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ShramShakti Portal

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched “ShramShakti”- a National Migration Support Portal, to smooth the...

25 Jan 2021 Human Resource
The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

Why in News? India began the "World's Largest Vaccination Program" on January 16, 2021. The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering...

19 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0, in a bid to...

16 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Severe Stress Among Army Personnel

Why in News According to the findings of a study by United Service Institution of India (USI), a Service think tank, more than half of Indian Army...

12 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Longitudinal Ageing Study of India

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has released the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) Wave-1 Report on the...

07 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Fighting Drug Addiction

Why in News Recently, people in a few villages of Jodhpur district’s Bilara block, Rajasthan have come together to tackle Drug Addiction among...

04 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Draft National Science Technology and Innovation Policy, 2020

Why in News Recently, the draft of the 5th National Science Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) has been uploaded by the Department of Science...

02 Jan 2021 Human Resource
Updating Census Registers

Why in News Recently, the Registrar General of India (RGI) has written to all State coordinators to update the census register. A census is the...

24 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Recognition of Prior Learning Programme

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is conducting a Special Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) programme for...

23 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Human Development Index: UNDP

Why in News India ranked 131 among 189 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI) for 2019, slipping two places from the previous year,...

17 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Database of Migrants

The Government has decided to create a database of migrant workers, including workers in the informal economy. Migration is the movement of people...

15 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Parliamentary Scrutiny

This article is based on “Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny” which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about...

12 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Changing Paradigms of Human Rights

This article is based on “Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis” which was published in The...

11 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Human Rights Day

Why in News Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10th December - the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted, in 1948, the Universal...

11 Dec 2020 Human Resource
Growing Trend of Jobs for Locals

Why in News Recently, Haryana Assembly has passed the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Bill, 2020 to reserve 75% of private-sector jobs...

06 Nov 2020 Human Resource
Academic Freedom in India

Why in News India has scored considerably low in the international Academic Freedom Index (AFI) with a score of 0.352. Academic freedom, in...

06 Nov 2020 Human Resource
Extension of ESI Scheme: Arunachal Pradesh

Why in News Recently, the central government has extended the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme to Arunachal Pradesh, with effect from 1st...

27 Oct 2020 Human Resource
STARS Project

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved implementation of the World Bank aided- Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States (STARS)...

15 Oct 2020 Human Resource
India in BRICS Ministers’ Meeting

Why in News Recently, the BRICS Labour and Employment Ministers’ Virtual Meeting was held under the Russian Presidency. It aimed to discuss...

13 Oct 2020 Human Resource
EPFO’s New Facility on UMANG App

Why in News Recently, the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has started a facility on the Unified Mobile Application for New-age...

