predominantly dedicated to Lord Shiva with a sculpture of <strong>Anantashayana Vishnu</strong> in one of the three temples within the complex.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Badami Cave Temples:</strong> Badami (Karnataka) was the capital of Chalukyas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has four cave temples based on <strong>Hinduism (3)</strong> and <strong>Jainism (1)</strong>.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>rock-cut architecture</strong> which dates back to the 6th century AD.</li>
<li>They are the earliest known temples in the Deccan region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cave 1:</strong> An important sculpture carved inside the cave temple is of Lord Shiva as <strong>Nataraja</strong>. There also lies a relief of Harihara (half Vishnu and half Shiva).</li>
<li><strong>Cave 2:</strong> Dedicated primarily to Vishnu, the largest relief is of Lord Vishnu as <strong>Trivikrama</strong>. Other forms such as <strong>Vamana avatar</strong> (dwarf avatar) and <strong>Varaha</strong> (Boar) <strong>avatar</strong> can also be found.</li>
<li><strong>Cave 3:</strong> It is the largest cave in the comlex and has intricately carved reliefs of Trivikrama, <strong>Anantasayana</strong>, Vasudeva, Varaha, Harihara and <strong>Narasimha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cave 4:</strong> It is a Jain cave with intricate structures of Bahubali, Parshvanatha and Mahavira with a symbolic display of the other Tirthankaras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rulers of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> (1335-1565 AD) were great patrons of art and architecture. The features of the Vijayanagara temples were:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Highly decorated temple walls with carvings and geometrical patterns.</li>
<li>Gopurams built on all the sides (previously built only on the front side).</li>
<li><strong>Monolithic rock pillars</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example: Vittalaswami temple, Virupaksha temple in Hampi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rock-cut idol of Narasimha on Shesha</strong> (snake) near Hampi is a marvel in itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7680,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Centre Withdrew Draft Heritage Bylaws on Jagannath Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Centre has <strong>withdrawn the draft heritage bylaws issued by the <a href="/printpdf/golconda-qutb-shahi-tombs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Monuments Authority (NMA)</a></strong> for Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Odisha Government is demanding withdrawal of the bylaws for temples in Ekamra Kshetra</strong> area of Bhubaneswar as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Heritage Bylaws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government in 2010 formed the National Monuments Authority</strong> under the <strong>Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NMA&rsquo;s <strong>primary role was to prepare heritage bylaws</strong> for the <strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) listed structures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act 2010</strong> mandates that <strong>monument-specific heritage bylaws</strong> be prepared <strong>to regulate construction activity</strong> near ASI-protected monuments.</li>
<li>The draft heritage bylaws <strong>need to be approved by Parliament.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Case of Odisha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State government considered that the <strong>byelaws would have hampered the grand infrastructure development planned</strong> around 12<sup>th</sup> century Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri.</li>
<li>Similar heritage bylaws have been <strong>drafted for two temples</strong> in Bhubaneswar - the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> century Vaishnava temple of Ananta Basudev</strong> and <strong>Shiva temple of Brahmeswar,</strong> both in the <strong>Ekamra Kshetra area.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, the state government<strong> planned a beautification project</strong> around the area spread across 1,126 acre and develop it into a major tourist attraction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jagannath Temple:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613200756_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613200756_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /> </a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Construction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is believed to be constructed in the 12<sup>th</sup> century by <strong>King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mythology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Jagannath Puri temple is called <strong>&lsquo;Yamanika Tirtha&rsquo;</strong> where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of &lsquo;Yama&rsquo;, the god of death, has been nullified due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Architecture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This temple was called the<strong> &ldquo;White Pagoda&rdquo;</strong> and is <strong>a part of Char Dham</strong> pilgrimages (Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram).</li>
<li>There are<strong> four gates to the temple-</strong> Eastern &lsquo;Singhdwara&rsquo; which is the main gate with two crouching lions, Southern &lsquo;Ashwadwara&rsquo;, Western 'Vyaghra Dwara and Northern &lsquo;Hastidwara&rsquo;. There is <strong>a carving of each form at each gate.</strong></li>
<li>In front of the entrance <strong>stands the Aruna stambha or sun pillar,</strong> which was <strong>originally at the Sun Temple in Konark.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Festival:</strong> The World famous<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Rath Yatra (Car Festival)</strong></a> &amp; Bahuda Yatra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Important Monuments in Odisha:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark Sun Temple</strong> </a>(UNESCO World Heritage Site).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tara Tarini Temple.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Lingaraj Temple.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To preserve, conserve, protect and maintain all ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains declared of national importance, and their surrounding areas up to a distance of 300 meters (or more as may be specified in certain cases) in all directions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No construction or reconstruction is permitted in the prohibited area</strong> (an area up to a distance of 100 meters in all directions from the nearest protected limit of nearby protected monument or protected area declared as of national importance), but repair or renovation is considered.</li>
<li>In the<strong> regulated area</strong> (an area up to a distance of 200 meters in all directions from the prohibited area of any protected monument and protected area declared as of national importance), <strong>repair/renovation/construction/reconstruction are considered.</strong></li>
<li>All <strong>applications</strong> for construction related work in the prohibited and regulated areas are to be <strong>submitted to the Competent Authorities (CA)</strong> and then to <strong>National Monuments Authority (NMA)</strong> for consideration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NMA functions under the<strong> Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-withdraws-draft-heritage-bylaws-on-jagannath-temple/article33781550.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7423,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Jagannath Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Shree Jagannath Temple Administration (SJTA)</strong> announced that devotees don't need to produce their <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> negative report</strong> for getting entry into the shrine in Puri from January 21.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>At present</strong> devotees entering the temple <strong>have to show Covid-&shy;19 negative reports.</strong></li>
<li>The temple <strong>opened to the public from 3<sup>rd</sup> January</strong> after remaining closed for nine months in the wake of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temple is believed to be constructed in the<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> century by King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>Jagannath Puri temple is<strong> called &lsquo;Yamanika Tirtha&rsquo;</strong> where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of &lsquo;Yama&rsquo;, the god of death has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.</li>
<li>This temple was called the<strong> &ldquo;White Pagoda&rdquo;</strong> and is a <strong>part of Char Dham pilgrimages (Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram).</strong></li>
<li>There are<strong> four gates</strong> to the temple- <strong>Eastern &lsquo;Singhdwara&rsquo;</strong> which is the main gate with two crouching lions,<strong> Southern &lsquo;Ashwadwara&rsquo;, Western 'Vyaghra Dwara</strong> and <strong>Northern &lsquo;Hastidwara&rsquo;.</strong> There is a carving of each form at each gate.</li>
<li>In front of the entrance stands the Aruna stambha or sun pillar, which was originally at the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sun Temple in Konark.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610356261_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610356261_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="567" height="319" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/virus-negative-report-not-required-to-enter-puri-temple-from-jan-21/article33545777.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7147,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Hampi Stone Chariot',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI)</strong> has taken steps to protect the <strong>stone chariot</strong> inside <strong>Vittala Temple complex</strong> at the <strong>UNESCO World Heritage site of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hampi.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ASI,</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Culture,</strong> is the premier organization for the archaeological research and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607327796_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607327796_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hampi Chariot:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is<strong> among three famous stone chariots in India,</strong> the other two being in <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Konark</a> (Odisha)</strong> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mamallapuram" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahabalipuram</a> (Tamil Nadu).</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in the 16<sup>th</sup> century</strong> by the orders of <strong>King Krishnadevaraya,</strong> a Vijayanagara ruler.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vijayanagara rulers</strong> reigned from <strong>14<sup>th</sup> to 17<sup>th</sup> century CE.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>shrine dedicated to Garuda,</strong> the official vehicle of Lord Vishnu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vittala Temple:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was built in the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> century</strong> during the rule of <strong>Devaraya II,</strong> one of the rulers of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire.</strong></li>
