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Right to Sit

Why in News Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has tabled a bill to amend Tamil Nadu Shops and Establishments Act, 1947. The bill sought to add...

08 Sep 2021 Indian Constitution
Judicial Doctrines

Introduction Judicial Doctrine: A doctrine is a principle, theory, or position that is usually applied and upheld by courts of law. In...

30 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Right to Privacy & Right to be Forgotten

Why in News A case was filed by an actor in the Delhi High Court, pleading to remove the videos that were uploaded on the online platforms, without...

27 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Criterion for Deciding Creamy Layer

Why in News The Supreme Court of India recently held that the economic criterion cannot be the sole basis for deciding the creamy layer from among...

27 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Reservation Applicable in Either of States after Division: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that a person belonging to a reserved category in an undivided state is entitled to claim...

21 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Impartial Speaker For Thriving Democracy

This article is based on How can we guarantee the Speaker's impartiality? Which was published in The Indian Express on 19/08/2021. It talks about...

19 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
100 Years of Madras Legislative Council

Why in News Recently, the President addressed the commemoration of the 100th year of the Tamil Nadu Assembly, formerly known as the Madras...

11 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Second Anniversary of Special Status Revocation: J&K

Why in News The Forum for Human Rights in J&K (FHRJK) released its report a day ahead of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) completing two years as...

06 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
E-Prisons Project

Why in News The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has provided financial assistance of Rs. 99.49 crores to the States and Union Territories (UTs) for...

06 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Education has informed in the Lok Sabha about the various steps taken by the government to promote the...

04 Aug 2021 Indian Constitution
Democide: Causes And The Way Forward

This article is based on How does a democracy die? which was published in The Indian Express on 31/07/2021. It examines the causes which lead to...

31 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Creamy Layer: OBC

Why in News Recently, some MPs have raised the issue of defining Creamy Layer in the ongoing Monsoon Session of Parliament. Further, the Justice...

31 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Parliament Sessions

Why in News Recently, the Monsoon session of Parliament has begun, after the reshuffling of the Council of ministers and the Cabinet...

20 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Plea Challenges Sedition Law

Why in News Recently, a petition was filed in the Supreme court (SC), that seeks a relook into the Sedition Law. Key Points From...

19 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Adjournment Motion

Why in News Recently, the Shiromani Akali Dal (Political Party) has decided to move an Adjournment Motion in the Lok Sabha against the government on...

16 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

Why in News Maharashtra has been without a Speaker since February, 2021 while Lok Sabha and several State Assemblies are without a Deputy...

12 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

Introduction Background: The source of the concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is the Spanish Constitution from which it came...

05 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Trafficking in Persons Report

Why in News According to the Trafficking in Persons report 2021, released by the US State Department, the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in an...

03 Jul 2021 Indian Constitution
Attorney General of India

Why in News The central government has extended the term of K.K. Venugopal as Attorney General (AG) for one more year. This is the second time...

29 Jun 2021 Indian Constitution
Gujarat Prohibition Law

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949 has been challenged before the Gujarat High Court, more than seven decades after it came...