29 Sep 2020 Human Resource

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		'title' => 'ShramShakti Portal ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> has launched<strong> &ldquo;ShramShakti&rdquo;- a National Migration Support Portal,</strong> to smooth the formulation of state and national level programs for migrant workers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A training manual <strong>&ldquo;ShramSaathi&rdquo;</strong> was also launched for migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been launched to <strong>collect data related to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tribal</a> migrant workers</strong> and link them with the existing welfare schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of ShramShakti Portal: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To address the data gap:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Various data will be recorded via Shram Shakti include demographic profile, livelihood options, skill mapping and migration pattern.</li>
<li>It will help in empowering the workers who generally migrate in search of employment and income generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To help in formulation of strategies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It would help the national and state governments in <strong>formulation of effective strategies</strong> and policy decisions for welfare of migrant workers at both source and destination states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To address the issues various related migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trafficking,</li>
<li>Wages harassment issues,</li>
<li>Occupational hazards at the workplace, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linking with other schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This portal will link the migrant population with the existing Welfare Schemes under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atamnirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Help Migrant Workers:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ASEEM Portal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) launched <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;AtmaNirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping</a> (ASEEM)&rsquo;</strong> portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
<li>Database of labour migrants in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Vande Bharat Mission</strong> </a>and filled<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NMIS Dashboard:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Migrant Information System</a> (NMIS)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>maintain a central repository of migrant workers</strong> and help in<strong> speedy inter-state communication</strong> to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amalgamation of Labour Laws into Codes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, numerous labour laws have been amalgamated into four labour codes namely <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act 2019</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code 2020, Code on Social Security 2020, and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are also aimed at facilitating industrialisation throughout the nation and thus checking distress labour migration ultimately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives for Tribal Welfare: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Manti Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> market-linked</strong> tribal entrepreneurship development program for <strong>forming clusters of tribal <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHGs</a></strong> and strengthening them into <strong>Tribal Producer Companies.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>set-up tribal community owned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Minor Forest Produce</a></strong> (MFP)-centric multi-purpose <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras</strong> (the Kendra) in predominantly tribal districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EMRS</strong></a> started in the year 1997-98 to impart <strong>quality middle and high-level education</strong> to ST children in remote areas and enable them to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided under <strong>Article 275(1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trifed-s-digitisation-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFED</strong></a> <strong>came into existence in 1987.</strong> It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</li>
<li>TRIFED has its key objectives of promoting tribal art &amp; craft, hand looms and set-up tribal community owned Minor Forest Produce (MFP)-centric multi-purpose Van Dhan Vikas Kendras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691237" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7470,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0,</strong> in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by <strong>making over 300 skill courses available</strong> to them.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Skill India Mission</strong> was launched by the government in <strong>2015</strong> under which the flagship scheme Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is run.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.</strong> It aims at <strong>vocational training and certification</strong> of Indian youth for a better livelihood and respect in the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch: India&rsquo;s largest Skill Certification Scheme -<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</a></strong> - was launched on 15<sup>th</sup> July, 2015 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skills-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(World Youth Skills Day)</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To encourage and promote skill development in the country by providing <strong>free short duration skill training</strong> and incentivizing this by providing <strong>monetary rewards to youth for skill certification.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> PMKVY is implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong></a> under the guidance of the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Key Components:</strong> Short Term Training, Special Projects, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recognition-of-prior-learning-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>, Kaushal &amp; Rozgar Mela, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> In 2015-16, 19.85 lakh candidates were trained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage: PMKVY 2016-20</strong> (PMKVY 2.0) was launched by scaling up<strong> both in terms of Sector and Geography</strong> and by <strong>greater alignment with other missions</strong> of the Government of India like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Budget:</strong> Rs. 12,000 Crore.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Through Two Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Centrally Managed (CSCM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by National Skill Development Corporation.</strong> 75% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSCM.</li>
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored State Managed (CSSM):</strong> This component was <strong>implemented by State Governments</strong> through State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs). 25% of the PMKVY 2016-20 funds and corresponding physical targets have been allocated under CSSM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> More than <strong>1.2 Crore youth</strong> have been trained/oriented through an improved standardized skilling ecosystem in the country under PMKVY 1.0 and PMKVY 2.0.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMKVY 3.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> Launched in 717 districts, 28 States/eight UTs, PMKVY 3.0 is a step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atmnanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> It <strong>will be implemented in a more decentralized structure</strong> with greater responsibilities and support from States/UTs and Districts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>District Skill Committees (DSCs), under the guidance of State Skill Development Missions (SSDM), shall play a key role in addressing the skill gap and assessing demand at the district level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>envisages training of eight lakh candidates</strong> over a <strong>scheme period of 2020-2021</strong> with an outlay of Rs. 948.90 crore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>729 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras (PMKKs), empaneled non-PMKK training centres and more than 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)</strong> under Skill India will be rolling out PMKVY 3.0 training to build a robust pool of skilled professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be <strong>more trainee- and learner-centric.</strong> The focus is on bridging the demand-supply gap by <strong>promoting skill development in areas of new-age and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a> job roles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be <strong>a propagator of vocational education</strong> at an early level for youth to capitalize on industry-linked opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Educational Policy 2020</strong></a> also puts focus on vocational training for a holistic growth and increased employability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By taking the bottom-up approach to training, it will<strong> identify job roles that have demand at the local level and skill the youth,</strong> linking them to these opportunities <strong>(Vocal for Local).</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage healthy competition between states</strong> by making available increased allocation to those states that perform better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688836" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7430,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Severe Stress Among Army Personnel',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the findings of a study by <strong>United Service Institution of India</strong> (USI), a Service think tank, <strong>more than half of Indian Army personnel seem to be under severe stress.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stressed Army Personnel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army has been<strong> losing more personnel every year</strong> due to suicides, fratricides and untoward incidents <strong>than in response to any enemy or terrorist activities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Prolonged exposure</strong> of Indian Army personnel to<strong> Counter Insurgency and Counter Terrorism (CI/CT) environment</strong> has been one of the contributory factors for <strong>increased stress levels.</strong></li>
<li>This loss is <strong>substantially greater than the operational casualties suffered by the Armed forces.</strong> In addition, a number of soldiers and leaders have been affected by hypertension, heart diseases, psychosis, neurosis and other related ailments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Officers experience comparatively<strong> much higher cumulative stress levels,</strong> compared to the<strong> Junior Commissioned Officers</strong> (JCO) and<strong> Other Ranks</strong> (OR) and the stress causative factors are also different.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Stress:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Among Army Officers:</strong> Inadequacies in the <strong>quality of leadership, overburdened</strong> commitments,<strong> inadequate resources, frequent dislocations, l</strong>ack of <strong>fairness and transparency</strong> in postings and promotions, insufficient accommodation, <strong>indifferent attitude of civilian officials,</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Among Lower Rank Officials:</strong> Excessive engagements, domestic problems, lack of dignity, lack of recreational facilities and conflict with seniors as well as subordinates, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Stress on Work:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Units and subunits under stress are likely to witness an <strong>increased number of incidents of indiscipline,</strong> unsatisfactory state of training, inadequate maintenance of equipment and<strong> low morale</strong> that adversely affects their combat preparedness and operational performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Stress prevention and management</strong> should be treated &ldquo;as a leadership role at Unit and Formation level&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army&rsquo;s Stand:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army has <strong>rejected the study,</strong> stressing that the<strong> sample size</strong> for the survey was<strong> too &ldquo;miniscule&rdquo;</strong> to arrive at such<strong> &ldquo;far reaching&rdquo;</strong> conclusions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The study has been <strong>done by one individual,</strong> with a sample size of <strong>around 400 soldiers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provision of <strong>better quality of facilities</strong> such as clothing, food, married accommodation, travel facilities, schooling, recreation etc. and periodic welfare meeting.</li>
<li>Conduct of<strong> yoga and meditation</strong> as a tool for stress management.</li>
<li>Training and deployment of <strong>psychological counsellors.</strong></li>
<li>Institutionalization of projects <strong>&lsquo;MILAP&rsquo;</strong> and<strong> &lsquo;SAHYOG&rsquo;</strong> by the Army in <strong>Northern &amp; Eastern Command</strong> to reduce stress among troops.</li>
<li>A <strong>&lsquo;MansikSahayata Helpline&rsquo;</strong> has been established by the Army &amp; Air Force to take professional counselling.</li>
<li><strong>Mental Health Awareness</strong> is provided during pre-induction training.</li>
<li>Formation of <strong>Military Psychiatry Treatment Centre at INHS Asvini</strong> and establishment of <strong>Mental Health Centres</strong> in Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Kochi, Port Blair, Goa and Karwar.</li>
