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Bonded Labour in India

Why in News Recently, fifteen bonded labourers were rescued by the district administration of Guna in Madhya Pradesh. These labourers were being...

12 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Disability and Facility of a Scribe: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) directed the Central government to frame proper guidelines to regulate and facilitate grant of a...

12 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Motion of Thanks

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister replied to the motion of thanks to the President's address in the Lok Sabha. Key...

11 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Sedition Law

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court protected a political leader and six senior journalists from arrest in multiple sedition FIRs registered...

10 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Kuruba Community: Karnataka

Why in News A massive rally was organised by the Kuruba community to urge the state government of Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the...

09 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Economic Impact of Judicial Decisions

Why in News Recently, the NITI Aayog has asked research organisation ‘Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International’ to conduct...

08 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Right to Privacy & Legitimate State Interest

Why in News Recently, the Central government has stated that though the right to privacy is held to be a sacred fundamental right, the veil of...

06 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Budget 2021 Highlights: Minimum Government, Maximum Governance and Fiscal Position

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union Budget 2021-22. This was the first digital budget. This section deals with the...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Budget 2021 Highlights: Inclusive Development for Aspirational India and Reinvigorating Human Capital

Why in News Recently, the Finance Minister presented the Union Budget 2021-22. This was the first digital budget. This section deals with the...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Budget 2021 Highlights: Physical and Financial Capital

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union Budget 2021-22. This was the first digital budget. This section deals with...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Budget 2021 Highlights: Infrastructure

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union Budget 2021-22. This was the first digital budget. This section deals with...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Budget 2021 Highlights: Health and Wellbeing

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union Budget 2021-22. This was the first ever digital Union Budget. It is based on...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Fiscal Consolidation

Why in News Recently, the 15th Finance Commission’s Report was tabled in the Parliament. It provided range for the fiscal deficit and debt...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Different Sectors

Why in News Recently, the 15th Finance Commission’s Report was tabled in the Parliament. The Report included recommendations for different...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Resource Allocation

Why in News Recently, the government accepted the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendation to maintain the States’ share in the...

03 Feb 2021 Indian Constitution
Bringing a Law into Force

Why in News The farmers have rejected the government’s offer of keeping the three contentious farm laws on hold for one to one-and-a-half...

25 Jan 2021 Indian Constitution
Question Hour to Resume during Budget Session

Why in News Question Hour, which had been suspended by the government during the monsoon session, will resume when Parliament meets for the budget...

22 Jan 2021 Indian Constitution
KIIFB Borrowings Issue

Why in News Recently, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has opined that the off-budget borrowings made by the Kerala Infrastructure...

21 Jan 2021 Indian Constitution
Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court asked the Attorney General to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the...

20 Jan 2021 Indian Constitution
Special Marriage Act, 1954

Why in News Recently, the Allahabad High Court has struck down the provisions under Section 5 of the Special Marriage Act that required parties to...