29 Jun 2021 Indian Constitution

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		'article_id' => (int) 9667,
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		'title' => 'Right to Sit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Tamil Nadu</strong> government has tabled <strong>a bill to amend Tamil Nadu Shops and Establishments Act, 1947.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>bill</strong> sought to add a subsection <strong>to mandatorily provide seating facilities for the employees.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Proposed Amendment:</strong> The proposed <strong>Section 22-A</strong> to the Act reads that the premises of every establishment shall have suitable seating arrangements for all employees so that they may take advantage of any opportunity to sit.</li>
<li><strong>Need of the Bill:</strong> Persons employed in shops and establishments are made to stand throughout their duty time resulting in <strong>varied health issues.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It would benefit thousands of employees of large and small establishments, particularly those working in textile and jewellery showrooms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar Legislation:</strong> A few years ago, workers of textile showrooms in Kerala had gone on a protest demanding the &lsquo;Right to Sit&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This prompted the Kerala government to amend the Kerala Shops and Establishments Act in 2018 to provide seating arrangements for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Sit is a novel step in pursuance of <strong>Article 42 of Indian Constitution</strong> (part of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/directive-principles-of-state-policy-dpsp#:~:text=Constitutional%20Provisions%3A%20Part%20IV%20of,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP).&amp;text=These%20principles%20aim%20at%20ensuring,India%20as%20a%20Welfare%20State." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Directive principles of State Policy</strong></a>) which prompts the State to make provisions for just and humane conditions at work.</li>
<li>Therefore, Parliament should take cognizance of this and make Right to Sit a law on pan-India basis.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/right-to-sit-becomes-law/article25303094.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9523,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Judicial Doctrines',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judicial Doctrine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A doctrine is a principle, theory, or position that is usually applied and upheld by courts of law. </li>
<li>In Indian Constitutional law also, there are different judicial doctrines that develop over time as per the interpretation given by the judiciary.</li>
<li>Some of the important judicial doctrines are discussed in this article.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Basic Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The constituents of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> basic structure</strong></a> are not clearly defined by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India.</strong></a> </li>
<li>Parliamentary democracy, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fundamental rights</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/secularism-1#:~:text=Secularism%20means%20separation%20of%20religion,as%20a%20purely%20personal%20matter.&amp;text=It%20also%20stands%20for%20equal,partiality%20on%20grounds%20of%20religion." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>secularism</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> federalism</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/judicial-review-1#:~:text=Article%20372%20(1)%20establishes%20the,Fundamental%20Rights%20shall%20be%20void." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judicial review</strong></a> etc. are all held by courts as the basic structure of Indian Constitution. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The origins of the basic structure doctrine are found in the German Constitution which, after the Nazi regime, was amended to protect some basic laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong> Kesavananda Bharati case 1973</strong></em></a>, the <strong>Supreme Court of India</strong> for the first time ruled that the parliament has the power to amend any part of the constitution but it <strong>cannot alter the &ldquo;basic structure of the constitution&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It was reaffirmed by the SC in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indira Nehru Gandhi v Raj Narain case (1975).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SC court invalidated a provision of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>39<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act (1975)</strong> </a>which kept the election disputes involving the Prime Minister and the Speaker of Lok Sabha outside the jurisdiction of all courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Basic structure doctrine was reaffirmed in the <strong><em>Minerva Mills case, 1980</em></strong> and later in the <strong><em>Waman Rao case, 1981.</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this case the Supreme Court examined the validity of <strong>Article 31A</strong> and <strong>Article 31B</strong> of the Constitution of India with respect to the doctrine of basic structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Separation of Powers </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It mainly <strong>signifies the division of powers between various organs of the state; </strong>executive, legislature and judiciary. </li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Separation of powers</strong></a> signifies mainly three formulations of Governmental powers:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The same person should not form part of more than one of the three organs of the state. </li>
<li>One organ should not interfere with any other organ of the state. </li>
<li>One organ should not exercise the functions assigned to any other organ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/directive-principles-of-state-policy-dpsp#:~:text=Constitutional%20Provisions%3A%20Part%20IV%20of,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP).&amp;text=These%20principles%20aim%20at%20ensuring,India%20as%20a%20Welfare%20State." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article-50 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution separates the judiciary from executive as, &ldquo;the state shall take steps to separate judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state and except this there is no formal and dogmatic division of power&rdquo;. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>Ram Jawaya v. State of Punjab (1955) case,</strong></em> the SC held: &ldquo;Indian Constitution has not indeed recognized the doctrine of separation of powers in its absolute rigidity but the functions of the different parts or branches of the government have been sufficiently differentiated.&rdquo;</li>
<li>In <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)</strong></em></a>, the SC held: &ldquo;Separation of powers is part of the basic structure of the constitution. None of the three separate organs of the republic can take over the functions assigned to the other&rdquo;. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Pith and Substance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pith means <strong>&lsquo;true nature&rsquo;</strong> and Substance means<strong> &lsquo;the most important or essential part of something&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine was<strong> first acknowledged in the Canadian Constitution</strong> and In India, it came to be adopted in the pre-independence period, under the <a href="/printpdf/important-sources-of-the-indian-constitution#:~:text=Government%20of%20India%20Act%201935&amp;text=This%20act%20abolished%20the%20system,most%20of%20the%20princely%20states." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government of India Act, 1935.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Applicability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doctrine of Pith and Substance</strong></a> is usually applied where the <strong>question arises of determining whether a particular law relates to a particular subject (mentioned in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges#:~:text=The%20Seventh%20Schedule%20of%20the%20Constitution%20contains%20three%20lists%20that,has%20exclusive%20power%20to%20legislate." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Seventh Schedule</a>),</strong> the court looks to the substance of the matter. </li>
<li>Apart from its applicability in cases related to the competency of the legislature<strong> (Article 246),</strong> the Doctrine of Pith and Substance is also applied in<strong> cases related to repugnancy in laws</strong> made by Parliament and laws made by the State Legislatures <strong>(Article 254).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The doctrine is employed in such cases to resolve the inconsistency between laws made by the Centre and the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>Prafulla v. Bank of Commerce (1946),</strong></em> the SC held that a State law, dealing with money lending (a State subject), is not invalid, merely because it incidentally affects promissory notes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>developed as an addition to the Doctrine of Pith and Substance.</strong> </li>
<li>This doctrine is invoked<strong> when there is a need to aid the principal legislation</strong> in question.</li>
<li>The Doctrine of Pith and Substance deals only with subjects but the Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers <strong>deals with the power to legislate on such subjects and the matters connected thereto.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The evolution of this Doctrine can be traced back to<em><strong> &ldquo;R. v. Waterfield (1963)&rdquo;,</strong></em> a decision of the <strong>English Court of Appeal. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 4 talks about <strong>power to make consequential changes in the law on matters supplemental and incidental</strong> to the law providing for altering the names of states under Article 2 and 3. </li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/legislative-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 169</strong></a> talks about the power given to the parliament on abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States &ldquo;as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions as Parliament may deem necessary.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC in the<em><strong> State of Rajasthan v. G Chawla (1958)</strong> </em>stated: &ldquo;The power to legislate on a topic of legislation carries with it the power to legislate on an ancillary matter which can be said to be reasonably included in the power given.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Severability</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>doctrine of separability</strong> and protects the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fundamental Rights</strong></a> of the citizens. </li>
<li>As per clause (1) of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Article%2013(2)%20reads%2C,of%20contravention%2C%20be%20void.%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 13</strong></a> of the Constitution, if any of the laws enforced in India are inconsistent with the provisions of fundamental rights, they shall, to the extent of that inconsistency, be void. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>whole law/act would not be held invalid, but only the provisions which are not in consistency</strong> with the Fundamental rights. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the valid and invalid part are so closely mixed up with each other that it cannot be separated then the whole law or act will be held invalid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Doctrine of Severability <strong>finds its roots in England</strong> in the case of <em><strong>Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company Ltd.</strong></em> where the issue was related to a Trade clause.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/evolution-of-indian-judiciary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)</em></a>,</strong> the SC held that in case of inconsistency to the Constitution, only the disputed provision of the Act will be void and not the whole of it, and every attempt should be made to save as much as possible of the act. </li>
<li>In <strong><a href="/printpdf/gujarat-prohibition-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>State of Bombay v. F.N. Balsara (1951)</em></a>,</strong> eight sections of the Bombay Prohibition Act were declared invalid, the Supreme Court said that the portion which was invalid to the extent of fundamental rights was separable from the rest of the act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Eclipse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is applied when any law/act <strong>violates the Fundamental Rights (FR).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In such a case, the<strong> FR overshadows the law/act and makes it unenforceable but not void ab initio (Having no legal effect from inception).</strong> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They can be reinforced if the restrictions posed by the fundamental rights are removed.</li>
<li>It is <strong>only against the citizens</strong> that these laws/acts remain in a dormant condition but <strong>remain in operation as against non-citizens</strong> who are not entitled to fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doctrine of eclipse is contained in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 13(1)</strong></a> of the Indian Constitution. The doctrine of eclipse <strong>does not apply to post-constitutional laws. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was first introduced in India in<em><strong> Bhikaji Narain Dhakras v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1955)</strong></em> where in the Central Provinces and Berar Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1947 empowered the Provincial Government to take up the entire Provincial Motor Transport Business, these are violative of article 19(1) (g). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court held that the impugned law became, for the time being, eclipsed by the fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Territorial Nexus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It says that laws made by a State Legislature are<strong> not applicable outside the state, except when there is a sufficient nexus</strong> between the state and the object.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine <strong>derives its power from Article 245</strong> of the Indian Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 245 (2) provides that no law made by the Parliament would be invalid on the ground that it would have <strong>extra-territorial operation</strong> i.e. takes effect outside the territory of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>A.H. Wadia v. Income Tax Commissioner (1948),</strong> </em>it was held that a question of extraterritoriality of enactment can never be raised against a Supreme Legislative Authority on the grounds of questioning its validity. </li>
<li>In the <strong><em>State of Bombay vs RMDC (1952),</em></strong> the SC held that there existed a sufficient Territorial Nexus to enable the Bombay Legislature to tax the respondent as all the activities which the competitor is ordinarily expected to undertake took place mostly within Bombay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Colourable Legislation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Doctrine is also called <strong>&ldquo;Fraud on the Constitution&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/30-09-2020#:~:text=The%20Doctrine%20of%20Colourable%20Legislation,cannot%20also%20be%20done%20indirectly." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Doctrine of Colourable Legislation</strong></a> comes into play when a Legislature does not possess the power to make law upon a particular subject but nonetheless indirectly makes one. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By applying this principle the fate of the Impugned Legislation is decided. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Doctrine traces its origin to a Latin Maxim which, in this context, implies: <strong>&ldquo;Whatever legislature cannot do directly, it cannot do indirectly&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine is usually applied to<strong> Article 246</strong> which has demarcated the Legislative Competence of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies by outlining the different subjects under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-planning-to-bypass-central-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Union list, State list and Concurrent list</a>. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine has <strong>no application where the powers of a Legislature are not fettered</strong> by any Constitutional limitation. </li>
<li>It is also<strong> not applicable to Subordinate Legislation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em><strong>R.S Joshi v. Ajit Mills (1977),</strong></em> the SC observed that &ldquo;In the statute of force, the colourable exercise of or extortion on administrative force or misrepresentation on the constitution, are articulations which only imply that the assembly is clumsy to authorise a specific law, albeit the mark of competency is struck on it, and afterwards it is colourable enactment.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Pleasure </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The doctrine of pleasure has its <strong>origins in English law</strong> as per which, a civil servant holds office during the pleasure of the Crown. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 155, the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governor of a State</strong></a> is appointed by the President and <strong>holds the office during the pleasure of the President.</strong></li>
<li>Under Article 310, the civil servants (members of the Defence Services, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/civil-services-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Civil Services</strong></a>, All-India Services or persons holding military posts or civil posts under the Centre/State) <strong>hold office at the pleasure of the President or the Governor</strong> as the case may be. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-311-of-the-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 311</strong></a> places restrictions on this doctrine and provides safeguards to civil servants against any arbitrary dismissal from their posts. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC in <strong><em>State of Bihar v. Abdul Majid (1954),</em></strong> held that the English Common Law has not been adopted in its entirety and with all its rigorous implications.</li>
<li><strong><em>In Union of India v. Tulsiram Patel (1965),</em></strong> the SC held that the &ldquo;pleasure doctrine&rdquo; was neither a relic of the feudal age nor was it based on any special prerogative of the British Crown but was based upon public policy. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Doctrine of Harmonious Construction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term harmonious construction refers to such construction by which harmony or oneness amongst various provisions of an enactment is arrived at. </li>
<li>When the words of statutory provision bear more than one meaning and there is a doubt as to which meaning should prevail, their interpretation should be in a way that each has a separate effect and neither is redundant or nullified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Doctrine of Harmonious construction originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of <em><strong>Shankari Prasad v. Union of India.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles of rule of Harmonious construction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the landmark case of <em><strong>CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003)</strong> </em>the supreme court laid down five principles of rule of harmonious construction:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The courts must avoid a head-on clash of seemingly contradicting provisions and they must construe the contradictory provisions.</li>
<li>The provision of one section cannot be used to defeat the provision contained in another unless the court, despite all its efforts, is unable to find a way to reconcile their differences</li>
<li>When it is impossible to completely reconcile the differences in contradictory provisions, the courts must interpret them in such a way so that effect is given to both the provisions as much as possible.</li>