<li>Previously, <strong>Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR) had completed research projects</strong> that focused on identifying factors causing suicides among troops deployed in Field and Peace areas. It had found in its studies that<strong> not getting timely leave</strong> was one of the stress factors triggering suicidal behaviour. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Recommendation</strong> included: rationalizing grant of Leave, counselling at the time of leave, decrease workload, reduction in tenure of deployment, increase in pay and allowances, improvement in living conditions, building better interpersonal relations between the officers and men, training programmes in stress management and psychological counselling, enhancing basic and recreation activities and redress of grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-half-of-army-personnel-under-severe-stress-study/article33528310.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7402,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Longitudinal Ageing Study of India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare</strong> has released the <strong>Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) Wave-1 Report</strong> on the virtual platform.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About LASI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a full scale <strong>national survey of scientific investigation of the health, economic, and social determinants and consequences of population ageing</strong> in India. It was <strong>commissioned in 2016.</strong></li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>first and the world&rsquo;s largest ever survey that provides a longitudinal database</strong> for designing policies and programmes <strong>for the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/elderly-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">older population</a></strong> in the broad domains of social, health, and economic well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agencies Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Programme for Health Care of Elderly,</strong> Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare has undertaken the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India, through <strong>International Institute for Population Sciences,</strong> (IIPS), <strong>Mumbai</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Harvard School of Public Health, University of Southern California, USA, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA)</strong> and <strong>National Institute on Ageing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>first national wave of the LASI (Wave 1)</strong> covered a <strong>baseline sample of 72,250</strong> individuals <strong>aged 45 and above and their spouses</strong>, including elderly persons aged <strong>60</strong> and above and oldest-old persons aged <strong>75</strong> and above from all States and Union Territories (UTs) of India (excluding Sikkim).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methodology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It collects detailed data on health and biomarkers together with information on family and social network, income, assets, and consumption.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In medicine, a biomarker is a <strong>measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state</strong>. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used <strong>as an indicator of a particular disease</strong> state or some other physiological state of an organism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the 2011 census, the <strong>60+ population accounted for 8.6% of India&rsquo;s population,</strong> accounting for <strong>103 million elderly people.</strong></li>
<li>Growing at around <strong>3% annually</strong>, the number of elderly people will rise to <strong>319 million in 2050.</strong></li>
<li><strong>75%</strong> of the elderly people suffer from one or the other <strong>chronic disease. 40%</strong> of the elderly people have <strong>one or the other disability</strong> and <strong>20%</strong> have issues related to <strong>mental health.</strong></li>
<li>The self-reported prevalence of diagnosed <strong>cardiovascular diseases</strong> (CVDs) is <strong>28%</strong> among older adults aged <strong>45 and above.</strong></li>
<li>The prevalence of <strong>multi-morbidity conditions</strong> among the elderly age <strong>60 and above</strong> is <strong>much higher in the states/UTs</strong> of Kerala (52%), Chandigarh (41%), Lakshadweep (40%), Goa (39%) and Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands (38%). The prevalence of <strong>single morbidity and multi-morbidity</strong> conditions increases with age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The evidence from LASI will be used to further strengthen and broaden the <strong>scope of the National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly</strong> and also help in establishing a range of preventive and health care programmes for the older population and most vulnerable among them.</li>
<li>The study holds significance in light of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic with the elderly and persons with <strong>comorbidities</strong> being at the highest risk of contracting the disease.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Comorbidity</strong> simply means <strong>more than one illness or disease occurring in one person at the same time</strong> and <strong>multimorbidity means more than two illnesses</strong> or diseases occurring in the same person at the same time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Programme for Health Care of Elderly</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme is being implemented under the <strong>Non-Communicable Disease</strong> (NCD) flexible pool within the overarching umbrella of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission</strong></a> for Districts and below in the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide <strong>accessible, affordable, and high-quality long-term, comprehensive and dedicated care services</strong> to an Ageing population.</li>
<li>Creating a new <strong>&ldquo;architecture&rdquo;</strong> for Ageing.</li>
<li>To build a framework to create an enabling environment for <strong>&ldquo;a Society for all Ages&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>To promote the concept of <strong>Active and Healthy Ageing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre bears 75% of the total budget and the State Government contributes <strong>25%</strong> of the budget, for activities up to district level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligible Beneficiary:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All elderly People (above 60 Years) in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Free, Specialized health care facilities exclusively for the elderly people through the State health delivery system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1686552" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:PIB</a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7355,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Fighting Drug Addiction',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, people in a few villages of<strong> Jodhpur district&rsquo;s Bilara block, Rajasthan</strong> have come together to tackle<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Drug Addiction</strong></a> among the youth.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps Taken By the Villagers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Boycott</strong> of persons consuming <strong>liquor, tobacco and narcotics.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Imposition of a penalty</strong> on the <strong>sellers</strong> and<strong> buyers</strong> of these <strong>substances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drug Addiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It refers to the <strong>condition of being addicted to a drug,</strong> particularly narcotic drugs.</li>
<li>These are <strong>generally illegal drugs</strong> that<strong> affect the mood and behaviour of a person.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drug abuse</strong> refers to the <strong>use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain.</strong></li>
<li>There are over <strong>190 million drug users around the world</strong> and the problem has been increasing at alarming rates, especially among young adults under the age of 30.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drug Menace In India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The menace of drug addiction has<strong> spread fast among the youth of India.</strong></li>
<li>India is sandwiched between two <strong>largest Opium producing regions</strong> of the world that is <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illicit-drug-supply-and-covid-19-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Golden triangle on one side and the Golden crescent on other</a>.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609828080_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609828080_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> golden triangle</strong> area comprises <strong>Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>golden crescent</strong> area includes <strong>Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the report <strong>Magnitude of Substance Use in India</strong> released by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-initiatives-to-fight-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Institute Of Medical Science (AIIMS)</strong></a> in 2019:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Alcohol</strong> is the most abused substance in India.</li>
<li>Around <strong>5 crore</strong> Indians reported to have<strong> used cannabis and opioids</strong> at the time of the survey (conducted in the year 2018).</li>
<li>It has been estimated that there are about <strong>8.5 lakh people who inject drugs.</strong></li>
<li>Of the total cases estimated by the report, <strong>more than half</strong> of them are contributed by states like <strong>Punjab, Assam, Delhi, Haryana, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>About 60 lakh people are estimated to need help for their opioid use problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More and more children are taking to alcohol consumption and the <strong>highest percentage of children who are addicted to alcohol are in Punjab followed by West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Reasons for Drug Abuse:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To be accepted by the peers.</li>
<li>Increasing economic stress.</li>
<li>Changing cultural values.</li>
<li>Experimentation.</li>
<li>Neurotic pleasure.</li>
<li>Ineffective Policing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts of Drug Abuse:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher risk of unintentional <strong>injuries, accidents, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">domestic violence incidents</a>, medical problems, and death.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic potential</strong> gets wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Affects relationships</strong> with family, friends creating emotional and social problems</li>
<li>Increases <strong>financial burden.</strong></li>
<li>Drug abuse seriously <strong>affects our health, security, peace and development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increase in<strong> diseases like <a href="/pdf/controlling-hepatitis-b.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hepatitis B</a> and <a href="/printpdf/government-to-give-free-antiviral-for-hepatitis-c" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tuberculosis-report-2019-who#:~:text=The%20strategy%20aims%20to%20end,2020%2C%202025%2C%20and%202030." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tuberculosis</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Drug dependence, low self esteem, hopelessness can<strong> lead to criminal action and even suicidal tendencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges to Curb the Drug Menace:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Legally Available Drugs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such as <a href="/pdf/who-report-on-global-tobacco-epidemic-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tobacco</strong></a> is a huge problem which is usually seen as a <strong>gateway drug</strong> which children take just to experiment with.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Availability of Rehabilitation Centres:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a lack of rehabilitation centres. Also, NGOs operating de-addiction centres in the country, have failed to provide the required kind of treatment and therapy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Smuggling of Drugs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Smuggling of drugs through the states like Punjab, Assam and Uttar Pradesh which share the border with neighbouring countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives to Tackle Drug Addiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It constituted the <a href="/printpdf/steps-to-curb-abuse-of-synthetic-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD)</strong></a> in November, 2016 and revived the scheme of<strong> &ldquo;Financial Assistance to States for Narcotics Control&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Narcotics Control Bureau has been provided funds for developing a new software i.e. <strong>Seizure Information Management System (SIMS)</strong> which will create a complete <strong>online database of drug offences and offenders.</strong></li>
<li>The government has constituted a fund called<strong> &ldquo;National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse&rdquo;</strong> to meet the expenditure incurred in connection with combating illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs; rehabilitating addicts, and educating the public against drug abuse, etc.</li>
<li>The government is also conducting a <strong>National Drug Abuse Survey</strong> to measure trends of drug abuse in India through the Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment with the help of <strong>National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre of AIIMS.</strong></li>