<li>It is<strong> dedicated to Vittala</strong> and is also called <strong>Vijaya Vittala Temple.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vittala is said to be <strong>an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dravidian style</strong></a> adorns the built of the complex, which is further enhanced with elaborate carvings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampi:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It comprises mainly the <strong>remnants of the Capital City of Vijayanagara Empire.</strong> It is located in the <strong>Tungabhadra basin</strong> in central <strong>Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>It was<strong> founded by Harihara and Bukka in 1336.</strong></li>
<li>Classified as a <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO</strong> (1986), it is also the<strong> &ldquo;World&rsquo;s Largest Open-air Museum&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Famous places</strong> include Krishna temple complex, Narasimha, Ganesa, Hemakuta group of temples, Achyutaraya temple complex, Vitthala temple complex, Pattabhirama temple complex, Lotus Mahal complex, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>Battle of Talikota</strong> (1565 CE) led to a massive destruction of its physical fabric.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Battle of Talikota, <strong>confrontation in the Deccan region</strong> of southern India between the forces of the <strong>Hindu King of Vijayanagar</strong> and the <strong>four allied Muslim sultans</strong> of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vijayanagara Empire</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vijayanagara or &ldquo;city of victory&rdquo; was the name of both a city and an empire.</li>
<li>The empire <strong>was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD)</strong> by <strong>Harihara and Bukka</strong> of the <strong>Sangama dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>stretched</strong> from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.</li>
<li>Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by<strong> four important dynasties</strong> and they are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sangama</li>
<li>Saluva</li>
<li>Tuluva</li>
<li>Aravidu</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Krishnadevaraya</strong> (ruled 1509-29) of the <strong>Tuluva dynasty</strong> was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagar. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive <strong>gopurams</strong> to many important south Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagar called<strong> Nagalapuram</strong> after his mother.</li>
<li>He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the <strong>Amuktamalyada.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dravidian architecture</strong> survives in the rest of Southern India spread through the patronage of the Vijayanagara rulers.</li>
<li>Vijayanagara architecture<strong> is also known</strong> for its adoption of elements of <strong>Indo Islamic Architecture</strong> in secular buildings like the Queen&rsquo;s Bath and the Elephant Stables, representing a highly evolved multi-religious and multi-ethnic society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dravidian Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Two broad orders</strong> of temples in the country are known - <strong>Nagara in the north</strong> and <strong>Dravida in the south.</strong> At times, the <strong>Vesara style of temples</strong> as an independent style created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders is mentioned by some scholars.</li>
<li><strong>Features of Nagara and Dravida Orders of Temples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is<strong> enclosed within a compound wall.</strong> The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically<strong> rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the South Indian temple, the word &lsquo;shikhara&rsquo; is used only for the crowning element at the top of the temple which is usually shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola - this is equivalent to the <strong>amlak and kalasha of North Indian temples.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Whereas at the entrance to the <strong>North Indian temple&rsquo;s garbhagriha,</strong> it would be usual to find images such as mithunas and the river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, in the <strong>south</strong> one will generally find sculptures of fierce <strong>dvarapalas or the door-keepers</strong> guarding the temple. It is common to find<strong> a large water reservoir, or a temple tank,</strong> enclosed within the complex.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nagara Style:</strong> Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (Khajuraho), Madhya Pradesh</li>
<li><strong>Dravidian Style:</strong> Brihadeshwara Temple and Mahabalipuram Temple, Tamil Nadu</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607328563_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607328563_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/barricade-put-around-iconic-stone-chariot-at-hampi/article33264127.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7045,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Laxmi Devi Temple: Hoysala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Hoysala-era idol of Goddess Kali</strong> of the<strong> Lakshmi Devi Temple</strong> at <strong>Doddagaddavalli, Karnataka</strong> has been found damaged.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lakshmi Devi Temple:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lakshmi Devi temple was built by the Hoysalas in the year <strong>1114 CE</strong> during the rule of king <strong>Vishnuvardhana.</strong></li>
<li>The building material is <strong>Chloritic schist,</strong> more commonly known as<strong> soapstone.</strong></li>
<li>The temple does not stand on a<strong> jagati</strong> (platform), a feature which became popular in later Hoysala temples.</li>
<li>The temple is a <strong>chatuskuta construction</strong> (4 shrine and tower). The towers are in <strong>Kadamba nagara</strong> style. The <strong>mantapa is open and square.</strong> The reason for the square plan is the presence of shrines on all four sides of the mantapa.</li>
<li>There is a<strong> separate fifth shrine of Bhairava,</strong> an avatar of Lord Shiva.</li>
<li>The main deity is <strong>Goddess Lakshmi</strong> whereas all Hoysala temples are dedicated to either <strong>Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva</strong> and in <strong>some cases to Jains.</strong></li>
<li>An <a href="/search/Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20India" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>archaeological Survey of India</strong></a> (ASI) monument and is also among the monuments <strong>proposed</strong> for the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606114108_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606114108_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="420" height="242" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hoysala Temple Architecture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysalas and is mostly concentrated in <strong>southern Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hoysala temples</strong> are sometimes called <strong>hybrid or <em>vesara</em></strong> as their unique style seems <strong>neither completely dravida nor nagara,</strong> but somewhere in between.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are easily distinguishable from other medieval temples by their <strong>highly original star-like ground-plans </strong>and a<strong> profusion of decorative carvings.</strong></li>
<li>The temples, instead of consisting of a simple inner chamber with its pillared hall, contain <strong>multiple shrines grouped around a central pillared hall</strong> and laid out in the shape of an intricately-designed star.</li>
<li>The most characteristic feature of these temples is that they grow <strong>extremely complex with so many projecting angles</strong> emerging from the previously straightforward square temple, that the plan of these temples starts<strong> looking like a star,</strong> and is thus known as a <strong>stellate-plan.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606114129_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606114129_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="420" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of the famous temples are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hoysaleshvara</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) <strong>Temple:</strong> At <strong>Halebid, Karnataka</strong> and built in <strong>dark schist stone</strong> by a Hoysala king in AD 1150.</li>
<li><strong>Chennakeshava Temple:</strong> At <strong>Somnathpur, Karnataka</strong> and was built around AD 1268 under <strong>Narasimha III.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kesava Temple: At Belur, Hassan</strong> district of Karnataka built by <strong>Vishnuvardhana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hoysala</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the <strong>12<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup> centuries, Hoysalas of Karnataka</strong> grew to prominence in South India and <strong>became the most important patrons centred at Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>They ruled <strong>almost all the present day Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Their capital was <strong>Belur</strong> which was later shifted to <strong>Halebidu.</strong></li>
<li>The period was an important era for the growth of the art, architecture and religion in South India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/idol-found-damaged/article33141250.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6229,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Revamp of Lingaraj Temple: Odisha',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Odisha government has decided to give a facelift to the 11<sup>th</sup> century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural status.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This announcement has come despite the massive financial burden on the State economy in the wake of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The efforts will be to create a <strong>spiritual and ecological ambience</strong> in and around the Lingaraj Temple.</li>
<li>The <strong>redevelopment plan of the peripheral area of the temple,</strong> known as <strong>&lsquo;Ekamravan Kshetra&rsquo;,</strong> in Bhubaneswar, has been approved.</li>
<li>Further, the government is planning a <strong>barrier-free access between the Temple and Bindusagar lake.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the Lingaraj Temple, the Bindusagar (a sprawling pond) is the second major attraction for devotees. The pond has a religious relationship with the main temple.</li>
<li>Historical records suggest that about 350 years ago, there was nothing between the Temple and the Lake except some temples.</li>
<li><strong>Bindhyabasini, Bhabani Shankar, Shukasari and Mohini temples</strong> will be part of the redevelopment plan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a part of the <strong>Lingaraj Temple Heritage Development Project</strong> under <strong>Ekamra plan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through Ekmara plan, it is expected that heritage redevelopment will enhance the attraction of <strong>Bhubaneswar</strong> as a tourist site and<strong> claim for a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO heritage site</a> will be stronger.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="412" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lingaraj Temple</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lingaraj Temple, built in <strong>11<sup>th</sup> century AD,</strong> is dedicated to<strong> Lord Shiva</strong> and is considered as the largest temple of the city<strong> Bhubaneswar.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>believed</strong> to have been <strong>built by the Somvanshi King Yayati I.</strong></li>
