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New Challenges to Federalism

This article is based on “Fresh stirrings on federalism as a new politics” which was published in The Hindu on 07/07/2021. It talks...

08 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
Central Information Commission (CIC)

Why in News The Supreme Court has directed the Union of India and all States to file status reports on the latest developments regarding vacancies...

08 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
All India Judicial Service

This article is based on “Will a national judiciary work?” which was published in The Hindu on 06/07/2021. It talks about the arguments...

06 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
Chief Minister

Why in News Recently, Pushkar Singh Dhami was sworn in as the 11th Chief Minister (CM) of Uttarakhand. He takes over the position just a few...

06 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Introduction Background: The source of the concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is the Spanish Constitution from which it came...

05 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
Punjab Suba Movement

Why in News Recently, the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) commemorated the first entry of a police force inside the Golden Temple on...

05 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
‘Union’ or ‘Central’ Government

Why in News Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term ‘Central government’ in its official...

01 Jul 2021 Indian Polity
Attorney General of India

Why in News The central government has extended the term of K.K. Venugopal as Attorney General (AG) for one more year. This is the second time...

29 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Right To Be Forgotten

This article is based on “The fine line that separates judicial transparency and the right to be forgotten” which was published in The...

25 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Union vs. Centre

This article is based on “The ‘Union government’ has a unifying effect” which was published in The Hindu on 22/06/2021. It...

24 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Electoral Trust Scheme, 2013

Why in News For the first time, an electoral trust (under Electoral Trust Scheme, 2013) has declared donation through electoral bonds and...

24 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Recusal of Judges

Why in News Recently, two Supreme Court (SC) judges have recused themselves from hearing cases relating to West Bengal. Key...

23 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir

Why in News Recently, the delimitation exercise has started in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). The completion of the delimitation exercise will mark...

22 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Petition to Poll Results

Why in News Recently, the West Bengal Chief Minister has filed an election petition in the Calcutta High Court challenging the Assembly election...

19 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Controversial Role of Governors

Why in News Recently, the West Bengal Chief Minister described the Governor of the state as the central government’s own person. The Chief...

18 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
India’s Election Funding System

This article is based on “Needed: full disclosure on electoral bonds” which was published in The Hindu on 16/06/2021. It talks about...

16 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Rengma Nagas Demand Autonomous District Council

Why in News The Rengma Naga Peoples’ Council (RNPC) or Rengma Nagas have demanded an Autonomous District Council (ADC) in Assam. The...

11 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Digital Justice Delivery

This article is based on “The promise and perils of digital justice delivery” which was published in The Hindu on 10/06/2021. It talks...

10 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
Draft Rules for Live-Streaming Court Proceedings

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court has released the Draft Model Rules for Live-Streaming and Recording of Court Proceedings. The Rules are...

09 Jun 2021 Indian Polity
One Nation One Election

This article is based on “One Nation, One Election” which was published in The Indian Express on 02/06/2021. It talks about the...