<li><strong>'Project Sunrise'</strong> was launched by the<strong> Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2016,</strong> to tackle the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-aids-day-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising HIV prevalence</strong> </a>in north-eastern states in India, especially among people injecting drugs.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, (NDPS) 1985</strong></a>: It prohibits a person from producing, possessing, selling, purchasing, transporting, storing, and/or consuming any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>NDPS Act</strong> has since been<strong> amended thrice &ndash;</strong> in <strong>1988, 2001</strong> and 2014.</li>
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India and it applies also to all Indian citizens outside India and to all persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government has also announced the launch of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-drug-action-plan-for-2020-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Nasha Mukt Bharat&rsquo;, or Drug-Free India Campaign</strong></a> which focuses on community outreach programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Treaties and Conventions to Combat Drug Menace:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is signatory of the following International treaties and conventions to combat the menace of Drug Abuse:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN)<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-removed-from-dangerous-substances-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/22-11-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 2000</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Addiction should not be seen as a character flaw, but as an ailment that any other person could be struggling with. Therefore,<strong> the stigma associated with drug taking needs to be reduced.</strong> Society needs to understand that drug-addicts are victims and not criminals.</li>
<li>Certain<strong> crop drugs</strong> which have more than 50% alcohol and opioids<strong> need to be contained. Strict action is required from police officers</strong> and the excise and narcotics department to <strong>curb the problem of drug menace in the country.</strong> There is a need to <strong>strictly implement the NDPS Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Radical political decisions</strong> like that one of alcohol prohibition in Bihar may be another solution. When people do not exercise self-control, a state has to step in, as part of the <strong><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-180" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive Principles of State Policy</a> (Article 47).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Education curriculum should include chapters on drug addiction</strong>, its impact and also on de-addiction. Proper Counselling is another alternative.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bilara-villagers-mobilise-against-addiction/article33486832.ece#:~:text=Reeling%20under%20the%20drug%20menace,to%20tackle%20addiction%20among%20youth.&amp;text=A%20unique%20campaign%20has%20been,no%20demand%20for%20illicit%20drugs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7367,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft National Science Technology and Innovation Policy, 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the draft of the <strong>5<sup>th</sup> National Science Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP)</strong> has been uploaded by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong> on its website.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Policy will replace the <a href="/printpdf/science-technology-and-innovation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Science Technology and Innovation Policy of 2013</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To bring about <strong>profound changes through short, medium and long-term mission mode projects</strong> by building a nurtured<strong> ecosystem that promotes research and innovation</strong> on the part of both individuals and organizations.</li>
<li>To <strong>identify and address strengths and weaknesses of the Indian Science Technology and Innovation (STI) ecosystem</strong> to catalyse socio-economic development of the country and also make the Indian STI ecosystem globally competitive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Related to Equity and Inclusion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gender Equality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes that at least <strong>30% representation be ensured for women</strong> in all decision-making bodies, as well as <strong>&ldquo;spousal benefits&rdquo; be provided to partners of scientists belonging to the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-section-377-judgement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ+) community.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <strong>LGBTQ+ community</strong> should be <strong>included in all conversations</strong> related to <strong>gender equity,</strong> and provisions be made to<strong> safeguard their rights</strong> and promote their representation and retention in the science and technology sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child and Elderly Care:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Child-care benefits are proposed to be made gender-neutral, </strong>and<strong> flexible work timings and adequate parental leave</strong> are to be offered to cater to maternity, childbirth and child care.</li>
<li>All publicly-funded research institutions and universities will be asked to provide <strong>day-care centres for children of employees, and also have a provision for elderly care.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Disabled:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For the <strong>benefit of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">people with disabilities</a></strong>, the policy asks all publicly-funded scientific institutions to make<strong> &ldquo;structural and cultural changes&rdquo; to support their inclusion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For age-related cut-offs in matters relating to selection, promotion, awards or grants,<strong> the &ldquo;academic age&rdquo; and not the biological age would be considered.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Removal of bars on married couples</strong> being employed in the same department or laboratory. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of now, married couples are not posted in the same department, leading to cases of loss of employment or forced transfers when colleagues decide to get married.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Open Science Policy (One Nation, One Subscription):</strong> To make scientific knowledge and data available to all, the government has proposed:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>buy bulk subscriptions of all important scientific journals across the world, and provide everyone in India free access to them.</strong></li>
<li>To set up a <strong>Science, Technology and Innovation Observatory</strong> that will serve as the central repository of all kinds of data generated from scientific research in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research and Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to establish <strong>Education Research Centres (ERCs)</strong> and <strong>Collaborative Research Centres (CRCs)</strong> to provide research inputs to policymakers and bring together stakeholders.</li>
<li><strong>Research and Innovation Excellence Frameworks (RIEF)</strong> will be developed to enhance the quality of research along with the promotion of engagements with the relevant stakeholders.</li>
<li>A dedicated portal to provide access to the outputs of such publicly-funded research will be created through the <strong>Indian Science and Technology Archive of Research (INDSTA).</strong></li>
<li>To set up Infrastructure to <strong>boost local Research and Development capabilities</strong> and<strong> reduce large scale import</strong> in selected sectors of domestic importance such as electronic hardware for home appliances, railways, intelligent transport, clean tech, defence, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Strengthening India's Strategic Position:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To achieve <strong>technological self-reliance</strong> and <strong>position India among the top three scientific superpowers</strong> in the decade to come.</li>
<li>To <strong>double the number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) researchers, Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&amp;D (GERD)</strong> and private sector contribution to the GERD every 5 years.</li>
<li>Establishment of a <strong>Strategic Technology Board</strong> that will <strong>bridge all strategic government departments,</strong> and monitor and recommend technologies to be bought or indigenously made.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685427#:~:text=The%20draft%20of%20the%205,now%20available%20for%20public%20consultation.&amp;text=It%20aims%20to%20foster%2C%20develop,and%20policy%20research%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7297,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Updating Census Registers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/printpdf/npr-and-census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Registrar General of India (RGI)</strong></a> has written to all State coordinators to update the <strong>census register</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>census</strong></a> is the procedure of <strong>systematically enumerating, and acquiring and recording information</strong> about the members of a given population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Order: RGI</strong> has written to all State coordinators to <strong>update names of an area, locality, colony or a building in the &ldquo;charge register&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Charge register:</strong> The charge register shows the distribution of work among enumerators and marks the <strong>House Listing Blocks (HLB)</strong> to be visited by each official. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>HLB is a primary unit</strong> of collection of data.</li>
<li><strong>Use of Charge Register:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an important census document that will <strong>help enumerators to collect details during the first phase of census house listing and housing census and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Population Register (NPR)</a></strong>.</li>
<li>The register will also be <strong>used for the field work relating to the updating of NPR</strong> since the same functionaries will be engaged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implication:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The census exercise was<strong> suspended indefinitely</strong> owing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>. The communication from RGI may be an indication that the <strong>census exercise may take off in the near future</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Registrar General of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census Organisation was set up on an <strong>ad-hoc basis for each Census till the 1951 </strong>Census.</li>
<li>The Government of India, in <strong>1949 established an organisation</strong> in the Ministry of Home Affairs under <strong>Registrar General and ex-Officio Census Commissioner,</strong> India to develop systematic collection of statistics on the size of population, its growth, etc.</li>
<li>Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of <strong>Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It <strong>arranges, conducts and analyses the results of the demographic surveys</strong> of India including <strong>Census of India</strong> and <strong>Linguistic Survey of India</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Census of India:</strong> It provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country&rsquo;s population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decennial Census of India has been <strong>conducted 15 times, as of 2011</strong>.</li>
<li>While it has been <strong>undertaken every 10 years,</strong> beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, <strong>the first complete census was taken in 1881</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Post-1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</strong> under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linguistic Survey of India:</strong> The primary objective of the present Linguistic Survey of India is to present an updated linguistic scenario.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is conducted <strong>along with the decennial Census exercise</strong>.</li>
<li>It also provides necessary inputs to the social/educational planners in respective States for their planning to attain the envisaged goals.</li>
<li>First linguistic survey of India was published by <strong>George Abraham Grierson in 1928</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>position</strong> of Registrar is usually <strong>held by a civil servant</strong> holding the rank of Joint Secretary.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPR is a register of the <strong>usual residents of the country</strong>. It is prepared at the local (village and sub-town), sub-district, district, state and national levels under provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Act, 1955</strong> and the <strong>Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003</strong>.</li>
<li>It is <strong>mandatory</strong> for every <strong>&ldquo;usual resident of India&rdquo;</strong> to register in the NPR.</li>
<li>The data for the NPR was <strong>first collected in 2010</strong> along with the house listing phase of Census 2011.</li>