<li>Courts must also keep in mind that interpretation that reduces one provision to useless number or death is not harmonious construction.</li>
<li>To harmonize is not to destroy any statutory provision or to render it fruitless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <em><strong>Re-Kerala education bill 1951</strong></em> case it was held that in deciding the fundamental rights the court must consider the directive principle and adopt the principle of harmonious construction. So, two possibilities are given effect as much as possible by striking a balance.</li>
<li>In<em><strong> East India hotels ltd. V. Union of India (2001)</strong> </em>case, it was held that an Act is to be read as a whole, the different provisions have to be harmonized and the effect to be given to all of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9492,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to Privacy & Right to be Forgotten',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A case was filed by an actor in the Delhi High Court, pleading to remove the videos that were uploaded on the online platforms, without her consent.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court observed that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-privacy-legitimate-state-interest#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20described%20privacy,decision%20of%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20v.&amp;text=The%20right%20to%20privacy%20is%20protected%20as%20an%20intrinsic%20part,Part%20III%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to privacy</strong> </a>of the woman is to be protected.</li>
<li>On the other hand, online platforms questioned their<strong> right to publish.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judgement: Right to privacy includes the right to be forgotten and the right to be left alone.</strong></li>
<li><strong>About the Right to Privacy:</strong> In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy v. Union of India case, 2017</strong></a>, the Right to Privacy was declared a fundamental right by the Supreme Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to privacy is protected as <strong>an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-be-forgotten-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to be Forgotten</a> (RTBF):</strong> It is the right to have <strong>publicly available personal information removed</strong> from the internet, search, databases, websites or any other public platforms, once the personal information in question is no longer necessary, or relevant.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RTBF <strong>gained importance after the 2014</strong> decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (&ldquo;CJEU&rdquo;) in the Google Spain case.</li>
<li>In the Indian context, the Supreme Court in <strong>Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017</strong> noted that the RTBF was <strong>a part of the broader right of privacy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The RTBF emerges from the <strong>right to privacy under Article 21</strong> and partly from the <strong>right to dignity under Article 14.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Right to be Left Alone:</strong> It doesn&rsquo;t mean that one is withdrawing from society. It is an expectation that society will not interfere in the choices made by the person so long as they do not cause harm to others.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Associated with RTBF: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Privacy vs. Information:</strong> The existence of RTBF in a given situation depends on its balancing with other conflicting rights such as the right to free expression or other publication rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, a person may want to de-link information about his criminal records and make it difficult for people to access certain journalistic reports when they google him.</li>
<li>This brings the person&rsquo;s right to be left alone, derived from Article 21, directly in conflict with the rights of the media to report on issues, flowing from Article 19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enforceability Against Private Individuals:</strong> The RTBF will normally be claimed against a private party (a media or news website).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This raises the question of whether fundamental rights can be enforced against the private individual, which is generally enforceable against the state.</li>
<li>Only Article 15(2), Article 17 and Article 23 provides protection against a private act of a private party that is challenged based on its violation of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ambiguous Judgements:</strong> In recent years, without a data protection law to codify RTBF, there are some inconsistent and peculiar adjudications of the right by various high courts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Courts in India have repeatedly either accepted or rejected the application of RTBF while completely ignoring the wider constitutional questions associated with it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Steps to Protect Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019#:~:text=Personal%20Data%3A%20The%20Bill%20requires,be%20stored%20only%20in%20India.&amp;text=Critical%20Personal%20Data%3A%20Critical%20personal,non%2Dpersonal%20data%20when%20demanded." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide for protection of privacy of individuals relating to their Personal Data and to establish a Data Protection Authority of India for the said purposes and the matters concerning the personal data of an individual.</li>
<li>Framed on the recommendations of B N Srikrishna Committee (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides for safeguard against certain breaches in relation to data from computer systems. It contains provisions to prevent the unauthorized use of computers, computer systems and data stored therein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parliament and the Supreme court to engage in a detailed analysis of RTBF and evolve a mechanism for balancing the conflicting rights of privacy and freedom of expression.</li>
<li>In this digital age, data is a valuable resource that should not be left unregulated. In this context, the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the government should expedite the enactment of the <strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/privacy-invasion-delhi-hc-comes-to-the-rescue-of-actor/article36129874.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9486,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Criterion for Deciding Creamy Layer',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong> </a>recently held that the e<strong>conomic criterion cannot be the sole basis for deciding the creamy layer from among backward classes for the purpose of excluding it from the purview of providing reservation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SC was hearing a petition challenging two notifications issued by the Haryana government sub-classifying backward classes solely on economic basis while fixing the criteria for creamy layer.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1630059282_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1630059282_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="360" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC Verdict:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recalled the<strong> ruling in the Indra Sawhney-II case</strong>, reported in 2000. <strong>Haryana's notifications have violated the law declared in the Indra Sawhney judgment</strong> by identifying creamy layer only on the basis of income.</li>
<li>The basis of exclusion of &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; cannot be merely economic - the <strong>government cannot deny reservation to a person belonging to a backward community solely on the ground that he or she is rich.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social advancement, higher employment in government services</strong>, etc, play an equal role in deciding whether such a person belonged to the creamy layer and could be denied quota benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The SC has illustrated that <strong>&lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; would include &ldquo;persons from backward classes who occupied posts in higher services like IAS, IPS and All India Services</strong> had reached a higher level of social advancement and economic status, and therefore, were not entitled to be treated as backward&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People with sufficient income who were in a <strong>position to provide employment to others should also be taken to have reached a higher social status</strong> and therefore, should be treated as outside the backward class.</li>
<li>Persons from backward classes who had <strong>higher agricultural holdings or were receiving income from properties, beyond a prescribed limit</strong>, do not deserve the benefit of reservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creamy Layer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The creamy layer<strong> sets a threshold within which OBC reservation benefits are applicable.</strong></li>
<li>The creamy layer principle was <strong>based on the fundamental right to equality.</strong> Unless it is applied, the genuinely deserving person would not access the reservation.</li>
<li>The <strong>basis of exclusion should not merely be economic</strong>, unless the economic advancement is so high that it necessarily means social advancement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the income of a person can be taken as a measure of his social advancement, the limit to be prescribed should not be such as to result in taking away with one hand what is given with the other.</li>
<li>The income limit must be such as to mean and signify social advancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creamy Layer as defined by the Central Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)</strong> have listed out various categories of people of certain rank/status/income whose children cannot avail benefit of OBC reservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Income:</strong> For those not in government, the current threshold is an <strong>income of Rs 8 lakh per year.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The income threshold is supposed to be raised every three years.</li>
<li>It was last revised in 2017 (more than three years now).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rank of Parents:</strong> For children of government employees, the threshold is based on their parents&rsquo; rank and not income.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, an individual is considered to fall within the creamy layer if either of his or her parents is in a constitutional post; if either parent has been directly recruited in Group-A; or if both parents are in Group-B services. There are other criteria as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions Related to OBCs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Constitution, <strong>Articles 15(4), 15(5) and 16(4)</strong> confer power on a state to identify and declare the list of SEBCs (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes). As a matter of practice, separate OBC lists are drawn up by the Centre and each state concerned.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohini Commission</strong></a> was constituted in October 2017 under <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 340</strong></a> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had been constituted <strong>to complete the task of sub-categorising 5000-odd castes in the central OBC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>127<sup>th</sup> Constitution Amendment Bill 2021</strong>, restores the power of states to identify SEBCs, usually called OBCs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The amendment was necessitated after the Supreme Court, in its Maratha reservation ruling in May, <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/maratha-reservation-sc-says-no-state-can-exceed-50-ceiling-strikes-down-amendment-granting-13-reservation-in-jobs-education-6856621.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>upheld the 102<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The 102<sup>nd</sup> Constitution Amendment Act of 2018<strong> gave constitutional status to the NCBC (National Commission for Backward Classes)</strong>, and empowered the President to notify the list SEBCs for any state or union territory.</li>
<li>The Amendment Bill <strong>amends Articles 342 A</strong> (clauses 1 and 2) and will introduce a new clause - 342 A (3) specifically authorising states to maintain their state list. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-quashes-2016-haryana-notification-economic-criterion-cannot-be-sole-basis-to-decide-creamy-layer-7469188/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9405,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservation Applicable in Either of States after Division: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has ruled that a <strong>person belonging to a reserved category in an undivided state</strong> is entitled to <strong>claim benefit of reservation in either of the successor States.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ruling came after a resident <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Scheduled Caste)</strong></a> of Jharkhand, filed an <strong>appeal against the High Court order denying him appointment</strong> in state civil service examination of 2007 on the ground that his address proof showed that he was a permanent resident of Patna, Bihar.</li>
<li>Under the <strong>Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000</strong> passed by the parliament a new state, Jharkhand was created from a portion of Bihar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 3</strong> empowers the Parliament to make law relating to the formation of new states and alteration of existing states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC has ruled that a <strong>person belonging to a reserved category is entitled to claim benefit of reservation in either of the successor States</strong> of Bihar or Jharkhand.</li>
<li>However he/she <strong>cannot claim benefit of the quota simultaneously in both the successor States</strong> upon their reorganisation in November, 2000. As it will defeat the mandate of Articles 341(1) and 342(1) of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 341:</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, <strong>specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes</strong> which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be <strong>deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory</strong>, as the case may be.</li>
<li><strong>Article 342:</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification,<strong> specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities</strong> which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes(ST)</strong></a> <strong>in relation to that State or Union territory</strong>, as the case may be</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other State Migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Members of the reserved category, who are <strong>residents of the successor State of Bihar</strong>, while participating in open selection <strong>in Jharkhand shall be treated to be migrants</strong> and they can participate in the general category without claiming the benefit of reservation and vice-versa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions Governing Reservation in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Part XVI</strong> deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and State legislatures.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15(4) and 16(4)</strong> of the Constitution enabled the State and Central Governments to reserve seats in government services for the members of the SC and ST.</li>
<li>The Constitution was amended by the <strong>Constitution (77<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 1995</strong> and a new clause (4A) was inserted in <strong>Article 16</strong> to enable the government to provide reservation in promotion.</li>
<li>Later,<strong> clause (4A)</strong> was modified by the <strong>Constitution (85<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2001</strong> to provide consequential seniority to SC and ST candidates promoted by giving reservation.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional 81<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act, 2000</strong> inserted <strong>Article 16 (4 B)</strong> which enables the state to fill the unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for SCs/STs in the succeeding year, thereby nullifying the ceiling of fifty percent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330 and 332</strong> provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Article 243D</strong> provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every <strong>Panchayat</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 233T</strong> provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every <strong>Municipality</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> of the constitution says that the claims of <strong>STs and STs shall be taken into consideration constituently</strong> with the maintenance of efficacy of the administration.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitution Amendment Act, 2019</strong></a>, empowered both Centre and the states to provide <strong>10% reservation to the EWS (Economically Weaker Section) category of society</strong> in government jobs and education institutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-reservation-bihar-jharkhand-7462871/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9369,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Impartial Speaker For Thriving Democracy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-can-we-guarantee-the-speakers-impartiality-7460392/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How can we guarantee the Speaker's impartiality?</strong></a> Which was published in The Indian Express on 19/08/2021. It talks about the roles and responsibilities of the speaker and associated issues.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/the-office-of-speaker-of-lok-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Office of the Speaker</strong></a> occupies a pivotal position in our parliamentary democracy. It has been said of the Office of the Speaker that while the members of Parliament represent the individual constituencies, the Speaker represents the full authority of the House itself.</p>
<p>He/She symbolises the dignity and power of the House over which he/she is presiding. Therefore, it is expected that the holder of this Office of high dignity has to be one who can represent the House in all its manifestations.</p>
<p>However, over the last two decades, paralysing Parliament has become the standard operating procedure of every Opposition party. The misuse of the post of speaker in the functioning of India&rsquo;s Parliament &mdash; and state assemblies as well &mdash; is one among many reasons for falling levels and productivity of the legislatures.</p>
<h3>Importance of Speaker&rsquo;s Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Supreme Authority:</strong> In the Lok Sabha the Speaker is the supreme authority. He has vast powers, and it is his primary duty to ensure the orderly conduct of the business of the House.</li>
<li><strong>Symbol of Nation&rsquo;s Freedom:</strong> Jawaharlal Nehru referred to the Speaker as &ldquo;the symbol of the nation&rsquo;s freedom and liberty&rdquo; and emphasised that Speakers should be men of &ldquo;outstanding ability and impartiality&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Guardian of the House:</strong> MN Kaul and SL Shakdher referred to the speaker as the <strong>conscience and guardian of the House.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the principal spokesperson of the Lok Sabha, the Speaker represents its <strong>collective voice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Roles and Responsibility of Speaker</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the Speaker&rsquo;s duty to decide what issues will be taken up for discussion.</li>
<li><strong>Interpretation:</strong> He/She is the final interpreter of the provisions of the Constitution of India, the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business of Lok Sabha and the parliamentary precedents, within the House.</li>
<li><strong>Joint Sitting of Both Houses:</strong> He/She presides over a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-addresses-joint-sitting-of-parliament" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>joint sitting</strong></a> of the two Houses of Parliament.</li>
<li><strong>Adjournment Motion:</strong> He has the sole discretion to permit an adjournment motion to be tabled or to admit a calling attention notice, if the issue is of urgent public importance.</li>