<li>The main tower of this temple measures <strong>180-feet in height.</strong></li>
<li>It is built in<strong> red stone</strong> and is a classic example of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalinga style of architecture</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The temple is divided into <strong>four sections</strong>―Garbh Griha (sanctum sanctorum), Yajna Shala (the hall for prayers), Bhoga Mandap (the hall of offering) and the Natya Shala (hall of dance).</li>
<li>The sprawling temple complex has <strong>one hundred and fifty subsidiary shrines.</strong></li>
<li>Lingaraj is referred to as<strong> &lsquo;Swayambhu&rdquo; &ndash;</strong> self-originated Shivling.</li>
<li>Another important aspect of the temple is that it signifies the <strong>syncretisation of Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects in Odisha.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perhaps the rising cult of Lord Jagannath (considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) which coincided with the completion of the Lingaraja Temple had a role to play.</li>
<li>The presiding deity in the Temple is known as Hari-Hara; Hari denotes Lord Vishnu and Hara meaning Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temple is <strong>out of bounds for non-Hindus.</strong></li>
<li>The other attraction of the temple is the<strong> Bindusagar Lake,</strong> located in the north side of the temple.</li>
<li>On the western banks of Bindusagar, lies the <strong>garden of Ekamra Van</strong> named after the Hindu mythological texts where Bhubaneswar the capital city of Odisha was referred as Ekamra Van or a forest of a single mango tree.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Important Monuments in Odisha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark Sun Temple</strong></a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jagannath Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tara Tarini Temple</strong></a></li>
<li>Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-give-facelift-to-11th-century-lingaraj-temple/article32379704.ece#:~:text=Notwithstanding%20the%20massive%20financial%20burden,%2D350%2Dyear%20structural%20status." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6077,
		'category_id' => (int) 71,
		'title' => 'Day 15',
		'description' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Art and Culture- Visual and Performing Arts</h2>
<p>Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Even the static questions on this topic are generally taken from the current happenings which have been in the recent news. Thus, the important news events of the year have been given below.</p>
<h2>Indian Architecture</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natesa-pratihara-style-of-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mamallapuram-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mamallapuram</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hampi</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consecration-at-the-brihadisvara-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consecration at the Brihadisvara Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajanta and Ellora Caves</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gottiprolu-an-early-trade-centre-of-andhra-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gottiprolu- An Early Trade Centre of Andhra Pradesh</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-narasimha-temple-hoysala-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lakshmi Narasimha Temple: Hoysala Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-art-and-architecture-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Art and Architecture- Part 1</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Architecture- Part 2</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Temple Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/architectural-heritage-of-orchha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Architectural Heritage of Orchha</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asi-plan-to-conserve-taj-mahal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASI's Plan to Conserve Taj Mahal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dispute-over-restoration-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dispute Over Restoration of Konark Sun Temple</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Indian Architecture</span></h3>
<p>Q. Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Arasavalli</li>
<li>Amarakantak</li>
<li>Omkareshwar</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Both were built in the same period.</li>
<li>Both belong to the same religious denomination.</li>
<li>Both have rock-cut monuments.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements given above is correct</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Famous shrine</strong></td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Tabo monastery and temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Spiti Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Zanskar Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Alchi temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Ladakh</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, the term &lsquo;Panchayatan&rsquo; refers to (2014)</p>
<p>(a) an assembly of village elders</p>
<p>(b) a religious sect</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) a style of temple construction</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) an administrative functionary</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (2013)</p>
<p>(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the monks</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall axial to it</p>
<p>(d) There is no material difference between the two</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements:(2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>White marble was used in making Buland Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri.</li>
<li>Red sandstone and marble were used in making Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</strong></span></p>
<h2>Dance Forms and Martial Arts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sattriya-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sattriya Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Classical Dances</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-film-heritage-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Film Heritage Mission</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odissi-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odissi Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kathak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kathak</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natyashastra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rongali-bihu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rongali Bihu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gatka-martial-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gatka Martial Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalaripayattu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalaripayattu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Dance Forms and Martial Arts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>Garba&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : Gujarat</li>
<li>Mohiniattam : Odisha</li>
<li>Yakshagana&nbsp; : Karnataka</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam Dances? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues are found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.</li>
<li>Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edge is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movements.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called &lsquo;Tribhanga&rsquo; has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following statements best describes this pose? (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but oppositely curved at waist and neck</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up are combined to symbolize certain epic or historic characters</p>
<p>(c) Movements of body, face and hands are used to express oneself or to tell a story</p>
<p>(d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain hand gestures are emphasized to express the feelings of love or eroticism</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to India&rsquo;s culture and tradition, what is &lsquo;Kalaripayattu&rsquo;? (2014)</p>
<p>(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India</p>
<p>(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brasswork still found in southern part of Coromandel area</p>
<p>(c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India</strong></span></p>
<h2>Music</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustani Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/annapurna-devi-of-hindustani-music-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Annapurna Devi of Hindustani Music Passes Away</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/summer-ragas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Summer Ragas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chindu-yakshaganam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chindu Yakshaganam</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhrupad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Music</span></h3>
<p>Q.With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements: (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.</li>
<li>Tyagaraja created several new ragas.</li>
<li>Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.</li>
<li>Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 4 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) 2, 3 and 4</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a song and dance performance.</li>
<li>Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.</li>
<li>It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Dhrupad, one of the major traditions of India that has been kept alive for centuries, which of the following statements are correct? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dhrupad originated and developed in the Rajput kingdoms during the Mughal period</li>
<li>Dhrupad is primarily a devotional and spiritual music</li>
<li>Dhrupad Alap uses Sanskrit syllables from Mantras.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above is correct</p>
<h2>Painting</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhubani-paintings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhubani Paintings</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pinguli-chitrakatha-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pinguli Chitrakatha Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tribals-tensed-over-destruction-of-rock-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Tribals Tensed Over Destruction of Rock Art</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Painting</span></h3>
<p>Q. The well-known painting &ldquo;Bani Thani&rdquo; belongs to the (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Bundi school</p>
<p>(b) Jaipur school</p>
<p>(c) Kangra school</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Kishangarh school</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Ajanta</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Badami</p>
<p>(c) Bagh</p>