<li>In <strong>2015, this data was further updated</strong> by conducting a <strong>door-to-door</strong> survey.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/registrar-general-writes-to-states-to-update-charge-register-a-census-document/article33395821.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7287,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Recognition of Prior Learning Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> (MSDE) is conducting a <strong>Special Recognition of Prior Learning</strong> (RPL) programme for workers, with the <strong>Department of Panchayati Raj</strong> (DoPR).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme, implemented under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion</strong> </a><strong>(SANKALP) Programme</strong> of MSDE, has been rolled out in <strong>Varanasi</strong> and <strong>Chandauli,</strong> Uttar Pradesh (UP).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>RPL Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to<strong> promote decentralization</strong> and<strong> local governance for better planning and implementation</strong> of skill development programmes.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong> </a><strong>(NSDC).</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>recognizes the value of learning</strong> acquired outside a formal setting and provides a <strong>government certificate</strong> for an individual&rsquo;s skills.</li>
<li>Candidates receive <strong>exposure to concepts of digital and financial literacy</strong> and <strong>accidental insurance coverage for three years</strong> at free of cost.</li>
<li><strong>No fee is charged</strong> from a candidate for participating in the RPL programme and every<strong> successfully certified candidate receives Rs. 500.</strong></li>
<li>MSDE is supporting the <strong>State Skill Development Missions</strong> (SSDMs) and <strong>District Skill Committees</strong> (DSCs) in the selection and onboarding of the Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) and facilitating the successful execution of the programme.</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Panchayati Raj</strong> (MoPR) <strong>along with MSDE is monitoring</strong> it and are being supported by Directorate of Panchayati Raj, UP and the SSDM, UP.</li>
<li>This initiative is part of a larger programme on<strong> &lsquo;Skill Development Planning at the level of Gram Panchayat&rsquo;</strong> that focuses on introducing RPL in a structured manner in various gram panchayats across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The inclusion of gram panchayats is<strong> crucial for the success of District Skill Development Plans</strong> (DSDPs) and will provide a huge <strong>fillip to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skill India Mission.</a></strong></li>
<li>RPL will <strong>align the competencies of the pre-existing workforce</strong> of the country to the standardized framework and will provide confidence, respect and recognition to the candidates.</li>
<li>Supporting formalization of the informal learning of youth will <strong>supplement their efforts in finding sustainable livelihood opportunities</strong> and <strong>reduce inequalities</strong> based on privileging certain forms of knowledge over others.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>link them with work opportunities</strong> emanating from the Gram panchayat&rsquo;s development work.</li>
<li>Down-streaming the skill development planning to the gram panchayat level would <strong>contribute to decentralization.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> outcome-oriented programme of MSDE</strong> with a special focus on <strong>decentralised planning and quality improvement.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank.</strong></a></li>
<li>It aims to implement the mandate of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Skill Development Mission</strong></a> (NSDM).</li>
<li>It contributes to the <strong>development of rational and realistic state skill development plans,</strong> leading to a well-grounded national plan for skill development.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Convergence:</strong> Creating convergence among all skill training activities, both State-led and Government of India funded, at the state level.</li>
<li><strong>Quality:</strong> Improving the quality of skill development programs through building a pool of quality trainers, developing model curriculum and content, and standardizing assessment and certification.</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation System:</strong> Establishing a robust monitoring and evaluation system for skill training programs.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusiveness and Opportunity:</strong> Providing access to skill training opportunities to the disadvantaged sections. Creating industry-led and demand-driven skill training capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682409" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7231,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Human Development Index: UNDP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India ranked 131</strong> among 189 countries on the<strong> Human Development Index (HDI) for 2019, slipping two places from the previous year,</strong> according to the <strong>Human Development Report (HDR) 2020</strong> released by the<strong> United Nations Development Program (UNDP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2020 Report has <strong>introduced planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index,</strong> which adjusts the standard Human Development Index (HDI) by a country&rsquo;s<strong> per capita carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>other indices that form the part of the Report</strong> are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),</li>
<li>Gender Development Index (GDI),</li>
<li>Gender Inequality Index (GII) and</li>
<li>Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Development Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> HDI <strong>emphasizes</strong> that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.</li>
<li><strong>Based on three Basic Dimensions of Human Development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A long and healthy life,</li>
<li>Access to knowledge, and</li>
<li>A decent standard of living.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Performers for 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Norway topped the index, followed by Ireland and Switzerland. Hong Kong and Iceland complete the top five.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Asian Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Singapore was ranked 11, Saudi Arabia 40, and Malaysia was at 62 in the global index, representing the<strong> top bracket among the Asian countries</strong> with<strong> &ldquo;very high human development".</strong></li>
<li>Sri Lanka (72), Thailand (79), China (85) and Indonesia and Philippines (both 107), and Vietnam (117), among others, were <strong>&ldquo;high human development" countries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India,</strong> Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Cambodia, Kenya and Pakistan were ranked among countries with<strong> &ldquo;medium human development"</strong> with ranks between 120 and 156.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall Performance: HDI value for 2019 is 0.645,</strong> which puts the country in the <strong>medium human development category,</strong> positioning it at <strong>131 out of 189 countries</strong> and territories. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Between 1990 and 2019, India&rsquo;s HDI value increased from 0.429 to 0.645, an increase of 50.3%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Long and Healthy Life: Life expectancy for Indian&rsquo;s at birth was 69.7 years in 2019,</strong> slightly<strong> lower than the south Asian average of 69.9 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Between 1990 and 2019, India&rsquo;s<strong> life expectancy at birth increased by 11.8 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to Knowledge:</strong> The <strong>expected years of schooling</strong> in India was<strong> 12.2 years,</strong> compared with 11.2 years in Bangladesh and 8.3 years in Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Between 1990 and 2019, <strong>mean years of schooling increased by 3.5 years, </strong>and<strong> expected years of schooling increased by 4.5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Decent Standard of Living:</strong> In terms of <strong>Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, India at USD 6,681 fared better</strong> than some others in 2019, despite<strong> a fall over the previous year.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s GNI per capita <strong>increased by about 273.9% between 1990 and 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The PHDI adjusts the standard HDI by a country&rsquo;s level of carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint, each on a <strong>per capita basis.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Performance of the Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Norway,</strong> which <strong>tops the HDI, falls 15 places</strong> if this metric is used, leaving <strong>Ireland at the top</strong> of the table.</li>
<li>The <strong>United States</strong> (HDI Rank -17) <strong>and Canada</strong> (HDI Rank -16) <strong>would fall 45 and 40 places </strong>respectively,<strong> reflecting their disproportionate impact on natural resources.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>oil and gas-rich Gulf States also fell steeply. China would drop 16 places</strong> from its current ranking of 85.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India<strong> would move up eight places</strong> in the ranking.</li>
<li>Under the<strong> Paris Agreement,</strong> India pledged to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP from the 2005 level by 33-35% by 2030 and to obtain 40% of electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Solar capacity in India increased</strong> from 2.6 gigawatts in March 2014 to 30 gigawatts in July 2019, achieving its target of 20 gigawatts four years ahead of schedule.</li>
<li>In 2019, India<strong> ranked fifth for installed solar capacity.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> aims to promote solar energy for power generation and other uses to make solar energy competitive with fossil fuel-based options.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Indices</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IHDI indicates<strong> percentage loss in HDI due to inequality.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>India,</strong> IHDI value for 2019 is <strong>0.537 (16.8% overall loss).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Development Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GDI <strong>measures disparities on the HDI by gender.</strong></li>
<li>For<strong> India,</strong> GDI value for 2019 is <strong>0.820 (World: 0.943).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Inequality Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GII presents a composite measure of gender inequality using three dimensions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reproductive health,</li>
<li>Empowerment and</li>
<li>The labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In GII, India is<strong> at 123<sup>rd</sup> rank.</strong> Last year, it was ranked 122<sup>nd</sup> out of 162 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multidimensional Poverty Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MPI captures the multiple deprivations that people in developing countries face in their health, education and standard of living.</li>
<li>The most recent survey data publicly available for India&rsquo;s MPI estimation refer to 2015-2016. In India,<strong> 27.9% of the population</strong> (3,77,492 thousand people) are <strong>multidimensionally poor,</strong> while <strong>an additional 19.3%</strong> are classified under <strong>vulnerable to multidimensional poverty</strong> (2,60,596 thousand people).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Challenges:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the devastating effects of <strong>Covid-19</strong> have taken the world&rsquo;s attention, other layered crises, from <strong>climate change to rising inequalities,</strong> continue to take their toll. The challenges of<strong> planetary and societal imbalance</strong> are intertwined: they interact in a vicious circle, each making the other worse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges Related to Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indigenous children</strong> in Cambodia, India and Thailand show <strong>more malnutrition-related issues</strong> such as stunting and wasting.</li>
<li>In<strong> India,</strong> different responses in parent behaviour as well as some disinvestment in girls&rsquo; health and education have led to <strong>higher malnutrition among girls than among boys</strong> as a consequence of shocks likely linked to climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Displacements in 2020:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Disasters continued to trigger most new displacements</strong> in 2020. <strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong> hit Bangladesh and India, driving the largest single displacement event in the first half of the year, triggering 3.3 million pre-emptive evacuations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Expanding human development -</strong> more education of women and girls, more economic empowerment of women, more bargaining power of young girls in households, reduced poverty, etc.</li>
<li>Evidence from Colombia to India indicates that <strong>financial security and ownership of land improve women&rsquo;s security</strong> and reduce the risk of gender-based violence, clearly indicating that <strong>owning land can empower women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-131-in-2020-un-human-development-index/article33348091.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7210,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Database of Migrants',
		'description' => '<p>The Government has decided to create a <strong>database of migrant workers,</strong> including workers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-6-billion-risk-losing-jobs-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>informal economy.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migration</strong></a> is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence, across either<strong> internal (within country) or international (across countries)</strong> borders. The latest government data on migration comes from the<strong> 2011 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census.</a></strong></li>