<li><strong>Money Bill:</strong> He/She decides whether a bill is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/misuse-of-money-bills-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money bill</strong> </a>or not, and his/her decision on this question is final.</li>
<li><strong>Disqualifying Members:</strong> It is the speaker who decides the questions of disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha, arising on the ground of defection under the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/time-to-review-tenth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tenth Schedule.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Constitution of Committees:</strong> The Committees of the House are constituted by the speaker and function under the speaker&rsquo;s overall direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chairmen of all Parliamentary Committees are nominated by him/her.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with the Post of Speaker in Lok Sabha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Favour Ruling Party:</strong> Several judgments on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/anti-defection-law-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-defection law</strong></a> have been rendered by the Supreme Court. A common factor that shows up in these rulings is the <strong>blatant, partisan conduct of speakers</strong> in various state assemblies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the last decade and more, an impartial and independent Speaker is difficult to find.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Party Interest Over National Interest:</strong> The present practice of the Speaker continuing to be an active member of the ruling party has the inevitable result of his refusing to allow any debate or discussion that may be essential in national interest but may embarrass the ruling party.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Disruption in Parliament:</strong> Partisan conduct of the speaker and his apathy towards opposition parties&rsquo; demands many times leads to constant disruption of Parliament by the Opposition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indeed, a Speaker who continues to be a member of the ruling party is like an umpire being appointed by the batting side.</li>
<li>The persistent disruption of Parliament causes extensive damage not only to the prestige of the House, but also frustrates the primary function of any legislature: The responsibility to make laws for the good governance of the country after careful debate and deliberation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bills are Not Referred to Committees:</strong> The stalling of parliamentary proceedings has led to the passing of important bills in several sessions without any discussion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the 2021 monsoon session, not a single bill was referred to any select committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There must be two essential qualities in a Speaker: <strong>Independence and impartiality. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Independence of Speaker:</strong> The separation of powers is part of the <strong>basic structure</strong> of our Constitution. If Parliament ceases to be relevant, the foundation of our democracy will progressively get weaker. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is imperative that the Speaker of every legislature resigns from his party to honour his constitutional obligation of independence and impartiality.</li>
<li>For example, in 1967, late N Sanjiva Reddy resigned from his party when he became the Speaker.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Choose the Best Option:</strong> Indeed, the option is a binary: Either allow Parliament and state legislatures to descend into terminal decline or make the Speaker truly independent and let every legislature perform its constitutional function of deliberating on matters of public importance and passing laws after proper debate.</li>
<li><strong>Responsibility of Speaker to Ensure Continuation of Debates:</strong> In 1951, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court (In Re Delhi Laws Act Case) held that essential legislative functions cannot be delegated to the bureaucracy; law-making must remain the domain of the legislature. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The speaker must ensure that the legislature meets continuously and debate the bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>GV Mavalankar,</strong> the first Speaker, once a person is elected Speaker, he should rise above parties, above politics. He should belong to all the members or belong to none. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He should hold the scales of justice evenly, irrespective of party or person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Office of the Speaker in India is a living and dynamic institution which deals with the actual needs and problems of Parliament in the performance of its functions.</p>
<p>The founding fathers of our Constitution had recognised the importance of this Office in our democratic set-up, and it was this recognition that guided them in establishing this Office as one of the prominent and dignified ones in the scheme of governance of the country.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbffed;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Speaker becomes a symbol of the nation's freedom and liberty. Therefore, the post should always be occupied by persons of outstanding ability and impartiality. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9234,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '100 Years of Madras Legislative Council',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the President addressed the <strong>commemoration of the 100<sup>th</sup> year of the Tamil Nadu Assembly,</strong> formerly <strong>known as the Madras Legislative Council (MLC) in Chennai.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Madras Legislative Council was <strong>set up in 1921 under the Government of India Act 1919.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term of the Council was<strong> for a period of three years.</strong> It consisted of 132 Members of which<strong> 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>met for the first time</strong> on the 9<sup>th</sup> January 1921<strong> at Fort St. George, Madras.</strong></li>
<li>The Council was inaugurated by the Duke of Cannaught, a paternal uncle of the King of England, on the 12<sup>th</sup> January 1921 on the request made by the <strong>Governor Wellington.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Second and Third Councils,</strong> under this Act were constituted <strong>after the general elections held in 1923 and 1926 respectively.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> fourth Legislative Council</strong> met for the first time <strong>in November 1930</strong> after the general elections held during the year and its life was extended from time to time and it<strong> lasted till the provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act, 1935 came into operation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This legislature <strong>became the fountainhead of many progressive legislations</strong> which were subsequently replicated across the country to empower the weaker sections of society and strengthen Democracy.</li>
<li>Abolition of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/devadasis-system-still-prevalent" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Devadasi system</a>, widow remarriage,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme-new-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> mid-day meals</a> in schools and distribution of agricultural land to the landless</strong> were some of the revolutionary ideas that transformed the society.</li>
<li>The concept of the <strong>Welfare State</strong> has taken deep roots in this legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>State Legislature</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The primary function of the State Legislature, like the Union Parliament, is<strong> law-making.</strong> The State Legislature is <strong>empowered to make laws on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upheld-authority-of-delhi-s-peace-and-harmony-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State List and Concurrent List.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Legislature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Just as Parliament has two Houses, the<strong> states can also have a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/legislative-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Legislative Council </a></strong>in<strong> addition to the Legislative Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore there can be<strong> two types</strong> of legislatures i:e <strong>Unicameral or Bicameral</strong> on the basis of the number of houses to implement laws for the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unicameral:</strong> Legislative Assembly</li>
<li><strong>Bicameral:</strong> Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Presently, there are Six States having a Legislative Council:<strong> Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI</strong> of the Constitution deal with the organisation, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the state legislature.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 168</strong> states that for<strong> every State there shall be a Legislature</strong> which shall consist of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governor.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Article 169</strong> states that notwithstanding anything in article 168, <strong>Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council</strong> of a State having such a Council <strong>or for the creation of such a Council</strong> in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1628743266_image%205.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1628743266_image 5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="561" height="408" /></a><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/president-hails-madras-legislatures-contribution/article35691500.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9143,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Second Anniversary of Special Status Revocation: J&K',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Forum for Human Rights in J&amp;K (FHRJK) released its report a day ahead of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) completing two years as Union Territory.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report<strong> raised concerns about the militancy</strong> that continues to remain a major challenge in J&amp;K.</li>
<li><strong>FHRJK </strong>is<strong> an independent body</strong> co-chaired by former Supreme Court judge Justice Madan B. Lokur and former Kashmir interlocutor Radha Kumar.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1628313425_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1628313425_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 5 August 2019, the government of India revoked the special constitutional status of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution, and abrogated <strong>Article 35A.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-article-35a" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 35A</strong></a> had allowed J&amp;K to define who its<strong> &lsquo;permanent residents&rsquo;</strong> are and what rights and privileges are attached to such residency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The former state was bifurcated into the <strong>Union Territories of Ladakh (without a legislature) and Jammu-Kashmir (with a legislature).</strong></li>
<li>Concurrently, the Indian government imposed a near-total telecommunications lockdown in the region, detained political leaders and dissidents, and enforced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc-1#:~:text=About%20Section%20144%20CrPC%3A,people%20in%20a%20specified%20area." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 144 of the Indian Penal Code</strong></a> to prevent violent unrest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings from the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reports raised concerns <strong>regarding human rights abuses, arbitrary detentions, prohibition on assembly and censorship on local media</strong> houses in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>The government has taken <strong>several positive steps,</strong> but they fell short of expectations.</li>
<li>It also held that the <strong>counter-insurgency concerns continue</strong> to be given priority over public, civilian and human security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Militancy in J&amp;K:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the <strong>special constitutional position of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K&rsquo;s) under Article 370</strong> was ended and it was divided into two UTs of J&amp;K and Ladakh, a section of people in J&amp;K has been protesting against the decision.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amendment-related-to-land-in-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>allowing Indian citizens to buy land in Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K)</strong> </a>without being a domicile, has angered the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Following this the <strong>militancy in the J&amp;K, aided by cross-border support,</strong> continues to affect the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is coupled with misuse of draconian legislation, such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-safety-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Safety Act (PSA)</strong></a> and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1#:~:text=The%20Act%20assigns%20absolute%20power,foreign%20nationals%20can%20be%20charged." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, there are growing fears that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-ahead-for-afghanistan-after-us-exit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Taliban takeover of Afghanistan</strong> </a>is likely to further deteriorate the security conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by Government &amp; Judiciary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-industrial-development-of-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Promoting Industrial Development</a>:</strong> Recently, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade has notified <strong>New Central Sector Scheme</strong> for industrial development of Jammu and Kashmir. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme offers four incentives namely: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Capital Investment Incentive,</li>
<li>Capital Interest subvention,</li>
<li>Goods &amp; Service Tax Linked Incentive</li>
<li>Working Capital Interest Subvention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Scheme will help in creation of more employment opportunities and promotion of tourism in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat-pm-jay-sehat-jk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AB-PMJAY SEHAT Scheme</strong></a>: The Scheme provides free of cost insurance cover. It provides financial cover upto Rs. 5 lakh per family on a floater basis to all residents of the UT of J&amp;K.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ceasefire-along-line-of-control" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ceasefire Agreement</strong></a>: Indian and Pakistani <strong>Directors-General of Military Operations (DGMOs)</strong> agreed for restricted infiltration by armed groups and raised hopes that a wider peace process might follow.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delimitation-in-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Elections in J&amp;K</strong></a>: The Union government sought to conduct elections in J&amp;K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the government held that the elections would be held for a UT assembly. On the contrary, regional parties are of the view that they will participate in the election, after statehood to J&amp;K has been reinstated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/internet-as-a-medium-of-freedom-of-expression" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court Verdict on Internet Shutdown</strong></a>: The Supreme Court gave a judgement in response to petitions filed, arguing the Internet shutdown and curbing of other civil liberties in the J&amp;K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The court held that suspension could be done for temporary duration only and the same is subject to judicial review.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-nrlm-special-package-for-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Special Package for J&amp;K</a></strong> and Ladakh under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Human rights forum recommended<strong> release of all remaining political detainees</strong> and <strong>repeal of the PSA</strong> and other <strong>preventive detention legislation.</strong></li>
<li>It also called for<strong> involvement of local communities</strong> in facilitating the return of Kashmiri Pandits.</li>
<li>Peace framework in J&amp;K can be established by implementing the vision of former Prime Minister of India <strong>(Atal Bihari Vajpayee) - Kashmiriyat, Insaniyat, Jamhooriyat</strong> (inclusive culture of Kashmir, humanitarianism and democracy) for Kashmir solution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-years-on-as-union-territory-kashmir-militancy-yet-to-wane/article35714518.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9142,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'E-Prisons Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)</strong> has <strong>provided financial assistance</strong> of Rs. 99.49 crores <strong>to the States and Union Territories (UTs) for the E-Prisons Project.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, acting on the request of the MHA, <strong>NIMHANS</strong>, an Institute of National Importance, has recently issued<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/managing-mental-health-issues-in-prisoners-nimhans-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> a set of guidelines on the management of mental health issues</strong></a> of the prisoners and prison staff.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This project <strong>aims at computerization of the functioning of prisons</strong> in the country. It has been<strong> operationalised in all States and Union Territories.</strong></li>
<li>e-Prisons <strong>data has been integrated with the Police and Court system</strong> under the <strong>Inter-operable <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Important%20Facts%20for%20Prelims%20(05th%20October%202018)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Criminal Justice System</a></strong>.</li>
<li>ePrisons application suite has been <strong>developed by National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong>, Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT (MeitY).</li>
<li><strong>It has 3 components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>e-Prison Management Information System (MIS):</strong> It is used at the prisons for their day to day regular activities.</li>
<li><strong>National Prisons Information Portal:</strong> It is a citizen centric portal showing statistical data of various prisons in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Kara Bazaar:</strong> Portal for showcasing and selling the products manufactured in various prisons of the country by inmates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inter-operable Criminal Justice System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a common platform for information exchange and analytics of all the pillars of the criminal justice system</strong> comprising Police, Forensics, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> To<strong> reduce errors and time taken</strong> in sharing of necessary information between the pillars, which often lead to larger challenges like <strong>longer duration of trials, poorer convictions, transit losses of documents etc.</strong></li>
<li>Some other critical benefits arising out of the ICJS ecosystem are usable analytics products like the<strong> National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO)</strong> to identify &amp; track repeat and habitual sexual offenders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Prisons/'Persons detained therein'</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>a State subject under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>Administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments.</li>