05 Jun 2021 Indian Polity

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		'article_id' => (int) 8816,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Challenges to Federalism',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/fresh-stirrings-on-federalism-as-a-new-politics/article35179732.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Fresh stirrings on federalism as a new politics&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 07/07/2021. It talks about the new emerging challenges to federalism in India.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federalism</strong></a> believes in shared sovereignty and territoriality between multiple constituent units of governance. In India, Federalism is a device to accommodate India&rsquo;s multiple linguistic, religious, and ethnic identities.</p>
<p>Presently, in different parts of the world, the federal system of government is facing some of its biggest trials yet, from the Covid-19 pandemic. However, much before the pandemic, the federal principles in India have been under pressure, to co-produce a political culture of flexible federalism.</p>
<p>Today, the union and states often share a conflicting stance on issues like vaccines, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax (GST)</strong></a>, appointment of Chief Secretary, and much more. This growing tension can also be seen in a possibility of re-emergence of the Third front Government (Union government formed by coalition of several regional parties).</p>
<p>However, Federalism in India, like always has its own political relevance that needs to be protected.</p>
<h3>New Challenges to India&rsquo;s Federalism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federalism &amp; Development Challenge:</strong> To accelerate progress, the Indian have proposed several schemes and visions which may undermine the federal principle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, developmental narratives like &lsquo;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mandis-under-e-nam-increased" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one nation, one market</a></strong>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>one nation, one ration card</strong></a>&rsquo;, <strong>&lsquo;<a href="/pdf/1590853879-one-sun-one-world-one-grid.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one nation, one grid</a></strong>&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermining States:</strong> The downgrading of a full-fledged State in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir into a Union Territory in 2019</strong></a>, or more recently, the notification of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/union-vs-delhi-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021</strong></a>, reflected the centralising tendencies of the Union government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, the union government had invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act and the Disaster Management Act, centralising the powers to deal with the pandemic.</li>
<li>However, state consultation is a legislative mandate cast upon the centre under these acts and binding Covid-19 guidelines are being issued by the Centre to the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Inter-State Divergence:</strong> Growing divergence between richer (southern &amp; western) and poorer States (northern &amp; eastern), remains an important source of tension in inter-State relations that can become a real impediment to collective action amongst States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has created a context where collective action amongst States becomes difficult as poorer regions of India contribute far less to the economy but require greater fiscal resources to overcome their economic fragilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silent Fiscal Crisis:</strong> The realities of India&rsquo;s macro-fiscal position risk increasing the fragility of State finances. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Weak fiscal management has brought the Union government on the brink of what economist Rathin Roy has called a silent fiscal crisis.</li>
<li>The Union&rsquo;s response has been to squeeze revenue from States by increasing cesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-State Platform:</strong> An inter-State platform that brings States together in a routine dialogue on matters of fiscal federalism could be the starting point for building trust and a common agenda.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Inter-state council can be revived.</li>
<li>Economic growth trajectories since liberalisation have been characterised by growing spatial divergence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxing FRBM Norms:</strong> The relaxation of limits imposed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/flexibility-under-the-frbm-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></a>, regarding the market borrowings by the states, is a step in the right direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these borrowings can be backed by sovereign guarantee by the Union Government.</li>
<li>Moreover, the Union government can provide money to states so that they can take necessary action to deal with the crisis at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Will:</strong> Upholding federalism requires political maturity and a commitment to the federal principle. A politics for deepening federalism will need to overcome a nationalist rhetoric that pits federalism against nationalism and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The most fundamental lesson from India&rsquo;s experience with the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, is that managing a grave national crisis requires healthy cooperation between the Centre and states.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Upholding federalism requires political maturity and a commitment to the federal principle in present times. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8814,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Central Information Commission (CIC)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> has directed the <strong>Union of India and all States</strong> to file status reports on the latest developments regarding <strong>vacancies and pendency</strong> in the<strong> Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Central Information Commission (CIC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> The CIC was <strong>established by the Central Government in 2005,</strong> under the provisions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information Act (2005).</strong></a> It is <strong>not a constitutional body.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> It consists of a <strong>Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong> They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the <strong>Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong> The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the <strong>Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years,</strong> whichever is earlier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are <strong>not eligible for reappointment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power and Functions of CIC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>receive and inquire into a complaint from any person</strong> regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.</li>
<li>It can <strong>order an inquiry into any matter</strong> if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).</li>
<li>While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a<strong> civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Information Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is constituted by the<strong> State Government.</strong></li>
<li>It has<strong> one State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC)</strong> and<strong> not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SIC)</strong> to be appointed by the<strong> Governor</strong> on the recommendation of the <strong>Appointments Committee headed by the Chief Minister.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Delays and Backlogs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On average, the CIC <strong>takes 388 days</strong> <strong>(more than one year)</strong> to dispose of an appeal/complaint from the date it was filed before the commission.</li>
<li>A report released last year has pointed out that <strong>more than 2.2 lakh Right to information cases are pending</strong> at the Central and State Information Commissions (ICs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Penalties:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report found that the Government officials hardly face any punishment for violating the law.</li>
<li>Penalties were<strong> imposed in only 2.2% of cases</strong> that were disposed of, despite previous analysis showing a rate of about 59% violations which should have triggered the process of penalty imposition</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vacancy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Despite repeated directions from the court, there are still <strong>three vacancies in the CIC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The criteria of selection, etc, nothing has been placed on record.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right to Information Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Genesis of RTI law started in 1986, through judgement of Supreme Court in <strong>Mr. Kulwal v/s Jaipur Municipal Corporation</strong> case, in which it directed that freedom of speech and expression provided under<strong> Article 19</strong> of the Constitution clearly implies Right to Information, as without information the freedom of speech and expression cannot be fully used by the citizens</li>
<li>It has been implemented in order to see that the <strong>Indian citizens are enabled to exercise their rights to ask some pertinent questions</strong> to the Government and different public utility service providers in a practical way.</li>
<li>The RTI Act replaced the <strong>Freedom of Information Act 2002.</strong></li>
<li>The objective of this act was to <strong>help the citizens avail of quicker services from the government agencies</strong> since the act enables them to ask questions like why a particular application or an official proceeding gets delayed.</li>
<li>Mainly the act aims at achieving a <strong>corruption-free India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Information that can be sought</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Any Indian citizen is free to seek answers</strong> from a Government Authority like applying for a delayed IT refund, driving license or passport, or details of a repair or infrastructure project completed or going on.</li>
<li>Information sought can also be related to the funds allotted under the different kinds of relief funds in the country.</li>
<li>The act enables students to get copies of answer sheets from the universities under this act.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democracy is all about the <strong>governance of the people, by the people and for the people.</strong> In order to achieve the third paradigm, the state needs to start acknowledging the importance of an informed public and the role that it plays in the country&rsquo;s development as a nation. In this context, <strong>underlying issues related to RTI Act should be resolved,</strong> so that it can serve the information needs of society.</li>
<li>The <strong>role of information commissions is crucial especially during<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a></strong> to ensure that people can obtain information on healthcare facilities, social security programs and delivery of essential goods and services meant for those in distress.</li>
<li>By its 2019 order, the apex court had passed a slew of directions to the Central and State governments to fill vacancies across Central and State Information Commissions in a transparent and timely manner.</li>
<li><strong>Urgent digitization of records and proper record management</strong> is important as lack of remote access to records in the lockdown has been widely cited as the reason for not being able to conduct hearings of appeals and complaints by commissions.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-centre-states-to-file-compliance-report-on-its-2019-verdict-to-fill-vacancies-at-cic-sics/article35186195.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8796,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'All India Judicial Service',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/will-a-national-judiciary-work/article35157303.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Will a national judiciary work?&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/07/2021. It talks about the arguments in favour and against the establishment of All-India Judicial Service.</p>
</div>
<p>The government of India has recently proposed to pass a bill to establish an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) to recruit officers for subordinate courts through an entrance test.</p>
<p>The provision of an all-India judicial service (AIJS) on the lines of the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service was mooted soon after Independence.</p>
<p>In the present times, the idea of AIJS is being proposed in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-accessible-and-affordable-judicial-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>backdrop of judicial reforms</strong></a>, especially to check persisting vacancies in judiciary and pendency of cases. The establishment of AIJS is a positive step, but faces many constitutional and legal hurdles.</p>
<h3>Constitutional Perspective To AIJS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The AIJS was first proposed by the 14<sup>th</sup> report of the Law Commission in 1958.</li>
<li>The 42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional amendment in 1976 amended Article 312 (1) empowering Parliament to make laws for the creation of one or more All-India Services, including an AIJS, common to the Union and the States.</li>
<li>Under Article 312, Rajya Sabha is required to pass a resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting. Thereafter, Parliament has to enact a law creating the AIJS.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This means no constitutional amendment will be required for establishment of AIJS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court of India also endorsed the same in the All India Judges Association vs. Union of India&rsquo; case (1993) laying down that AIJS should be set up.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of AIJS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Addressing Judges To Population Ratio:</strong> A Law Commission report (1987) recommended that India should have 50 judges per million population as against 10.50 judges (then). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now, the figure has crossed 20 judges in terms of the sanctioned strength, but it&rsquo;s nothing compared to the US or the UK &mdash; 107 and 51 judges per million people, respectively.</li>
<li>Thus, AIJS envisages to bridge the underlying gap in judicial vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Representation of Marginalised Sections of Society:</strong> According to the Government, the AIJS to be an ideal solution for equal representation of the marginalised and deprived sections of society.</li>
<li><strong>Attracting Talent Pool:</strong> The government believes that if such a service comes up, it would help create a pool of talented people who could later become a part of the higher judiciary</li>
<li><strong>Bottoms-Up Approach:</strong> The bottoms-up approach in the recruitment would also address issues like corruption and nepotism in the lower judiciary. It will improve the quality of justice dispensation in the lower levels of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Dichotomy Betwwen Articles 233 and 312:</strong> As per Article 233, recruitment to subordinate judiciary is the prerogative of the State.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, many states and high courts have opposed the idea on the ground that it would go against federalism.</li>
<li>If the fundamental power of the States to make such rules and govern the appointment of district judges is taken away, it may be against the principle of federalism and the basic structure doctrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 233(1) of the Constitution lays down that &ldquo;appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Language Barrier:</strong> Since cases in lower courts are argued in local languages, there have been apprehensions as to how a person from north India can hold hearings in a southern state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, another fundamental concern regarding AIJS is the language barrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Limitation:</strong> Clause 3 of Article 312 places a restriction that AIJS shall not include a post inferior to that of a district judge.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, appointment of subordinate judiciary through AIJS, may face a constitutional barrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of Adminstarrtive Control of High Court:</strong> Creation of AIJS would lead to an erosion of control of the High Courts over the subordinate judiciary, which might affect the judiciary&rsquo;s independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The insurmountable number of pending cases calls for establishment of a recruitment system that recruits efficient judges in large numbers for speedy dispensation of cases. However, before AIJS gets into the legislative framework, there is a need to build consensus and take a decisive step towards the AIJS.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdfa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The establishment of All India Judicial Service is a positive step but faces many constitutional and legal hurdles. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8795,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Chief Minister',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Pushkar Singh Dhami</strong> was sworn in as the<strong> 11<sup>th</sup> Chief Minister (CM)</strong> of Uttarakhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He takes over the position just a few months ahead of Assembly polls, due early in 2022.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Appointment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 164 of the Constitution</strong> envisages that the <strong>Chief Minister shall be appointed by the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> governor. </a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>A leader of the party that has got the majority share of votes in the assembly elections,</strong> is appointed as the Chief Minister of the state.</li>