<p>(d) Ellora</p>
<hr />
<p>Q.Kalamkari painting refers to (2015)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India</p>
<p>(c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India</p>
<p>(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kambala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kambala</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathamadai-silk-mat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pathamadai Silk Mat</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadi Mahotsav</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ashadhi-bij" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ashadhi Bij</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hori-habba" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hori Habba</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/belum-caves-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belum Caves Festival</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hornbill-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hornbill Festival</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chapchar Kut festival</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Mizoram</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Khongjom Parba ballad</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Manipur</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Thang-Ta dance</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sikkim</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Traditions</strong></td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Communities</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chaliha Sahib Festival</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Sindhis</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Gonds</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Wari-Warkari</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Santhals</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2015)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Place of Pilgrimage</strong></td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Srisailam</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Nallamala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Omkareshwar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Satmala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Pushkar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Mahadeo Hills</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2009)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Gatka, a traditional martial art</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Kerala</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Madhubani, a traditional painting</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Bihar</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Singhey Khababs Sindhu Darshan Festival</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Jammu and Kashmir</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Craft</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Heritage of</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Puthukkuli shawls</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Tamil Nadu</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sujni embroidery&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Maharashtra</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Uppada Jamdani</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Karnataka saris</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6056,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Natesa,</strong> a rare sandstone idol from the 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>(Pratihara Style of Rajasthan)</strong> has been retrieved after 22 years by Rajasthan police.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596106745_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596106745_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong> The Natesa icon, currently at the Indian High Commission, London, was originally from the <strong>Ghateswar Temple, Baroli, Rajasthan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> smuggled out of the country</strong> in 1998.</li>
<li>A few archaeologists behind the <strong>&lsquo;India Pride Project&rsquo;</strong> have also taken consistent efforts for the <strong>restitution of the Natesa</strong> icon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India Pride Project:</strong> It is a <strong>group of art enthusiasts who use social media</strong> to identify stolen religious artefacts from Indian temples and secure their return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> The sandstone Natesa figure <strong>stands tall at almost 4 ft.</strong> in a rare and brilliant depiction of Shiva.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A beautiful depiction of <strong>Nandi is shown behind the right leg</strong> of the Natesa icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bibi-ka-maqbara-of-aurangabad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong> </a>(ASI) and the Ministry of Culture should use this restitution as a much-needed impetus to go after thousands of artefacts stolen since the 1960s.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pratihara Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>famous temple architecture</strong> belonging to the <strong>Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty</strong> of Rajasthan.</li>
<li>They ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8<sup>th</sup> to the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Significant Rulers:</strong> Nagabhata Il, Mhir Bhoj, Mahenedra pal I</li>
<li><strong>Style:</strong> The architecture is known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples belonging to <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture#:~:text=Nagara%20or%20North%20Indian%20Temple%20Style&amp;text=The%20garbhagriha%20is%20always%20located%20directly%20under%20the%20tallest%20tower.&amp;text=Their%20roofs%20are%20composed%20of,like%20sharply%20rising%20tall%20towers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagara Style of temple Architecture.</strong></a></li>
<li>They used most common sandstones for idols that have various shades of red, caused by iron oxide (rust).</li>
<li>The greatest development of their style of building is at <strong>Khajuraho</strong>, Madhya Pradesh, now a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natesa-of-rajasthan-temple-returns-to-india/article32225514.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5264,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Construction of Rath Yatra Chariots Allowed',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has allowed the construction of chariots for the annual Rath Yatra at Jagannath Puri in Odisha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has also said that the complete segregation of the construction site should be ensured and <strong>social-distancing norms be followed.</strong></li>
<li>The Rath Yatra is expected to be held on 23<sup>rd</sup> June 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Jagannath Rath Yatra</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ratha Jatra, also called as <strong>Chariot Festival,</strong> is a Hindu festival associated with <strong>Lord Jagannath</strong> held at <strong>Puri, Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>The festival is celebrated on the<strong> 2<sup>nd</sup> day </strong>of <strong>Shukla Paksha of Ashadh,</strong> the third month, according to the traditional Oriya calendar.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> 9 day-long event</strong> and marks the <strong>return of Lord Krishna to Vrindavan</strong> with his brother <strong>Balabhadra</strong> and sister<strong> Subhadra</strong> to <strong>Gundicha Temple</strong> via Mausi Maa Temple (maternal aunt's home) near Saradha Bali, Puri.</li>
<li>During the festival, the three holy chariots carrying idols of Lord Jagannath, his brother Balaram (Balabhadra) and sister Subhadra are pulled by thousands of devotees from India and abroad.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Jagannath Temple</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temple is believed to be constructed in the 12<sup>th</sup> century by <strong>King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva </strong>of the<strong> Eastern Ganga Dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>Jagannath Puri temple is called <strong>&lsquo;Yamanika Tirtha&rsquo;</strong> where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of &lsquo;Yama&rsquo;, the god of death has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.</li>
<li>This temple was called the<strong> &ldquo;White Pagoda&rdquo;</strong> and is a <strong>part of Char Dham</strong> pilgrimages (Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram).</li>
<li>There are four gates to the temple- Eastern &lsquo;Singhdwara&rsquo; which is the main gate with two crouching lions, Southern &lsquo;Ashwadwara&rsquo;, Western 'Vyaghra Dwara and Northern &lsquo;Hastidwara&rsquo;. There is a carving of each form at each gate.</li>
<li>In front of the entrance stands the Aruna stambha or sun pillar, which was originally at the <strong>Sun Temple in Konark.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588923570_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588923570_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed-home-ministry/article31529370.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5004,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Covid-19 Affects Odisha’s Art and Festival',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Odisha&rsquo;s Ganjam district administration banned the<strong> Meru Jatra festival</strong> and congregations related to it at temples on the occasion of<strong> Mahavishub Sankranti (13<sup>th</sup> April, 2020)</strong>, due to Covid-19.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Covid-19 has also affected the sale of <strong>Pattachitra paintings.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Meru Jatra Festival</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meru Jatra marks the end of the 21-day-long festival of penance named<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-3rd-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Danda Nata&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
<li>Danda Nata is celebrated in the month of<strong> 'Chaitra'.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Danda as the name implies, is<strong> self-inflicted pain, which the danduas (people who participate in the festival) undergo</strong> to pay their obeisance to the<strong> lord Kali.</strong> It is also a form of worshipping the lord Shiva and his consort Parvati.</li>
<li>The <strong>origin of the festival</strong> is generally traced to<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> AD</strong> after the decadence of Buddhism in Orissa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the occasion of <strong>Mahavishub Sankranti</strong> thousands of devotees used to gather at the <strong>Tara Tarini hill shrine</strong> and other temples.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tara Tarini hill shrine, located at a hilltop on banks of the <strong>Rushikulya river,</strong> is a major centre of Shakti worship in Odisha.</li>