<li>However, the Ministry of Home Affairs provides regular guidance and advice to States and UTs on various issues concerning prisons and prison inmates.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court had in September 2018 appointed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/overcrowding-of-prison" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice Roy Committee</strong></a> to examine the various problems plaguing prisons, from overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and parole.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1742313" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9098,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Education</strong> has informed in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/the-office-of-speaker-of-lok-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Lok Sabha</strong></a> about the various <strong>steps taken</strong> by the government <strong>to promote the Languages in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eighth Schedule</a>.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eighth Schedule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It lists the <strong>official languages of the republic of India. Part XVII of the Indian constitution</strong> deals with the official languages in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/three-language-formula" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 343 to 351.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Constitutional provisions related to the <strong>Eighth Schedule</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 344:</strong> Article 344(1) provides for the<strong> constitution of a Commission by the President on expiration of five years</strong> from the commencement of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 351:</strong> It provides for the <strong>spread of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindi-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hindi language</a></strong> to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, It can be noted that there is<strong> no fixed criteria</strong> for any language to be considered for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Official Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution consists of the <strong>following 22 languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi,Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Of these languages, <strong>14 were initially included in the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>Sindhi language was added by the <strong>21<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act of 1967.</strong></li>
<li>Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were included by the <strong>71<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act of 1992.</strong></li>
<li>Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali were added by the<strong> 92<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2003</strong> which came into force in<strong> 2004.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classical Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently there are <strong>six languages</strong> that enjoy the<strong> &lsquo;Classical&rsquo; status in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014).</li>
<li>All the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Classical Languages</strong> </a>are listed in the <strong>Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Culture</strong> provides the guidelines regarding Classical languages which are as given below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history</strong> over a period of 1500-2000 years;</li>
<li>A body of <strong>ancient literature/texts,</strong> which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers.</li>
<li>The<strong> literary tradition is original</strong> and not borrowed from another speech community.</li>
<li>The classical language and literature being <strong>distinct from modern,</strong> there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits for Promotion:</strong> Once a language is notified as a Classical language, the <strong>Human Resource and Development Ministry</strong> provides certain benefits to promote it:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Two major annual international awards</strong> for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.</li>
<li>A <strong>Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages</strong> is set up.</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ugc-on-university-exams" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> University Grants Commission</strong> </a>is requested to create, to start with at least in the <strong>Central Universities,</strong> a certain number of <strong>Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages so declared.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1741535" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9038,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Democide: Causes And The Way Forward',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/elected-governments-death-of-democracy-civil-unrest-7431013/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How does a democracy die?</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 31/07/2021. It examines the causes which lead to the death of democracy in a country.</p>
</div>
<p>The global surveys are everywhere reporting dipping confidence in democracy and marked jumps in citizens&rsquo; frustrations with government corruption and incompetence. Young people are the least satisfied with democracy &mdash; much more disaffected than previous generations at the same age.</p>
<p>In its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/autocratisation-goes-viral-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Democracy Report 2021</a></strong>, Sweden&rsquo;s V-Dem Institute noted that India &ldquo;has almost lost its status as a democracy&rdquo;. It ranked India below Sierra Leone, Guatemala and Hungary.</p>
<p>In this context, it is important to understand the true meaning and challenges the democracy in India faces.</p>
<h3>True Meaning of Democracy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democracy is much more than pressing a button or marking a box on a ballot paper. It goes beyond the mathematical certitude of election results and majority rule.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s not reducible to lawful rule through independent courts or attending local public meetings.</li>
<li>Democracy is a <strong>whole way of life.</strong> It is freedom from hunger, humiliation and violence.</li>
<li>Democracy is saying no to every form of <strong>human and non-human indignity.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>respect for women, tenderness with children,</strong> and<strong> access to jobs</strong> that bring satisfaction and sufficient reward to live comfortably.</li>
<li>In a healthy democracy, citizens are not forced to travel in buses and trains like livestock, wade through <strong>dirty water from overrunning sewers,</strong> or <strong>breathe poisonous air.</strong></li>
<li>Democracy is equal <strong>access to decent medical care</strong> and sympathy for those who have fallen behind.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s the <strong>rejection of the dogma</strong> that things can&rsquo;t be changed because they&rsquo;re &ldquo;naturally&rdquo; fixed in stone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes For Death of Democracy (Democide)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Failure:</strong> Wild rumours and talk of conspiracies flourish. Street protests and outbreaks of uncontrolled violence happen. Fears of civil unrest spread. The armed forces grow agitated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the government totters, the army moves from its barracks onto the streets to quell unrest and take control. Democracy is finally buried in a grave it slowly dug for itself.</li>
<li>The military coup d&rsquo;&eacute;tats against the elected governments of Egypt (2013), Thailand (2014), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coup-d-etat-in-myanmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Myanmar</strong> </a>and Tunisia (2021) are some of the examples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Institutions:</strong> When the judiciary becomes vulnerable to cynicism, political meddling and state capture, threat to democratic values and constitutional morals emerges.</li>
<li><strong>Social Emergencies:</strong> When social fabric weakens, the threat to democracy emerges. Democracy suffers a slow-motion social death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a constitution promises its citizens justice, liberty and equality, the division among and shattering of social life induce a sense of legal powerlessness among citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inequality in the Society:</strong> Massive imbalances of wealth, chronic violence, famine and unevenly distributed life chances also make a mockery of the ethical principle that in a democracy people can live as citizen partners of equal social worth.</li>
<li><strong>Unavailability of Basic Amenities:</strong> Domestic violence, rotten health care, widespread feelings of social unhappiness, and daily shortages of food and housing destroy people&rsquo;s dignity. It kills the spirit and substance of democracy.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Remain Unheard:</strong> Citizens&rsquo; ability to strike back, to deliver millions of mutinies against the rich and powerful, is inherent in a democracy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But the brute fact is social indignity undermines citizens&rsquo; capacity to take an active interest in public affairs, and to check and humble the powerful.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demagoguery:</strong> When democratically elected governments cease to be held accountable by a society weakened by poor health, low morale, and joblessness, <strong>demagogues</strong> are prone to blindness and ineptitude. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They make careless, foolish, and incompetent decisions that reinforce social inequities.</li>
<li>Those who exercise power in government ministries, corporations, and public/private projects aren&rsquo;t subject to democratic rules of public accountability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Demagoguery</strong></p>
<p>It is political activity or practices that seek support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ineffective Redistribution:</strong> In the absence of redistributive public welfare policies that guarantee sufficient food, shelter, security, education, and health care to the downtrodden, the ideal of democracy weakens among citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Democracy begins to resemble a fancy mask worn by wealthy political predators.</li>
<li>Society is subordinated to the state. People are expected to behave as loyal subjects, or else suffer the consequences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Renaissance:</strong> It refers to the process of <strong>constant repair and renewal of &ldquo;constitutionalism&rdquo;</strong> as a function of adjudication.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Obeisance to the constitutional spirit, vision and letter.</li>
<li>The interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in a way that glorifies its democratic spirit and reflects a &lsquo;reverence&rsquo; towards the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of &ldquo;rights of all,</strong> which means that people are true sovereign and they should not be treated as just &lsquo;subjects&rsquo; and all forms of public power should be placed at the service of constitutional ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/constitutional-morality#:~:text=Constitutional%20morality%20provides%20a%20principled,governing%20institutions%20and%20representatives%20accountable." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitutional Morality</a>:</strong> It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable.</li>
<li><strong>Purposive Interpretation:</strong> This refers to the interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in light of the interest of the people of India and maintaining institutional integrity.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance</strong></a>: The ultimate motive of constitution-related judicial articulation and government schemes and programmes should be enabling a good governance system.</li>
<li><strong>Voices Should be Heard:</strong> The Government should hear criticism rather than rejecting it outrightly. Suggestions on eroding democratic values need a thoughtful, and respectful response.</li>
<li><strong>Checks on Executive Powers:</strong> The press and the judiciary, which are considered the pillars of India&rsquo;s Democracy, require it to be independent of any executive interference to enable auditing of the</li>
<li><strong>Need For Strong Opposition:</strong> Strong democracy requires strong opposition. Without an alternative choice, the very objective of election to provide a check on arbitrary power gets defeated.</li>
<li><strong>Social Equality:</strong> If redistributive public welfare policies are effective, the inequality in the society would be reduced. Thus, it must be the priority of the government to maintain social and economic equality and inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The institutionalization of constitutional democracy has helped the people of India realize the importance of democracy and inculcate democratic sensibilities among them. At the same time, it is important that all the government organs work in harmony to uphold the trust people of the country have held in them and ensure objectives of true democracy..</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;Democracy is very important for human development.&rsquo; In the light of the statement discuss the challenges democracy is facing today.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9036,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Creamy Layer: OBC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, some MPs have raised the issue of defining <strong>Creamy Layer</strong> in the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monsoon-session-of-parliament-begins" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monsoon Session</strong></a> of Parliament.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice Rohini committee</strong></a> is considering the sub-categorization of OBC quota and if any particular community or group of communities are benefiting most from the OBC quota and how to iron out anomalies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the recommendation of the <strong>Second Backward Classes Commission <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/30-years-of-mandal-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Mandal Commission)</a></strong>, the government in August, 1990 had notified 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) in vacancies in civil posts and services that are to be filled on direct recruitment.</li>
<li>After this was challenged, the Supreme Court in November, 1992 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Indira Sawhney case)</strong></a> upheld 27% reservation for OBCs, subject to exclusion of the creamy layer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a concept that sets a threshold within which OBC reservation benefits are applicable.</li>
<li>While there is a 27% quota for OBCs in government jobs and higher educational institutions, those falling within the <strong>&ldquo;creamy layer&rdquo;</strong> (various categories based on income and parents&rsquo; rank) cannot get the benefits of this quota.</li>
<li>Other <strong>than the income limit, the current definition of the creamy layer remains the same.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories defined under Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Income beyond 8 lakh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For those not in government, the current threshold is an income of Rs 8 lakh per year.</li>
<li>The income threshold is supposed to be raised every three years. It was last revised in 2017 (more than three years now).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parents&rsquo; rank:</strong> For children of government employees, the threshold is based on their parents&rsquo; rank and not income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, an individual is considered to fall within the creamy layer if either of his or her parents is in a constitutional post; if either parent has been directly recruited in Group-A; or if both parents are in Group-B services.</li>
<li>If the parents enter Group-A through promotion before the age of 40, their children will be in the creamy layer.</li>
<li>Children of a Colonel or higher-ranked officer in the Army, and children of officers of similar ranks in the Navy and Air Force, too, come under the creamy layer. There are other criteria as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A draft Cabinet note has stated that the creamy layer will be determined on all income, including salary calculated for income tax, but not agriculture income.</li>
<li>The government is considering a consensus on Rs 12 lakh, whereas Parliament Committee has recommended to raise upto 15 lakh per year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also <strong>recommended excluding salary and agricultural revenue</strong> while calculating the annual income ceiling for the creamy layer category of OBCs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/creamy-layer-obc-reservation-quota-7430996/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8920,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Parliament Sessions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Monsoon session of Parliament</strong> has begun, after the reshuffling of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/council-of-ministers-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of ministers</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet committees.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sessions of Parliament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summoning of Parliament is<strong> specified in Article 85</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The <strong>power to convene a session of Parliament rests with the Government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>decision is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs which is formalised by the President,</strong> in whose name MPs (Members of Parliament) are summoned to meet for a session.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India<strong> does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar.</strong> By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament<strong> meets for three sessions in a year.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> longest, Budget Session (1<sup>st</sup> session),</strong> starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May.</li>
<li>The <strong>second session</strong> is the<strong> three-week Monsoon Session,</strong> which usually begins in July and finishes in August.</li>
<li><strong>Winter Session (3<sup>rd</sup> session),</strong> is held from November to December.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Summoning of Parliament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Summoning is the <strong>process of calling all members of the Parliament</strong> to meet. The <strong>President summons each House</strong> of the Parliament from time to time. The <strong>gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months,</strong> which means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjournment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adjournment <strong>terminates the sitting of the House</strong> which meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting. The <strong>postponement may be for a specified time</strong> such as hours, days or weeks.</li>
<li>If the meeting is terminated without any definite time/date fixed for the next meeting, it is<strong> called Adjournment sine die.</strong></li>
<li>The power of adjournment as well as adjournment sine die<strong> lies with the presiding officer (<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-speaker-roles-and-responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Speaker</a> or Chairman) of the House.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prorogation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prorogation is the<strong> end of session and not the dissolution</strong> of the house (in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve).</li>
<li>It is <strong>done by the President of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Quorum:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Quorum refers to the <strong>minimum number of the members required</strong> to be present for conducting a meeting of the house.</li>