<li>The <strong>Governor is the nominal executive authority, </strong>but <strong>real executive authority rests with the Chief Minister.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>discretionary powers enjoyed by the governor reduces to some extent the power, authority,</strong> influence, prestige <strong>and role of the Chief Minister in the state administration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A person who is not a member of the state legislature can be appointed as Chief Minister for six months,</strong> within which time, he should be elected to the state legislature, failing which he ceases to be the Chief Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term of the CM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>term of the Chief Minister is not fixed</strong> and he <strong>holds office during the pleasure of the governor.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He <strong>cannot be dismissed by the governor as long as he enjoys the majority support in the legislative assembly.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>State Legislative Assembly can also remove him by passing a vote of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-confidence-resolution-against-rajya-sabha-deputy-chairman" target="_blank" rel="noopener">no-confidence</a></strong> against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers and Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>With Respect to Council of Ministers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>governor appoints only those persons as ministers</strong> who are recommended by the Chief Minister.</li>
<li>He <strong>allocates and reshuffles the portfolios among ministers.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>can bring about the collapse of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strength-of-com-in-madhya-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">council of ministers</a></strong> by resigning from office, since the Chief Minister is the head of the council of ministers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>With Respect to Governor: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Under Article 167 of the Constitution,</strong> the<strong> Chief Minister acts as a link between the Governor and state council of ministers.</strong></li>
<li>CM <strong>advises the Governor regarding the appointment of important officials</strong> like advocate general, chairman and members of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/public-service-commissions-union-and-state" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Public Service Commission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/state-election-commission-s-autonomy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Election Commission</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>With Respect to State Legislature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All the <strong>policies are announced by him on the floor of the house.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>recommends dissolution of legislative assembly</strong> to the Governor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is the <strong>chairman of the State Planning Board.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>acts as a vice-chairman of the concerned <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=zonal+council+drishti+ias&amp;oq=zonal+council+drish&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.5784j0j9&amp;client=ms-android-xiaomi&amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;ie=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">zonal council</a></strong> by rotation, holding office for a period of one year at a time.</li>
<li>He is <strong>a member of the Inter-State Council and the Governing Council of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a></strong>, both headed by the prime minister.</li>
<li>He is the <strong>chief spokesman of the state government.</strong></li>
<li>He is the<strong> crisis manager-in-chief</strong> at the political level during emergencies.</li>
<li>As a leader of the state, he <strong>meets various sections of the people and receives memoranda from them regarding their problems,</strong> and so on.</li>
<li>He is the <strong>political head of the services.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pushkar-singh-dhami-sworn-in-as-new-uttarakhand-cm/article35133303.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8781,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The source of the concept of<strong> Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> is the Spanish Constitution from which it came in the Irish Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of DPSP emerged from <strong>Article 45 of the Irish Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions: <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part IV</a></strong> of the Constitution of India <strong>(Article 36&ndash;51)</strong> contains the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 37</strong> of the Indian Constitution States about the <strong>application of the Directive Principles.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These principles aim at ensuring <strong>socioeconomic justice</strong> to the people and establishing India as a Welfare State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights Vs DPSP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the Fundamental Rights (FRs), the <strong>scope of DPSP is limitless</strong> and it protects the rights of a citizen and work at a <strong>macro level.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP consists of all the <strong>ideals which the State should follow</strong> and keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Directive Principles <strong>are affirmative directions</strong> on the other hand, Fundamental Rights are negative or prohibitive in nature because they put limitations on the State.</li>
<li>The DPSP is <strong>not enforceable by law;</strong> it is non-justiciable.</li>
<li>It is important to note that DPSP and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRs</strong></a> go hand in hand. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP is <strong>not subordinate to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FRs.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification of Principles:</strong> The Directive Principles are classified on the basis of their ideological source and objectives. These are Directives based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Socialist Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gandhian Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liberal and Intellectual Principles</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Socialist Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 38:</strong> The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order by<strong> ensuring social, economic and political justice</strong> and by <strong>minimising inequalities</strong> in income, status, facilities and opportunities</li>
<li><strong>Articles 39:</strong> The State shall in particular, direct its policies towards securing: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to an<strong> adequate means of livelihood</strong> to all the citizens.</li>
<li>The<strong> ownership and control of material resources</strong> shall be organised in a manner to serve the common good.</li>
<li>The State shall <strong>avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Equal pay for equal work</strong> for both men and women.</li>
<li>The protection of the strength and health of the workers.</li>
<li>Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 41:</strong> To secure the<strong> right to work, to education and to public assistance</strong> in cases of unemployment, <strong>old age, sickness and disability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 42:</strong> The State shall make provisions for <strong>securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>secure to all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> The State shall take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> To <strong>raise the level of nutrition</strong> and the <strong>standard of living</strong> of people and to improve public health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Gandhian Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 40:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> organise village panchayats</strong> as units of Self Government</li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>promote cottage industries</strong> on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43B:</strong> To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> The State shall<strong> promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people particularly that of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>other weaker sections.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> improve public health</strong> and prohibit consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.</li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch</strong></a> and draught cattle and to improve their breeds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Liberal-Intellectual Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 44:</strong> The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizen a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uniform-civil-code-2#:~:text=Article%2044%20of%20the%20Constitution,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uniform Civil Code</strong></a> through the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 45:</strong> To provide <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>early childhood care and education</strong></a> for all children until they complete the <strong>age of six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 48A:</strong> To protect and<strong> improve the environment</strong> and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 49:</strong> The State shall <strong>protect every <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monument</a></strong> or place of artistic or historic interest.</li>
<li><strong>Article 50:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> separate judiciary from the executive</strong> in the public services of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51:</strong> It declares that to <strong>establish international peace and security</strong> the State shall endeavour to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maintain just and honourable relations with the nations.</li>
<li>Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.</li>
<li>Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Amendments in DPSP:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2#:~:text=Forty%2DFourth%20Amendment%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=Restored%20the%20original%20term%20of,the%20Parliament%20and%20state%20legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1976</strong></a>: It introduced certain changes in the part-IV of the Constitution by adding new directives: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 39A:</strong> To provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>free legal aid</strong> </a>to the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> Participation of workers in management of Industries.K1M</li>
<li><strong>Article 48A:&nbsp;</strong>To protect and improve the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-constitution-day#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20(44th%20Amendment)%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20provided%20that,been%20declared%20a%20legal%20right." target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1978</a>:</strong> It inserted Section-2 to Article 38 which declares that; &ldquo;The State in particular shall strive to minimise economic inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities not amongst individuals but also amongst groups&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>eliminated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Property</a></strong> from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=The%2086th%20amendment%20to,children%20between%206%2D14%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2002</strong></a>: It changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21 A.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conflicts Between Fundamental Rights and DPSP: Associated Cases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Champakam Dorairajan v the State of Madras (1951): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india#:~:text=The%20State%20of%20Madras%20v,First%20amendment%20in%20the%20constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court ruled that in case of <strong>any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles, the former would prevail.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It declared that the Directive Principles have to conform to and run as subsidiary to the Fundamental Rights.</li>
<li>It also held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended by the Parliament by enacting constitutional amendment acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golaknath v the State of Punjab (1967): <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-123#:~:text=Golak%20Nath%20V%20State%20of,rights%20a%20%E2%80%9CTranscendental%20Position%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court declared that<strong> Fundamental Rights could not be amended by the Parliament</strong> even for implementation of Directive Principles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was contradictory to its own judgement in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=In%20the%20early%20years%20of,Sajjan%20Singh%20case%20(1965).&amp;text=This%20means%20Parliament%20had%20the,the%20constitution%20including%20Fundamental%20rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Shankari Parsad case&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kesavananda Bharati v the State of Kerala (1973): <a href="/printpdf/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case#:~:text=Key%20Points,owned%20property%20without%20government%20interference." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court overruled its Golak Nath (1967) verdict and declared that Parliament <strong>can amend any part of the Constitution</strong> but it <strong>cannot alter its &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the Right to Property (Article 31) was eliminated from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minerva Mills v the Union of India (1980): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court reiterated that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but it cannot change the &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo; of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementation of DPSP: Associated Acts and Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Reforms:</strong> Almost all the states have passed<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/land-reforms-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> land reform</strong></a> laws to bring changes in the agrarian society and to improve the conditions of the rural masses. These measures include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abolition of intermediaries</strong> like zamindars, jagirdars, inamdars, etc</li>
<li><strong>Tenancy reforms</strong> like security of tenure, fair rents, etc</li>
<li>Imposition of ceilings on land holdings</li>
<li><strong>Distribution of surplus land</strong> among the landless labourers</li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-142#:~:text=Cooperative%20farming%20to%20resolve%20the,and%20thus%20it%20costs%20less." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative farming</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Reforms:</strong> The following acts were enacted to protect the interests of the Labour section of the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Minimum Wages Act (1948), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-related-to-minimum-wage#:~:text=The%20Code%20on%20Wages%2C%202020,be%20fixed%20by%20state%20governments." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages, 2020</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-laws-diluted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Act%2C%20employment,as%20chemical%20plants%20and%20mines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act (1986)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Renamed as the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Child and Adolescent Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986</strong> </a>in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india#:~:text=and%20sexual%20slavery.-,Bonded%20Labour%20System%20(Abolition)%20Act%201976,the%20form%20of%20Vigilance%20Committees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining#:~:text=The%20Union%20Cabinet%20has%20approved,attract%20investment%20in%20coal%20mining.&amp;text=)%20Act%2C%202015.-,The%20Mines%20and%20Minerals%20(Development%20and%20Regulation)%20Act%2C%201957,mining%20leases%20for%20mining%20operations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india#:~:text=The%20Maternity%20Benefit%20Amendment%20Act%20increases%20women's%20leave%20entitlements%20from,more%20children%20get%20reduced%20entitlements." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maternity Benefit Act (1961)</strong></a> and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of women workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Panchayati Raj System:</strong> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotation-of-panchayat-seats-between-men-and-women#:~:text=The%2073rd%20Constitutional%20Amendment,it%20by%20the%20State%20Legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992</strong></a>, government fulfilled constitutional obligation stated in Article 40. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Three tier<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Panchayati Raj System&rsquo;</strong></a> was introduced at the Village, Block and District level in almost all parts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cottage Industries:</strong> To promote cottage industries as per <strong>Article 43,</strong> the government has established several Boards such as Village Industries Board, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All India Handicraft Board</strong></a>,<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Silk Board</a></strong>, Coir Board, etc., which provide essential help to cottage industries in finance and marketing.</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> Government has implemented provisions related to free and compulsory education as provided in <strong>Article 45.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-3#:~:text=Amendment%3A,functional%20items%20of%20the%20panchayats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment</strong> </a>and subsequently passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-education-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rights to Education Act 2009,</strong></a> Elementary Education has been accepted as Fundamental Right of each child between the 6 to 14 years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rural Area Development:</strong> Programmes such as the Community Development Programme (1952), <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Rural Development Programme</strong></a> (1978-79) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA-2006)</strong></a> were launched to raise the standard of living particularly in rural areas, as stated in the <strong>Article 47</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> Central Government sponsored schemes like <strong>Pradhan Mantri Gram Swasthya Yojana (PMGSY)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana#:~:text=National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM)%20was,the%20National%20Urban%20Health%20Mission.&amp;text=The%20National%20Health%20Mission%20seeks,to%201%2F1000%20live%20births" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)</strong></a> are being implemented to fulfill the social sector responsibility of the Indian State.</li>