14 Jan 2021 Indian Constitution

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		'article_id' => (int) 7678,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bonded Labour in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, fifteen bonded labourers were rescued by the district administration of Guna in Madhya Pradesh. These labourers were being subjected to inhuman treatment and torture by their employer.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a practice in which <strong>employers give high-interest loans to workers who work at low wages</strong> to pay off the debt.</li>
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India</strong> has interpreted bonded labour as the <strong>payment of wages that are below the prevailing market wages</strong> and legal minimum wages.</li>
<li>Bonded labour was<strong> historically associated with rural economies</strong> where peasants from economically disadvantaged communities were bound to work for the landlords.</li>
<li>Bonded labour is found to <strong>exist in both rural and urban pockets</strong> in unorganized industries such as brick kilns, stone quarries, coal mining, agricultural labour, domestic servitude, circus, and sexual slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Obligations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is obliged to end modern slavery by 2030 under the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goal</strong> </a>(Target 8.7) of ending forced labour, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human trafficking</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child labour</strong></a>.</li>
<li>India has also ratified the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ILO</strong></a> Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105).</li>
<li>India also<strong> aspires to improve its rank</strong> (53<sup>rd</sup> out of 167 countries in the year 2018) in the <strong>Global Slavery Index.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 21</strong> deals with the Right to Life and Personal Liberty.</li>
<li><strong>Article 23</strong> of the Constitution prohibits forced labour.</li>
<li><strong>Article 24</strong> prohibits the employment of children (below the age of fourteen years) in factories, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Article 39</strong> directs the State to secure the health and strength of workers, men and women, and to see the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Legislations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India but implemented by respective state governments.</li>
<li>It provides for an institutional mechanism at the district level in the form of Vigilance Committees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance committees advise District Magistrate (DM) to ensure the provisions of this Act are properly implemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Governments/UTs may confer, on an Executive Magistrate, the powers of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class or second class for the trial of offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourers (2016):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Financial assistance to the extent of Rs. 3 lakhs</strong> is provided to released bonded labourers along with other non-cash assistance for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Persistence of Bonded Labour:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lack of awareness among workers and employers.</li>
<li>Low conviction rates.</li>
<li>Social bias towards bonded labour.</li>
<li>Migratory nature of bonded labour.</li>
<li>Weaker implementation of Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976.</li>
<li>Punishment for forced labour (Section 374 of IPC&ndash; unlawful compulsory labour) is not appropriate.</li>
<li>Lack of proper coordination at the national and regional level, and among governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Needed to End Bonded Labour:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Organising <strong>national campaigns</strong> to provide information to the public on how to report and identify victims of bonded labour.</li>
<li>Popularising the National Child Hotline which is partly supported by the Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development, and a national helpline for trafficking victims exists, run by Operation Red Alert.</li>
<li>Efficient rehabilitation of rescued victims to prevent them from being forced into bonded labour again. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Productive and income generating schemes</strong> must be formulated in advance otherwise they will again fall back upon the system of bonded labour after their release.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bonded-labourers-rescued-in-guna-after-five-made-to-pick-coins-out-of-hot-oil-7185013/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7676,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Disability and Facility of a Scribe: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>directed the Central government to frame <strong>proper guidelines to regulate and facilitate</strong> grant of a <strong>facility of a scribe</strong> to persons with disability in writing exams.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the SC <strong>observed that persons suffering from disabilities are also socially backward and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disabled-are-entitled-to-same-benefits-of-sc-st-quota-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">entitled to the same benefits of relaxation</a> as Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe candidates</strong> in public employment and education.</li>
<li><strong>Scribe</strong> is a person who writes or word processes a student's dictated answers in exams.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An appeal was filed by a candidate with <strong>Writer&rsquo;s cramp, a chronic neurological condition</strong> which causes extreme difficulty in writing.</li>
<li>He was <strong>denied a scribe</strong> for the Civil Services Exam by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/autonomous-bodies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)</strong></a> in 2018, on the ground that he did not come within the definition of person with <strong>benchmark disability.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Court&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Facility of a Scribe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Facility of a scribe can be<strong> provided to persons with disabilities other than those having benchmark disabilities</strong> as given under the <strong>Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD) 2016.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Benchmark disability</strong> refers to having <strong>at least 40% disability</strong> of any type recognized under the RPwD Act 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Directions to Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Issued a broader direction to the Union Government in the <strong>Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) to ensure the framing of proper guidelines which would regulate and facilitate the grant of a facility of a scribe</strong> to persons with disability within the meaning of <strong>Section 2(s) of RPwD Act</strong> where the nature of the disability operates to impose a barrier to the candidate writing an examination.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Asked the ministry that while formulating procedures, it may<strong> lay down appropriate norms to ensure that the condition of the candidate is duly certified by such competent medical authority</strong> as may be prescribed so as to ensure that only genuine candidates in need of the facility are able to avail of it.</li>
<li><strong>Section 2 (s)</strong> defines &lsquo;person with disability&rsquo;. It means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>principle of reasonable accommodation</strong> in the Act captures the positive obligation of the State and private parties to provide additional support to persons with disabilities to facilitate their full and effective participation in society.</li>
<li>The <strong>2016 Act has a more inclusive definition of &ldquo;persons with disability&rdquo;</strong> evidencing <strong>a shift from a stigmatising medical model of disability to a social model of disability</strong> which recognises that it is the societal and physical constraint that are at the heart of exclusion of persons with disabilities from full and effective participation in society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Writer&rsquo;s Cramp</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Writer&rsquo;s cramp is a specific type of focal dystonia that <strong>affects one's fingers, hand, or forearm.</strong></li>
<li>Focal dystonia of the hands is a neurological movement disorder. The <strong>brain sends incorrect information to the muscles,</strong> causing involuntary, excessive muscle contractions. These signals can make one&rsquo;s hands twist into odd postures.</li>
<li>Writer&rsquo;s cramp is known as a task-specific dystonia. It<strong> happens almost only when one performs a particular activity</strong> like writing or typing.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.</li>
<li><strong>Benchmark disability</strong> refers to having at least<strong> 40% disability</strong> of any type recognized under the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The types of disabilities have been <strong>increased from 7 to 21.</strong></li>
<li>The Act added mental illness, autism, spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, chronic neurological conditions, speech and language disability, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thalassemia-bal-sewa-yojna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>thalassemia</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-haemophilia-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hemophilia</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-sickle-cell-day-2020#:~:text=Key%20Points-,Sickle%20Cell%20Disease,to%20cells%20throughout%20the%20body." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sickle cell disease</strong></a>, multiple disabilities including deaf blindness, acid attack victims and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/z-scan-method-for-parkinson-s-disease#:~:text=Parkinson%27s%20disease%20is%20a%20chronic,dropping%20the%20levels%20of%20dopamine.&amp;text=Medication%20can%20help%20control%20the,from%206%20to%2060%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parkinson&rsquo;s disease</strong> </a>which were largely ignored in earlier Act.</li>
<li>In addition, the Government has been authorized to notify any other category of specified disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>increased the quantum of reservation</strong> for people suffering from disabilities from 3% to 4% in government jobs and from 3% to 5% in higher education institutes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every child with benchmark disability between the age group of 6 and 18 years shall have the right to free education. Government funded educational institutions as well as the government recognized institutions will have to provide inclusive education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stress has been given to ensure accessibility in public buildings in a prescribed time frame along with the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Accessible India Campaign</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Body:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities and the State Commissioners will act as regulatory bodies and Grievance Redressal agencies, monitoring implementation of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A separate National and State Fund be created to provide financial support to the persons with disabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-bats-for-more-facilities-for-disabled/article33815027.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7669,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Motion of Thanks',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Prime Minister</strong> replied to the motion of thanks to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-addresses-joint-sitting-of-parliament" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President's address</strong></a> in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Address:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 87</strong> provides for the special address by the President. It<strong> provides two special occasions</strong> on which the<strong> President addresses a joint sitting.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the commencement of the <strong>first session after each general election</strong> to the House of the People and</li>
<li>At the commencement of the <strong>first session of each year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President <strong>shall inform Parliament of the causes of its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governors-power-to-summon-the-house" target="_blank" rel="noopener">summons</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Such an Address is called 'special address', and it is also an <strong>annual feature.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No other business is transacted</strong> till the President has addressed both Houses of Parliament assembled together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regarding Joint Session:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This Address has to be to <strong>both Houses of Parliament assembled together.</strong></li>
<li>However, at the commencement of the first session of the year, if Lok Sabha is not in existence and has been dissolved, then<strong> Rajya Sabha has to meet. And Rajya Sabha can hold its session without the President's Address.</strong></li>
<li>In the case of the first session after each general election to Lok Sabha, the President addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together <strong>after the members have made and subscribed the oath</strong> or affirmation and the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-speaker-roles-and-responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Speaker</a> has been elected.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Content of the President&rsquo;s Address:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President's Address is the <strong>statement of policy of the Government</strong> and, as such, is drafted by the Government.</li>
<li>The Address<strong> contains a review of various activities and achievements of the Government during the previous year</strong> and sets out the<strong> policies, projects and programmes which Government of the day wishes to pursue</strong> with regard to the important national and international issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discussion on the Address by Motion of Thanks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Address of the President, which corresponds to the &lsquo;speech from the Throne in Britain&rsquo;, is discussed in both the Houses of Parliament on a motion called the &lsquo;Motion of Thanks&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 87 (2)</strong> of the Constitution requires that <strong>provision shall be made by the rules</strong> regulating the procedure of either House<strong> for the allotment of time for discussion</strong> of the matters referred to in the President's Address.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Rule 15 of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Rajya Sabha,</strong> discussion on the matters referred to in the President's Address<strong> takes place on a Motion of Thanks</strong> moved by a member and seconded by another member. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Members who are to move and second the Motion are <strong>selected by the Prime Minister</strong> and the <strong>notice of such a Motion is received through the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is available to the members of Parliament to raise discussions and debates to examine and criticise the government and administration for its lapses and failures.</li>
<li>Generally, three days are allotted for the discussion on the Motion of Thanks.</li>
<li>If any of the amendments are put forward and accepted then the Motion of Thanks is adopted in the amended form.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Amendments may refer to matters contained in the Address as well as to matters which, in the opinion of the member, the Address has failed to mention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the end of the discussion, <strong>the motion is put to vote.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Motion of Thanks:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Motion of Thanks must be passed in the House.</strong> Otherwise, it amounts to the <strong>defeat of the government.</strong> It is one of the ways through which the Lok Sabha can also express a lack of confidence in the government. The other ways are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rejection of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-ruling-on-finance-act-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money bill</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Passing a censure motion or an adjournment motion.</li>