<li>The Constitution has fixed <strong>one-tenth strength</strong> as quorum for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>Thus, to conduct a sitting of<strong> Lok Sabha,</strong> there should<strong> be at least 55 members present</strong> while to conduct a sitting of <strong>Rajya Sabha,</strong> there should be <strong>at least 25 members present.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Session of Parliament (Article 108):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution of India provides for the joint sitting of the <strong>Parliament&rsquo;s two Houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha,</strong> in order to break any deadlock between the two.</li>
<li>The joint sitting is <strong>called by the President.</strong> Such a session is <strong>presided over by the Speaker,</strong> and in his/her absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>In the absence of both, it is presided over by the<strong> Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If any of the above are not present, <strong>any other member of the Parliament can preside</strong> by consensus of both the Houses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parliament-monsoon-session-live-updates-pegasus-project-covid-farmers-7411246/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8902,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Plea Challenges Sedition Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a petition was filed in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme court (SC)</strong></a>, that seeks a relook into the <strong>Sedition Law.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From Petitioner:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nearly-60-year old judgment helped sedition to survive in Indian Penal Code.</li>
<li>The <strong>1962 judgment in the KedarNath case,</strong> which upheld <strong>Section 124A (sedition),</strong> a relic of the colonial legacy, was given at a time when doctrines such as <strong>&lsquo;chilling effect&rsquo; (Deterring effect resulting from restrictive law) on free speech</strong> were unheard of. It was delivered at a time when scope and inter-relationship of fundamental rights were rather restrictive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Kedar Nath judgment, the court had reasoned that without<strong> Section 124A,</strong> the State would be in jeopardy if the government was subverted. It, however, said that Section 124A would apply only to expressions that either intended to or had the tendency to cause violence were punishable as<strong> &lsquo;sedition&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Court&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It sends a strong message to the government that <strong>sedition is being misused by the authorities</strong> to trample upon <strong>citizens&rsquo; fundamental rights</strong> of free speech and liberty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC made it clear that the court is sensitive to the public demand to judicially review the manner in which law enforcement authorities are using the sedition law to control free speech and send journalists, activists and dissenters to jail, and keep them there.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code <strong>may have passed its time.</strong></li>
<li>The Court said &ldquo;a statute criminalising expression based on unconstitutionally vague definitions of <strong>&lsquo;disaffection towards Government&rsquo;</strong> etc. is an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right to free expression guaranteed under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-to-freedom" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 19 (1)(a)</strong></a> and causes constitutionally impermissible <strong>&lsquo;Chilling Effect&rsquo; on speech&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background of Sedition Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sedition laws were enacted in <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century England</strong> when lawmakers believed that <strong>only good opinions of the government should survive,</strong> as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>The law was originally drafted<strong> in 1837 by Thomas Macaulay,</strong> the British historian-politician, but was inexplicably omitted when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-road-map-for-criminal-justice-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong></a> was enacted <strong>in 1860.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-indias-sedition-law-needs-to-be-buried" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 124A</strong></a> was inserted in 1870 by an amendment introduced by Sir James Stephen when it felt the need for a specific section to deal with the offence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was one of the many draconian laws enacted to stifle any voices of dissent at that time.</li>
<li>It was used by the British to silence<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sedition Law Today:</strong> Sedition is a crime under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 124A IPC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defines sedition as<strong> an offence committed when</strong> "any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India".</li>
<li>Disaffection includes <strong>disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.</strong> However,<strong> comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred,</strong> contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishment for the Offence of Sedition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sedition is<strong> a non-bailable offence.</strong> Punishment under the <strong>Section 124A ranges</strong> from imprisonment up to <strong>three years to a life term,</strong> to which fine may be added.</li>
<li>A person charged <strong>under this law is barred</strong> from a government job.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have to live without their passport and must produce themselves in the court at all times as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Has its utility in combating anti-national, secessionist and terrorist elements.</li>
<li>It protects the elected government from attempts to overthrow the government with violence and illegal means.</li>
<li>If<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> contempt of court</strong></a> invites penal action, contempt of government should also attract punishment.</li>
<li>Many districts in different states face a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/naxalism-left-wing-extremism-internal-security-threat-vulnerabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>maoist insurgency</strong></a> and rebel groups, they openly advocate the overthrow of the state government by revolution.</li>
<li>Against this backdrop, the abolition of Section 124A would be ill-advised merely because it has been wrongly invoked in some highly publicized cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments against Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a constraint on the <strong>legitimate exercise of constitutionally guaranteed freedom</strong> of speech and expression.</li>
<li><strong>Dissent and criticism of the government are essential ingredients</strong> of robust public debate in a vibrant democracy. They should not be constructed as sedition.</li>
<li>The British, who introduced sedition to oppress Indians, have themselves abolished the law in their country. There is no reason why India should not abolish this section.</li>
<li>The terms used under Section 124A like <strong>'disaffection'</strong> are vague and subject to different interpretations to the whims and fancies of the investigating officers.</li>
<li>IPC and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 2019</strong></a> have provisions that penalize <strong>"disrupting the public order"</strong> or<strong> "overthrowing the government with violence and illegal means".</strong> These are sufficient for protecting national integrity.</li>
<li>The sedition law is being misused as a tool to persecute political dissent.</li>
<li>In 1979, India ratified the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)</strong></a>, which sets forth internationally recognized standards for the protection of freedom of expression. However, misuse of sedition and arbitrary slapping of charges are inconsistent with India's international commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the largest democracy of the world and the right to free speech and expression is an essential ingredient of democracy. The expression or thought that is not in consonance with the policy of the government of the day should not be considered as sedition.</li>
<li>Section 124A should not be misused as a tool to curb free speech. The SC caveat, given in the KedarNath case, on prosecution under the law can check its misuse. It needs to be examined under the changed facts and circumstances and also on the anvil of ever-evolving tests of necessity, proportionality and arbitrariness.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-agrees-to-examine-fresh-plea-challenging-sedition-law/article35316511.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8885,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Adjournment Motion',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Shiromani Akali Dal (Political Party) has decided to move an<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/adjournment-motion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Adjournment Motion</a> </strong>in the Lok Sabha against the government on the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three controversial farm laws.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Motions</strong> and resolutions are <strong>procedural devices</strong> to raise a discussion in the House on a matter of general public interest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adjournment motion is <strong>introduced only in the Lok Sabha </strong>to <strong>draw the attention of the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It<strong> involves an element of censure</strong> against the government, therefore Rajya Sabha is not permitted to make use of this device.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is regarded as an <strong>extraordinary device</strong> as it interrupts the normal business of the House. It <strong>needs the support of 50 members</strong> to be admitted.</li>
<li>The <strong>discussion</strong> on this motion<strong> should last for not less than two hours and thirty minutes.</strong></li>
<li>However, the right to move a motion for an adjournment of the business of the House is subject to the<strong> following restrictions.</strong> i.e. it should:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Raise a <strong>matter</strong> which is definite, factual, urgent and of public importance.</li>
<li>Not cover more than one matter.</li>
<li>Be<strong> restricted to a specific matter</strong> of recent occurrence.</li>
<li>Not raise a <strong>question of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">privilege</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Not <strong>revive discussion</strong> on a matter that has been discussed in the same session.</li>
<li>Not deal with any matter that is <strong>under adjudication of court.</strong></li>
<li>Not raise any question that<strong> can be raised on a distinct motion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="background-color: #02061c; height: 19px; width: 0px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Types of Motions in Indian Parliament</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 83px;">
<td style="height: 24px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Privilege Motion</strong></td>
<td style="height: 24px; width: 840px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>moved by a member when he feels that a minister has committed a breach of privilege of the House</strong> or one or more of its members by withholding facts of a case or by giving wrong or distorted facts. Its purpose is<strong> to censure the concerned minister.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> can be moved in Rajya Sabha as well as Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Censure Motion</strong></td>
<td style="height: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>should state the reasons</strong> for its adoption in the Lok Sabha. It <strong>can be moved against an individual minister</strong> <strong>or a group of ministers</strong> or the entire council of ministers.</li>
<li>It is moved <strong>to censure the council of ministers</strong> for specific policies and actions. It <strong>can be moved only in Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Call-Attention Motion</strong></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is introduced in the Parliament by a member to<strong> call the attention of a minister to a matter of urgent public importance,</strong> and to seek an authoritative statement from him on that matter.</li>
<li>It <strong>can be moved in Rajya Sabha as well as Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Adjournment Motion</strong></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is introduced in the Lok Sabha <strong>to draw the attention of the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance. </strong>It<strong> involves an element of censure against the government.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> can be moved only in Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>No-Day-Yet-Named Motion</strong></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a motion that has been admitted by the Speaker but<strong> no date has been fixed for its discussion.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>can be moved in Rajya Sabha as well as Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>No Confidence Motion</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 75 of the Constitution</strong> says that the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. In other words, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Lok Sabha can remove the ministry from office by passing a no-confidence motion.</strong> The motion <strong>needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> can be moved only in Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Motion of Thanks</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 840px; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first session after each general election and the first session of every fiscal year is addressed by the president. This <strong>address of the president is discussed in both the Houses of Parliament on a motion called the &lsquo;Motion of Thanks&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>This motion <strong>must be passed in the House.</strong> Otherwise, it <strong>amounts to the defeat of the government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 121px; height: 19px; background-color: #f0edff;"><strong>Cut Motions</strong></td>
<td style="width: 840px; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0edff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A cut motion is<strong> a special power vested in members of the Lok Sabha to oppose a demand being discussed for specific allocation by the government</strong> in the Finance Bill as part of the Demand for Grants.</li>
<li>If the motion is adopted, <strong>it amounts to a no-confidence vote,</strong> and if the government fails to jot up numbers in the lower House, it is obliged to resign according to the norms of the House.</li>
<li>A motion may be moved to reduce the amount of a demand in any of the following ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Policy Cut Motion:</strong> It is moved so that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re.1<strong> (represents disapproval of the policy underlying the demand).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Economy Cut Motions:</strong> It is moved so that the amount of the demand will be reduced by a<strong> specified amount.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Token Cut Motions:</strong> It is moved so that the amount of the demand is reduced by Rs.100 <strong>(expresses a specific grievance).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>can be moved only in Lok Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/akalis-to-move-adjournment-motion-in-lok-sabha-on-farm-laws/article35350410.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8849,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Maharashtra has been without a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/the-office-of-speaker-of-lok-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Speaker</a></strong> since February, 2021 while <strong>Lok Sabha</strong> and several <strong>State Assemblies</strong> are without a <strong>Deputy Speaker.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution provides that the<strong> office of the Speaker should never be empty.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Election of Speaker:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Constitution of India requires the<strong> Speaker to be a member of the House.</strong></li>
<li>Although there are<strong> no specific qualifications prescribed for being elected the Speaker,</strong> an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country is considered a major asset for the holder of the Office of the Speaker.</li>
<li>Usually, a<strong> member belonging to the ruling party</strong> is elected Speaker. The process has evolved over the years where the ruling party nominates its candidate after informal consultations with leaders of other parties and groups in the House.</li>
<li>This convention ensures that once elected, the Speaker enjoys the respect of all sections of the House.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Voting:</strong> The<strong> Speaker (along with the Deputy Speaker)</strong> is elected from<strong> among the Lok Sabha members</strong> by a<strong> simple majority of members</strong> present and voting in the House.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once a decision on the candidate is taken,<strong> his/her name is normally proposed by the Prime Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term of Office of the Speaker:</strong> The Speaker holds Office from the <strong>date of his/her election</strong> till immediately<strong> before the first meeting of the next Lok Sabha (for 5 years).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The speaker once elected is<strong> eligible for re-election.</strong></li>
<li>Whenever the<strong> Lok Sabha is dissolved,</strong> the Speaker <strong>does not vacate his office</strong> and continues <strong>till the newly-elected Lok Sabha meets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role and Powers of Speaker:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Interpretation:</strong> He/She is the <strong>final interpreter of the provisions</strong> of the <strong>Constitution of India, the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business of Lok Sabha and the parliamentary precedents,</strong> within the House.</li>
<li><strong>Joint Sitting of Both Houses:</strong> He/She presides over a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-addresses-joint-sitting-of-parliament" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>joint sitting</strong></a> of the two Houses of Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such a sitting is<strong> summoned by the President</strong> to settle a deadlock between the two Houses on a bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjournment of Sitting:</strong> He/She can adjourn the House or suspend the meeting <strong>in absence one-tenth of the total strength of the House (called the quorum).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Casting Vote:</strong> The speaker does not vote in the first instance but in the case of a tie; when the House is divided equally on any question, the Speaker is entitled to vote.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such a vote is called a Casting Vote, and its purpose is to resolve a deadlock.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Money Bill:</strong> He/She decides whether a bill is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/misuse-of-money-bills-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money bill</strong> </a>or not and his/her decision on this question is final.</li>
<li><strong>Disqualifying Members:</strong> It is the speaker who decides the questions of disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha, arising on the ground of defection under the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/time-to-review-tenth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tenth Schedule.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenge-to-anti-defection-law#:~:text=The%20Anti%2DDefection%20Law%20was,the%20evil%20of%20political%20defections%E2%80%9D.&amp;text=He%20voluntarily%20gives%20up%20his%20membership%20of%20such%20political%20party%3B%20or" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 52<sup>nd</sup> amendment</strong></a> to the Indian Constitution vests this power in the Speaker.</li>