<li><strong>Environment:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/wildlife-protection-act-wpa-1972#:~:text=Wildlife%20(Protection)%20Act%2C%201972,101%20National%20Parks%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=Forest%20Conservation%20Act%2C%201980%3A%20The,conserve%20biodiversity%20and%20save%20wildlife." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980</strong></a> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environment-protection-act-1986" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a> have been enacted to safeguard the wildlife and the forests respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water</strong> </a>and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-environment-day-1#:~:text=quality%20monitoring%20network.-,Air%20(Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981,control%20%26%20abatement%20of%20air%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Pollution</a> Control Acts</strong> have provided for the establishment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Heritage Preservation:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958)</strong></a> has been enacted to protect the monuments, places and objects of national importance.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8779,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Punjab Suba Movement',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC)</strong> commemorated the first entry of a police force inside the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Golden Temple</strong></a> on <strong>4<sup>th</sup> July, 1955</strong> during the <strong>Punjab Suba movement (Morcha).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>started in Punjab soon after Independence</strong>. Shiromani Akali Dal (Political Party) was leading the movement for a <strong>Punjabi speaking state.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>there was also opposition to this idea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those in favour of the demand used to raise the slogan <strong>Punjabi Suba Amar Rahe</strong> and those opposing the demand were raising slogans in favour of<strong> &lsquo;Maha-Punjab&rsquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was in April, 1955 that the government<strong> banned the slogans fearing law and order problems under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The demand for creation of Punjabi Suba <strong>automatically gave basis to the demand for having a separate state of Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand of the Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Punjabi speaking <strong>state which will have Punjabi speaking areas&rsquo; population.</strong></li>
<li>There should be <strong>no attempt to temper for increasing or decreasing its size artificially.</strong> The Punjabi speaking state <strong>will be under the Indian Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation of Punjab:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the passage of the <strong>Punjab Reorganization Act 1966</strong> (and in accordance with the earlier recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission), <strong>Haryana was separated from Punjab in 1966 to become the 17<sup>th</sup> state of India.</strong></li>
<li>And the erstwhile state of <strong>East Punjab was now divided into two states that is Haryana and Punjab.</strong></li>
<li>Some <strong>territory was also transferred to Himachal Pradesh</strong>, then a Union territory.</li>
<li>And the city of <strong>Chandigarh</strong> became a <strong>Union territory to serve as the provisional capital of both the Punjab and Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Creation of States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian constitution <strong>empowers the Union government to create new states out of existing states or two merge one state with another.</strong> This process is called <strong>reorganisation of the states.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The basis of reorganisation could be <strong>linguistic, religious, ethnic or administrative.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 3</strong></a> provides the following procedure:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Presidential reference</strong> is sent to the State Assembly.</li>
<li>After presidential reference, <strong>a resolution is tabled and passed in the Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>The Assembly has to pass a <strong>Bill creating the new State/States.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>separate Bill has to be ratified by Parliament.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #000000;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Advantages and Disadvantages of Creation of New States</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #fc0000;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #fc0000;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disadvantages</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Better management of economic resources</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Possibility of increase in the inter-State water, power, and boundary disputes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">More investment opportunities</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">The feeling of nationalism would diminish in the cries of regional autonomy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Faster economic growth</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Small states depend to a substantial extent on the central government for financial aid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">
<p>More people of the same small state and same province will have a say in their state affairs</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">
<p>Different statehood may lead to the hegemony of the dominant community</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Current Statehood Demands in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vidarbha:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It comprises the <strong>Amravati and Nagpur divisions of eastern Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delhi:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To gain the control of such substantive powers, Delhi government is aspiring for full statehood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harit Pradesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of agriculturally dominated districts of <strong>Western Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purvanchal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a geographic region of north-central India, which comprises the <strong>eastern end of Uttar Pradesh state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bodoland:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bodos are the largest ethnic and linguistic community in <strong>northern Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saurashtra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kathiawar Peninsula, also called Saurashtra Peninsula, peninsula in <strong>southwestern Gujarat state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gorkhaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a proposed state covering areas inhabited by the ethnic Gorkha (Nepali) people, namely <strong>Darjeeling hills and Dooars in the northern part of West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-led-to-the-1955-police-action-at-golden-temple-7388367/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8750,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '‘Union’ or ‘Central’ Government',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term <strong>&lsquo;Central government&rsquo;</strong> in its official communications and<strong> replace it with &lsquo;Union government&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In common parlance, the terms &ldquo;union government&rdquo; and &ldquo;central government&rdquo; are used interchangeably in India. However, the Constituent Assembly did not use the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in all of its 395 Articles in 22 Parts and eight Schedules in the original Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Intent of Constituent Assembly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 1(1) of the Constitution of India </strong>says<strong> &ldquo;India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>On 13<sup>th</sup> December, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the aims and objectives of the Constituent Assembly by resolving that <strong>India shall be a Union of territories willing to join the &ldquo;Independent Sovereign Republic&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The emphasis was on the <strong>consolidation and confluence</strong> of various provinces and territories to form a strong united country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While submitting the draft Constitution in 1948, <strong>Dr B R Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, had said</strong> that the committee had <strong>used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo; because:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>(a) the <strong>Indian federation was not the result of an agreement</strong> by the units, and</li>
<li>(b) the component <strong>units had no freedom to secede from the federation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The members of the Constituent Assembly were very cautious of <strong>not using the word&nbsp;</strong><strong>&lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the Constitution</strong> as they intended to<strong> keep away the tendency of centralising of powers in one unit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meaning of Union &amp; Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to constitution expert Subash Kashyap, from the point of the usage of the words, <strong>'centre' indicates a point in the middle of a circle,</strong> whereas<strong> 'Union' is the whole circle.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India, the <strong>relationship between the so-called 'Centre' and States,</strong> as per the Constitution, is actually <strong>a relationship between the whole and its parts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both the Union and the States are created by the Constitution, <strong>both derive their respective authority from the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The one is not subordinate to the other in its own field and the authority of one is to coordinate with that of the other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The judiciary is designed in the Constitution to ensure that the Supreme Court, the tallest court in the country, has no superintendence over the High Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction, not only over High Courts but also over other courts and tribunals, they are<strong> not declared to be subordinate</strong> to it.</li>
<li>In fact, the <strong>High Courts have wider powers to issue prerogative writs</strong> despite having the power of superintendence over the district and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In very common parlance, Union gives a sense of Federal while centre gives more of a sense of unitary government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But practically both are the same in Indian political system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625134661_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625134661_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="628" height="263" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Associated Issues With the Term Central Government</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Discarded By Constituent Assembly:</strong> The word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; is not used in the Constitution; the makers of the Constitution specifically discarded it and instead used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Colonial Legacy:</strong> 'Centre' is a hangover from the colonial period because the bureaucracy in the Secretariat, New Delhi who are used to using the word &lsquo;Central Laws,&rsquo; &lsquo;Central legislature,&rsquo; etc, and so everyone else, including the media, started using the word.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Idea of Federalism:</strong> India is a federal government. The power to govern is divided between a government for the whole country, which is responsible for subjects of common national interest, and the states, which look after the detailed day-to-day governing of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Subash Kashyap, using the term<strong> &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;central government&rsquo; would mean state governments are subservient to it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> federal nature of the Constitution is its basic feature</strong> and cannot be altered, thus, the stakeholders wielding power intend to protect the federal feature of our Constitution.</li>
<li>A diverse and large country like India requires a <strong>proper balance between the pillars of federalism,</strong> i.e.<strong> autonomy of states, national integration, centralisation, decentralisation, nationalisation, and regionalisation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extreme political centralisation or chaotic political decentralisation can both lead to the weakening of Indian federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The satisfactory and lasting solution of the vexed problem is to be found<strong> not in the statute-book but in the conscience of men in power.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-union-or-central-govt-in-tamil-nadu-political-tussle-over-words-and-their-meaning-7383487/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8727,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Attorney General of India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has <strong>extended the term of K.K. Venugopal as Attorney General (AG) for one more year.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>second time the Centre has extended his tenure.</strong> Venugopal received his first extension of term in 2020.</li>
<li>Venugopal was appointed the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> AG of India in 2017.</strong> He succeeded Mukul Rohatgi who was AG from 2014-2017.</li>
<li>He would be in command of the <strong>government&rsquo;s legal defence in several sensitive cases</strong> pending in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a>, which includes the challenge to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> abrogation</strong> <strong>of Article 370</strong></a> of the Constitution and the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Citizenship Amendment Act</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Attorney General (AG) of India is <strong>a part of the Union Executive.</strong> AG is the <strong>highest law officer in the country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 76 of the Constitution</strong> provides for the office of AG of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment and Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AG is <strong>appointed by the President</strong> on the advice of the government.</li>
<li>S/he must be a person who is <strong>qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court</strong>, i.e. s/he must be a citizen of India and must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term of the Office:</strong> Not fixed by the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Removal:</strong> Procedures and grounds for the removal of AG are not stated in the Constitution. S/he holds office during the pleasure of the President (may be removed by the President at any time).</li>
<li><strong>Duties and Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> give advice to the Government of India (GoI)</strong> upon such legal matters, which are referred to her/him by the President.</li>
<li>To perform such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to her/him by the President.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>appear on behalf of the GoI in all cases in the Supreme Court</strong> or in any case in any High Court in which the GoI is concerned.</li>
<li>To <strong>represent the GoI in any reference made</strong> by the President to the Supreme Court<strong> under Article 143</strong> (Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court) of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To discharge the functions conferred on her/him by the Constitution or any other law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights and Limitations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>S/he has the <strong>right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of Parliament</strong> or their joint sitting and any committee of the Parliament of which s/he may be named a member, but<strong> without a right to vote.</strong></li>
<li>S/he <strong>enjoys all the privileges and immunities</strong> that are available to a member of Parliament.</li>
<li>S/he does <strong>not fall in the category of government servants.</strong> S/he is not <strong>debarred from private legal practice.</strong></li>
<li>However, s/he<strong> should not advise or hold a brief against the GoI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitor General of India assist the AG</strong> in fulfillment of the official responsibilities.</li>
<li><strong>Corresponding Office in the States:</strong> Advocate General (Article 165).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tenure-of-attorney-general-kk-venugopal-extended-by-a-year/article35012456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8702,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Right To Be Forgotten',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<strong> <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-fine-line-that-separates-judicial-transparency-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten-101624521826341.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The fine line that separates judicial transparency and the right to be forgotten&rdquo;</a></strong> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 24/06/2021. It talks about the issues involved with the right to be forgotten.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Delhi high court has granted relief to a petitioner seeking to exercise <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;right to be forgotten</strong></a> (RTBF). The petitioner, who was earlier acquitted in a narcotics case, had come before the high court praying for the removal of the judgment of his acquittal from online platforms.</p>