<li>The defeat of the government on a vital issue.</li>
<li>Passing a cut <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>motion.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7659,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sedition Law',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>protected a political leader and six senior journalists from arrest in multiple <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sedition-law-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sedition</strong></a> FIRs registered against them.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historical Background of Sedition Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sedition laws were <strong>enacted in 17<sup>th</sup> century England</strong> when lawmakers believed that <strong>only good opinions of the government should survive,</strong> as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>The law was originally drafted<strong> in 1837 by Thomas Macaulay, the British historian-politician,</strong> but was <strong>inexplicably omitted when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-road-map-for-criminal-justice-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Penal Code (IPC)</a> was enacted in 1860.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-indias-sedition-law-needs-to-be-buried" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Section 124A</a> was inserted in 1870</strong> by an amendment introduced <strong>by Sir James Stephen</strong> when it felt the need for a specific section to deal with the offence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was one of the many draconian laws enacted to stifle any voices of dissent at that time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612950997_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612950997_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="617" height="353" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sedition Law Today:</strong> Sedition is <strong>a crime under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code</strong> (IPC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 124A IPC:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defines sedition as an offence committed when <strong>"any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred</strong> or contempt, or excites or attempts to <strong>excite disaffection towards the government</strong> established by law in India".</li>
<li>Disaffection includes <strong>disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.</strong> However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishment for the Offence of Sedition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sedition is a <strong>non-bailable offence.</strong> Punishment under the Section 124A ranges from <strong>imprisonment up to three years to a life term,</strong> to which fine may be added.</li>
<li>A person charged under this law is<strong> barred from a government job.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have to live without their passport and must produce themselves in the court at all times as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Supreme Court Decisions on Sedition Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC highlighted debates over sedition in<strong> 1950</strong> in its decisions in <em><strong>Brij Bhushan vs the State of Delhi</strong> </em>and <strong><em>Romesh Thappar vs the State of Madras.</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In these cases, the court held that a law which <strong>restricted speech on the ground that it would disturb public order was unconstitutional.</strong></li>
<li>It also held that <strong>disturbing the public order will mean nothing less than endangering the foundations of the State</strong> or threatening its overthrow.</li>
<li>Thus, these decisions prompted the <strong>First Constitution Amendment, where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-on-right-to-protest#:~:text=Article%2019%20confers%20upon%20citizens,or%20inaction%20of%20the%20State." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 19</a> (2) was rewritten to replace &ldquo;undermining the security of the State&rdquo; with &ldquo;in the interest of public order&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1962,</strong> the SC decided on the constitutionality of Section 124A in <em><strong>Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It upheld the constitutionality of sedition, but <strong>limited its application</strong> to &ldquo;acts involving intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It<strong> distinguished these</strong> from &ldquo;very strong speech&rdquo; or the use of &ldquo;vigorous words&rdquo; strongly critical of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1995,</strong> the SC, in <em><strong>Balwant Singh vs State of Punjab</strong></em>, held that mere sloganeering which evoked no public response did not amount to sedition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Support of Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 124A of the IPC has its utility in <strong>combating anti-national, secessionist and terrorist elements.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> protects the elected government from attempts to overthrow</strong> the government with violence and illegal means. The continued existence of the government established by law is an essential condition of the <strong>stability of the State.</strong></li>
<li>If <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>contempt of court</strong></a> invites penal action, contempt of government should also attract punishment.</li>
<li>Many districts in different states face a <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/naxalism-left-wing-extremism-internal-security-threat-vulnerabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">maoist insurgency</a> and rebel groups virtually run a parallel administration.</strong> These groups openly advocate the overthrow of the state government by revolution.</li>
<li>Against this backdrop, the abolition of Section 124A would be ill-advised merely because it has been wrongly invoked in some highly publicized cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments against Section 124A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 124A is a<strong> relic of colonial legacy</strong> and unsuited in a democracy. It is a constraint on the legitimate exercise of<strong> constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech and expression.</strong></li>
<li>Dissent and criticism of the government are essential ingredients of robust public debate in a vibrant democracy. They should not be constructed as sedition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Right to question, criticize and change rulers is very fundamental to the idea of democracy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>British, who introduced sedition to oppress Indians,</strong> have themselves abolished the law in their country. There is no reason why India should not abolish this section.</li>
<li>The<strong> terms used</strong> under Section 124A like 'disaffection' are<strong> vague and subject to different interpretations to the whims and fancies</strong> of the investigating officers.</li>
<li>IPC and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 2019</strong></a> have provisions that penalize "disrupting the public order" or "overthrowing the government with violence and illegal means". These are sufficient for protecting national integrity. There is no need for Section 124A.</li>
<li>The sedition law is <strong>being misused as a tool to persecute political dissent.</strong> A wide and concentrated executive discretion is inbuilt into it which permits the blatant abuse.</li>
<li>In 1979, India<strong> ratified the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)</a>,</strong> which sets forth internationally recognized standards for the protection of freedom of expression. However, misuse of sedition and arbitrary slapping of charges are inconsistent with India's international commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the largest democracy of the world and the <strong>right to free speech and expression is an essential ingredient of democracy.</strong> The expression or thought that is not in consonance with the policy of the government of the day should not be considered as sedition.</li>
<li><strong>Section 124A should not be misused</strong> as a tool to curb free speech. The SC caveat, given in Kedar Nath case, on prosecution under the law can check its misuse. It needs to be <strong>examined under the changed facts and circumstances</strong> and also on the anvil of ever-evolving tests of <strong>necessity, proportionality and arbitrariness.</strong></li>
<li>The higher judiciary should use its supervisory powers to <strong>sensitize the magistracy and police to the constitutional provisions protecting free speech.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>definition of sedition should be narrowed down,</strong> to include only the issues pertaining to the territorial integrity of India as well as the sovereignty of the country.</li>
<li>The<strong> word &lsquo;sedition&rsquo; is extremely nuanced and needs to be applied with caution.</strong> It is like a cannon that ought not to be used to shoot a mouse; but the arsenal also demands possession of cannons, mostly as a deterrent, and on occasion for shooting.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/republic-day-violence-sc-stays-arrest-of-shashi-tharoor-rajdeep-sardesai-and-five-journalists/article33789972.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7646,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kuruba Community: Karnataka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A massive rally was organised by the<strong> Kuruba community</strong> to urge the state government of<strong> Karnataka to recommend the Centre inclusion of the community in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) list.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From Independence, the <strong>community enjoyed the ST status. </strong>In<strong> 1977,</strong> Justice <strong>LG Havanur,</strong> who headed the backward class commission, <strong>moved the Kurubas to the &lsquo;most backward classes&rsquo; category</strong> from ST list.</li>
<li>However, the Commission brought in an <strong>area restriction</strong> stating that those living in <strong>Bidar, Yadgir, Kalaburagi and Madikeri</strong> with Kuruba synonyms can continue to avail the ST benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Kurubas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kurubas of Karnataka are <strong>a traditional sheep rearing community.</strong></li>
<li>Presently, the Kurubas constitute<strong> 9.3% of the state&rsquo;s population</strong> and come under the <strong>backward classes category.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas are the <strong>fourth largest caste</strong> in Karnataka after the <strong>Lingayats, Vokkaligas and Muslims.</strong></li>
<li>Kurubas in other states are known by different names &ndash; as <strong>Dhangars in Maharashtra, Rabaris or Raikas in Gujarat, Dewasis in Rajasthan and Gadarias in Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Developments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Demands by Lingayat Community:</strong> Three years earlier, the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/center-refuses-to-recognize-lingayat-as-separate-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lingayat community</a> demanded a separate minority religion tag</strong> in Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Lingayat sub-sect Panchamasali</strong> has also <strong>demanded its inclusion in the 2A category of backward classes -</strong> which currently provides 15% reservations to backward castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>J<strong>ustice HN Nagamohan Das Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Justice <strong>HN Nagamohan Das Commission</strong> was constituted to look into <strong>increasing the existing reservation for SCs from 15% to 17% and for the STs from 3% to 7%</strong> by not exceeding the overall <strong>50% reservation quota</strong> as mandated by the <strong>Supreme Court's order of 1992.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>If Kurubas</strong> are to be<strong> declared ST</strong> as per their demand, the <strong>quota for STs will have to be proportionally increased.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The larger issue is that<strong> the State has already hit the apex court set 50% cap on reservation</strong> and any hike poses a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Present Reservation Quota in Karnataka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adhering to the Supreme Court&rsquo;s 1992 order, Karnataka has capped the reservation to 50%<strong> where 32% has been earmarked for backward classes,</strong> including Muslims, Christians and Jains, <strong>15% for SCs and 3% for STs.</strong></li>
<li>This reservation quota has been<strong> further pared into categories:</strong> Category 1 (4%), Category 2A (15%), Category 2B (4%), Category 3A (4%), Category 3B (5%), SC (15%) and ST (3%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612855081_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="635" height="318" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 366 (25) of the Constitution</strong> refers to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes#:~:text=As%20per%20Census%2D1931%2C%20Schedule,backward%20tribes%22%20in%20provincial%20assemblies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> as those communities, who are <strong>scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 342</strong> says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li>The<strong> list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific</strong> and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Essential Characteristics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe.</strong> However, following are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Primitiveness,</li>
<li>Geographical isolation,</li>
<li>Shyness, and</li>
<li>Social, educational and economic backwardness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pre-agriculture level of technology,</li>
<li>Stagnant or declining population,</li>
<li>Extremely low literacy, and</li>
<li>Subsistence level of economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/at-massive-rally-kurubas-seek-scheduled-tribe-tag/article33776444.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7642,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Impact of Judicial Decisions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> has asked research organisation <strong>&lsquo;Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International&rsquo;</strong> to conduct a study on the<strong> &ldquo;economic impact&rdquo;</strong> <strong>of various judgments delivered by courts and tribunals</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/when-judges-legislate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;judicial activism&rsquo;</strong></a> of such courts and tribunals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Judicial Activism:</strong> It implies the<strong> assertive role played by the judiciary</strong> to force the other two organs of the government (legislature and executive) to discharge their constitutional duties. It is<strong> also known as &ldquo;judicial dynamism&rdquo;.</strong> It is the<strong> antithesis of &ldquo;judicial restraint&rdquo;,</strong> which means the self-control exercised by the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conducting Organization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study is to be undertaken by the Jaipur-headquartered <strong>CUTS (Consumer Unity and Trust Society)</strong> Centre for Competition, Investment and Economic Regulation, that also has an international presence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> registered, recognised, non-profit, non-partisan, non-government organisation (NGO)</strong> pursuing social justice and economic equity both within and across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of the study aims a<strong> &ldquo;narrative building for sensitising the judiciary on the economic impact of their decisions&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is to do an objective <strong>cost-benefit analysis of the economic impact of the decisions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projects to be Studied:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Study intends to examine<strong> five major projects that have been &ldquo;impacted&rdquo; by judicial decisions of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court (SC)</a></strong> or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Projects to be analysed include the construction of an<strong> airport in Mopa, Goa;</strong> cessation of<strong> iron ore mining in Goa,</strong> and the shutting down of the <strong>Sterlite copper plant in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>The others are decisions by the NGT involving <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unep-report-on-sand-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sand mining</a>, and construction activities in the National Capital Region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It plans to do this by <strong>interviewing people who have been affected</strong> by the closure of the projects, environmental campaigners, experts and assessing the business impact of closure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings will be used as a <strong>training input for judges</strong> of commercial courts, NGT, High Courts and SC.</li>