<li><strong>The twin goddesses Tara and Tarini</strong> represent one Shakti and are the main deity of Ganjam district (Odisha).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mahavishub Sankranti</strong> is the start of the <strong>Odia New Year.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the administrations had also banned the famous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chaitra Jatra festival at Tara Tarini hill shrine</strong></a> as a precautionary measure against Covid-19 infection.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pattachitra Painting<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586772001_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586772001_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pattachitra style of painting is one of the <strong>oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words Patta,</strong> meaning <strong>canvas,</strong> and <strong>Chitra,</strong> meaning<strong> picture.</strong> Pattachitra is done on canvas and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction.</li>
<li>Some of the popular themes represented through this art form are <strong>Thia Badhia</strong> - depiction of the temple of Jagannath; <strong>Krishna Lila -</strong> enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna displaying his powers as a child; <strong>Dasabatara Patti -</strong> the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu; <strong>Panchamukhi -</strong> depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five-headed deity.</li>
<li>The Pattachitra, when painted on cloth, follows a traditional process of preparation of the canvas. First, the <strong>base is prepared by coating the cloth with the soft, white, stone powder of chalk and glue made from tamarind seeds.</strong></li>
<li>It is a tradition to complete the borders of the painting first. The painter then starts making a rough sketch directly with the brush using light red and yellow. The colours used are normally white, red, yellow, and black.</li>
<li>When the painting is completed it is held over a charcoal fire and lacquer is applied to the surface. This makes the painting water resistant and durable, besides giving it a shining finish.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/heritage-crafts-village-in-odisha-wears-a-deserted-look/article31326078.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ban-on-meru-jatra-festival/article31326060.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TH</a></strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4712,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tara Tarini Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The annual<strong> Chaitra Jatra festival</strong> scheduled to be held on 17<sup>th</sup> March, 2020 at <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s Tara Tarini hill shrine</strong> has been <strong>cancelled</strong> as a precautionary measure against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> infection.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The festival is <strong>held on each Tuesday in the month of Chaitra,</strong> which falls in March-April as per the English calendar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1584347042_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1584347042_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="259" height="195" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tara Tarini hill shrine, located at a hilltop on banks of the <strong>Rushikulya river,</strong> is a major centre of <strong>Shakti worship in Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>The twin goddesses Tara and Tarini represent one Shakti and are the <strong>main deity of Ganjam district (Odisha).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tara is an important deity of Mahayana Buddhist Sect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This temple had been built as per traditional <strong>Rekha style of Odia <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">temple architecture</a></strong>, as per which famous Jagannath temple of Puri and Lingaraj temple of Bhubaneswar have been built.</li>
<li>Unlike other temples, it wasn&rsquo;t built under the patronage of a King or a Noble, the temple was set up by a <strong>Brahmin named Basu Praharaj</strong> as per popular legend.</li>
<li>Since its inception it has been an established <strong>seat of Tantrism.</strong></li>
<li>Indian Navy&rsquo;s sailboat <strong>INSV Tarini</strong> was named after Tara Tarini hill shrine.The first Indian all-woman crew had circumnavigated the globe in INSV Tarini.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/covid-19-odisha-cancels-annual-chaitra-jatra-festival/article31077548.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4667,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Attukal Pongala Festival',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In Thiruvananthapuram, Kerela, the annual &ldquo;Attukal Pongala&rdquo;, one of the largest all-women religious congregations, began recently amid the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> <strong>virus</strong> threat.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pongala is a <strong>ten-day- long festival</strong> of<strong> Attukal Bhagavathy Temple.</strong></li>
<li>The festival commences with the musical rendering of the story of the <strong>Goddess (Kannaki Charitam) during the "Kappu Kettu ceremony".</strong></li>
<li>The story invokes the presence of Kodungallur Bhagavathy and the <strong>slaying of the Pandyan King.</strong> This festival commemorates the victory of Good over Evil, by the slaying of Pandyan King.</li>
<li>The event of the Goddess annihilating the Pandyan King is accompanied by much sound and fury of the temple drums and "Vaykurava" by devotees, immediately followed by the lighting of the hearths for the preparation of the offering for the Goddess.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pongala</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pongala, which means <strong>'to boil over&rsquo;,</strong> is the ritual in which women prepare sweet payasam (a pudding made from rice, jaggery, coconut and plantains cooked together) and offer it to the Goddess or &lsquo;Bhagavathy&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The pongala is cooked in pots &ndash; preferably earthen.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Attukal Bhagavathy temple</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This temple is dedicated to <strong>Goddess Bhagavathy.</strong></li>
<li>Also known as <strong>&ldquo;the Sabarimala of Women''</strong>, this temple attracts the biggest set of women devotees for the annual Attukal Pongala festival.</li>
<li>Attukal Devi temple and its main festival Attukal Pongala reached <strong>Guinness Book of World Records</strong> of largest annual gathering of women, when 1.5 million (15 Lakhs) women offered pongala on February 23, 1997 and on March 10, 2009, when over 2.5 million people took part in it.</li>
<li>The temple is built with elements of<strong> Kerala architectural style and Tamil architectural style as well.</strong></li>
<li>Tha main building also comprises Goddess Kali, Goddess Parvathy, Lord Shiva, Goddess Sri Rajarajeswari and several others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kerala Architectural Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It displays certain variation on plan and elevation from its counterparts on the eastern coast of south India.</li>
<li>These variations are mainly owing to <strong>distinct climatic conditions</strong> and the employment of different building materials along with the native systems of beliefs and culture.</li>
<li>Kerala temples have a distinct style of their own by the<strong> lavish use of wood, stone and metals.</strong></li>
<li>Wood is used for making Temples because of rich forest cover.</li>
<li>The base structure of the temple is made using <strong>granite and laterite.</strong></li>
<li>The roof may have <strong>one, two or even three stories.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the roof depends on the plan of the sanctum below.</li>
<li>The steep and needle like roof is made of wood and is covered with copper plates in order<strong> to protect the inner skeletal framework from the vigorous monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pongala-offered-amid-covid-19-fears/article31027269.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4434,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Conservation Plan for Konark Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Government has decided to restore and preserve the nearly 800-year-old Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the monument had entered into controversy over allegations that the stone carvings on the outer surface were being replaced with plain blocks of stones causing irreplaceable loss to the uniqueness of the temple.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Konark was built by King <strong>Narasimhadeva I (1238-1264AD)</strong> in the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> century</strong> and is located in Eastern Odisha near the sacred city of <strong>Puri.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>King Narasimhadeva I was a famous ruler of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> and with his accession to the throne, the Ganga Dynasty <strong>reached its zenith.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> UNESCO World Heritage Site (1984).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Dedicated to the <strong>Sun God,</strong> Konark is the <strong>culmination of Odisha temple architecture,</strong> and one of the most outstanding monuments of religious architecture in the world.</li>
<li>Its scale, refinement and conception represent the strength and stability of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> as well as the value systems of the historic milieu.</li>
<li>The entire temple was designed in the shape of a <strong>colossal chariot</strong> with 7 horses and <strong>24 wheels,</strong> carrying the sun god, Surya, across the heavens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Konarka&rsquo;, the place bears a name composed of two world elements : <strong>KONA</strong> meaning<strong> corner</strong> and <strong>ARKA</strong> meaning the<strong> Sun.</strong></li>
<li>The Sun god worshipped in<strong> Ark Kshetra</strong> is also called Konark.</li>
<li>In <strong>'Brahma Purana'</strong> the Sun God in Ark-kshetra has been described as Konaditya.</li>
<li><strong>Surya</strong> has been a <strong>popular deity</strong> in India since the <strong>Vedic period.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservation-plan-for-konark-temple-soon-says-culture-minister/article30811262.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4368,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Consecration at the Brihadisvara Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the consecration (Kumbhabhishekam) ceremony was held at the Brihadisvara Temple after 23 years in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ceremony was held after the Madras High Court settled an old argument over the ritual.</li>
<li>The ceremony got embroiled in the struggle for supremacy between the Sanskrit and Tamil traditions.</li>
<li>The court <strong>allowed</strong> the consecration to be performed in<strong> both Tamil</strong> and <strong>Sanskrit.</strong></li>
<li>It argued that there is nothing either in the <strong>Agamas (canonical texts)</strong> or in any other religious script to prohibit the chanting of Tamil mantras in the temples.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Brihadisvara Temple</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Brihadeshwara Temple, also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple, is dedicated to Shiva and is located in Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thanjavur lies in the delta of the Cauvery River.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is one of the best examples of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dravidian style</strong></a> of temple architecture built by Chola emperor <strong>Raja Raja Chola I</strong> ( 985-1014 AD) between 1003 AD and 1010 AD. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Dravidian style of temple architecture flourished roughly from the<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> century to about the 13-14 century AD.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temple consists of a <strong>pyramidal spire</strong> and is adorned with sculptures and paintings inside as well as outside.</li>