<p>The court&rsquo;s order assumes significance by removing it from online platforms to protect an individual&rsquo;s right to privacy and the need to balance it with the right to information of the public and maintenance of transparency in judicial records.</p>
<h3>The Right To Be Forgotten</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; is the right to have publicly available personal information removed from the internet, search, databases, websites or any other public platforms, once the personal information in question is no longer necessary, or relevant.</li>
<li>RTBF gained currency after the 2014 decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (&ldquo;CJEU&rdquo;) in the Google Spain case.</li>
<li>RTBF has been recognised as a statutory right in the European Union under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong></a>, and has been upheld by a number of courts in the United Kingdom, and in Europe.</li>
<li>In India, there is no law that specifically provides for the right to be forgotten. However, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a> recognised this right.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Google Spain Case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this case, the CJEU ruled in favour of a Spanish national who had requested Google to remove two links to newspaper articles about him.</li>
<li>It held that personal information found to be inadequate, irrelevant, or excessive in relation to the purposes of the processing should be erased, even if it was published lawfully.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>RTBF in India &amp; Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, RTBF doesn&rsquo;t have legislative sanction yet. However, in the Puttaswamy judgment, the Supreme court held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right.</li>
<li>In the Puttaswamy judgment, the Supreme Court observed that the &ldquo;right of an individual to exercise control over his personal data and to be able to control his/her own life would also encompass his right to control his existence on the Internet&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Currently, many High courts have expressly recognised the right to be forgotten in their judgments, taking note of international jurisprudence on this right.</li>
<li>With deeper integration of technology and the digitisation of data, a simple Google search can yield a plethora of information about an individual, which may hurt a person's reputation &amp; dignity guaranteed under Article 21 of the constitution.</li>
<li>At a time when the judiciary is entering Phase III of its ambitious eCourts project, rights such as RTBF will have to be coded into any technology solution that is developed for judicial data storage and management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated With Right to Be Forgotten</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal Challenge:</strong> Right to be forgotten may get into conflict with matters involving public records. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, judgments have always been treated as public records and fall within the definition of a public document according to Section 74 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.</li>
<li>According to a report by Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, RTBF cannot be extended to official public records, especially judicial records as that would undermine public faith in the judicial system in the long run.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information in the Public Domain is Like Toothpaste:</strong> Like once toothpaste is out of the tube one can&rsquo;t get it back in and once the information is in the public domain, in the digital era, it will never go away.</li>
<li><strong>Individual vs Society:</strong> Right to be forgotten creates a dilemma between the right to privacy of individuals and the right to information of society and freedom of press.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Making Privacy as Reasonable Restriction:</strong> In order to implement the right to be forgotten, privacy needs to be added as a ground for reasonable restriction under Article 19 (2) by a major amendment to the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Balancing Privacy &amp; Information:</strong> There is need for development of framework, the right to be forgotten can be restricted. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;</li>
<li>Compliance with legal obligations;</li>
<li>The performance of a task carried out in public interest, or public health;</li>
<li>Archiving purposes in the public interest;</li>
<li>Scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes; or</li>
<li>The establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Given that the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 is already tabled in parliament, there needs to be a comprehensive debate. So as to minimize the conflict between the two fundamental rights that form the crucial part of the golden trinity (Art. 14,19 and 21) of the Indian constitution.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Striking the right balance between right to privacy of individuals and right to information of society, will be key to the development of Right to be Forgotten India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8692,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Union vs. Centre',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-union-government-has-a-unifying-effect/article34938894.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; has a unifying effect&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 22/06/2021. It talks about the recent difference between the Union Government and Central Government terminology.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in its official communications and replace it with &lsquo;Union government&rsquo;.</p>
<p>After going through the 395 Articles in 22 Parts and eight Schedules in the original Constitution, it can be stated that the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; is nowhere used.</p>
<p>Even though there is no reference to the &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the original Constitution, the General Clauses Act, 1897 gives a definition for it.</p>
<p>Therefore, the real question is whether such definition for &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; is constitutional as the Constitution itself does not approve of centralising power.</p>
<h3>Origin: Union Government &amp; Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the British rule, the administration that the governor general ran was often described as the &ldquo;Central Government&rdquo; .<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1919, for example, when a new Government of India Act passed by Britain&rsquo;s parliament introduced a rudimentary form of self-government and federalism in India, powers were split between &ldquo;central&rdquo; and &ldquo;provincial&rdquo; subjects</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The modern term &ldquo;Union&rdquo; was first officially used in 1946 by the Cabinet Mission Plan, a British scheme to keep India united after transfer of power.</li>
<li>Many members of the Constituent Assembly were of the opinion that the principles of the British Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) be adopted.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cabinet mission contemplated a Central government with very limited powers whereas the provinces had substantial autonomy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the Partition and the violence of 1947 in Kashmir forced the Constituent Assembly to revise its approach and it was resolved in favour of a strong Centre.</li>
<li>Due to this, the possibility of the secession of States from the Union weighed on the minds of the drafters of the Constitution and ensured that the Indian Union was &ldquo;indestructible&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Thus, Article 1 of Indian constitution states that &ldquo;India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference Between Union &amp; Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to constitution expert Subash Kashyap, from the point of the usage of the words, 'centre' indicates a point in the middle of a circle, whereas 'Union' is the whole circle.</li>
<li>In India, the relationship between the so-called 'Centre' and States, as per the Constitution, is actually a relationship between the whole and its parts.</li>
<li>The sharing of powers between the Union and the States is not restricted to the executive organ of the government, it extends to other organs of government also.</li>
<li>For instance, the judiciary is designed in the Constitution to ensure that the Supreme Court, the tallest court in the country, has no superintendence over the High Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction &mdash; not only over High Courts but also over other courts and tribunals &mdash; they are not declared to be subordinate to it.</li>
<li>In fact, the High Courts have wider powers to issue prerogative writs despite having the power of superintendence over the district and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliament and Assemblies identify their boundaries and are circumspect to not cross their boundaries when it comes to the subject matter on which laws are made.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues With the Term Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discarded By Constituent Assembly:</strong> The word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; is not used in the Constitution; the makers of the Constitution specifically discarded it and instead used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BR Ambedkar clarified that &ldquo;Both the Union and the States are created by the Constitution, both derive their respective authority from the Constitution.</li>
<li>According to him, the one is not subordinate to the other in its own field and the authority of one is to coordinate with that of the other&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Colonial Legacy:</strong> 'Centre' is a hangover from the colonial period because the bureaucracy in the the Secretariat, New Delhi), who are used to using the word &lsquo;Central Laws,&rsquo; &lsquo;Central legislature,&rsquo; etc, and so everyone else, including the media, started using the word.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Idea of Federalism:</strong> India is a federal government. The power to govern is divided between a government for the whole country, which is responsible for subjects of common national interest, and the states, which look after the detailed day-to-day governing of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to Subash Kashyap, using the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;central government&rsquo; would mean state governments are subservient to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The members of the Constituent Assembly were very cautious of not using the word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the Constitution as they intended to keep away the tendency of centralising of powers in one unit. The &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; or the &lsquo;Government of India&rsquo; has a unifying effect as the message sought to be given is that the government is of all.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf7ff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The term &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; has a unifying effect&rdquo;. In light of this statement, analyze the difference between the terms Union government and central government.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8691,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Electoral Trust Scheme, 2013',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time, an <strong>electoral trust (under Electoral Trust Scheme, 2013) has declared</strong> donation through <strong>electoral bonds</strong> and hasn&rsquo;t revealed the names of the political parties that received the money, citing anonymity guaranteed under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electoral-bonds-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electoral bond scheme.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR),</strong> this &ldquo;practice is against the spirit of the<strong> Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013</strong> and <strong>the Income Tax Rules, 1962</strong> which make it mandatory for trusts to furnish each and every detail about the donor contributing to the trust.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If Electoral trusts start adopting this precedent of donating through bonds, it will be a complete situation of <strong>unfair practices</strong> i.e. total anonymity, unchecked and unlimited funding, free flow of black money circulation, corruption, foreign funding, corporate donations and related conflict of interest etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Electoral Trust Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Electoral Trust is a <strong>non-profit organization</strong> formed in India for orderly receiving of the contributions from any person.</li>
<li>Electoral Trusts are relatively <strong>new in India</strong> and are part of the ever-growing electoral restructurings in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013</strong> was notified by the <strong>Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions related to the electoral trust are under <strong>Income-tax Act, 1961 </strong>and<strong> Income tax rules-1962.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It lays down a procedure for grant of approval to an electoral trust which will<strong> receive voluntary contributions and distribute the same to the political parties.</strong></li>
<li>A political party registered under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/the-representation-of-the-people-act-part-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951</strong></a> shall be an<strong> eligible political party</strong> and an electoral trust shall distribute funds only to the eligible political parties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criteria for Approval of Trusts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An electoral trust shall be considered for approval if it fulfills following conditions, namely:-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The company registered for the purposes of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers#:~:text=Section%2025%20of%20the%20Companies%20Act%2C%201956%20provides%20an%20alternative,a%20Society%20for%20the%20purpose." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.</strong></a></li>
<li>The object of the electoral trust shall not be to earn any profit or pass any direct or indirect benefit to its members or contributors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contributions to Electoral Trusts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Receive Voluntary Contributions From:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An individual who is a citizen of India;</li>
<li>A company which is registered in India; and</li>
<li>A firm or Hindu undivided family or an Association of persons or a body of individuals, resident in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shall not accept contributions From-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An individual who is <strong>not a citizen of India.</strong></li>
<li>Any <strong>other electoral trust</strong> which has been registered as a company under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956</strong></a> and approved as an electoral trust under the Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013;</li>
<li>A<strong> Government company</strong> as defined in section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013.</li>
<li>A <strong>foreign source</strong> as defined in section 2 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulations-on-fcra-contributions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An electoral trust can accept contributions only by cheque, demand draft or account transfer to the bank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Points:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The electoral trust may <strong>spend up to 5%</strong> of the total contributions received in a year subject to an aggregate limit of Rs. 5 Lakh in the first year of incorporation and Rs. 3 Lakh in subsequent years.</li>
<li>The trust obtains a receipt from the eligible political party indicating the name of the political party, its permanent account number etc.</li>
<li>The trust shall<strong> keep and maintain such books of account</strong> and other documents in respect of its receipts, distributions and expenditure.</li>
<li>The trust shall also <strong>maintain a list of persons from whom contributions</strong> have been received and to whom the same have been distributed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Electoral Trusts are designed to bring in <strong>more transparency</strong> in the funds provided by corporate entities to the political parties for their election related expenses.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission</strong></a> had also circulated <strong>guidelines for submission of contribution reports</strong> of electoral trusts to <strong>submit an annual report containing details of contributions</strong> received by the electoral trusts and disbursed by them to political parties in the interest of transparency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Electoral Bond</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Electoral Bond is a financial instrument for making donations to <strong>political parties.</strong></li>
<li>The bonds are <strong>issued in multiples</strong> of Rs. 1,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 1 lakh, Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore<strong> without any maximum limit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Bank of India</strong> is authorised to issue and encash these bonds, which are<strong> valid for fifteen days from the date of issuance.</strong></li>
<li>These bonds are <strong>redeemable in the designated account of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-national-party-from-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener">registered political party.</a></strong></li>