<li>As per the Census, India had <strong>45.6 crore migrants in 2011</strong> (38% of the population) compared to <strong>31.5 crore migrants in 2001</strong> (31% of the population).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979,</strong> required all establishments who hired inter-state migrants to be<strong> registered,</strong> as well as all <strong>contractors who recruited</strong> these workers to be <strong>licensed.</strong></li>
<li>Proper implementation of this law would have ensured<strong> information on inter-state migrants</strong> to aid the state machinery in its relief efforts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, no such <strong>detailed records were maintained,</strong> and information on the number of migrants was unavailable to both <strong>central and state governments.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A comprehensive database for migrant and other unorganised sector workers is seen as <strong>necessary in the wake of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to help returning migrants find livelihood:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> (MSDE) has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atma Nirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping</strong></a> (ASEEM)&rsquo; portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Database of labour migrants</strong> in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the<strong> Vande Bharat Mission</strong> and filled<strong> SWADES Skill Card,</strong> has been <strong>integrated</strong> with the <strong>ASEEM portal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> has developed an online dashboard called <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-migrant-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;National Migrant Information System</a> (NMIS)&rsquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The online portal (NMIS) would maintain a<strong> central repository of migrant workers</strong> and help in speedy inter-state communication to facilitate the smooth movement of migrant workers to their native places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Maharashtra Government has launched a portal named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahajobs-portal-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Mahajobs&rsquo;</strong> </a><strong>for job seekers and employers,</strong> owing to the economic situation caused by Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li><strong>Atma Nirbhar Uttar Pradesh Rozgar Abhiyan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme seeks to<strong> promote local entrepreneurship and create partnership</strong> with industrial associations to provide <strong>employment opportunities to 1.25 crore migrant workers</strong> who lost their jobs during the <strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong> The state government has already mapped the skill of the workers so that they can be provided employment as per their expertise.</li>
<li>The<strong> migrant commission announced by the Uttar Pradesh government will map skills of workers</strong> who have returned to the state, providing data to employment exchanges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes for Migration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Migration is a global phenomenon caused not only by economic factors but many other factors like social, political, cultural, environmental, health, education are included under the broader classification of Push and Pull factors of migration:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608020109_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608020109_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Push Factor:</strong> Push factors are those that compel a person, due to different reasons, to leave a place of origin (out-migration) and migrate to some other place.</li>
<li><strong>Pull Factor:</strong> Pull factors indicate the factors which attract migrants (in-migration) to an area (destination).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patterns of Migration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Internal migrant flows can be<strong> classified on the basis of origin and destination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural and urban-urban.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another way to classify migration is: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intra-state, and inter-state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As of 2011,<strong> Uttar Pradesh and Bihar</strong> were the largest <strong>source</strong> of inter-state migrants while <strong>Maharashtra and Delhi</strong> were the largest receiver states. Around 83 lakh residents of Uttar Pradesh and 63 lakh residents of Bihar had moved either temporarily or permanently to other states.</li>
<li><strong>Plan for the Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The plan aims to get data from existing databases of government schemes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/24-states-under-one-nation-one-ration-card" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>one nation-one ration card</strong></a> to create a <strong>unique registration</strong> of migrant workers.</li>
<li>Details of those working in unorganised sectors not covered by such schemes, are likely to be<strong> added separately. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Aadhaar platform</strong> would be used to address the problem of duplicity and ghost cards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No collection of data of intra-state migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scope of the database needs to be expanded to include both sets of migrants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discrepancy in definition of employed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The extent of migration in the country depends on the definition of employed. For example, the definitions used by the <strong>National Sample Survey and the Census</strong> are different.</li>
<li>A comprehensive definition needs to be worked out for employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Constraints:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Merging the <strong>existing databases</strong> at the state level may be problematic as the <strong>softwares and structures of data storage</strong> may be different.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aadhaar-linked databases may have security concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of clarity over registration of workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>No<strong> procedure of registration</strong> yet mentioned, whether the process to register will be voluntary or by a government agency.</li>
<li><strong>Track over migration flows</strong> etc has not been discussed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Portability Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Governments will also have to examine the issue of portability of benefits across states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act seeks to regulate the employment of inter-State migrants and their conditions of service.</li>
<li>It is applicable to every establishment that employs <strong>five or more migrant workmen from other States;</strong> or if it had <strong>employed five or more such workmen</strong> on any day in the <strong>preceding 12 months.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>applicable to contractors</strong> who employed a similar number of inter-State workmen.</li>
<li>It envisages a system of <strong>registration of such establishments.</strong> The principal employer is prohibited from employing inter-State workmen <strong>without a certificate of registration</strong> from the relevant authority.</li>
<li>The law also lays down that <strong>every contractor who recruits workmen</strong> from one State for deployment in another State<strong> should obtain a licence to do so.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/covid-19-lockdown-migrant-workers-bihar-mgnrega-7103590/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7197,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Parliamentary Scrutiny',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/pointing-the-finger-at-parliamentary-scrutiny/article33309735.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the lapses in the management of the legislative work in the Indian Parliament.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new Farm laws</strong> </a>passed by Parliament have led to a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers.</p>
<p>Although the government is reportedly willing to amend these Acts, the protesting farmers want these laws to be repealed and if necessary, fresh laws to be enacted after discussions with the farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
<p>The demand for the repeal of the laws passed by Parliament only recently essentially points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in frequent bypassing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary committees</strong></a> and<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> use of ordinances.</strong></a></p>
<p>As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people&rsquo;s trust.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Parliamentary Committees: Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Improving the pieces of legislation through detailed scrutiny by Parliament through its committees is historically an ancient practice.</li>
<li>In fact, the British Parliament has been doing it since the 16th century.</li>
<li>The Indian experience of legislative scrutiny of Bills goes back to the post-Montagu&ndash;Chelmsford Reforms.</li>
<li>It is interesting to note that the Central Legislative Assembly which was the Parliament of British India, had set up three committees:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Petitions relating to Bills,</li>
<li>Select Committee of Amendments of standing orders</li>
<li>Select Committee on Bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, even the colonial Parliament recognised the need and usefulness of parliamentary scrutiny of Bills brought to the House by the government.</li>
<li>Free India&rsquo;s Parliament established a vast network of committees to undertake scrutiny of various aspects of governance including the Bills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prior to the formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-tenure-of-standing-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs)</strong></a>, in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Parliamentary Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination:</strong> They are envisaged to be the face of Parliament in a set of interrelated departments and ministries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are assigned the task of looking into the demands for grants of the ministries/departments concerned, to examine Bills pertaining to them, to consider their annual reports, and to look into their long-term plans and report to Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instrument For Detailed Scrutiny:</strong> Committee reports are usually exhaustive and provide authentic information on matters related to governance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bills that are referred to committees are returned to the House with significant value addition.</li>
<li>Besides the standing committees, the Houses of Parliament set up ad hoc committees to enquire and report on specific subjects that are assigned the task of studying a Bill closely and reporting back to the House.</li>
<li>Also, in the discharge of their mandate, they can solicit expert advice and elicit public opinion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting As Mini-Parliament:</strong> These committees are smaller units of MPs from both Houses, across political parties and they function throughout the year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, Parliamentary committees are not bound by the populistic demands that generally act as a hindrance in working of parliament.</li>
<li>As committee meetings are &lsquo;closed-door&rsquo; and members are not bound by party whips, the parliamentary committee work on the ethos of debate and discussions.</li>
<li>Moreover, they work away from the public glare, remain informal compared to the codes that govern parliamentary proceedings, and are great training schools for new and young members of the House.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Marginalization of Parliament Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bypassing the Parliament Committee System:</strong> According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees.</li>
<li>The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Speaker or Chairman:</strong> The reference to the committees is within the discretion of the Speaker or the Chairman. The Rules of the house held that important Bills should go before the committees for a detailed examination.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, many times, the speaker or chairman have exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill which has serious implications for society.</li>
<li>For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed from Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revitalising Parliamentary Committee System:</strong> Parliament should revitalise its committees to enable wider public participation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should insist that every Bill is deliberated upon in a committee, much like what the British Parliament does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting With Responsibility &amp; Amending Rules:</strong> Apart from the Speaker or the Chairman acting with probity, there is need to amend rules of procedure in both Lok Sabha and Rajya sabha, so that all major Bills should be referred to DRSCs.</li>
<li><strong>Setting Up New Committees:</strong> Given the increasing complexity in matters of economy and technological advancement, there is a need for setting up new parliamentary committees. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standing Committee on Federal issues to provide analysis of all the matters that overlapping in the Union List, Concurrent List and State List.</li>