<li>The temple entered the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> list in <strong>1987</strong> and is also a part of <strong>"Great Living Chola Temples"</strong> along with the <strong>Brihadisvara Temple</strong> at <strong>Gangaikondacholapuram</strong> and the <strong>Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Brihadisvara Temple (Gangaikondacholapuram, Tamil Nadu).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was built for Shiva by <strong>Rajendra I</strong> (1014-1044 CE).</li>
<li>The temple has sculptures of exceptional quality.</li>
<li>The<strong> bronze sculptures</strong> of <strong>Bhogasakti</strong> and <strong>Subrahmanya</strong> are masterpieces of Chola metal icons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was built by the <strong>Chola king Rajaraja II</strong> (1144-1173 CE):</li>
<li>It is much smaller in size as compared to the Brihadisvara temple at Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram.</li>
<li>The temple consists of a sanctum <strong>without</strong> a <strong>circumambulatory path</strong> and axial mandapas.</li>
<li>The front mandapa is<strong> unique</strong> as it was conceptualized as a chariot with wheels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple, which is one of the tallest temples in India, still remains an engineering mystery as it is <strong>completely made of granite</strong> and archaeologists still don&rsquo;t know how the builders got such huge pieces of granite for construction at this height.</li>
<li>The apex structure on<strong> top of the temple</strong> is believed to be carved out of a <strong>single stone carving.</strong></li>
<li>It is so designed that the <strong>Vimana does not cast a shadow at noon during any part of the year.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vimana:</strong> Vimana is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha.</li>
<li>It is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving <strong>Shikhara</strong> of North India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580985799_Image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580985799_Image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-the-old-aryan-dravidian-tussle-played-out-in-an-iconic-tn-temple-6253168/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4143,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),</strong> heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at<strong> Bojjannakonda,</strong> a famous Buddhist site at <strong>Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the <strong>Kanuma day during Sankranti,</strong> the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly-shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanuma Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an important day during the <strong>Pongal and Sankranti festivals,</strong> which are both <strong>ancient harvest festivals</strong> that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the<strong> third day of the four-day Sankranti</strong> festival.</li>
<li>It is an important festival of Telugu people and is<strong> dedicated to cattle</strong> and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill.</li>
<li><strong>Bojjannakonda</strong> and <strong>Lingalametta</strong> are the<strong> twin Buddhist monasteries</strong> dating back to the 3rd century BC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These sites have seen <strong>three forms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buddhism</a>-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theravada period:</strong> when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher.</li>
<li><strong>Mahayana:</strong> where Buddhism was more devotional.</li>
<li><strong>Vajrayana:</strong> where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name <strong>Sankaram</strong> is derived from the term,<strong> &lsquo;Sangharama&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is famous for votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visakhapatnam is famous for <strong>Buddhist sites at Thotlakonda, Appikonda, and Bavikonda too.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit charitable organisation</strong> registered under <strong>the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2007,</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> awarded INTACH a special consultative status with the <strong>United Nations Economic and Social Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site-bear-fruit/article30552294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3870,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shore Temple',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" width="464" height="319" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>The shoreline on the northern side of the Shore temple in <strong>Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu</strong> is facing severe sea erosion.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shore Temple is one among a number of Hindu monuments at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on the Coromandel Coast of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It is considered the finest early example of medieval southern Indian temple architecture.</li>
<li>It was built probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha (Pallava ruler)</strong> who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.</li>
<li>Unlike most of its neighbours at the site, it is <strong>built of cut stones</strong> rather than carved out of caves.</li>
<li>It has two shrines, one dedicated to<strong> Shiva and the other to Vishnu.</strong></li>
<li>It has been built in<strong> Dravidian style.</strong> Its style is characterized by a <strong>pyramidal<em> kutina</em>-type tower</strong> that consists of stepped stories topped by a cupola and finial, a form quite different from the northern Indian <em>sikhara.</em></li>
<li>The Mamallapuram monuments and temples, including the Shore Temple complex, were collectively designated a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mamallapuram-awaits-a-rescue-act/article30280681.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3670,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maha Bodhi Temple Complex',
		'description' => '<p>Bhutan&rsquo;s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" width="259" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is <strong>one of the four holy sites</strong> related to the life of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lord Buddha</strong></a>, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment (Bodhi).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The other three are: Lumbini (Birth) in Nepal, Sarnath (Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana - 1<sup>st</sup> Sermon) and Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana- death) in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The original structure was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. However, it was reconstructed entirely in brick in late Gupta period. The present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries.</li>
<li>The site of the Mahabodhi Temple provides exceptional records of the events associated with the life of Buddha and subsequent worship.</li>
<li>A descendant of the<strong> Bodhi tree</strong> under which the Buddha is said to have sat until he attained enlightenment stands adjacent to the temple. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ashoka&rsquo;s stone slab purporting to mark the exact position where the Buddha sat is traditionally called the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s vajrasana</strong> (literally &ldquo;diamond throne&rdquo; or &ldquo;thunder seat&rdquo;).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was recognized as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong></a> in 2002.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3477,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Lakshmi Narasimha Temple: Hoysala Architecture',
		'description' => '<p>The <strong>13<sup>th</sup> century Lakshmi Narasimha temple</strong> in Bhadravati of Shivamogga district, <strong>Karnataka</strong> is being renovated.</p>
<h3>About Lakshmi Narsimha Temple<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572423840_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572423840_image1.jpg" width="257" height="171" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temple was built during <strong>Hoysala rule</strong> in the early 13<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>It is built in <strong>&lsquo;Trikuta&rsquo; style,</strong> that is, having three shrines- dedicated to Lakshmi Narasimha, Venugopalaswamy and Purushothama.</li>
<li>The outer walls of the temple bear great detailed <strong>carvings in Hoysala style.</strong></li>
<li>The concrete flooring on the platform, also called <strong>jagati</strong>, is used by devotees as pradakshina path (ambulatory passageway for circumambulation).</li>
</ul>
<h3>About Hoysala Architecture<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572423873_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572423873_image2.jpg" width="261" height="195" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hoysala architecture</strong> is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> centuries, mostly <strong>concentrated in southern Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Hoysala temples are sometimes called <strong>hybrid or vesara</strong> as their unique style seems neither completely Dravida nor Nagara, but somewhere in between.</li>
<li>The Hoysala temples, instead of consisting of a simple inner chamber with its pillared hall, contain <strong>multiple shrines</strong> grouped around a central pillared hall and laid out in the shape of an <strong>intricately-designed star.</strong></li>
<li>The most characteristic feature of these temples is that they grow extremely complex with so many projecting angles emerging from the previously straightforward square temple, that the plan of these temples starts looking like a star, and is thus known as a <strong>stellate-plan.</strong></li>
<li>Since they are <strong>made out of soapstone</strong> which is a relatively soft stone, the artists were able to carve their sculptures intricately. This can be seen particularly in the jewellery of the gods that adorn their temple walls.</li>
<li>They are easily distinguishable from other medieval temples by their highly original star-like ground-plans and a profusion of decorative carvings.</li>
<li>Some of the famous temples are: <strong>Hoysaleshvara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka that was built in <strong>dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150, Chennakeshava temple</strong> in Somnathpura, Karnataka built around AD 1268 under Narasimha III, <strong>Kesava temple</strong> at Belur in Hassan district of Karnataka built by Vishnuvardhana.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2573,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Temple Architecture',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature.</li>
<li>In different parts of the country, distinct architectural style of temples was result of geographical, ethnic and historical diversities.</li>
<li>Two broad orders of temples in the country are known as <strong>Nagara in the north and Dravida in the south.</strong></li>
<li>At times, the <strong>Vesara style</strong> of temples is also found as an independent style, created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders.</li>