<li>The bonds are available for purchase by <strong>any person (who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India)</strong> for a period of ten days each in the months of January, April, July and October as may be specified by the Central Government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A person being an individual can buy bonds, either<strong> singly or jointly</strong> with other individuals.</li>
<li>Donor&rsquo;s name is <strong>not mentioned</strong> on the bond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-got-76-of-donations-to-parties-by-electoral-trusts-adr/article34923322.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8680,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recusal of Judges',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, two <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> judges have <strong>recused</strong> themselves from hearing cases relating to West Bengal.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recusal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> act of abstaining from participation in an official action</strong> such as a legal proceeding <strong>due to a conflict of interest of the presiding court official or administrative officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Recusal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When there is a <strong>conflict of interest,</strong> a judge can withdraw from hearing a case<strong> to prevent creating a perception that he carried a bias</strong> while deciding the case.</li>
<li>The<strong> conflict of interest can be in many ways</strong> such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Having a<strong> prior or personal association</strong> with a party involved in the case.</li>
<li><strong>Appeared for one of the parties</strong> involved in a case.</li>
<li>Ex parte <strong>communications with lawyers</strong> or non-lawyers.</li>
<li>An appeal is filed in the SC against a<strong> judgement of a High Court (HC) that may have been delivered by the SC judge</strong> when he was in the HC.</li>
<li>In a <strong>matter of a company in which he holds shares</strong> unless he has disclosed his interest and there is no objection to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The practice stems from the <strong>cardinal principle of due process of law that nobody can be a judge in her own case.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any<strong> interest or conflict of interest would be a ground to withdraw</strong> from a case since a judge has a duty to act fair.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision &amp; Process of Recusal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision to recuse <strong>generally comes from the judge himself</strong> as it rests on the conscience and discretion of the judge to disclose any potential conflict of interest. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some judges<strong> orally convey to the lawyers involved in the case their reasons for recusal,</strong> many do not. <strong>Some explain the reasons</strong> in their order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In some circumstances,<strong> lawyers or parties in the case bring it up before the judge.</strong> Once a <strong>request is made for recusal,</strong> the <strong>decision to recuse or not rests with the judge.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While <strong>there are some instances where judges have recused even if they do not see a conflict</strong> but only because such an apprehension was cast, there have also been several cases where<strong> judges have refused to withdraw from a case.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If a judge recuses, <strong>the case is listed before the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Justice</a> for allotment to a fresh Bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rule for Recusal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> no formal rules governing recusals,</strong> although several SC judgments have dealt with the issue.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In<em><strong> Ranjit Thakur v Union of India (1987),</strong></em> the SC held that the test of the likelihood of bias is the reasonableness of the apprehension in the mind of the party.</li>
<li>The judge <strong>needs to look at the mind of the party before him,</strong> and decide that he is biased or not.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undermining Judicial Independence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It allows litigants to cherry-pick a bench of their choice, which <strong>impairs judicial fairness.</strong></li>
<li>Also, the purpose of recusal in these cases <strong>undermines both independence and impartiality of the judges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different Interpretations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As there are <strong>no rules to determine when the judges could recuse themselves</strong> in these cases, there are different interpretations of the same situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delays the Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some requests for recusal are made with the<strong> intent to intimidate the court or to get better of an 'inconvenient' judge</strong> or to <strong>obfuscate the issues</strong> or to cause obstruction and <strong>delay the proceedings</strong> or in any other way frustrate or obstruct the course of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recusals should not be used as <strong>a tool to manoeuvre justice,</strong> as a means to pick benches of a party&rsquo;s choice, and <strong>as an instrument to evade judicial work.</strong></li>
<li>Judicial officers <strong>must resist all manner of pressure, regardless of where it comes</strong> <strong>from</strong> and if they deviate, <strong>the independence of the judiciary would be undermined,</strong> and in turn, the Constitution itself.</li>
<li>Therefore a <strong>rule that determines the procedure for recusal</strong> on part of judges should be made at the earliest.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-judges-recuse-from-cases-and-why-7371106/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8665,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the delimitation exercise has started in Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The completion of the delimitation exercise will<strong> mark the political process in the Union Territory (UT)</strong> that has been<strong> under Centre&rsquo;s rule since June 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624356589_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624356589_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="634" height="476" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delimitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Delimitation is the<strong> act of fixing or redrawing the limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies</strong> (Assembly or Lok Sabha seat) in a country or a province having a legislative body, as per the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission.</strong></a></li>
<li>The delimitation exercise is <strong>carried out by an independent high-powered panel known as&nbsp;</strong><strong>the Delimitation Commission</strong> whose orders have the force of law and cannot be questioned by any court.</li>
<li>The exercise has been carried out over the years<strong> to redefine the area of a constituency-based on its population size (based on the last <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a>).</strong></li>
<li>Aside from changing the limits of a constituency, the process <strong>may result in change in the number of seats in a state.</strong></li>
<li>This exercise also<strong> involves reservation of Assembly seats for Scheduled Castes</strong> (SCs) and <strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong> (STs) in accordance with the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The key aim is<strong> to have equal representation to equal segments of the population</strong> in order to ensure a fair division of geographical areas so that all political parties or candidates contesting elections have a level playing field in terms of a number of voters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Basis for Delimitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 82,</strong> the Parliament enacts a <strong>Delimitation Act</strong> after every Census.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 170,</strong> States also get divided <strong>into territorial constituencies</strong> as per Delimitation Act after every Census.</li>
<li>Once the<strong> Act is in force,</strong> the Union government sets up a <strong>Delimitation Commission.</strong></li>
<li>However, the<strong> first delimitation exercise </strong>was <strong>carried out by the President (with the help of the Election Commission) in 1950-51.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Delimitation Commission Act</strong> was enacted in 1952.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Delimitation Commissions <strong>have been set up four times</strong> &mdash; 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There was <strong>no delimitation after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delimitation Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Delimitation Commission is <strong>appointed by the President of India </strong>and<strong> works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Retired Supreme Court judge</li>
<li>Chief Election Commissioner</li>
<li>Respective State Election Commissioners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The delimitation exercise in J&amp;K in the past<strong> has been slightly different</strong> from those in the rest of the country because of the <strong>region's special status.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>delimitation of Lok Sabha seats</strong> was then governed by the <strong>Indian Constitution</strong> in J&amp;K, but the <strong>delimitation of Assembly seats</strong> was governed separately by the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Constitution and Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People Act, 1957.</strong></li>
<li>However, Jammu and Kashmir lost its special status and was <strong>divided into two Union Territories (J&amp;K and Ladakh) </strong>after the<strong> abrogation of its special status under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 370</a>, on 5<sup>th</sup> August, 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Following this, <strong>a special delimitation commission</strong> was constituted on<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> March, 2020</strong> to carve out Assembly and Parliament seats in the UT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with Delimitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>States that take little interest in population control could end up with a greater number of seats</strong> in Parliament. The southern states that promoted family planning faced the possibility of having their seats reduced.</li>
<li>In 2002-08, Delimitation was done based on the 2001 census, but the total number of seats in the Assemblies and Parliament decided as per the 1971 Census was not changed.</li>
<li>The Constitution has also <strong>capped the number of Lok Shaba &amp; Rajya Sabha seats to a maximum of 550 &amp; 250 respectively</strong> and increasing populations are being represented by a single representative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delimitation-in-jk-how-why-pm-modi-jammu-kashmir-leaders-meeting-special-status-7369580/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8644,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Petition to Poll Results',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the West Bengal Chief Minister has filed <strong>an election petition</strong> in the Calcutta High Court challenging the <strong>Assembly election result</strong> of Nandigram constituency.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Election Petition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Election Commission</a>&rsquo;s role ends with the declaration of results</strong>, after that, an <strong>election petition is the only legal remedy</strong> available to a voter or a candidate who believes there has been malpractice in an election.</li>
<li>Such a person <strong>can challenge the result through an election petition submitted to the High Court</strong> of the state in which the constituency is located.</li>
<li>Such a petition <strong>has to be filed within 45 days from the date of the poll results;</strong> nothing is entertained by courts after that.</li>
<li>Although the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/the-representation-of-the-people-act-part-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Representative of the People Act (RP Act) of 1951</strong></a> suggests that the High Court should try to conclude the trial within six months, it usually drags on for much longer, even years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grounds on which Election Petition be Filed (Section 100 of the RP Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On the day of the election, the <strong>winning candidate was not qualified</strong> to contest.</li>
<li>The winning candidate, his poll agent or any other person with the consent of the <strong>winning candidate has indulged in a corrupt practice.</strong></li>
<li>Improper acceptance of the nomination of the winning candidate or <strong>improper rejection</strong> of a nomination.</li>
<li><strong>Malpractice in the counting process</strong>, which includes improper reception, refusal or rejection of any vote, or the reception of any vote which is void.</li>
<li><strong>Non-compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or the RP Act</strong> or any rules or orders made under the RP Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>If Verdict is in favour of the Petitioner (Section 84 of the RP Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The petitioner may ask that the <strong>results of all or the winning candidates may be declared void.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to that, the <strong>petitioner may also ask the court to declare her</strong> (in case the petition is filed by a candidate) or any other candidate as the winner or duly elected.</li>
<li>So the verdict on an election petition, if found in favour of the petitioner, <strong>may result in a fresh election or the court announcing a new winner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Election Results Declared Void:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most famous being the <strong>Allahabad High Court verdict of 1975</strong> which set aside <strong>Indira Gandhi&rsquo;s election</strong> from Rae Bareli constituency, four years earlier, on grounds of corrupt practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Provisions under RP Act 1951</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>regulates the actual conduct</strong> of elections and by-elections.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>administrative machinery</strong> for conducting elections.</li>
<li>It deals with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/registered-unrecognised-political-parties-increased-adr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">registration of political parties</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 123 of the RP Act</strong> has a detailed list of what amounts to corrupt practice, including <strong>bribery, use of force or coercion, appeal to vote or refrain from voting</strong> on grounds of religion, race, community, and language.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It<strong> specifies the qualifications and disqualifications</strong> for membership of the Houses.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>provisions to curb corrupt practices</strong> and other offences.</li>
<li>It lays down the <strong>procedure for settling doubts and disputes</strong> arising out of elections.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assembly-election-result-challenged-calcutta-hc-nandigram-constituency-7365499/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8634,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Controversial Role of Governors',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the West Bengal Chief Minister described the <strong>Governor</strong> of the state as the <strong>central government&rsquo;s own person.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chief Minister, including several MPs, have written to the President of India demanding the withdrawal of the Governor.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions Related to Governor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 153</strong> says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as <strong>Governor for two or more States.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A Governor is <strong>appointed by the President</strong> and is <strong>a nominee of the Central Government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is stated that the <strong>Governor has a dual role.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is the <strong>constitutional head of the state</strong>, bound by the advice of his council of ministers (CoM).</li>
<li>He functions as a <strong>vital link</strong> between the Union Government and the State Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Articles 157 and 158</strong> specify <strong>eligibility requirements</strong> for the post of governor.</li>
<li>Governor has the <strong>power to grant <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governor-s-delay-on-mercy-petition#:~:text=Article%20161%3A%20The%20Governor%20of,power%20of%20the%20State%20extends." target="_blank" rel="noopener">pardons</a>, reprieves</strong>, etc. <strong>(Article 161).</strong></li>
<li>There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, <strong>except some conditions for discretion.</strong> (Article 163)</li>
<li>Governor <strong>appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).</strong></li>
<li>Governor <strong>assents, withholds assent, or reserves</strong> the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly <strong>(Article 200).</strong></li>