<li>It would contribute to public discourse among policymakers for promoting an <strong>&ldquo;economically responsible approach by judiciary&rdquo;</strong> in its decisions.</li>
<li>The study is also a <strong>part of the larger umbrella project</strong> undertaken by NITI Aayog under which it wants to establish a<strong> judicial performance index,</strong> which would measure the performance of judges at district courts and subordinate levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2017, the same CUTS International had also conducted an assessment study on the economic impact of the SC&rsquo;s decision to <strong>impose a ban on the presence of liquor shops within 500 m of any highway.</strong></li>
<li>The study showed that <strong>cases which involve substantial social and economic dimensions need to be studied in detail</strong> to assess whether they are implementable in the first place and whether the loss to the economy outweighs the gains envisaged.</li>
<li>This could be done <strong>if Courts set up expert committees</strong> to study these aspects which can also engage economists to analyse the cost/benefits before a judgment is pronounced.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Supreme Court had established such expert group committees for cases in the past like the <strong>Supreme Court Committee on Road Safety</strong> under the Chairmanship of Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan in 2014 and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-alters-lodhas-bcci-proposals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Justice Lodha Committee</a> set up in 2015</strong> for reforms within the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), amongst others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612782274_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612782274_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/niti-aayog-orders-study-on-economic-impact-of-judicial-decisions-7178976/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7633,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Right to Privacy & Legitimate State Interest',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Central government has stated that <strong>though the right to privacy is held to be a sacred fundamental right,</strong> the <strong>veil of privacy can be lifted for legitimate State interest.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government was <strong>responding to a petition seeking permanent halting of the Centre&rsquo;s surveillance projects</strong>- Centralized Monitoring System (CMS), Network Traffic Analysis (NETRA) and National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Surveillance Projects</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Centralized Monitoring System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has set up a Centralised Monitoring System (CMS) for lawful interception and monitoring of mobile phones, landlines and internet traffic through mobile networks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Network Traffic Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NETRA (or Network Traffic Analysis) is one such effort being taken by the Indian Government to filter suspicious keywords from messages in the network</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Intelligence Grid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First conceptualised in 2009, NATGRID (National intelligence Grid) seeks to become the one-stop destination for security and intelligence agencies to access databases related to immigration entry and exit, banking and telephone details of a suspect on a &ldquo;secured platform&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Petitioner's Arguments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s surveillance projects enable<strong> government authorities</strong> to <strong>intercept, store, analyse and retain telephone and internet communications data</strong> in bulk in<strong> violation of the fundamental right to privacy.</strong></li>
<li>These systems <strong>allow the government a 360 degree surveillance of all citizens,</strong> including judges.</li>
<li>It<strong> sought creation of a permanent and independent oversight authority</strong> - judicial or parliamentary - for<strong> authorising and reviewing</strong> interception and monitoring orders or warrants issued under the<strong> Telegraph Act, 1885 and the IT Act, 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Arguments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li style="text-align: left;">Lawful interception, monitoring or decryption of any messages or information stored in any computer resources is done by authorised agencies after<strong> due approval in each case by the competent authority.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="text-align: left;">There is<strong> no blanket permission</strong> to any agency for interception or monitoring or decryption; and <strong>permission from the competent authority (Union Home Secretary)</strong> is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">It contended there is <strong>sufficient mechanism of oversight</strong> in place in the form of a Review Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary at the centre and chief secretary at the state level, which examines if the approval has been given in accordance with the law.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="text-align: left;">When the<strong> Review Committee is of the opinion that the directions are not in accordance with the provisions,</strong> it may set aside the directions and <strong>order for destruction of the copies</strong> of the intercepted message or class of messages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The grave threats to the country from<strong> terrorism, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-radicalisation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radicalization</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cross-border-terrorism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cross-border terrorism</a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybercrime</a>, organized crime, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drug cartels</a></strong> cannot be understated or ignored and a strong and robust mechanism for timely and speedy collection of actionable intelligence including digital intelligence, is imperative to counter threats to the national security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Right to Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generally understood that privacy is synonymous with the<strong> right to be let alone.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court described privacy and its importance in the landmark decision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Union%20of%20India%20(2017),21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=The%20Puttaswamy%20judgement%20of%202017,fundamental%20right%20in%20Indian%20Jurisprudence." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India </strong></em></a>in<strong> 2017</strong> that - Right to Privacy is a fundamental and inalienable right and <strong>attaches to the person covering all information about that person and the choices that he/ she makes.</strong></li>
<li>The right to privacy is<strong> protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions (as stated in the Judgement):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The right may be restricted only by state action that passes each of the three tests:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, such state action must have a <strong>legislative mandate;</strong></li>
<li>Second, it must be<strong> pursuing a legitimate state</strong> purpose; and</li>
<li>Third, it must be proportionate i.e., such <strong>state action- both in its nature and extent,</strong> must be necessary in a democratic society and the action ought to be the least intrusive of the available alternatives to accomplish the ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Steps to Protect Privacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill</strong> </a>regulates the processing of <strong>personal data of individuals (data principals)</strong> by <strong>government and private entities</strong> (data fiduciaries) incorporated in India and abroad. Processing is allowed if the individual gives consent, or in a medical emergency, or by the State for providing benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>B N Srikrishna Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government appointed a <strong>committee of experts on data protection</strong> under the chairmanship of<strong> Justice B N Srikrishna</strong> that submitted its report in <strong>July 2018. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IT Act provides for <strong>safeguard against certain breaches</strong> in relation to data from computer systems. It contains provisions to prevent the<strong> unauthorized use of computers, computer systems and data stored therein.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/veil-of-privacy-can-be-lifted-for-legitimate-state-interest-centre-response-in-delhi-hc-7176694/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7605,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Budget 2021 Highlights: Minimum Government, Maximum Governance and Fiscal Position',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting#:~:text=According%20to%20Article%20112%20of,Annual%20Financial%20Statement%20(AFS).&amp;text=The%20economic%20and%20financial%20policy,introduction%20of%20new%20schemes%2Fprojects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22. This was the <strong>first digital budget.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This section deals with the theme<strong> &lsquo;Minimum Government, Maximum Governance&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>Fiscal Position of the government.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Government, Maximum Governance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Commission for Allied Healthcare Professionals</strong> already introduced to ensure transparent and efficient regulation of the 56 allied healthcare professions.</li>
<li>The<strong> National Nursing and Midwifery Commission Bill</strong> introduced for the same in the nursing profession.</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Conciliation Mechanism</strong> with mandate for quick resolution of contractual disputes with Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs).</li>
<li>Rs. 3,768 crore allocated for<strong> first digital census in the history of India.</strong></li>
<li>Rs. 300 crore grant to the Government of Goa for the diamond jubilee celebrations of the <strong>state&rsquo;s liberation from Portuguese.</strong></li>
<li>Rs. 1,000 crore for the <strong>welfare of Tea workers</strong> especially women and their children in Assam and West Bengal through a special scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Position:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal deficit</strong></a> stands at 9.5% of the<a href="/printpdf/base-year-for-gdp-calculations#:~:text=GDP%20calculation%20in%20India,difference%20between%20exports%20and%20imports)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a>, and is estimated to be 6.8% in 2021-22.</li>
<li>Plan <strong>to continue on the path of fiscal consolidation,</strong> achieving a fiscal deficit level below 4.5% of GDP by 2025-2026 with a fairly steady decline over the period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Amendment to <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act</strong></a> proposed to achieve targeted Fiscal Deficit levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Contingency Fund of India</strong> </a>is to be augmented from Rs. 500 crore to Rs. 30,000 crore through Finance Bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612424389_drishti_ias_budget.jpeg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612424389_drishti_ias_budget.jpeg" width="566" height="319" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recommendations of Fifteenth Finance Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The final report covering 2021-26 was submitted to the President, retaining vertical <strong>shares of states at 41%.</strong></li>
<li>Funds to UTs of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh would be provided by the Centre.</li>
<li>On the Commission&rsquo;s recommendation, <strong>Rs. 1,18,452 crore have been provided as Revenue Deficit Grant to 17 states in 2021-22,</strong> as against Rs. 74,340 crore to 14 states in 2020-21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tax Proposals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No exemption on interest,</strong> if Provident Fund PF contribution is more than Rs. 2.5 lakh.</li>
<li><strong>Exemption from filing tax returns for senior citizens</strong> over 75 years of age and having only pension and interest income; tax to be deducted by paying the bank.</li>
<li><strong>Income Tax settlement commission</strong> abolished.</li>
<li><strong>Higher Tax Collection</strong> at Source rate for <strong>non-filers.</strong></li>
<li>Reducing time to file belated returns.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess (AIDC)</strong> on a small number of items.</li>
<li><strong>Dispute Resolution Committee</strong> to be set up for taxpayers with taxable income up to Rs. 50 lakh and disputed income up to Rs. 10 lakh.</li>
<li><strong>National Faceless Income Tax Appellate Tribunal Centre</strong> to be established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693907" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7604,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Budget 2021 Highlights: Inclusive Development for Aspirational India and Reinvigorating Human Capital',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Finance Minister presented the Union <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting#:~:text=According%20to%20Article%20112%20of,Annual%20Financial%20Statement%20(AFS).&amp;text=The%20economic%20and%20financial%20policy,introduction%20of%20new%20schemes%2Fprojects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22. This was the<strong> first digital budget.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This section deals with the theme <strong>&lsquo;Inclusive Development for Aspirational India and Reinvigorating Human Capital&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inclusive Development for Aspirational India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ensured <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> at minimum 1.5 times the cost of production across all commodities.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/svamitva-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAMITVA Scheme</strong></a> to be extended to all States/UTs.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/operation-greens-ttp-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Operation Green Scheme</strong></a> to be extended to 22 perishable products, to boost value addition in agriculture and allied products.</li>
<li>1,000 more mandis to be integrated with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mandis-under-e-nam-increased" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Agricultural Market (e-NAM)</strong></a> to bring transparency and competitiveness.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-produce-to-agriculture-marketing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>APMCs (agricultural produce market committee)</strong> </a>to get access to the Agriculture Infrastructure Funds for augmenting infrastructure facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fisheries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>5 major fishing harbours &ndash; Kochi, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Petuaghat to be developed as hubs of economic activity.</li>
<li>Multipurpose <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Seaweed</a> Park</strong> in Tamil Nadu to promote seaweed cultivation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Migrant Workers and Labourers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card scheme</strong></a> for beneficiaries to claim rations anywhere in the country - migrant workers to benefit the most.</li>
<li><strong>Portal to collect information on unorganized labour force,</strong> migrant workers especially, to help formulate schemes for them.</li>
<li>Implementation of <strong>4 <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">labour codes</a></strong> underway:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social security benefits for gig and platform workers</strong> too.</li>
<li><strong>Minimum wages and coverage</strong> under the Employees State Insurance Corporation applicable for all categories of workers.</li>