<li>In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that the decision of the Speaker in this regard is subject to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/judicial-review-1#:~:text=Article%20372%20(1)%20establishes%20the,Fundamental%20Rights%20shall%20be%20void." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judicial review.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chairing the IPG:</strong> He/She acts as the <strong>ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG)</strong> which is a link between the<strong> Parliament of India and the various parliaments of the world.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He also acts as the <strong>ex-officio chairman of the conference of presiding officers of legislative bodies in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitution of Committees:</strong> The Committees of the House are constituted by the speaker and function under the speaker&rsquo;s overall direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Chairmen of all <strong>Parliamentary Committees are nominated by him/her.</strong></li>
<li>Committees like the <strong>Business Advisory Committee, the General Purposes Committee</strong> and the Rules Committee work directly under his Chairmanship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Privileges of the House:</strong> The <strong>Speaker is the guardian of the rights</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>privileges of the House</strong></a>, its Committees and members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Speaker:</strong> Under following conditions, the speaker, may have to vacate the office earlier:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>If he resigns by writing to the Deputy Speaker.</li>
<li>If he is<strong> removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of the Lok Sabha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such a resolution can be moved <strong>only after giving 14 days&rsquo; advance notice.</strong></li>
<li>When a resolution for the removal of the Speaker is under consideration of the House, <strong>he/she may be present at the sitting but not preside.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Election:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Deputy Speaker is also <strong>elected by the Lok Sabha</strong> from amongst its members right after the election of the Speaker has taken place.</li>
<li>The date of election of the <strong>Deputy Speaker is fixed by the Speaker (date of election of the Speaker is fixed by the President).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term of Office and Removal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Like the Speaker, the <strong>Deputy Speaker remains in office usually during the life of the Lok Sabha (5 years).</strong></li>
<li>The Deputy Speaker may vacate his/her office earlier in any of the following three cases:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>If he resigns by writing to the Speaker.</li>
<li>If he is <strong>removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of the Lok Sabha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such a resolution can be moved<strong> only after giving 14 days&rsquo; advance notice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responsibilities and Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Deputy Speaker <strong>performs the duties of the Speaker&rsquo;s office when it is vacant.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He/She also acts as the<strong> Speaker when the latter is absent from the sitting of the House.</strong></li>
<li>He/She also <strong>presides over the joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament,</strong> in case the Speaker is absent from such a sitting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Deputy Speaker has <strong>one special privilege,</strong> that is, whenever he/she is appointed as a member of a parliamentary committee, he/she automatically becomes its chairman.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-electing-a-speaker-deputy-speaker-7399970/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8781,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The source of the concept of<strong> Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> is the Spanish Constitution from which it came in the Irish Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of DPSP emerged from <strong>Article 45 of the Irish Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions: <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part IV</a></strong> of the Constitution of India <strong>(Article 36&ndash;51)</strong> contains the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 37</strong> of the Indian Constitution States about the <strong>application of the Directive Principles.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These principles aim at ensuring <strong>socioeconomic justice</strong> to the people and establishing India as a Welfare State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights Vs DPSP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the Fundamental Rights (FRs), the <strong>scope of DPSP is limitless</strong> and it protects the rights of a citizen and work at a <strong>macro level.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP consists of all the <strong>ideals which the State should follow</strong> and keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Directive Principles <strong>are affirmative directions</strong> on the other hand, Fundamental Rights are negative or prohibitive in nature because they put limitations on the State.</li>
<li>The DPSP is <strong>not enforceable by law;</strong> it is non-justiciable.</li>
<li>It is important to note that DPSP and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRs</strong></a> go hand in hand. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DPSP is <strong>not subordinate to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FRs.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification of Principles:</strong> The Directive Principles are classified on the basis of their ideological source and objectives. These are Directives based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Socialist Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gandhian Principles</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liberal and Intellectual Principles</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Socialist Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 38:</strong> The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order by<strong> ensuring social, economic and political justice</strong> and by <strong>minimising inequalities</strong> in income, status, facilities and opportunities</li>
<li><strong>Articles 39:</strong> The State shall in particular, direct its policies towards securing: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to an<strong> adequate means of livelihood</strong> to all the citizens.</li>
<li>The<strong> ownership and control of material resources</strong> shall be organised in a manner to serve the common good.</li>
<li>The State shall <strong>avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Equal pay for equal work</strong> for both men and women.</li>
<li>The protection of the strength and health of the workers.</li>
<li>Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 41:</strong> To secure the<strong> right to work, to education and to public assistance</strong> in cases of unemployment, <strong>old age, sickness and disability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 42:</strong> The State shall make provisions for <strong>securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>secure to all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> The State shall take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> To <strong>raise the level of nutrition</strong> and the <strong>standard of living</strong> of people and to improve public health.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Gandhian Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 40:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> organise village panchayats</strong> as units of Self Government</li>
<li><strong>Article 43:</strong> The State shall endeavour to <strong>promote cottage industries</strong> on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 43B:</strong> To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> The State shall<strong> promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people particularly that of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>other weaker sections.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> improve public health</strong> and prohibit consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.</li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch</strong></a> and draught cattle and to improve their breeds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Directives based on Liberal-Intellectual Principles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 44:</strong> The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizen a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uniform-civil-code-2#:~:text=Article%2044%20of%20the%20Constitution,of%20State%20Policy%20(DPSP)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uniform Civil Code</strong></a> through the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 45:</strong> To provide <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>early childhood care and education</strong></a> for all children until they complete the <strong>age of six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 48:</strong> To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 48A:</strong> To protect and<strong> improve the environment</strong> and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 49:</strong> The State shall <strong>protect every <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monument</a></strong> or place of artistic or historic interest.</li>
<li><strong>Article 50:</strong> The State shall take steps to<strong> separate judiciary from the executive</strong> in the public services of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 51:</strong> It declares that to <strong>establish international peace and security</strong> the State shall endeavour to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maintain just and honourable relations with the nations.</li>
<li>Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.</li>
<li>Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Amendments in DPSP:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2#:~:text=Forty%2DFourth%20Amendment%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=Restored%20the%20original%20term%20of,the%20Parliament%20and%20state%20legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1976</strong></a>: It introduced certain changes in the part-IV of the Constitution by adding new directives: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 39A:</strong> To provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-legal-services-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>free legal aid</strong> </a>to the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 43A:</strong> Participation of workers in management of Industries.K1M</li>
<li><strong>Article 48A:&nbsp;</strong>To protect and improve the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-constitution-day#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20(44th%20Amendment)%20Act%2C%201978&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20provided%20that,been%20declared%20a%20legal%20right." target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment, 1978</a>:</strong> It inserted Section-2 to Article 38 which declares that; &ldquo;The State in particular shall strive to minimise economic inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities not amongst individuals but also amongst groups&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>eliminated the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Property</a></strong> from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=The%2086th%20amendment%20to,children%20between%206%2D14%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 2002</strong></a>: It changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21 A.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conflicts Between Fundamental Rights and DPSP: Associated Cases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Champakam Dorairajan v the State of Madras (1951): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india#:~:text=The%20State%20of%20Madras%20v,First%20amendment%20in%20the%20constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court ruled that in case of <strong>any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles, the former would prevail.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It declared that the Directive Principles have to conform to and run as subsidiary to the Fundamental Rights.</li>
<li>It also held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended by the Parliament by enacting constitutional amendment acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golaknath v the State of Punjab (1967): <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-123#:~:text=Golak%20Nath%20V%20State%20of,rights%20a%20%E2%80%9CTranscendental%20Position%E2%80%9D." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court declared that<strong> Fundamental Rights could not be amended by the Parliament</strong> even for implementation of Directive Principles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was contradictory to its own judgement in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=In%20the%20early%20years%20of,Sajjan%20Singh%20case%20(1965).&amp;text=This%20means%20Parliament%20had%20the,the%20constitution%20including%20Fundamental%20rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Shankari Parsad case&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kesavananda Bharati v the State of Kerala (1973): <a href="/printpdf/basic-structure-doctrine-kesavananda-bharati-case#:~:text=Key%20Points,owned%20property%20without%20government%20interference." target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court overruled its Golak Nath (1967) verdict and declared that Parliament <strong>can amend any part of the Constitution</strong> but it <strong>cannot alter its &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the Right to Property (Article 31) was eliminated from the list of Fundamental Rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minerva Mills v the Union of India (1980): <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In this case</a></strong>, the Supreme Court reiterated that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but it cannot change the &ldquo;Basic Structure&rdquo; of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementation of DPSP: Associated Acts and Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Reforms:</strong> Almost all the states have passed<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/land-reforms-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> land reform</strong></a> laws to bring changes in the agrarian society and to improve the conditions of the rural masses. These measures include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abolition of intermediaries</strong> like zamindars, jagirdars, inamdars, etc</li>
<li><strong>Tenancy reforms</strong> like security of tenure, fair rents, etc</li>
<li>Imposition of ceilings on land holdings</li>
<li><strong>Distribution of surplus land</strong> among the landless labourers</li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-142#:~:text=Cooperative%20farming%20to%20resolve%20the,and%20thus%20it%20costs%20less." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative farming</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Reforms:</strong> The following acts were enacted to protect the interests of the Labour section of the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Minimum Wages Act (1948), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-related-to-minimum-wage#:~:text=The%20Code%20on%20Wages%2C%202020,be%20fixed%20by%20state%20governments." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages, 2020</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-laws-diluted" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Act%2C%20employment,as%20chemical%20plants%20and%20mines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act (1986)</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Renamed as the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Child and Adolescent Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986</strong> </a>in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india#:~:text=and%20sexual%20slavery.-,Bonded%20Labour%20System%20(Abolition)%20Act%201976,the%20form%20of%20Vigilance%20Committees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976)</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining#:~:text=The%20Union%20Cabinet%20has%20approved,attract%20investment%20in%20coal%20mining.&amp;text=)%20Act%2C%202015.-,The%20Mines%20and%20Minerals%20(Development%20and%20Regulation)%20Act%2C%201957,mining%20leases%20for%20mining%20operations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india#:~:text=The%20Maternity%20Benefit%20Amendment%20Act%20increases%20women's%20leave%20entitlements%20from,more%20children%20get%20reduced%20entitlements." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maternity Benefit Act (1961)</strong></a> and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of women workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Panchayati Raj System:</strong> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotation-of-panchayat-seats-between-men-and-women#:~:text=The%2073rd%20Constitutional%20Amendment,it%20by%20the%20State%20Legislatures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992</strong></a>, government fulfilled constitutional obligation stated in Article 40. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Three tier<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Panchayati Raj System&rsquo;</strong></a> was introduced at the Village, Block and District level in almost all parts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cottage Industries:</strong> To promote cottage industries as per <strong>Article 43,</strong> the government has established several Boards such as Village Industries Board, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All India Handicraft Board</strong></a>,<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Silk Board</a></strong>, Coir Board, etc., which provide essential help to cottage industries in finance and marketing.</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> Government has implemented provisions related to free and compulsory education as provided in <strong>Article 45.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-3#:~:text=Amendment%3A,functional%20items%20of%20the%20panchayats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>86<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment</strong> </a>and subsequently passed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-education-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rights to Education Act 2009,</strong></a> Elementary Education has been accepted as Fundamental Right of each child between the 6 to 14 years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rural Area Development:</strong> Programmes such as the Community Development Programme (1952), <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Rural Development Programme</strong></a> (1978-79) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA-2006)</strong></a> were launched to raise the standard of living particularly in rural areas, as stated in the <strong>Article 47</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> Central Government sponsored schemes like <strong>Pradhan Mantri Gram Swasthya Yojana (PMGSY)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana#:~:text=National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM)%20was,the%20National%20Urban%20Health%20Mission.&amp;text=The%20National%20Health%20Mission%20seeks,to%201%2F1000%20live%20births" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)</strong></a> are being implemented to fulfill the social sector responsibility of the Indian State.</li>
<li><strong>Environment:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/wildlife-protection-act-wpa-1972#:~:text=Wildlife%20(Protection)%20Act%2C%201972,101%20National%20Parks%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=Forest%20Conservation%20Act%2C%201980%3A%20The,conserve%20biodiversity%20and%20save%20wildlife." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980</strong></a> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environment-protection-act-1986" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a> have been enacted to safeguard the wildlife and the forests respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/22-05-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water</strong> </a>and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-environment-day-1#:~:text=quality%20monitoring%20network.-,Air%20(Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20Pollution)%20Act%2C%201981,control%20%26%20abatement%20of%20air%20pollution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Pollution</a> Control Acts</strong> have provided for the establishment of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Heritage Preservation:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958)</strong></a> has been enacted to protect the monuments, places and objects of national importance.</li>