<li>Governor may promulgate the <strong>Ordinances</strong> under certain circumstances <strong>(Article 213).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Controversies Related to Governor&rsquo;s Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abuse of Power by the Centre:</strong> There are numerous examples of the Governor&rsquo;s position being abused, usually <strong>at the behest of the ruling party at the Centre.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of appointment has generally been the cause behind it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biased Ideology:</strong> In several cases, politicians and former bureaucrats identifying with a particular political ideology have been appointed as the Governors by the central government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This <strong>goes against the constitutionally mandated neutral seat</strong> and has resulted in bias, as appears to have happened in Karnataka and Goa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Puppet Rulers:</strong> Recently, the Governor of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governors-power-to-summon-the-house" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajasthan</strong></a> has been charged with the <strong>violation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/model-code-of-conduct-ec" target="_blank" rel="noopener">model code of conduct</a>.</strong> His support of the central ruling party is <strong>against the spirit of non-partisanship</strong> that is expected from the person sitting on constitutional posts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to such incidents, negative terms like an <strong>agent of the Centre, Puppet and rubber stamps</strong> are used to describe a governor of the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Favouring a Particular Political Party:</strong> Governor&rsquo;s discretionary powers to invite the leader of the largest party/alliance, post-election, to form the government has often been misused to favour a particular political party.</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Power:</strong> A Governor's recommendation for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-puducherry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President's Rule</strong> </a>(Article 356) in a state has not always been based on 'objective material', but on political whim or fancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>On Appointment and Removal of Governor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>"Punchhi commission - 2010"</strong> recommended that there should be a provision for the <strong>impeachment of the governor by the state legislature.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>state chief minister should have a say in the governor&rsquo;s appointment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On the Use of Article 356:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>"Punchhi commission - 2010"</strong> recommended that <strong>Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Sarkaria Commission (1988)</strong> recommended that <strong>Article 356 should be used in very rare cases</strong> when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recommendations</strong></a> have also been given by the <strong>Administrative Reforms Commission (1968), Rajamannar Committee (1971) and Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Dismissal of State Government under Article 356:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>S.R. Bommai Judgment (1994):</strong> The case put an end to the <strong>arbitrary dismissal of State governments by a hostile Central government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The verdict ruled that the floor of the Assembly is the only forum that should test the majority of the government of the day, and not the subjective opinion of the Governor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Discretionary Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court in the <strong>Nabam Rebia judgment (2016)</strong> ruled that the exercise of <strong>Governor&rsquo;s discretion Article 163 is limited</strong> and his choice of action should not be arbitrary or fanciful.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Governor&rsquo;s Discretion Should Be Only Her Discretion:</strong> For the smooth functioning of government, it is equally essential that the governor must act judiciously, impartially and efficiently while exercising his discretion and personal judgment.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of Federalism:</strong> In order to check misuse of the office of governor, there is a need to strengthen federal setup in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the Inter-State council and the role of Rajya Sabha as the chamber of federalism must be strengthened.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reform the Method of Appointment of Governor:</strong> The appointment can be made from a panel prepared by the state legislature and actual appointing authority should be the Inter-state Council, not the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Code of Conduct for Governor:</strong> This 'Code of Conduct' should lay down certain <strong>'norms and principles'</strong> which should guide the <strong>exercise of the governor's 'discretion' and his powers</strong> which he is entitled to use and exercise on his judgment.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/i-have-written-to-pm-thrice-to-withdraw-governor-mamata/article34843178.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8623,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'India’s Election Funding System',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/needed-full-disclosure-on-electoral-bonds/article34824570.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Needed: full disclosure on electoral bonds&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 16/06/2021. It talks about the issues associated with anonymous corporate funding and foreign money to political parties.</p>
</div>
<p>In a democracy, political power is in theory supposed to flow from popular or people&rsquo;s approval, as measured by results in elections. However, in practice, this system is often distorted by a number of factors, financial power being the most prominent of them.</p>
<p>This leads to the scenario, where the Political parties often shape policy not as per the desires of their voters but their funders.</p>
<p>Moreover, the government has brought many legal changes in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fcra-and-dissent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/companies-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act, 2013</strong></a>, which may increase the influence of anonymous corporate funding in the elections.</p>
<p>Further, the lack of transparency in political funding is a cause for concern and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/electoral-bonds-its-issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electoral bonds</strong></a> have made it worse. Unfortunately, these changes in India&rsquo;s election funding system creates more loopholes which allows moneyed interest groups to clandestinely influence political parties.</p>
<h3>Issues In India&rsquo;s Election Funding System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Electoral Bonds:</strong> In 2017, the introduction of electoral bonds brought a new form of anonymity to thousands of crores of donations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the electoral bond scheme, only the ruling party via the State Bank of India (SBI) has a full account of all donations being made via electoral bonds.</li>
<li>Parliament, the Election Commission and the Opposition parties do not have this information, nor do the public.</li>
<li>In effect, electoral bonds give political power to companies, wealthy individual donors, and foreign entities, thus diluting the universal franchise of one voter-one vote.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amendments in FCRA, 1976:</strong> In 2014, the Delhi High Court held that two national political parties were guilty of illegally accepting donations from two companies registered in India but whose controlling shareholder was a foreign company. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2016 and 2018, the government amended the FCRA through the annual Finance Bills, to retrospectively legalise the violations.</li>
<li>As per the amendment, earlier, foreign companies or companies where the controlling stake was held by a foreign company couldn&rsquo;t contribute; now they can.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India</strong></a>, this may allow unchecked foreign funding of political parties in India, which could lead to Indian policies being influenced by foreign companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amendments in Companies Act, 2013:</strong> The Finance Bill of 2017 amended <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-political-funding" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 182 of the Companies Act of 2013</strong></a> to remove the requirement for declaring disaggregated donations to political parties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, only profit-making domestic companies could contribute to political parties; now loss-making companies can too.</li>
<li>Further, the limit of 7.5% for corporate donations to political parties has been removed.</li>
<li>With this amendment corporations are free to donate any amount of money and are not liable to declare the recipient of their donations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nullifying RTI Effect:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005</strong></a> enables easier access to information held by public authorities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, above changes could in effect nullify the impact of transparency provisions even if political parties come under the Right to Information (RTI) umbrella.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transparency in Electoral Bonds:</strong> Even though the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of electoral bonds, it could order full and real-time disclosure, to the actual benefit of transparency and accountability.</li>
<li><strong>Moral Leadership:</strong> Companies and political parties could exercise moral leadership and voluntarily disclose the identity of recipients and donors, as the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha recently did.</li>
<li><strong>State Funding of Elections:</strong> In many advanced countries, elections are funded publicly. This ensures principles of parity and there is not too great a resource gap between the ruling party and the opposition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>2<sup>nd</sup> ARC, Dinesh Goswami committee, and several others have also recommended state funding of elections.</li>
<li>Further, until the elections do not get publicly funded, there can be caps or limits on financial contributions to political parties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transition Towards Civic Culture:</strong> India has been working well as a democracy for nearly 75 years. Now in order to make the government more accountable, the voters should become self-aware and reject candidates and parties that violate the principle of free and fair elections.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Every vote is not equally valuable if companies can influence policies through hidden donations. The winner of this arrangement is the ruling party, whether at the Centre or in a State, and the loser is the average voter.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffefa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Recent changes in India&rsquo;s election funding system creates more loopholes which allows moneyed interest groups to clandestinely influence political parties. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8581,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rengma Nagas Demand Autonomous District Council',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Rengma Naga Peoples&rsquo; Council (RNPC) or <strong>Rengma Nagas</strong> have <strong>demanded an <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/autonomous-district-councils" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Autonomous District Council (ADC)</a></strong> in <strong>Assam.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central and the State governments recently upgraded the <strong>Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC)</strong> and the <strong>North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council (NCHAC)</strong> to territorial councils like the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-bodo-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bodoland Territorial Council</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>'status of territorial council'</strong> will provide <strong>more autonomy and financial grant</strong> to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is alleged that the creation of these tribal councils deprived the Rengma Nagas, the &ldquo;legitimate owners&rdquo;, of the land. Both the <strong>KAAC</strong> and the <strong>NCHAC share boundaries with Nagaland.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623400344_pasted%20image 0 (4).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1623400344_pasted image 0 (4).png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Rengma Naga Tribe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Found in:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rengma is <strong>a Naga tribe</strong> found in <strong>Nagaland, Assam</strong> and <strong>Arunachal Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>first official recording of the Rengma Nagas staying in Assam&rsquo;s Karbi Hills (then known as Mikir Hills)</strong> was made in 1855 by Major John Butler, a British officer posted in the Northeastern region.</li>
<li>Butler recorded that the <strong>Rengmas in Karbi Anglong had migrated there from the Naga Hills in the early part of the 18<sup>th</sup> century</strong>, abandoned many of their tribal customs and married within the local communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Festival:</strong> The harvest festival of the Rengmas is called <strong>Ngada.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Autonomous District Council (ADC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong> </a>of the Constitution deals with the administration of the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tribal areas</strong> </a>in the four northeastern states of <strong>Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The special provision is <strong>provided under Article 244 (2) and Article 275</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The tribals have been given freedom to exercise legislative and executive powers through an <strong>autonomous regional council and ADCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition of Autonomous Councils:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each autonomous district and regional council <strong>consists of not more than 30 members</strong>, of which four are nominated by the governor and the rest via elections. All of them <strong>remain in power for a term of five years.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Council is an exception </strong>as it can<strong> constitute up to 46 members.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governor&rsquo;s Control:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Despite various degrees of autonomy, the 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule area <strong>does not fall outside the executive authority of the state concerned.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to organise and re-organise</strong> the autonomous districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Applicability of Central and State Laws:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Acts passed by Parliament </strong>and <strong>state legislatures</strong> may or may not be levied in these regions unless the <strong>President and the governor gives her or his approval</strong>, with or without modifications in the laws for the autonomous regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil and Criminal Judicial Powers:</strong> The Councils have also been endowed with wide civil and criminal judicial powers, for example <strong>establishing village courts </strong>etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the jurisdiction of these councils is subject to the jurisdiction of the concerned High Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Existing Autonomous Councils:</strong> The sixth schedule to the Constitution includes <strong>10 autonomous district councils in 4 states.</strong> These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> Bodoland Territorial Council, Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council and North Cachar Hills/Dima Hasao Autonomous Council.</li>
<li><strong>Meghalaya:</strong> Garo Hills Autonomous District Council, Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council and Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council.</li>
<li><strong>Tripura:</strong> Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.</li>
<li><strong>Mizoram:</strong> Chakma Autonomous District Council, Lai Autonomous District Council, Mara Autonomous District Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments of Rengma Naga Peoples&rsquo; Council (RNPC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rengmas</strong> were the <strong>first tribal people in Assam to have encountered the British in 1839.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But the existing <strong>Rengma Hills was eliminated from the political map of the State and replaced with that of Mikir Hills (now Karbi Anglong) in 1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Rengmas gave shelter to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/founder-of-ahom-kingdom-chaolung-sukapha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ahom</strong></a> refugees during the Burmese invasions of Assam in 1816 and 1819.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ahom are an ethnic group from the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Rengma Hills and Mikir Hills</strong> were <strong>two separate entities until 1951. </strong>The <strong>Rengma Hills was partitioned in 1963 between Assam and Nagaland.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Karbis have no history in the Rengma Hills.</li>
<li>At the time of creation of Nagaland State, the <strong>Karbis were known as Mikirs till 1976.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They were the <strong>indigeneous tribal people of Mikir Hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC)</strong> population is around 12 lakh and the Karbis constitute only 3 lakh, the remaining are non-Karbis, including the Rengma Nagas, whose population is around 22,000.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NSCN (I-M) Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-state-actors-in-nagaland" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Socialist Council of Nagaland or NSCN (Isak-Muivah)</strong> </a>has said that the Rengma issue was one of the important agendas of the &ldquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/issue-of-naga-insurgency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Naga political talks</strong></a>&rdquo; and no authority should go far enough to override their interests.</li>