<li><strong>Women workers</strong> allowed in all categories, including night-shifts with adequate protection.</li>
<li><strong>Compliance burden</strong> on employers reduced with single registration and licensing, and online returns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under <strong>Stand Up India Scheme</strong> for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes</strong> </a>(SC), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> (ST) and women,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Margin money requirement reduced to 15%.</li>
<li>To also include loans for allied agricultural activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reinvigorating Human Capital:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>School Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>15,000 schools to be strengthened by implementing all<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Education Policy (NEP)</strong> </a>components. Shall act as exemplar schools in their regions for mentoring others.</li>
<li><strong>100 new Sainik Schools</strong> to be set up in partnership with NGOs/private schools/states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Legislation to be introduced to set up the <strong>Higher Education Commission of India</strong> as an umbrella body with 4 separate vehicles for <strong>standard-setting, accreditation, regulation, and funding.</strong></li>
<li>Creation of formal umbrella structure to cover all Government colleges, universities, research institutions in a city for greater synergy.</li>
<li><strong>Central University to come up in Leh</strong> for accessibility of higher education in Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Welfare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>750 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eklavya model residential schools</strong></a> in tribal areas.</li>
<li>Revamped <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scholarship-schemes-in-india#:~:text=Post%20Matric%20Scholarship%20for%20SCs,government%20and%20Union%20Territory%20administration.&amp;text=The%20scholarship%20is%20available%20for,2%2C50%2C000%20per%20annum%20." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Post Matric Scholarship Scheme</strong></a> for welfare of SCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skilling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Proposed amendment to Apprenticeship Act to enhance opportunities for youth.</li>
<li>Rs. 3000 crore for realignment of existing <strong>National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS)</strong> towards post-education apprenticeship, training of graduates and diploma holders in Engineering.</li>
<li>Initiatives for<strong> partnership with other countries</strong> in skilling to be taken forward, similar to partnership:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>With UAE</strong> to benchmark skill qualifications, assessment, certification, and deployment of certified workforce.</li>
<li><strong>With Japan</strong> for a collaborative <strong>Technical Intern Training Programme (TITP)</strong> to transfer skills, technique and knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation and Research &amp; Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Language Translation Mission (NTLM)</strong> to make governance-and-policy related knowledge available in major Indian languages.</li>
<li>PSLV-CS51 to be launched by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space#:~:text=Global%20technology%20powerhouse.-,New%20Space%20India%20Limited,of%20the%20Department%20of%20Space." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Space India Limited (NSIL)</strong> </a>carrying Brazil&rsquo;s Amazonia Satellite and some Indian satellites.</li>
<li>As part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaganyaan-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gaganyaan mission</strong> </a>activities:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>4 Indian astronauts being trained on Generic Space Flight aspects, in Russia.</li>
<li>First unmanned launch is slated for December 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rs. 4,000 crore over five years for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-ocean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deep Ocean Mission</a> survey</strong> exploration and conservation of deep sea biodiversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693907" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7603,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Budget 2021 Highlights: Physical and Financial Capital',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting#:~:text=According%20to%20Article%20112%20of,Annual%20Financial%20Statement%20(AFS).&amp;text=The%20economic%20and%20financial%20policy,introduction%20of%20new%20schemes%2Fprojects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22. This was the <strong>first digital budget.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This section deals with proposals related to <strong>Physical and Financial Capital.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Capital:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A single <strong>Securities Markets Code</strong> to be evolved.</li>
<li>To develop<strong> an investor charter</strong> as a right of all financial investors.</li>
<li>A new permanent institutional framework to help in development of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-bonds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bond</a> market.</strong></li>
<li>Setting up a system of<strong> Regulated Gold Exchanges.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> to be notified as a regulator and Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority to be strengthened.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stressed Asset Resolution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Asset Reconstruction Company Limited and Asset Management Company (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bad-bank-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bad Bank</a>)</strong> to be set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Insurance Sector:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>increase</strong> the permissible <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FDI</strong></a> limit from<strong> 49% to 74%</strong> and allow foreign ownership and control with safeguards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deposit Insurance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Amendments to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deposit-insurance#:~:text=DICGC%20came%20into%20existence%20in,guarantee%20for%20banks%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961</strong></a>, to help depositors get easy and time-bound access to their deposits to the extent of the deposit insurance cover.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Deposit insurance <strong>increased from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 5 lakh</strong> for bank depositors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Minimum loan size eligible for debt recovery under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banks-under-sarfaesi-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002</strong> </a>proposed to be reduced from Rs. 50 lakh to Rs. 20 lakh for NBFCs with minimum asset size of Rs. 100 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Companies and Firms:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Company%20Law%20Committee,doing%20business%20for%20LLP%20firms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalize the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, 2008.</strong></a></li>
<li>Easing Compliance requirement of Small companies by revising their definition under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/companies-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act, 2013.</strong></a></li>
<li>Promoting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/startups-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>start-ups</strong></a> and innovators by incentivizing the incorporation of <strong>One Person Companies (OPCs).</strong></li>
<li>To ensure faster resolution of cases by:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Strengthening <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)</strong></a> framework.</li>
<li>Implementation of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-virtual-courts-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Courts</strong> </a>system.</li>
<li>Introduction of alternate methods of debt resolution and special framework for <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/13-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disinvestment and Strategic Sale:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New policy for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/strategic-disinvestment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic Disinvestment</strong> </a>approved; <strong>Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) except in four strategic areas</strong> to be privatized.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-ipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</strong></a> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/domestic-systemically-important-banks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Life Insurance Corporation (LIC)</strong></a> in 2021-22.</li>
<li><strong>Special Purpose Vehicle</strong> in the form of a company to monetize idle land.</li>
<li>Introducing a <strong>revised mechanism</strong> for ensuring timely <strong>closure of sick or loss making CPSEs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Financial Reforms:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Treasury Single Account (TSA) System for Autonomous Bodies</strong> to be extended for universal application.</li>
<li>Separate Administrative Structure to streamline the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> for Cooperatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693907" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7602,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Budget 2021 Highlights: Infrastructure',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting#:~:text=According%20to%20Article%20112%20of,Annual%20Financial%20Statement%20(AFS).&amp;text=The%20economic%20and%20financial%20policy,introduction%20of%20new%20schemes%2Fprojects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong> </a>2021-22. This was the <strong>first digital budget.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This section deals with proposals related to <strong>Infrastructure.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Production Linked Incentive scheme (PLI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rs. 1.97 lakh crore in next 5 years for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI schemes</strong> </a>in 13 Sectors to create and nurture manufacturing global champions for an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AatmaNirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Textiles:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612346861_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612346861_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) scheme</strong> to be introduced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-national-infrastructure-pipeline-nip-dashboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)</strong></a> expanded to 7,400 projects.</li>
<li>Measures in three thrust areas to <strong>increase funding</strong> for NIP:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Creation of institutional structures:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Set up and capitalise a<strong> Development Financial Institution (DFI).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Big thrust on <strong>monetizing assets.</strong></li>
<li>Enhancing the <strong>share of capital expenditure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Roads and Highways Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rs. 1,18,101 lakh crore, <strong>highest ever outlay,</strong> for Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.</li>
<li>New <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic corridors</strong></a> and <strong>Expressways</strong> being planned.</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Traffic management system</strong> in all new 4 and 6-lane highways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Railway Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Rail Plan for India (2030)</strong> to create a &ldquo;future ready‟ Railway system by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>100%<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electrification-of-railways#:~:text=Indian%20Railways%20has%20set%20a,as%20compared%20to%202009%2D2014." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> electrification of Broad-Gauge routes</a></strong> to be completed by December, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dedicated-freight-corridor-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) and Eastern DFC</strong></a> to be commissioned by June 2022.</li>
<li>Measures for <strong>passenger convenience and safety:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aesthetically designed Vista Dome Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) coach</strong> on tourist routes for better travel.</li>
<li>High density network and highly utilized network routes to have an<strong> indigenously developed automatic train protection system,</strong> eliminating train collision due to human error.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Expansion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-fully-automated-metro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">metro rail</a></strong> network and<strong> augmentation of city bus service.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;MetroLite&rsquo; and &lsquo;MetroNeo&rsquo;</strong></a> technologies will be used to provide metro rail systems at much lesser cost with similar experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Infrastructure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A comprehensive <strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission 2021-22</strong> to be launched.</li>
<li>Rs. 3,05,984 crore over 5 years for a revamped, reforms-based and result-linked <strong>new power distribution sector scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ports, Shipping, Waterways:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rs. 2,000 crore worth 7 projects to be offered in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong></a>-mode in <strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong> 2021-22 for operation of major ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extension of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ujjwala Scheme</strong></a> to cover 1 crore more beneficiaries.</li>
<li>A new <strong>gas pipeline</strong> project in Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</li>
<li>An independent<strong> Gas Transport System Operator</strong> to be set up for facilitation and coordination of booking of common carrier capacity in all-natural gas pipelines on a non-discriminatory open access basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693907" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7601,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Budget 2021 Highlights: Health and Wellbeing',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Minister of Finance presented the Union <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting#:~:text=According%20to%20Article%20112%20of,Annual%20Financial%20Statement%20(AFS).&amp;text=The%20economic%20and%20financial%20policy,introduction%20of%20new%20schemes%2Fprojects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> 2021-22. This was the <strong>first ever digital Union Budget.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is based on<strong> six pillars -</strong> health and well-being, physical and financial capital and infrastructure, inclusive development for aspirational India, reinvigorating human capital, innovation and R&amp;D, and 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance'.</li>
<li>This section deals with the proposals for the Health and Wellbeing Sector.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Budget and Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 112</strong> of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a year is referred to as the <strong>Annual Financial Statement (AFS).</strong></li>
<li>It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government in a <strong>Financial Year</strong> (which begins on 1<sup>st</sup> April of the current year and ends on 31<sup>st</sup> March of the following year).</li>
<li>Overall, the Budget contains:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimates of revenue and capital receipts,</li>
<li>Ways and means to raise the revenue,</li>
<li>Estimates of expenditure,</li>
<li>Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year, and</li>
<li>The economic and financial policy of the coming year, i.e., taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new schemes/projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Parliament, the Budget goes through<strong> six stages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presentation of Budget.</li>