<li>As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches, without breaking away from the fundamental plan of the shrine.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic Features of the Hindu Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sanctum (garbhagriha</strong> literally &lsquo;womb-house&rsquo;)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a small cubicle with a single entrance which grew into a larger chamber in time.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Entrance to the temple</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be a portico or colonnaded hall that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers and is known as a <strong>mandapa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Freestanding temples tend to have a <strong>mountain-like spire</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can take the shape of a curving <strong>shikhar</strong> in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a <strong>vimana</strong>, in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The vahan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was mount or vehicle of the temple&rsquo;s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj is placed axially before the sanctum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many Hindu temples, feature <strong>mithun (embracing couple) sculptures,</strong> considered auspicious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior wall or they may also be placed on the walls between the mandapa and the main shrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Nagara or North Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a <strong>stone platform with steps leading up to it.</strong></li>
<li>Further, unlike in South India it <strong>does not usually have elaborate boundary walls</strong> or gateways.</li>
<li>While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.</li>
<li>There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara.</li>
<li>There are different names for the various parts of the temple in different parts of India; however, the most common name for the simple shikhara which is square at the base and whose walls curve or slope inward to a point on top is called the <strong>'latina'</strong> or the rekha-prasada type of shikara.</li>
<li>The second major type of architectural form in the nagara order is the <strong>phamsana,</strong> which tends to be broader and shorter than latina ones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the centre of the building, unlike the latina ones which look like sharply rising tall towers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third main sub-type of the nagara building is generally called the <strong>valabhi type.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central India Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. The most visible is that they are <strong>made of sandstone.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the oldest surviving <strong>structural temples from the Gupta Period</strong> are in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>The crowning elements- <strong>amalak and kalash,</strong> are to be found on all nagara temples of this period.</li>
<li>These are relatively modest-looking shrines each having four pillars that support a small mandapa which looks like a simple square porch-like extension before an equally small room that served as the garbhagriha.</li>
<li><strong>Udaigiri,</strong> which is on the outskirts of Vidisha is part of a larger Hindu complex of cave shrines, while the other one is at Sanchi, near the stupa.</li>
<li><strong>Deogarh</strong> (in Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE, is a classic example of a late Gupta Period type of temple.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This temple is in the <strong>panchayatana style of architecture</strong> where the main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four corners (making it a total number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana).</li>
<li>The presence of this curving latina or rekha-prasada type of shikhara also makes it clear that this is an early example of a <strong>classic nagara style of temple.</strong></li>
<li>The temple depicts Vishnu in various forms, due to which it was assumed that the four subsidiary shrines must also have housed Vishnu&rsquo;s avatars and the temple was mistaken for a dashavatara temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Predating the tenth century, <strong>Chausath Yogini temple</strong> is a temple of small, square shrines of roughly-hewn granite blocks, each dedicated to goddesses associated with the rise of Tantric worship after the seventh century.Built between 7<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries, several such temples were dedicated to the cult of the yoginis across Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and even as far south as Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>There are many temples at <strong>Khajuraho,</strong> most of them devoted to Hindu gods. There are some Jain temples as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khajuraho&rsquo;s temples are also known for their <strong>extensive erotic sculptures;</strong> the erotic expression is given equal importance in human experience as spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a larger cosmic whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Lakshmana temple</strong> of Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu, was built in 954 by the Chandela king, Dhanga. It is a nagara temple placed on a high platform accessed by stairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" width="550" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho</strong> is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Westen Indian Temples<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="487" caption="false" height="451" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temples in the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in western Madhya Pradesh are large in numbers.</li>
<li>The stone used to build the temples ranges in colour and type.</li>
<li><strong>While sandstone is the commonest,</strong> a grey to <strong>black basalt</strong> can be seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> century temple sculptures.</li>
<li>The most exuberant and famed is the manipulatable <strong>soft white marble</strong> which is also seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Jain temples in Mount Abu</strong> and the 15<sup>th</sup> century temple at <strong>Ranakpur</strong>.</li>
<li>Among the most important art-historical sites in the region is <strong>Samlaji in Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Sun temple at Modhera</strong> dates back to the early 11<sup>th</sup> century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a massive rectangular stepped tank called the surya kund in front of it, perhaps the grandest temple tank in India.</li>
<li>Every year, at the time of the equinoxes, the sun shines directly into this central shrine of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Eastern Indian temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eastern Indian temples include those found in the <strong>North East, Bengal </strong>and<strong> Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>It appears that <strong>terracotta was the main medium</strong> of construction, and also for moulding plaques which <strong>depicted Buddhist and Hindu deities</strong> in Bengal until the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> An old sixth-century sculpted door frame from <strong>Dah Parvatia near Tezpur</strong> and another few stray sculptures from <strong>Rangagora Tea Estate</strong> near Tinsukia in Assam bear witness to the import of the Gupta idiom in that region.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" style="float: right;" width="446" caption="false" height="289" /></a></li>
<li>By the 12<sup>th</sup>-14<sup>th</sup> centuries, a distinct regional style developed in Assam.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The style that came with the <strong>migration of the Tais from Upper Burma mixed with the dominant Pala style of Bengal</strong> and led to the creation of what was later known as the <strong>Ahom style</strong> in and around Guwahati.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kamakhya temple,</strong> a Shakti Peeth, is dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Assam.</li>
<li><strong>Bengal:</strong> The style of the sculptures during the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries in Bengal (including Bangladesh) and Bihar is known as the <strong>Pala style,</strong> named after the ruling dynasty at the time.</li>
<li>While the style of those of the mid-eleventh to mid-thirteenth centuries is named after the <strong>Sena kings.</strong></li>
<li>While the Palas are celebrated as patrons of many Buddhist monastic sites, the temples from that region are known to express the <strong>local Vanga style.</strong></li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple in Barakar</strong> in Burdwan District, for example, shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black to grey basalt and chlorite stone pillars and arched niches of Purlia temples heavily influenced the earliest Bengal sultanate buildings at Gaur and Pandua.</li>
<li><strong>In the Mughal period and later,</strong> scores of terracotta brick temples were built across Bengal and Bangladesh in a unique style that <strong>had elements of local building techniques seen in bamboo huts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="575" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha:</strong> The main architectural features of Odisha temples are classified into three orders, i.e., <strong>rekhapida, pidhadeul and khakra.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Kalinga&mdash;modern Puri District, including Bhubaneswar or ancient Tribhuvanesvara, Puri and Konark.</li>
<li>In general, the <strong>shikhara, called deul in Odisha,</strong> is vertical almost until the top when it suddenly curves sharply inwards.</li>
<li>Deuls are preceded, as usual, by <strong>mandapas called jagamohana</strong> in Odisha.</li>
<li>Odisha temples usually have boundary walls.</li>
<li>The ground plan of the main temple is almost always square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure becomes circular in the crowning mastaka.</li>
<li>Compartments and niches are generally square, the exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, lie the ruins of the Surya or <strong>Sun temple</strong> built in stone around 1240.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun temple is set on a high base, its walls covered in extensive, detailed ornamental carving.</li>
<li>These include<strong> twelve pairs of enormous wheels</strong> sculpted with spokes and hubs, representing the chariot wheels of the Sun god who, in mythology, rides a chariot driven by seven horses, sculpted here at the entrance staircase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="383" height="275" /></a></p>
<h3>Hill Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A unique form of architecture developed in the hills of <strong>Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="452" caption="false" height="301" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Kashmir&rsquo;s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a <strong>strong Gandhara influence</strong> by the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE.</li>
<li>This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.</li>
<li>Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram.</li>
<li>As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.</li>