<li>Standing Constitution Committee to scrutinise Constitutional Amendment Bills before they are introduced in Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary role of Parliament is deliberation, discussion and reconsideration, the hallmarks of any democratic institution. However, Parliament deliberates on matters that are complex and therefore needs technical expertise to understand such matters better.</p>
<p>Thus, Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. There is a need to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for the betterment of the parliamentary democracy.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f8ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the significance of the parliamentary committee system in India and recent issues relating to their functioning.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpeMG2fW_OA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/a-harsh-lesson-five-years-after-the-paris-agreement-the-world-gets-serious-again/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Harsh lesson: Five years after the Paris Agreement, the world gets serious again&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 10th, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7189,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Changing Paradigms of Human Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/reinvigoration-of-human-rights-is-imperative-to-emerge-from-covid-19-crisis-7100004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 10/12/2020. It talks about the changing paradigm in the concept of Human Rights, especially in the context of Covid-19 crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>The world honours <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Rights Day every year on December 10</strong></a> to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.</p>
<p>The UDHR is a milestone document that proclaims the inalienable rights which everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, language, political or another opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status.</p>
<p>In its remembrance also lies the recognition of the fundamental contribution of the UDHR, the codification of the inalienability and universality of human rights.</p>
<p>However, the idea and concept of human rights are still not fully realised, especially in many of the developing countries. Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a> has deepened poverty, raised inequalities &amp; structural discrimination and other gaps in human rights protection.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need to look into what human rights should constitute today.</p>
<h3>The Evolution Of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Civil And Political Rights (First Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights began to emerge as a theory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were based mostly on political concerns.</li>
<li>The two central ideas were those of personal liberty, and of protecting the individual against violations by the state.</li>
<li>Civil and political rights today are set out in detail in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social, Economic And Cultural Rights (Second Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights concern how people live and work together and the basic necessities of life.</li>
<li>They are based on the ideas of equality and guaranteed access to essential social and economic goods, services, and opportunities.</li>
<li>They became increasingly a subject of international recognition with the effects of early industrialisation and the rise of a working-class.</li>
<li>These led to new demands and new ideas about the meaning of a life of dignity.</li>
<li>Social, economic and cultural rights are outlined in the<strong> International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Generation Rights: Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is the Need:</strong> Covid-19 pandemic has led to the consequence of a deeper understanding of the different types of obstacles that may stand in the way of realising the first and second-generation rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In much of the world, conditions such as extreme poverty, war, ecological and natural disasters have meant that there has been only very limited progress in respect of human rights.</li>
<li>For these reasons, the need for the recognition of a new category of human rights is necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What are Solidarity Rights:</strong> The idea at the basis of the third generation of rights is that of solidarity, and the rights embrace collective rights of society or peoples. The specific rights that are most commonly included within the category of third generation rights are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, to share in the exploitation of the common heritage of mankind, to communication and humanitarian assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related To Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Rights are Individually Oriented:</strong> Some experts object to the idea of these rights because they are &lsquo;collective rights', in the sense of being held by communities or even whole states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They argue that human rights can only be held by individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whose Accountability:</strong> Since it is not the state but the international community that is meant to safeguard third generation rights, accountability is impossible to guarantee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Human Rights must be at the centre of the post-Covid-19 world. In this context, human rights should evolve and expand to include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Discrimination of Any Kind:</strong> Structural discrimination and racism have been fuelled by the Covid-19 crisis. Equality and non-discrimination are core requirements for a post-Covid world.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Inequalities:</strong> In order to recover from the crisis, there is also a need to address the inequality pandemic. For that, countries should promote and protect broader economic, social, &amp; cultural rights and bring them under the ambit of UDHR.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging Participation and Solidarity:</strong> From individuals to governments, from civil society and grass-roots communities to the private sector, everyone has a role in building a post-COVID world that is better for present and future generations.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Sustainable Development:</strong> Human Rights are driven by progress on all <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, Human rights, the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement should act as the cornerstone of a recovery that leaves no one behind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The measures to close these gaps and advance human rights can ensure we fully recover and build back a world that is better, more resilient, just, and sustainable.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the Covid-19 crisis has deepened social inequalities &amp; structural discrimination, there is a need to relook into what human rights should constitute today. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g4xjZLfW2Dc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-trouble-with-russia-ht-editorial/story-cOBbuCRLZmjWzck8bkq6CN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The trouble with Russia&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7184,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Human Rights Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Human Rights Day is <strong>observed every year on 10<sup>th</sup> December</strong> - the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted, in 1948, the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UDHR<strong> established a set of common basic values</strong> both with regard to the view of human beings and to the relationship between the state and the individual.</li>
<li><strong>2020 Theme:</strong> Recover Better - Stand Up for Human Rights.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Rights:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>rights inherent to all human beings, regardless</strong> of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status.</li>
<li>These<strong> include</strong> the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.</li>
<li><strong>Nelson Mandela</strong> had stated <strong>&lsquo;To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Human Rights Conventions and Bodies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>30 rights and freedoms include civil and political rights,</strong> like the right to life, liberty, free speech and privacy and<strong> economic, social and cultural rights,</strong> like the right to social security, health and education, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India</strong> took active<strong> part in drafting of the UDHR.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UDHR is<strong> not a treaty,</strong> so it does not directly create legal obligations for countries.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UDHR</strong></a>, together with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</strong></a> and its two Optional Protocols (on the complaints procedure and on the death penalty) and the <strong>International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</strong> and its Optional Protocol, form the so-called <strong>International Bill of Human Rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Conventions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include the <strong>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</strong> (1948), the <strong>International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</strong> (1965), the <strong>Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</strong> (1979), the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/universal-ratification-to-child-labour-convention#:~:text=The%20UN%20Convention%20on%20the,made%2C%20or%20adults%20in%20training.&amp;text=Minimum%20Age%20Convention%201973%3A%20It,below%20a%20lower%20age%20threshold." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> </a>(1989) and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong></a> (2006), among others.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India </strong>is a <strong>party to all these Conventions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human Rights Council:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights. It is made up of<strong> 47 United Nations Member States</strong> which are <strong>elected by the UN General Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>The most innovative feature of the Human Rights Council is the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc#:~:text=Universal%20Periodic%20Review%2D%20The%20Universal,in%20the%20functioning%20of%20UNHCR." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Periodic Review.</strong></a> This unique mechanism involves a <strong>review of the human rights records of all 192 UN member states once every four years.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)</strong> serves as the <strong>secretariat for the Human Rights Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amnesty International:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/suspension-of-amnesty-international-operations-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> international organisation</strong></a> of volunteers who campaign for human rights. This organisation brings out independent reports on the violation of human rights all over the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Human Rights in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enunciated in the Constitution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception, the Indian Constitution incorporated most of the rights enumerated in the Universal Declaration in two parts, the <strong>Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights:</strong> Articles <strong>12 to 35</strong> of the Constitution. These include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right Against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural &amp; Educational Rights, Saving of Certain Laws and Right to Constitutional Remedies.</li>
<li><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy:</strong> Article <strong>36 to 51</strong> of the Constitution. These include 'right to social security, right to work, to free choice of employment, and protection against unemployment, right to equal pay for equal work, right to existence worthy of human dignity, right to free &amp; compulsory education, equal justice &amp; free legal aid and the principles of policy to be followed by the State.'</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Statutory Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993</strong> (as amended in 2019) provided for the <strong>constitution of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Human Rights Commission</a></strong> at the Union level, which steers State Human Rights Commission in States and Human Rights Courts for better protection of Human Rights and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The human rights situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) following the dilution of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong></a> and the passage of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019#:~:text=The%20Citizenship%20(Amendment)%20Act%2C,of%20the%20territory%20into%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA)</strong></a> have brought renewed international focus on India&rsquo;s human rights practice.</li>
<li>Since 2014, the government has<strong> cancelled the registration of more than 14,000 NGOs under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA).</a></strong> It has also mainly targeted its own critics.</li>
<li>Scores of <strong>hate crimes against Muslims and other religious groups,</strong> ethnic groups, including Dalits and Adivasi (an indigenous tribal people), as well as caste and gender-based crimes, took place across the country in 2019.</li>