<li>General discussion.</li>
<li>Scrutiny by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-tenure-of-standing-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Departmental Committees</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Voting on Demands for Grants.</li>
<li>Passing an Appropriation Bill.</li>
<li>Passing of Finance Bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Budget Division of the Department of Economic Affairs</strong> in the Ministry of Finance is the nodal body responsible for preparing the Budget.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Budget</strong> of Independent India was presented in <strong>1947.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612347348_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612347348_image11.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Budget Outlay:</strong> Outlay for Health and Wellbeing in 2021-22 as against 2020-21 is an <strong>increase of 137%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major Steps:</strong> Steps being taken for improving health and wellbeing:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><strong>Vaccines:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612350951_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612350951_image12.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rs. 35,000 crore for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 vaccine</a></strong> in Budget Expenditure (BE) 2021-22.</li>
<li>The Made-in-India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pneumococcal Vaccine</strong></a> to be rolled out across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Systems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PM <strong>AatmaNirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana &ndash;</strong> a new centrally sponsored scheme to be launched, in addition to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> (NHM).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mission Poshan</a> 2.0</strong> to be launched to improve nutritional outcomes across 112 aspirational districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Coverage of Water Supply:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Jeevan Mission</a> (Urban) - to be launched</strong> - to bring safe water to 2.86 crore households through tap connection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swachch Bharat, Swasth Bharat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Strengthening of<strong> Urban <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission#:~:text=The%20Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission%20(Grameen,launched%20on%20October%202%2C%202014.&amp;text=Together%2C%20they%20aim%20to%20achieve,on%20his%20150th%20Birth%20Anniversary." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission</a> 2.0.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clean Air:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rs. 2,217 crore to tackle air pollution,</strong> for 42 urban centers with a million plus population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scrapping Policy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Voluntary</strong> vehicle scrapping policy<strong> to phase out old and unfit vehicles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693907" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7600,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Fiscal Consolidation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission&rsquo;s Report was tabled in the Parliament. It provided range for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fiscal deficit</strong></a> and debt path of both the Union and States.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Target for Centre:</strong> It recommended that the Centre brings down its fiscal deficit to 4% of Gross Domestic Product GDP by 2025-26 against 6.8% in FY22.</li>
<li><strong>Target for States:</strong> For states, it recommended <strong>fiscal deficit at 4% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2021-22,</strong> 3.5% in the following year and 3% for the next three years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borrowing Ceilings for States:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of <strong>Article 293 of the Constitution,</strong> State Governments operate under borrowing limits and, hence, budget constraints, approved by the Union Government.</li>
<li>The normal limit for <strong>net borrowing may be fixed at 4% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2021-22, 3.5% in 2022-23 </strong>and be maintained at<strong> 3% of GSDP from 2023-24 to 2025-26.</strong></li>
<li><strong>An additional borrowing of 0.5% of GSDP</strong> to be allowed to the States in case they meet the criteria for <strong>power sector reforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Better Monitoring of Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>threshold amount of annual appropriation should be fixed</strong> below which the funding for a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CSS</strong></a> may be stopped. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Below the stipulated threshold, the<strong> administration department should justify the need for the continuation of the scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As the life cycle of ongoing schemes has been made co-terminus with the cycle of Finance Commissions, <strong>third-party evaluation of all CSSs should be completed within a stipulated time frame.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New FRBM Framework:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/flexibility-under-the-frbm-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRBM Act, 2003</strong></a>) <strong>needs a major restructuring</strong> and recommended that the time-table for defining and achieving debt sustainability may be examined by a <strong>High-powered Inter-governmental Group.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This High-powered Group can craft the <strong>new FRBM framework</strong> and oversee its implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Governments may explore formation of independent public debt management cells</strong> which will chart their borrowing programme efficiently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1693868" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7599,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Different Sectors',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission&rsquo;s Report was tabled in the Parliament. The Report included recommendations for different sectors - Health, Defence and Internal Security and Disaster Risk Management, etc.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Health spending by States should be <strong>increased to more than 8% of their budget by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>Given the inter-State disparity in the availability of medical doctors, it is essential to constitute an <strong>All India Medical and Health Service</strong> as is envisaged under Section 2A of the <strong>All-India Services Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>15<sup>th</sup> FC also allocated funds for <strong>overhauling of medical services</strong> at all the levels and <strong>training of the allied healthcare workforce. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence and Internal Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union Government may constitute in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended#:~:text=Public%20Account,the%20Consolidated%20Fund%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Public Account of India</strong></a>, a dedicated non-lapsable fund, <strong>Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster Risk Management:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Formation of Mitigation Funds</strong> at both the national and State levels, in line with the provisions of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invocation-of-disaster-management-act-2005-to-deal-with-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Disaster Management Act</strong></a>, 2005.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Fund should be used for those local level and community-based interventions which reduce risks and promote environment-friendly settlements and livelihood practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Priority Areas:</strong> 15<sup>th</sup> FC has also earmarked allocations for certain priority areas, such as :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Funds for the<strong> National Disaster Response Force</strong> for expansion and modernisation of fire services and resettlement of displaced people affected by erosion.</li>
<li>Funds for <strong>National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF)</strong> for catalytic assistance to twelve most drought-prone states, managing seismic and landslide risks in ten hill States, reducing the risk of urban flooding in seven most populous cities and mitigation measures to prevent erosion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1693868" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7598,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '15th Finance Commission Recommendations: Resource Allocation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> government accepted the 15<sup>th</sup><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Finance Commission</a>&rsquo;s recommendation to maintain the States&rsquo; share in the divisible pool of taxes to 41%</strong> for the five-year period starting 2021-22.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission&rsquo;s Report was tabled in the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Finance Commission (FC)</strong> is a<strong> constitutional body,</strong> that determines the method and formula for <strong>distributing the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tax</a> proceeds between the Centre and states,</strong> and among the states as per the constitutional arrangement and present requirements.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 280 of the Constitution, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-powers-to-pardon#:~:text=Pardoning%20Power%20of%20the%20President%20in%20India%3A,is%20a%20sentence%20of%20death." target="_blank" rel="noopener">President of India</a></strong> is required to constitute a Finance Commission at an interval of five years or earlier.</li>
<li>The 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India in November 2017, <strong>under the chairmanship of NK Singh.</strong> Its recommendations will cover a <strong>period of five years from the year 2021-22 to 2025-26.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vertical Devolution (Devolution of Taxes of the Union to States):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has recommended<strong> maintaining the vertical devolution at 41% -</strong> the same as in its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> interim report for 2020-21.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is<strong> at the same level of 42% of the divisible pool</strong> as recommended by the <strong>14<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>made the required adjustment of about 1%</strong> due to the changed status of the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir into the new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh#:~:text=The%20two%20new%20UTs%2C%20Ladakh,into%20the%20Union%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Horizontal Devolution (Allocation Between the States):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For horizontal devolution, it has suggested <strong>12.5% weightage to demographic performance, 45% to income, 15% each to population and area, 10% to forest and ecology and 2.5% to tax and fiscal efforts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revenue Deficit Grants to States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Revenue deficit grants <strong>emanate from the requirement to meet the fiscal needs of the States</strong> on their revenue accounts that remain to be met, even after considering their own tax and non-tax resources and tax devolution to them.</li>
<li>Revenue Deficit is <strong>defined as</strong> the difference between revenue or current expenditure and revenue receipts, that includes tax and non-tax.</li>
<li>It has recommended post-devolution <strong>revenue deficit grants amounting to about Rs. 3 trillion over the five-year period</strong> ending FY26. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>number of states qualifying</strong> for the revenue deficit grants<strong> decreases from 17 in FY22,</strong> the first year of the award period to 6 in<strong> FY26,</strong> the last year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance Based Incentives and Grants to States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These grants <strong>revolve around four main themes.</strong></li>
<li>The first is the<strong> social sector,</strong> where it has focused on <strong>health and education.</strong></li>
<li>Second is the<strong> rural economy,</strong> where it has focused on <strong>agriculture and the maintenance of rural roads.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rural economy plays a significant role in the country as it <strong>encompasses two-thirds of the country's population, 70% of the total workforce</strong> and<strong> 46% of national income.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Third,<strong> governance and administrative reforms</strong> under which it has recommended grants for<strong> judiciary, statistics and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme#:~:text=Aspirational%20Districts%20are%20those%20districts,in%20human%20development%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener">aspirational districts</a> and blocks.</strong></li>
<li>Fourth, it has developed<strong> a performance-based incentive system for the power sector,</strong> which is not linked to grants but provides an important, additional borrowing window for States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Space for Centre:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Total <strong>15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission transfers (devolution + grants)</strong> constitutes about <strong>34% of estimated Gross Revenue Receipts</strong> to the Union, <strong>leaving adequate fiscal space</strong> to meet its resource requirements and spending obligations on national development priorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grants to Local Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Along with grants for municipal services and local government bodies, it includes <strong>performance-based grants for incubation of new cities</strong> and <strong>health grants</strong> to local governments.</li>
<li>In grants for Urban local bodies, <strong>basic grants are proposed only for cities/towns having a population of less than a million.</strong> For <strong>Million-Plus cities,</strong> 100% of the grants are performance-linked through the <strong>Million-Plus Cities Challenge Fund</strong> (MCF).
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MCF amount is linked to the performance of these cities in <strong>improving their air quality</strong> and meeting the service level benchmarks for <strong>urban drinking water supply, sanitation and solid waste management.</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Performance based incentives disincentivizes independent decision-making.</strong> Any conditions on the state's ability to borrow will have an adverse effect on the spending by the state, particularly on development thus,<strong> undermines cooperative fiscal federalism.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>does not hold the Union government accountable for its own fiscal prudence</strong> and dilutes the joint responsibility that the Union and States have.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Horizontal Devolution Criteria</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Population:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The population of a State<strong> represents the needs of the State to undertake expenditure</strong> for providing services to its residents.</li>
<li>It is also <strong>a simple and transparent indicator</strong> that has a significant equalising impact.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>larger the area, greater is the expenditure requirement</strong> for providing comparable services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest and Ecology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By taking into account the share of dense forest of each state in the aggregate dense forest of all the states, the share on this criteria is determined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Income Distance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Income distance is the <strong>distance of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of a particular state from the state with the highest GSDP.</strong></li>
<li>To maintain inter state equity, the <strong>states with lower per capita income would be given a higher share. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demographic Performance: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It<strong> rewards efforts made by states in controlling their population.</strong></li>