<li>The hills also had their <strong>own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.</strong></li>
<li>At several places in the hills, while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a <strong>rekha-prasada or latina style,</strong> the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture.</li>
<li>Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a <strong>pagoda shape.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Karkota period of Kashmir</strong> is the most significant in terms of architecture.</li>
<li>One of the most important temples is<strong> Pandrethan,</strong> built during the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> centuries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In keeping with the tradition of a water tank attached to the shrine, this temple is built on a plinth built in the middle of a tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Like the findings at Samlaji, the sculptures at Chamba also show an <strong>amalgamation of local traditions with a post Gupta style.</strong></li>
<li>The images of <strong>Mahishasuramardini and Narasimha</strong> at the Laksna-Devi Mandir are evidences of the influence of the post-Gupta tradition.</li>
<li>Of the temples in Kumaon, the ones at <strong>Jageshwar</strong> near Almora, and <strong>Champavat</strong> near Pithoragarh, are classic examples of nagara architecture in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed within a <strong>compound wall.</strong></li>
<li>The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</li>
<li>It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within the complex.</li>
<li>Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.</li>
<li><strong>Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu,</strong> where, during the 8<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> centuries, the role of the temple was not limited to religious matters alone.</li>
<li>Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.</li>
<li>Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there are subdivisions also of dravida temples.</li>
<li>These are basically of five different shapes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>square, usually called <strong>kuta</strong>, and also caturasra</li>
<li>rectangular or <strong>shala or ayatasra</strong></li>
<li>elliptical, called <strong>gaja-prishta</strong> or elephant backed, or also called <strong>vrittayata,</strong> deriving from wagon vaulted shapes of apsidal chaityas with a horse-shoe shaped entrance facade usually called a nasi</li>
<li>circular or <strong>vritta</strong></li>
<li>octagonal or <strong>ashtasra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Pallavas</strong> were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties. They spread their empire to various parts of the subcontinent, at times reaching the borders of Odisha, and their links with South&ndash;East Asia were also strong.</li>
<li>Although they were <strong>mostly Shaivite,</strong> several Vaishnava shrines also survived from their reign, and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the long Buddhist history of the Deccan.</li>
<li>Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock cut, while the later ones were structural.</li>
<li>The early buildings are generally attributed to the reign of <strong>Mahendravarman I,</strong> a contemporary of the Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Narasimhavarman I,</strong> also known as Mamalla, inaugurated most of the building works at Mahabalipuram which came to be known after him as <strong>Mamallapuram.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> shore temple at Mahabalipuram</strong> was built later, probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II,</strong> also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva, one facing east and the other west, and a middle one to Vishnu.</li>
<li>In the compound there is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a gopuram, and several other images.</li>
<li>Sculptures of the bull, Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s mount, line the temple walls, and these, along with the carvings on the temple&rsquo;s lower walls have suffered severe disfiguration due to erosion by salt-water laden air over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The magnificent <strong>Shiva temple of Thanjavur, called the Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar temple,</strong> was completed around 1009 by <strong>Rajaraja Chola,</strong> and is the largest and tallest of all Indian temples.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in this temple that one notices for the first time<strong> two large gopurams</strong> (gateway towers) with an elaborate sculptural programme which was conceived along with the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deccan Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many different styles of temple architecture influenced by both North and South Indian temples were used in regions like Karnataka.</li>
<li>By the late 7<sup>th</sup> or early 8th century, the ambitious projects at<strong> Ellora</strong> became even grander.</li>
<li>By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas.</li>
<li>Their greatest achievement in architecture is the <strong>Kailashnath temple at Ellora,</strong> a culmination of at least a millennium-long tradition in rock-cut architecture in India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" caption="false" width="350" height="280" style="float: right;" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a complete dravida building with a Nandi shrine&mdash;since the temple is dedicated to Shiva&mdash;a gopuram-like gateway, surrounding cloisters, subsidiary shrines, staircases and an imposing tower or vimana rising to thirty metres.</li>
<li>Importantly, all of this is carved out of living rock. One portion of the monolithic hill was carved patiently to build the <strong>Kailashnath temple.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.</li>
<li><strong>Pulakesin I</strong> established the western Chalukya kingdom when he secured the land around Badami in 543.</li>
<li>Early Chalukyan activity also takes the form of rock-cut caves while later activity is of structural temples.</li>
<li>The earliest is probably the <strong>Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole</strong> which is known for its distinctive sculptural style.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578028326_image1.jpg" width="320" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the most important sculptures at the site is of <strong>Nataraja,</strong> surrounded by larger -than-life-size depictions of the saptamatrikas: three to Shiva&rsquo;s left and four to his right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most elaborate of all Chalukyan temples at Pattadakal made in the reign of Vikramaditya II (733-44) by his chief queen Loka Mahadevi is <strong>Virupaksha temple.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Another important temple from this site is <strong>Papnath temple,</strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lad Khan temple at Aihole in Karnataka,</strong> seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hoysaleswara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka was built in dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja, the Halebid temple is a double building with a large hall for the mandapa to facilitate music and dance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Founded in 1336, <strong>Vijayanagara, literally &lsquo;city of victory&rsquo;,</strong> attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Niccolo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes etc.who have left vivid accounts of the city.</li>
<li>In addition, various Sanskrit and Telugu works document the vibrant literary tradition of this kingdom.</li>
<li>Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old dravidian temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" width="575" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Buddhist Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pre-eminent Buddhist site is <strong>Bodhgaya.</strong> While the bodhi tree is of immense importance, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an important reminder of the brick work of that time.</li>
<li>
<p>The first shrine here, located at the base of the <strong>Bodhi tree,</strong> is said to have been constructed by King Ashoka.</p>
</li>
<li>Many of the sculptures in the niches in the temple are dated to the 8<sup>th</sup> century Pala Period. The actual Mahabodhi temple itself as it stands now is largely a colonial period reconstruction of the old 7<sup>th</sup> century design.</li>
<li>The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, <strong>neither dravida or nagara.</strong> It is narrow like a nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a dravida one.</li>
<li>The<strong> monastic university of Nalanda</strong> is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes.</li>
<li>The foundation of a monastery was laid by <strong>Kumargupta I</strong> in the 5th century CE; and this was carried forward by the later monarchs.</li>
<li>The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath.</li>
<li>The <strong>Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon</strong> such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" style="float: right;" width="375" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>During the late 11th and 12th centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada (a form of Saraswati) Khasarpana, Avalokiteshvara, etc.</li>
<li>Depictions of crowned Buddhas occur commonly only after the 10th century.</li>
<li>Later other major Buddhist monasteries developed in Odisha. <strong>Lalitagiri, Vajragiri </strong>and <strong>Ratnagiri</strong> are the most famous of them.</li>
<li>The port-town of <strong>Nagapattinam</strong> was also a major Buddhist centre right until the Chola Period.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Jain Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jains were prolific temple builders like the Hindus, and their sacred shrines and pilgrimage spots are to be found across the length and breadth of India <strong>except in the hills.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="230" height="299" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The oldest Jain pilgrimage sites are to be found in Bihar. In the Deccan, some of the most architecturally important Jain sites can be found in <strong>Ellora and Aihole.</strong></li>
<li>In central India, <strong>Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi </strong>and<strong> Gwalior</strong> have some excellent examples of Jain temples.</li>
<li>Karnataka has a rich heritage of Jain shrines and at <strong>Shravanabelagola</strong> the famous statue of Gomateshwara.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The granite statue of Lord Bahubali which stands eighteen metres or fifty-seven feet high, is the world&rsquo;s tallest <strong>monolithic free-standing structure.</strong></li>
<li>It was commissioned by <strong>Camundaraya,</strong> the General-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Ganga Kings of Mysore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jain temples at Mount Abu</strong> were constructed by Vimal Shah.</li>
<li>The temple is famous for its unique patterns on every ceiling, and the graceful bracket figures along the domed ceilings.</li>
<li>The great Jain pilgrimage site in the Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Kathiawar, Gujarat, is imposing with scores of temples clustered together.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" width="270" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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