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8770,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Trafficking in Persons Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Trafficking in Persons report 2021,</strong> released by the US State Department, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has resulted in an <strong>increase in vulnerability to human trafficking </strong>and<strong> interrupted existing anti-traffic efforts.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons,<strong> form of modern-day slavery</strong> involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the<strong> purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While India did not meet the minimum standards to eliminate trafficking, the government was <strong>making significant efforts,</strong> although these were inadequate, especially when it came to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bonded labour.</strong></a></li>
<li>Chinese government engaged in <strong>widespread forced labour,</strong> including through the continued mass arbitrary detention of more than one million <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uighur-muslims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uyghurs</strong></a>, <strong>ethnic Kazakhs, ethnic Kyrgyz, and other Muslims.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Increased Trafficking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concurrence of the <strong>increased number of individuals at risk, traffickers&rsquo; ability to capitalise on competing crises,</strong> and the<strong> diversion of resources to pandemic response efforts</strong> has resulted in an ideal environment for human trafficking to flourish and evolve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categorisation of Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The categorisation is based not on the magnitude of a country&rsquo;s trafficking problem but <strong>on efforts to meet minimum standards</strong> for the elimination of human trafficking.</li>
<li>The countries are designated on the <strong>three-tier system:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tier 1 countries</strong> are those countries whose governments <strong>fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act</strong> (TVPA - US&rsquo;s law on human trafficking) minimum standards.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USA, UK, Australia, Bahrain and South Korea are some of the countries in tier 1.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tier 2 countries</strong> are those countries whose governments<strong> do not fully comply with TVPA's minimum standards</strong> but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tier 2 watchlist countries</strong> are those where the absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is significant or is significantly increasing.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> is placed in <strong>Tier 2 category.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tier 3 countries</strong> whose governments <strong>do not fully comply</strong> with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Afghanistan, Burma, China, Cuba, Eritrea, North Korea, Iran, Russia, South Sudan, Syria and Turkmenistan are under this tier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are also a few <strong>"Special Cases"</strong> such as <strong>Yemen,</strong> where the civil conflict and humanitarian crisis make gaining information difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relevant Laws in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-2#:~:text=Right%20Against%20Exploitation%20(Article%2023%20and%2024)&amp;text=The%20Article%2023%20of%20the,well%20as%20to%20non%2Dcitizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 23 and 24</strong></a> of the Constitution of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 23 <strong>prohibits human trafficking and begar</strong> (forced labour without payment).</li>
<li>Article 24<strong> forbids employment of children</strong> below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC) Section: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 370 and 370A</strong> of IPC provide for comprehensive measures to <strong>counter the menace of human trafficking including trafficking of children</strong> for exploitation in any form including physical exploitation or any form of sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs.</li>
<li><strong>Sections 372 and 373</strong> dealing with selling and buying of girls for the purpose of prostitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Legislations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA)</strong> is the premier legislation for prevention of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.</li>
<li>There are other specific legislations enacted relating to trafficking in women and children - Prohibition of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic#:~:text=The%20Special%20Marriage%20Act%2C%201954,the%20Child%20Marriage%20Restraint%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Child Marriage</a> Act, 2006, Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994,</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-29-of-the-pocso-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Protection of Children from Sexual offences (POCSO) Act, 2012</a>,</strong> is a special law to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Governments</strong> have also enacted specific legislations to deal with the issue (e.g.<strong> The Punjab Prevention of Human Smuggling Act, 2012).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Steps Taken by India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Anti-Trafficking Nodal Cell</strong> was set up in the<strong> Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)</strong> in 2006 to act as a focal point for communicating various decisions and follow up on action taken by the State Governments to combat the crime of Human Trafficking.</li>
<li><strong>Anti Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU):</strong> The<strong> Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> under a Comprehensive <strong>Scheme &lsquo;Strengthening Law Enforcement Response in India against Trafficking in Persons&rsquo; (2010)</strong> has released fund for establishment of AHTU for many districts of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The primary role of an <strong>Anti Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU)</strong> is law enforcement and liaising with other concerned agencies for care &amp; rehabilitation of victims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN Convention:</strong> India has ratified <strong>(in 2011) United Nations Convention on Transnational Organised Crime (UNCTOC)</strong> which among others has a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.</li>
<li><strong>SAARC Convention:</strong> India has ratified the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAARC</a> Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking</strong> in Women and Children for Prostitution.</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Mechanism:</strong> A <strong>Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India and Bangladesh</strong> for Prevention of Human Trafficking in Women and Children, Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking was signed in June, 2015.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Colloquium:</strong> These are held at the High court level. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aim is to sensitize the judicial officers about the various issues concerning human trafficking and to ensure speedy court process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity Building:</strong> Various <strong>Training of Trainers (TOT) workshops on &lsquo;Combating Trafficking in Human Beings&rsquo;</strong> for Police officers and for Prosecutors at Regional level, State level and District level have been organized by the government throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to step up <strong>technical assistance and strengthen cooperation,</strong> to support all countries to protect victims and bring criminals to justice.</li>
<li>The <strong>capacity building</strong> of the <strong>Police along with that of the NGOs</strong> is necessary to tackle the menace of human trafficking.</li>
<li>There is a need to<strong> ensure proper data sharing,</strong> internally in an administration or between agencies like the police or the NGOs, or between the different countries as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-s-verma-committee-on-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Justice Verma Committee, 2012&nbsp;</a></strong>had recommended a <strong>census of the missing children.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government needs to take some <strong>preventive steps,</strong> such as<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Educating children</strong> on the crime of trafficking by including the same in their school curriculum.</li>
<li><strong>Making people aware as a society</strong> i.e. if an individual comes across any suspicious activity, s/he should report the same to the concerned authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pandemic-increased-vulnerability-to-human-trafficking-us-report/article35090118.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8727,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Attorney General of India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has <strong>extended the term of K.K. Venugopal as Attorney General (AG) for one more year.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>second time the Centre has extended his tenure.</strong> Venugopal received his first extension of term in 2020.</li>
<li>Venugopal was appointed the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> AG of India in 2017.</strong> He succeeded Mukul Rohatgi who was AG from 2014-2017.</li>
<li>He would be in command of the <strong>government&rsquo;s legal defence in several sensitive cases</strong> pending in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a>, which includes the challenge to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> abrogation</strong> <strong>of Article 370</strong></a> of the Constitution and the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Citizenship Amendment Act</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Attorney General (AG) of India is <strong>a part of the Union Executive.</strong> AG is the <strong>highest law officer in the country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 76 of the Constitution</strong> provides for the office of AG of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment and Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AG is <strong>appointed by the President</strong> on the advice of the government.</li>
<li>S/he must be a person who is <strong>qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court</strong>, i.e. s/he must be a citizen of India and must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Term of the Office:</strong> Not fixed by the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Removal:</strong> Procedures and grounds for the removal of AG are not stated in the Constitution. S/he holds office during the pleasure of the President (may be removed by the President at any time).</li>
<li><strong>Duties and Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> give advice to the Government of India (GoI)</strong> upon such legal matters, which are referred to her/him by the President.</li>
<li>To perform such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to her/him by the President.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>appear on behalf of the GoI in all cases in the Supreme Court</strong> or in any case in any High Court in which the GoI is concerned.</li>
<li>To <strong>represent the GoI in any reference made</strong> by the President to the Supreme Court<strong> under Article 143</strong> (Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court) of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To discharge the functions conferred on her/him by the Constitution or any other law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights and Limitations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>S/he has the <strong>right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of Parliament</strong> or their joint sitting and any committee of the Parliament of which s/he may be named a member, but<strong> without a right to vote.</strong></li>
<li>S/he <strong>enjoys all the privileges and immunities</strong> that are available to a member of Parliament.</li>
<li>S/he does <strong>not fall in the category of government servants.</strong> S/he is not <strong>debarred from private legal practice.</strong></li>
<li>However, s/he<strong> should not advise or hold a brief against the GoI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitor General of India assist the AG</strong> in fulfillment of the official responsibilities.</li>
<li><strong>Corresponding Office in the States:</strong> Advocate General (Article 165).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tenure-of-attorney-general-kk-venugopal-extended-by-a-year/article35012456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8725,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gujarat Prohibition Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949 has been challenged</strong> before the Gujarat High Court, more than seven decades after it came into effect as the <strong>Bombay Prohibition Act.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>prohibition on manufacture, sale and consumption of liquor in the state vide the Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949</strong>, has been challenged on grounds of 'manifest arbitrariness' and violation of 'right to privacy'.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bombay Abkari Act, 1878:</strong> The first hint at the prohibition of liquor was through the Bombay Abkari Act, 1878 (in the Province of Bombay). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This Act dealt with levying of duties on intoxicants, among other things and aspects of prohibition via amendments made in 1939 and 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949:</strong> There were &ldquo;many lacuna&rdquo; in the Bombay Abkari Act, 1878, from the point of view of the government&rsquo;s decision to enforce prohibition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This led to the birth of <strong>Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court</a> (SC) upheld the Act</strong> broadly barring a few sections in 1951 in the judgment of <em><strong>State of Bombay and another versus FN Balsara.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Following the <strong>reorganisation of Bombay province into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960</strong>, there was continued amendment and<strong> liberalisation in the state of Maharashtra</strong>, especially in 1963.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ground for the liberalisation of the law was to check the business of illicit liquor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat<strong> adopted the prohibition policy in 1960</strong> and subsequently chose to enforce it with greater rigidity, but also made processes easier for foreign tourists and visitors to get liquor permits.</li>
<li>In 2011, the Act was <strong>renamed as Gujarat Prohibition Act.</strong> In 2017, the <strong>Gujarat Prohibition (Amendment) Act</strong> was passed with provision of up to ten years jail for manufacturing, purchase, sale and transportation of liquor in the dry state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grounds for Challenging the Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The right of privacy:</strong> Any invasion by the state in an individual&rsquo;s right to choice of food and beverage amounts to an unreasonable restriction and destroys the individual&rsquo;s decisional and bodily autonomy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to privacy</strong></a> has been held as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in several judgments since 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ground of Manifest Arbitrariness:</strong> It has been especially highlighted while <strong>challenging sections pertaining to grant of health permits and temporary permits to out-of-state tourists.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The petitioner says that there are no intelligible differences in the classes thus being created by the state on who gets to drink and who does not and <strong>violates the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1#:~:text=Equality%20of%20Opportunity%20in%20Public,appointment%20to%20any%20public%20office." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Equality</a> under Article 14 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Counter Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aggravate the Sense of Violence:</strong> Various research and studies have shown that alcohol tends to aggravate the sense of violence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the domestic violence crimes against women and children are committed behind closed doors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Obligation of State:</strong> Challenging the law, is an &ldquo;attack on the constitutional obligation of the primary duty of the State as the guardian of the population to protect the health and lives of its people&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>National Prohibition</strong> was advocated by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments Against Prohibition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Loss of Revenue:</strong> Tax revenues from alcohol is a major part of any government&rsquo;s revenues. These enable the government to finance several public welfare schemes. Absence of these revenues severely impacts state&rsquo;s ability to run public welfare programmes.</li>
<li><strong>Burden on Judiciary:</strong> Bihar introduced complete prohibition in April 2016. While it certainly has led to reduction in alcohol consumption, the related social, economic, and administrative costs have been far too much to justify gains. Prohibition crippled the judicial administration. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>So far over 2.14 lakh cases have been registered under the Act; 2.55 lakh people have been booked and 1.67 lakh arrests have been made.</li>
<li>Ironically, liquor sales in districts in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal bordering Bihar have seen a sharp rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source of Employment:</strong> Today, Indian Made Foreign Liquors (IMFL) industry contributes over 1 lakh crore in taxes every year. It supports the livelihood of 35 lakh farming families and provides direct and indirect employment to lakhs of workers employed in the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition in Other States:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alcohol prohibition is in force in the states of <strong>Bihar, Mizoram, Nagaland</strong> and the <strong>union territory of Lakshadweep.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>State Subject:</strong> Alcohol is a subject in the <strong>State list under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">seventh schedule</a> of the Indian Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 47:</strong> The <strong>Directive Principle in the Constitution of India</strong> states that &ldquo;The state shall undertake rules to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between issues such as morality, prohibition or freedom of choice, there are also<strong> factors like economy, jobs, etc, which cannot be ignored.</strong> What is required is an informed and constructive dialogue on the causes and effects.</li>
<li>Policy makers should<strong> focus on framing laws which encourage responsible behavior and compliance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Drinking age should be made uniform across the country and no person below that should be permitted to buy alcohol.</li>
<li>Tough laws should be made against drunken behaviour in public, domestic violence under influence, and drinking and driving.</li>
<li>The governments should set aside part of revenue earned from alcohol for social education, de-addiction, and community support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-70-years-on-why-gujarats-prohibition-law-is-being-challenged-in-court-7377782/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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