<li>This criterion has been computed by <strong>using the reciprocal of the total fertility ratio of each state,</strong> scaled by 1971 population data.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been done to <strong>assuage the fears of southern States</strong> about losing some share in tax transfers due to the reliance on the 2011 Census data instead of the 1971 census, which could penalise States that did better on managing demographics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States with a lower fertility ratio will be scored higher</strong> on this criterion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate#:~:text=India's%20total%20fertility%20rate%20(TFR,2.3%20between%202013%20and%202016." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Total Fertility Ratio</strong> </a>in a specific year is defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she/they were to pass through the childbearing years bearing children according to a current schedule of age-specific fertility rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tax Effort:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This criterion has been <strong>used to reward states with higher tax collection efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>It has been computed as the ratio of the average per capita own tax revenue and the average per capita state GDP during the three-year period between 2016-17 and 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612339962_image15.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612339962_image15.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1693868" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7544,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bringing a Law into Force',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The farmers have<strong> rejected the government&rsquo;s offer of keeping the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three contentious farm laws</a> on hold</strong> for one to one-and-a-half years. Farmers insist that the laws be repealed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years,<strong> Parliament has repealed several laws</strong> and there have also been precedents of the <strong>government not bringing a law into force for several years</strong> after it has been passed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bringing/Repealing a Law:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliament has the power to make a law and to remove</strong> it from the statute books (a law can be struck down by the judiciary if it is unconstitutional).</li>
<li>A<strong> Bill is a draft proposal,</strong> which needs to be <strong>passed in the Lower and Upper House,</strong> and only after the <strong>President gives his assent, it becomes an Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Repeal</strong> means to<strong> revoke, abrogate or cancel particularly a statute.</strong> Any statute may repeal any Act in whole or in part, either expressly or impliedly by enacting matters contrary to and inconsistent with the prior legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Assent:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 111 of the Constitution</strong> specifies that the <strong>President can either sign off on the Bill or withhold his consent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A Bill is sent to Parliament for reconsideration</strong> if the President withholds his assent on it. And if Parliament sends it back to the President, he has no choice but to approve it. Thus, the <strong>President enjoys only a 'suspensive veto'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Law Operational:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules &amp; Regulation: Parliament gives the government the responsibility</strong> of making rules and regulations for efficient functioning of the Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government not only has the power to make rules but <strong>can also suppress rules</strong> made by it earlier.</li>
<li>If the government does not make rules and regulations, <strong>a law or parts of it will not get implemented.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Benami Transactions Act of 1988</strong> is an <strong>example</strong> of a <strong>complete law remaining unimplemented</strong> in the absence of regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> Parliament has recommended that the government make rules <strong>within six months of passing a law.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/role-of-parliamentary-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> parliamentary committee</strong> </a>has observed that this recommendation is <strong>&ldquo;being followed in breach by various ministries&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Veto Power of the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Three Types of Veto Power:</strong> Absolute veto, Suspensive veto and Pocket veto.</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President has <strong>no veto power</strong> when it comes to the <strong>constitutional amendment bills.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absolute Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> It refers to the power of the President to <strong>withhold his assent to a bill</strong> passed by the Parliament. The<strong> bill then ends and does not become an act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Generally Used in Following Two Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the bill passed by the Parliament is a<strong> Private Member Bill.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When the cabinet resigns</strong> before the President could give his assent to the bill. The new cabinet may advise the President to not give his assent to the bill passed by the old cabinet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspensive Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President uses a suspensive veto when he <strong>returns the bill to the Indian Parliament for its reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li>If the Parliament <strong>resends the bill with or without amendment</strong> to the President, he <strong>has to approve the bill without using any of his veto powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President <strong>cannot exercise his suspensive veto</strong> in relation to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-dismissed-aadhaar-review-petitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Money Bill</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pocket Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> The<strong> bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period</strong> when he exercises his pocket veto.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He<strong> neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unlike the American President</strong> who has to<strong> resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Veto over State Bills:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislature for the consideration of the President.</strong></li>
<li>The President <strong>can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the President <strong>enjoys absolute veto (and not suspensive veto) over state bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the President<strong> can exercise pocket veto</strong> in respect of state legislation also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-parliament-passed-bills-but-govt-did-not-give-effect-to-those-laws-7157986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7524,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Question Hour to Resume during Budget Session',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Question Hour,</strong> which had been <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/question-hour-and-zero-hour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>suspended by the government during the monsoon session</strong></a>, <strong>will resume</strong> when Parliament meets<strong> for the budget session.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The suspension was done in view of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>pandemic. The government <strong>had also cancelled the winter session of Parliament</strong> citing a rising number of Covid cases.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Question Hour (Description):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> first hour of every parliamentary sitting</strong> is slotted for the Question Hour. However, in 2014, the Question Hour was<strong> shifted in the Rajya Sabha</strong> from 11 am to 12 noon.</li>
<li>During this one hour, <strong>Members of Parliament (MPs) ask questions to ministers</strong> and hold them accountable for the functioning of their ministries.</li>
<li>The <strong>questions can also be asked to the private members</strong> (MPs who are not ministers).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation:</strong> It is regulated according to<strong> parliamentary rules.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>presiding officers of the both Houses</strong> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></a> and Lok Sabha) are the final authority with respect to the conduct of Question Hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Questions:</strong> There are<strong> three</strong> kinds of questions asked:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Starred question</strong> (distinguished by an asterisk): This requires an<strong> oral answer</strong> and hence supplementary questions can follow.</li>
<li><strong>Unstarred question:</strong> This requires a written answer and hence, <strong>supplementary questions cannot follow.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Short notice question:</strong> It is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Frequency:</strong> Question Hour in both Houses is held <strong>on all days</strong> of the session. But there are two days when an <strong>exception</strong> is made.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-powers-to-pardon#:~:text=Pardoning%20Power%20of%20the%20President%20in%20India%3A,is%20a%20sentence%20of%20death." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President</strong></a> addresses MPs from both Houses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s speech takes place at the beginning of a new Lok Sabha and on the first day of a new Parliament year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the day the Finance Minister presents the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Sessions Without Question Hour:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the past too, the Question Hour has been suspended. They were suspended <strong>during national emergencies. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Question Hour:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliamentarian right:</strong> Asking of questions is an inherent and unfettered parliamentary right of members.</li>
<li><strong>Holds government accountable:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is during the Question Hour that the members can ask questions on <strong>every aspect of administration and Governmental activity.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government policies in national as well as international spheres come into<strong> sharp focus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Like in trials,</strong> during the Question Hour, every Minister has to answer for their acts of <strong>administrative omission and commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adaptation of policies:</strong> Through the Question Hour, the Government is able to quickly feel the <strong>pulse of the nation</strong> and adapt its policies and actions accordingly.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of a Commission:</strong> Sometimes questions may lead to the appointment of a Commission, a <strong>Court of Enquiry</strong> or even Legislation when matters raised by Members are of wide public importance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sessions of Parliament</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Summoning of Parliament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summoning of Parliament is specified in<strong> Article 85 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>power to convene a session</strong> of Parliament <strong>rests with the government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The decision is taken by the <strong>Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs</strong> which is formalised by the President, in whose name MPs are summoned to meet for a session.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Schedule of the Sessions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar.</li>
<li>However, the gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which means the <strong>Parliament meets at least two times in one year.</strong></li>
<li>By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament meets for <strong>three sessions</strong> in a year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Budget session:</strong> The<strong> longest,</strong> Budget Session (1<sup>st</sup> session), starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The session has a recess so that Parliamentary Committees can discuss the budgetary proposals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monsoon session:</strong> The second session is the three-week Monsoon Session, which usually begins in July and finishes in August.</li>
<li><strong>Winter Session:</strong> It is the third session held from November to December.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/question-hour-to-resume-during-budget-session/article33610764.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7513,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'KIIFB Borrowings Issue',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)</strong></a> of India has opined that the <strong>off-budget borrowings</strong> made by the <strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)</strong> for critical infra projects have <strong>bypassed the limits set on government borrowings under Article 293 (1) of the Constitution</strong> and such borrowings do not have legislative approval.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Off-budget borrowings</strong> are a means by which the government keeps its fiscal deficit in check by making quasi-government entities borrow on its behalf, to partly fund its expenditure plan for the year.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Provisions of Borrowings under Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Borrowing by Centre and the States:</strong> Chapter II in Part XII of the Constitution of India deals with borrowing. Article 292 covers borrowing by the Central Government, and Article 293 covers borrowing by States.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering State Legislatures:</strong> Article 293(1) provides State legislatures the power by law to enable or limit the State&rsquo;s executive powers of borrowing and giving guarantees.</li>
<li><strong>Consent of the Centre:</strong> Under clauses (3) and (4) of Article 293, State Governments need to obtain the consent of the Centre for raising fresh loans in case they are indebted to the latter, and such consent may be granted subject to conditions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bypassed Constitutional Limit:</strong> CAG reported that KIIFB has bypassed the limits set on government borrowings under Article 293 of the Constitution as these borrowings did not have legislative approval.</li>
<li><strong>Encroachment on Powers of Centre:</strong> The CAG said that<strong> Entry 37 of the List 1 of the Seventh schedule of the Constitution</strong> gives powers of raising foreign loans only to the Centre. Thus, KIIFB borrowings are in violation of the Constitution and encroachment on the powers of the Centre.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Transparency:</strong> KIIFB borrowings have not been disclosed in the Budget documents or in the accounts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It raises doubts on transparency, and of inter-generational equity of the borrowings, the State has to furnish to Centre all the financial statements showing the estimates of receipts and payments of all sources of borrowings, including Open Market borrowings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Burdened State Finances:</strong> KIIFB raised funds by issuance of bonds which were to be repaid from the petroleum cess and motor vehicle tax. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CAG reported that since the KIIFB has no source of income, the borrowings by the KIIFB for which the State stood as guarantor, may ultimately turn out to be a <strong>direct liability of the State government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk of Mounting External Liabilities:</strong> The RBI was criticised for granting approval to the state to float<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> masala bonds.</strong></a> The CAG raised concerns that if this mode was followed by other States, the <strong>external liabilities of the country</strong> would rise substantially without the Centre&rsquo;s knowledge of such liabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> KIIFB came into existence in 1999 through the <strong>Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To provide investment for critical and large infrastructure projects in the State of Kerala.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KIIFB was the <strong>first sub-sovereign entity</strong> in India<strong> to tap the offshore rupee international bond market.</strong></li>