<li>NSCN (IM) had signed a Naga Peace Accord with the Government of India in August 2015, but the final accord is yet to be finalised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the most contentious demands of the NSCN (IM) was the<strong> creation of a unified Naga homeland, called &lsquo;Greater Nagalim&rsquo;</strong> by integrating the Naga-inhabited areas of Assam, Manipur and Arunachal with Nagaland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rengma-nagas-demand-autonomous-district-council/article34763177.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8576,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Digital Justice Delivery',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-promise-and-perils-of-digital-justice-delivery/article34773168.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The promise and perils of digital justice delivery&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 10/06/2021. It talks about the intended benefits and issues pertaining to proposed Phase III of the e-courts project.</p>
</div>
<p>In popular perception, Indian courts are associated with long delays and difficulties for ordinary litigants. According to data released by the Supreme Court in June 2020, 3.27 crore cases are pending before Indian courts, of which 85,000 have been pending for over 30 years.</p>
<p>Technological interventions in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-courts</strong></a> are being established to address the issue of pendency and other problems.</p>
<p>However, technology can only be used to revolutionise India&rsquo;s courts when it operates within the constitutional framework of the fundamental rights of citizens. If not, technology can further exclusion, inequity and surveillance.</p>
<h3>The e-Courts Project: Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The e-Committee of the Supreme Court of India recently released its draft vision document for Phase III of the e-Courts project.</li>
<li>Phases I and II had dealt with digitisation of the judiciary, i.e., e-filing, tracking cases online, uploading judgments online, etc. This has helped in easing justice delivery procedures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, Phase II of the e-Courts project saw the development of the National Service and Tracking of Electronic Processes, a software that enabled e-service of summons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite some hiccups due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Supreme Court and High Courts have been able to function online.</li>
<li>Phase III of the e-Courts project, reaffirms its commitment to the digitisation of court processes, and plans to upgrade the electronic infrastructure of the lower judiciary and enable access to lawyers and litigants.</li>
<li>Most importantly, the Phase III proposes an &ldquo;ecosystem approach&rdquo; to justice delivery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ecosystem Approach: Intended Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seamless Exchange of Information:</strong> Through this data can be exchanged between various branches of the State, such as between the judiciary, the police and the prison systems through the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pilot-project-to-integrate-police-stations-and-courts#:~:text=The%20Inter%2Doperable%20Criminal%20Justice,criminal%20courts%20and%20police%20stations.&amp;text=Tracking%20court%20proceedings%20would%20become%20easier%20for%20investigating%20officers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Uniformity and Standardisation:</strong> Data aggregation under Phase III can be useful when it provides anonymous, aggregated, and statistical information about issues without identifying the individuals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could be made possible in Phase III by encouraging uniformity and standardisation of entry fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>360-Degree Profiling:</strong> Phase III envisages creating a 360-degree profile of each person by integrating all of their interactions with government agencies into a unified database.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Once any government department moves online, their pen-and-paper registers will become excel sheets, shareable with a single click.</li>
<li>Localised data will become centralised which can lead to great advancements in problem-solving.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ecosystem Approach: Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exacerbating Inequalities:</strong> It has been pointed out by organisations such as the Criminal Justice and Police Accountability Project that the ICJS will likely exacerbate existing class and caste inequalities that characterise the police and prison system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Instance, the exercise of criminal data creation happens at local police stations.</li>
<li>Local stations have historically contributed to the criminalisation of entire communities through colonial-era laws such as the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, by labelling such communities as &ldquo;habitual offenders&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Housing of Data With Home Ministry:</strong> This is of particular concern since the data collected, shared and collated through the e-Courts project will be housed within the Home Ministry under the ICJS.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While it is understandable why the courts could reasonably benefit from access to police and prison records, courts deal with a variety of matters, some of which may be purely civil, commercial or personal in nature.</li>
<li>There is no clear explanation offered for why the Home Ministry needs access to court data that may have absolutely no relation to criminal law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Privacy Issue:</strong> Data aggregation can not violate the privacy standards that it set in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Context,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)</strong></a>, especially since India does not yet have a data protection regime.</li>
<li><strong>Fear of Targeted Surveillance:</strong> 360-degree profiling of an individual has been perfected by social media platforms and technology companies for targeted advertisements.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the difference is that when technology companies do this, we get targeted advertising, but if the government does it, we get targeted surveillance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Since the Phase III vision document is a draft, there is still an opportunity to use technology in order to streamline judicial processes, reduce pendency, and help the litigants. However, this should be done within the framework of our <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental rights.</strong></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f2faed;">
<p><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></p>
<p>Technology plays an important role in streamlining the justice delivery system, but it cannot be an end in itself. Discuss the statement in the context of the proposed Phase III e-court project.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8561,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Rules for Live-Streaming Court Proceedings',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>has released the <strong>Draft Model Rules for Live-Streaming and Recording of Court Proceedings.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Rules are <strong>part of the National Policy and Action Plan for implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)</strong> in the judiciary.</li>
<li>The Rules would cover live-streaming and recording of proceedings in <strong>High Courts, lower courts and tribunals.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) launched an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based portal &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-portal-supace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SUPACE</strong></a>&rsquo; in the judicial system aimed at assisting judges with legal research.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court in <em><strong>Swapnil Tripathi v Supreme Court of India</strong></em> (2018) had <strong>ruled in favour of opening up the apex court through live-streaming.</strong></li>
<li>It held that the <strong>live streaming proceedings are part of the right to access justice under Article 21</strong> (Protection of Life and Personal Liberty) of the Constitution</li>
<li><strong>Gujarat High Court was the first high court to livestream court proceedings</strong> followed by Karnataka high court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft Rules:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Telecast of Proceedings: All proceedings</strong> in high courts can be telecast except for cases relating to <strong>matrimonial disputes, gender-based violence</strong>, those <strong>involving minors</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;cases, which</strong> in the opinion of the Bench, may provoke <strong>enmity amongst communities</strong> likely to result in a breach of law and order&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Deciding Authority:</strong> The <strong>final decision</strong> as to <strong>whether or not to allow the Live-streaming</strong> of the Proceedings or any portion thereof <strong>will be of the Bench</strong>, however, the decision of the Bench will be guided by the principle of an open and transparent judicial process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>decision of the Bench shall not be justiciable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allow Objections:</strong> The <strong>rules allow for objections to be filed against live streaming</strong> in specific cases at the stage of filing of the case or at a later stage.</li>
<li><strong>Record of Proceedings:</strong> The draft rules allow for <strong>archiving of court proceedings for six months.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>use of authorised recordings</strong> in their original form <strong>may be permitted by the court</strong>, inter-alia <strong>to disseminate news and for training, academic and educational purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Discussion amongst judges</strong>, notes made by judges during hearings or <strong>communication between the advocate and her client</strong> will neither be telecast live nor archived.</li>
<li>The rules also <strong>prohibit recording or sharing the telecast on media platforms</strong>, including social media and messaging platforms, unless authorised by the court.</li>
<li>Recordings will <strong>not be used for commercial, promotional purposes or advertising</strong> in any form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can make the <strong>justice delivery system affordable, transparent, speedy and accountable</strong> by limiting the paper filings.</li>
<li>It can be <strong>time saving</strong> and hence can <strong>reduce the backlog of pending cases</strong> and reduce the number of unscrupulous activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of technical manpower in courts</strong> and awareness amongst litigants, advocates and their acceptance to the system change.</li>
<li>A huge concern will be the <strong>cyber security threat.</strong></li>
<li>The live streaming of the Courts are <strong>susceptible to abuses.</strong> Thus, <strong>issues of privacy</strong> may arise.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure</strong>, especially the <strong>internet connectivity is also a big challenge</strong> in implementing the live proceedings of Courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>e-Courts Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The e-Courts project was conceptualized on the basis of the <strong>&ldquo;National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary &ndash; 2005&rdquo;</strong> submitted by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Committee</strong></a>, <strong>Supreme Court</strong> of India with a vision to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT enablement of Courts.</li>
<li>The e-Courts Mission Mode Project, <strong>is a Pan-India Project</strong>, monitored and funded by the Ministry of Law and Justice for the District Courts across the country.</li>
<li><strong>The project envisages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide efficient &amp; time-bound citizen-centric services delivery as detailed in e-Court Project Litigant's Charter.</li>
<li>To develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems in courts.</li>
<li>To automate the processes to provide transparency in the accessibility of information to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To enhance judicial productivity, both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively, to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable and transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for the <strong>deployment of a robust security system</strong> that provides secure access to case information for appropriate parties.</li>
<li>Further, the government <strong>needs to identify and develop the infrastructure</strong> that would be required to support the e-court project.</li>
<li>Solutions that will address the challenges such as inordinate delays in disposal of cases in courts, facilitating access to speedy resolution of commercial disputes by economic operators, making the justice system user friendly and affordable to all and improving the quality of legal aid services in the country would be imperative to drive the functioning of e-courts.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/no-proceedings-on-gender-violence-cases-that-may-cause-enmity-among-communities-sc-panel-releases-draft-livestreaming-rules-7348703/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8538,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'One Nation One Election',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-simultaneous-polls-is-an-idea-whose-time-has-come-7344586/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;One Nation, One Election&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 02/06/2021. It talks about the argument for and against the simultaneous elections.</p>
</div>
<p>As the elections in four states and one Union territory in March-April are suspected to have contributed to the second wave of Covid infections, a well-reasoned debate on a concept as important as &ldquo;one nation, one election&rdquo; is called for.</p>
<p>The concept needs to be debated mainly around five issues: Financial costs of conducting elections; cost of repeated administrative freezes; visible and invisible costs of repeatedly deploying security forces; campaign and finance costs of political parties; and the question of regional/smaller parties having a level playing field.</p>
<h3>Simultaneous Election: Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea has been around since at least 1983, when the Election Commission first mooted it. However, until 1967, simultaneous elections were the norm in India.</li>
<li>The first General Elections to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and all State Legislative Assemblies were held simultaneously in 1951-52.</li>
<li>That practice continued in three subsequent General Elections held in the years 1957, 1962 and 1967.</li>
<li>However, due to the premature dissolution of some Legislative Assemblies in 1968 and 1969, the cycle got disrupted.</li>
<li>In 1970, the Lok Sabha was itself dissolved prematurely and fresh elections were held in 1971. Thus, the First, Second and Third Lok Sabha enjoyed full five-year terms.</li>
<li>As a result of premature dissolutions and extension of terms of both the Lok Sabha and various State Legislative Assemblies, there have been separate elections to Lok Sabha and States Legislative Assemblies, and the cycle of simultaneous elections has been disturbed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments For Simultaneous Election</h3>
<p>A NITI Aayog paper says that the country has at least one election each year; actually, each state has an election every year, too. In that paper, NITI Aayog argued that multiple elections incurs many direct and indirect disadvantages</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incalculable Economic Costs of Elections:</strong> Directly budgeted costs are around Rs 300 crore for a state the size of Bihar. However, there are other financial costs, and incalculable economic costs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each election means government machinery misses out on their regular duties due to election duty and related work.</li>
<li>These costs of the millions of man-hours used are not charged to the election budget.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Paralysis:</strong> The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) also affects the government's functionary, as no new significant policy can be announced and executed after the elections are announced.</li>
<li><strong>Administrative Costs:</strong> There are also huge and visible costs of deploying security forces and transporting them, repeatedly. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A bigger invisible cost is paid by the nation in terms of diverting these forces from sensitive areas and in terms of the fatigue and illnesses that repeated cross-country deployments bring about.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against Simultaneous Elections</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federal Problem:</strong> Simultaneous elections are almost nearly impossible to implement, as it would mean arbitrarily curtailing or extending the term of existing legislatures to bring their election dates in line with the due date for the rest of the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such a measure would undermine democracy and federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Spirit of Democracy:</strong> Critics also say that forcing simultaneous elections is against democracy because trying to force an artificial cycle of elections and restricting the choice for voters is not correct.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Parties At Disadvantage:</strong> Regional parties are supposed to be at a disadvantage because in simultaneously held elections, voters are reportedly likely to predominantly vote one way, giving the dominant party at the Centre an advantage.</li>
<li><strong>Diminished Accountability:</strong> Having to face the electorate more than once every 5 years enhances the accountability of politicians and keeps them on their toes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>It is obvious That the Constitution and other laws would need to be amended for implementing simultaneous elections. However, it should be done in such a way that it doesn&rsquo;t hurt the basic tenets of democracy and federalism.</p>
<p>In this context, the Law Commission has suggested an alternative i.e. categorising states based on proximity to the next general election, and having one round of State Assembly polls with the next Lok Sabha election, and another round for the remaining States 30 months later. But there is still no guarantee that mid-term polls would not be needed.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
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<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Do simultaneous elections compromise democracy and federalism? Analyse.</p>
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