<li>In 2019, KIIFB issued its <strong>masala bond</strong> of ₹2,150 crore on the <strong>London Stock Exchange. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Masala Bonds</a></strong> are <strong>rupee-denominated bonds</strong> i.e. the funds would be raised from overseas market in Indian rupees.</li>
<li><strong>Attracted investments:</strong> The bond issue helped Kerala government to get multinational corporations to invest in the state, which has traditionally been known for its unfriendly business policies, bureaucratic delays and recurrent industrial strikes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Role:</strong> In 2016, the role of KIIFB was changed<strong> from handler of investment bonds to an entity to mobilize the resources</strong> for developmental projects over and beyond the budget.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kerala Government's Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Detrimental to State development:</strong> According to the government of Kerala, funds from KIIFB are being used to build public infrastructures such as schools, roads, hospitals etc. and such a move by CAG could hurt the interests of the State.</li>
<li><strong>Unilateralism:</strong> Kerala government raised concerns over not giving the State an opportunity to offer its comments, observations or explanation before publishing of the report by the CAG.</li>
<li><strong>Already RBI Approved:</strong> The Kerala government also highlighted the fact that the KIIFB Bonds were raised with the approval of RBI- which is a central body under Government of India, then how such borrowings can be unconstitutional. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Role of RBI:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> RBI</strong> </a>is authorised to act as <strong>an agent of the Central and State Governments</strong> for the issue and management of the latter&rsquo;s bonds and debentures.</li>
<li>The<strong> Internal Debt Management Department</strong> of the RBI has the power to float State Government loans, facilitating investment of surplus cash balances of State Governments in dated securities under various funds.</li>
<li>It is also authorised to make<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wma-borrowings-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ways and Means Advances (WMAs)</strong></a> to the Centre and States, and to fix the limits thereof.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermines Federalism:</strong> For decentralisation of financial autonomy, it is necessary to provide a mechanism for regulation of state subnational debt. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could promote macroeconomic fiscal stability of the states. Hence, exercise of power conferred to the centre by the article 293 should be strictly confined to the purposes and circumstances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Review of sub-national Fiscal Policy:</strong> Since the state debt burdens have been rising because of recent fiscal shocks such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/four-years-of-demonetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> demonetisation</strong></a>, introduction of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid 19 crisis</strong></a>, sub-national fiscal policy of India needs to be reviewed to enable states for subnational borrowings. It shall provide them more opportunities to avail fiscal autonomy.</li>
<li><strong>Validating State Fiscal Responsibility Laws:</strong> Even the Kerala High Court in <strong>Matthew vs Union of India</strong> ruled that that Article 293 is an enabling provision authorising State borrowing and it empowers the states to pass their own<strong> Fiscal Responsibility Laws (FRLs).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cooperative Federalism:</strong> There is a need to address the legislative concerns of KIIB raised by CAG, and the Centre and Kerala government should take out remedial measures in public interest.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kiifb-borrowings-bypass-limits-for-state-cag/article33603716.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7510,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Supreme Court Directive on Quota in Promotions',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>asked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/attorney-general-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Attorney General</strong> </a>to compile the various issues being raised by States with regard to the application of a<strong> Constitution Bench judgment of 2006 in M. Nagaraj case.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The directive is <strong>based on a plea by the Centre to refer to a seven-judge Bench the question</strong> whether creamy layer should apply or not to the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community while providing them reservation in government promotions.</li>
<li>The court in M. Nagaraj case had <strong>upheld the application of creamy layer</strong> principle <strong>to members of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities in promotions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &lsquo;Creamy layer&rsquo;</strong> was first mentioned in the Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark judgment in the<strong> Indra Sawhney case (1992).</strong></li>
<li>This term is used to describe some members of a backward class who are<strong> socially, economically as well as educationally advanced</strong> as compared to the rest of the members of that community.</li>
<li>They<strong> lap up all the benefits of reservations</strong> meant for that class, without allowing benefits to reach the truly backward members of that class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Directing Compilation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> issues raised by the states</strong> regarding application of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/creamy-layer-for-sc-s-st-s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> creamy layer principle to members of the SC/ST communities</strong></a> in promotions are not common, hence such issues should be compiled before considering referral to a seven-judge bench.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>M. Nagaraj Case (2006):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reversed the stance in the Indra Sawhney case:</strong> In this case applying the creamy layer concept in SC/ST reservation in promotions, the Supreme court reversed its earlier stance in the <strong>Indra Sawhney case (1992),</strong> in which it had excluded the creamy layer concept on SCs/STs (that was applicable on OBCs).</li>
<li><strong>Directives to the states:</strong> The five-judges Bench in Nagaraj case upheld the constitutional validity of all <strong>77<sup>th</sup>, 81<sup>st</sup>, 82<sup>nd</sup>, and 85<sup>th</sup> constitutional amendments</strong> enabling reservation of SC/ST communities in promotions, but made certain directives for the states:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State is <strong>not bound to make reservations</strong> for SC/ST in the matter of promotions.</li>
<li>If a State wants to provide reservation to the SC/ST communities in promotions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has to collect <strong>quantifiable data</strong> showing backwardness of the class.</li>
<li><strong>Show inadequacy of representation of that class</strong> in public employment <strong>in addition to compliance of Article 335.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>State needs to ensure that its reservation provision <strong>does not lead to excessiveness- breaching the ceiling-limit of 50%,</strong> or destroying the creamy layer principle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Judgements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> Jarnail Singh v L.N. Gupta (2018) case,</strong> SC refused to refer the Nagaraj judgment to a higher bench but later altered the decision by saying that <strong>states will not be required to present quantifiable data of backwardness</strong> of SC/ST communities.</li>
<li><strong>Reservation in Promotions is not a Fundamental Right:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reaffirming its stand in Nagraj case, the Supreme Court in 2020 ruled that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation in the matter of promotions in public posts is not a fundamental right</strong></a>, and a state cannot be compelled to offer the quota if it chooses not to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Demand by the Centre:</strong> The Centre asked the Court to review its stance of introducing the concept of creamy layer in SC/ST promotions on various issues:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Could deprive backward classes from reservation:</strong> The government believes that the &lsquo;creamy layer&rsquo; will become a trick to deprive the backward classes of the benefit of reservation.</li>
<li><strong>Redundancy of proving backwardness again:</strong> It is presumed that once they are added in the Presidential List under Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, there is no question of proving backwardness of the SCs and STs all over again.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The said List cannot be altered by anybody except Parliament under <strong>Articles 341 and 342</strong>- defining who will be considered as SCs or STs in any state or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Promotion in Reservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class</strong> of citizens who, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4A):</strong> Provides that the State can make any<strong> provision for reservation in matters of promotion</strong> in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes if they are not adequately represented in the services under the State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was inserted by the<strong> 77<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4B):</strong> Added by the <strong>81<sup>st</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> which enabled the<strong> unfilled SC/ST quota of a particular year to be carried forward to the next year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 335:</strong> It recognises that special measures need to be adopted for considering the claims of SCs and STs to services and posts, in order to bring them at par.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>82<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000</strong> inserted a condition at the end of Article 335 that enables the state to make any provision in favour of the members of the SC/STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reservation-not-a-right#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20has,if%20it%20chooses%20not%20to." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7453,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Special Marriage Act, 1954',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Allahabad High Court has</strong> struck down the provisions under <strong>Section 5 of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-special-marriage-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Special Marriage Act</a></strong> that required parties to give a 30-day mandatory public notice of their intention to marry.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Special Marriage Act is a <strong>central legislation</strong> made to <strong>validate and register interreligious and inter-caste marriages in India.</strong></li>
<li>It allows two individuals to solemnise their marriage through a<strong> civil contract.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No religious formalities</strong> are needed to be carried out under the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of the Special Marriage Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Section 4:</strong> There are <strong>certain conditions</strong> laid down in Section 4 of the Act:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It says that neither of the parties should have a spouse living.</li>
<li>Both the parties should be <strong>capable of giving consent;</strong> should be sane at the time of marriage.</li>
<li>The parties shall<strong> not be within the prohibited degree of relations</strong> as prescribed under their law.</li>
<li>While <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-age-of-marriage-for-girls" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>considering the age</strong></a>, the <strong>male must be at least 21 and the female be 18 at least.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 5 and 6:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under these sections, the parties wishing to marry are <strong>supposed to give a notice for their marriage</strong> to the Marriage Officer in an area where one of the spouses has been <strong>living for the last 30 days.</strong> Then, the marriage officer publishes the notice of marriage in his office.</li>
<li><strong>Anyone having any objection to the marriage</strong> can file against it within a period of 30 days. If any such objection against the marriage is sustained by the marriage officer, the marriage can be rejected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Details of the verdict</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Observations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>provision for mandatory publication of notice,</strong> derived through &ldquo;simplistic reading&rdquo; of the particular law, &ldquo;would<strong> invade the fundamental rights of liberty and privacy,</strong> including within its sphere freedom to choose for marriage without interference from state and non-state actors, of the persons concerned&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The court also noted that despite the secular law for marriage, a majority of marriages in the country happen as per religious customs. It said that<strong> when marriages under personal law do not require a notice or invitation for objections, such a requirement is obsolete in secular law</strong> and cannot be forced on a couple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Publishing marriage details made optional:</strong> The court made it optional for the parties to the intended marriage to make a request in writing to the Marriage Officer to publish or not to publish a notice under Section 5 and 6 of the Act of 1954.</li>
<li><strong>Directives for Marriage officer:</strong> In case the parties do not make such a request for publication of notice in writing, the Marriage Officer shall not publish any such notice or entertain objections to the intended marriage and proceed with the solemnization of the marriage. However, in case the officer has any doubt, he could ask for appropriate details/proof as per the facts of the case.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Judgement is progressive rulings by the Supreme Court:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-upholds-aadhaars-constitutional-validity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar case (2017)</strong></a> which made the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to privacy</strong></a> a fundamental right under <strong>Article 21</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li><strong>Hadiya Marriage Case (2018)</strong> which held that the <strong>right to choose a partner is a fundamental right.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India case (2018)</strong> in which the court decriminalised homosexuality striking down the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-section-377-judgement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 377 of IPC</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of the verdict</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It would <strong>decrease the cases of conversion for marriage,</strong> as the delay under the special marriage Act 1954 was forcing many couples to marry by converting.</li>
<li>It shall <strong>remove hindrances to inter-faith and inter-caste marriages,</strong> and thus could promote ideals of<strong> secularism and egalitarianism.</strong></li>
<li>It shall provide<strong> relief to interfaith couples from being targeted by vigilante groups.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue related to the verdict:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doing away with the public notification of the marriage <strong>could increase the cases of cheating,</strong> for example cases of duping by a married spouse.</li>
<li>It can facilitate anti social activities such as forceful conversion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/30-day-notice-period-not-mandatory-under-special-marriage-act-allahabad-high-court-7145476/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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