<li>The<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-in-the-world-2020-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Freedom in the World 2020 report</a> ranked India at the 83<sup>rd</sup> position,</strong> along with Timor-Leste and Senegal. India&rsquo;s <strong>score fell by four points to 71,</strong> the<strong> worst decline</strong> among the world&rsquo;s 25 largest democracies this year.</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken by Government during the Pandemic:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corona pandemic</strong></a>, the government ensured the <strong>right to food</strong> of every person through the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-03-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a>, so that no one would go hungry.</li>
<li>Apart from this,<strong> wages have been increased under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MGNREGA</a></strong> for the empowerment of workers in rural areas. The government <strong>directly transferred money to the accounts of migrant labourers</strong> affected by Covid-19, to ensure the protection of their rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Human rights are at the heart of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, as in the absence of human dignity one cannot hope to drive sustainable development.</li>
<li>The <strong>Covid-19 crisis has been fuelled by</strong> deepening poverty, rising inequalities, structural and entrenched discrimination and other gaps in human rights protection. Only measures to close these gaps and advance human rights can ensure that people fully recover and build back a world that is better, more resilient, just, and sustainable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1679694" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6941,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Growing Trend of Jobs for Locals',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Haryana</strong> Assembly has passed the <strong>Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Bill, 2020</strong> to reserve 75% of private-sector jobs in the state for local residents.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has led to a new <strong>debate on the growing trend of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jobs-for-locals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> jobs for locals</a></strong> and the <strong>associated concerns.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every employer shall <strong>employ 75% of the local candidates</strong> with respect to such posts where the <strong>gross monthly salary or wages are not more than Rs. 50,000 or as notified by the government,</strong> from time to time.</li>
<li>Provided that the local candidates <strong>may be from any district of the State,</strong> but the <strong>employer may, at his option, restrict the employment of local candidates from any district to 10%</strong> of the total number of local candidates.</li>
<li>A designated portal shall be made on which local candidates and the employer will have to register and local candidates shall not be eligible to avail the benefit unless they register themselves on the designated portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Once it becomes law, it will <strong>apply to companies, societies, trusts, limited liability partnership firms, partnership firms, etc. located across the state.</strong></li>
<li>It has been criticised for <strong>not being in the best interest of the industries</strong> as it will affect the competitiveness of the industries and will lead to <strong>loss of investments in Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Jobs For Locals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Job Reservation for Locals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nativism,</strong> the<strong> cry for job protection of locals,</strong> has been<strong> on a rise recently in India.</strong></li>
<li>Various states have taken similar steps with respect to <strong>job reservation for locals</strong> (JRFL) with the<strong> promised reservations ranging from 30% to the more common range of 70-80%.</strong></li>
<li>The move is applicable to both the government and/or the private sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earlier Attempts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been mooted by several parties (ruling or opposition leaders) in States such as Maharashtra (1968 onwards and 2008), Himachal Pradesh (2004), Odisha (2008), Karnataka (2014, 2016, 2019), Andhra Pradesh (2019), Madhya Pradesh (2019).</li>
<li><strong>However, none of these has been implemented</strong> and has remained only on paper <strong>due to lack of implementation mechanism </strong>and<strong> reluctant attitudes of industries bodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Constitution of India<strong> guarantees freedom of movement and consequently employment within India</strong> through several provisions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 14</strong> provides for equality before law irrespective of place of birth.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15</strong> guards against discrimination based on place of birth.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> guarantees no birthplace-based discrimination in public employment.</li>
<li><strong>Article 19</strong> ensures that citizens can move freely throughout the territory of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons Behind Such Legislations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vote Bank Politics: Inter-state migrant workers</strong> (ISMW) constitute a sizeable &ldquo;under-used or un-used&rdquo; electorate as they <strong>often do not exercise voting rights.</strong> If these workers and potential migrants could be retained through JRFL and provided with jobs, the <strong>parties&rsquo; electoral causes will be served.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Sluggishness:</strong> The native unemployment issue assumes relevance as joblessness has intensified in the context of shrinking government employment.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Incomes and Talent:</strong> JRFL will not only retain talent but also incomes which otherwise will go to &ldquo;other regions&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Precondition for Land Acquisition:</strong> Farmers and villagers, who lose their land in the process of land acquisition for industries, keep such preconditions in which industries have to provide jobs to local youth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced job creation due to deterrence for industries</strong> in a state with such restrictions. This would do<strong> more harm to natives</strong> than actually benefiting them.</li>
<li>Such restrictions<strong> may hamper the growth and development prospects</strong> of the respective state as well as the country by <strong>affecting ease of doing business.</strong></li>
<li>Restrictions on labour mobility would <strong>disregard this advantage of the diverse labour pool,</strong> which is a strength of the Indian economy.</li>
<li>May<strong> promote aggressive regionalism</strong> and thus a threat to the unity and integrity of India.</li>
<li><strong>Increased risks of labour shortages, rise in unemployment, aggravate wage inflation </strong>and<strong> worsened regional inequalities</strong> are few other possible impacts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of JRFL amounts to carving out &lsquo;countries&rsquo; within a country and is based on a dubious assumption that skills in the local market are omnipresent.</li>
<li>The best way to grow out of it is to ensure economic recovery and provide enough job opportunities for youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.</li>
<li>States need to create a framework where safe interstate <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migration</strong></a> for work is facilitated and fiscal coordination is pursued to enable the portability of social security benefits. If this is done, interstate migration would rise and provide more opportunities to remedy regional disparities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryanvis-first-state-assembly-passes-bill-on-75-job-quota-in-pvt-sector-for-local-people-6964443/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6934,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Academic Freedom in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has scored considerably low in the international<strong> Academic Freedom Index (AFI)</strong> with a score of 0.352.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Academic freedom,</strong> in general, refers to a scholar's freedom to express ideas without risk of official interference or professional disadvantage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Academic Freedom Index:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>published by Global Public Policy Institute</strong> as a part of a global time-series dataset (1900-2019) in close cooperation with <strong>Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N&uuml;rnberg, Scholars at Risk and the V‑Dem Institute.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>compares</strong> levels of academic freedom worldwide and enhances the understanding of its curtailments.</li>
<li>The AFI used <strong>eight components</strong> to evaluate the scores: freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional autonomy, campus integrity, freedom of academic and cultural expression, constitutional protection of academic freedom, international legal commitment to academic freedom under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and existence of universities.</li>
<li>The scores are <strong>scaled 0-1.</strong></li>
<li>The index<strong> did not report data for 35 countries -</strong> including the United States and Australia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong> Uruguay and Portugal top the AFI, with scores of 0.971 each, followed closely by Latvia (0.964) and Germany (0.960).</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s performance on the index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India with a <strong>score of 0.352,</strong> is closely<strong> followed by</strong> Saudi Arabia (0.278) and Libya (0.238). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the last five years, the AFI of India<strong> has dipped by 0.1 points.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Countries like Malaysia (0.582), Pakistan (0.554), Brazil (0.466), Somalia (0.436) and Ukraine (0.422) have <strong>scored better than India.</strong></li>
<li>India has <strong>not fared well</strong> in components like <strong>institutional autonomy, campus integrity, freedom of academic and cultural expression </strong>and <strong>constitutional</strong> <strong>protection of academic freedom.</strong></li>
<li>The AFI has cited the<strong> &lsquo;Free to Think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project&rsquo;,</strong> to suggest that the <strong>political tensions in India may have something to do with declining &lsquo;academic freedom&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the Report,<strong> political tensions</strong> in India have led to <strong>violent altercations between students, security forces, and off-campus groups,</strong> and have driven legal actions and <strong>disciplinary measures against scholars</strong> critical of those in power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Freedom to Scholars:</strong> India fails to provide desired freedom to scholars to discuss politically and culturally controversial topics, without fearing for their life, studies or profession.</li>
<li><strong>Political Interference:</strong> Most universities in the country are subjected to unsolicited interference from governments in both academic and non-academic issues. It is common knowledge by now that a majority of appointments, especially to top-ranking posts like that of vice-chancellors, pro vice-chancellors and registrars, have been highly politicized.</li>
<li><strong>Corrupt Practices:</strong> Political appointments not only choke academic and creative freedom, but also lead to corrupt practices, including those in licensing and accreditation.</li>
<li><strong>Bureaucratisation of Universities:</strong> At present, many educational institutions and regulatory bodies, both at the Central and State levels, are headed by bureaucrats.</li>
<li><strong>Nepotism:</strong> Favouritism and nepotism in staff appointments and student admissions. This reflects a <strong>&lsquo;rent-seeking culture&rsquo;</strong> within the academic community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rent-seeking is an economic concept that occurs when an entity seeks to gain added wealth without any reciprocal contribution of productivity. Typically, it revolves around government-funded social services and social service programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Implementing New Education Policy (NEP) 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NEP 2020 claims that it is based on <strong>principles of creativity</strong> and <strong>critical thinking</strong> and envisions an education system that is <strong>free from political or external interference.</strong></li>
<li>The policy states that faculty will be given the <strong>&ldquo;freedom to design their own curricular and pedagogical approaches within the approved framework,</strong> including textbook and reading material selections, assignments and assessments&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It also suggests constituting a <strong>National Research Foundation (NRF),</strong> a merit-based and peer-reviewed research funding, which &ldquo;will be governed, independently of the government, by a rotating Board of Governors consisting of the very best researchers and innovators across fields&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Further, it aims to <strong>de-bureaucratise the education system</strong> by giving <strong>governance powers to academicians.</strong> It talks about giving autonomy to higher education institutions by handing over their administration to a board comprising academicians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory and Governance Reforms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Restructure or merge different higher education regulators</strong> (UGC, AICTE, NCTE etc.) to ensure effective coordination. Amend <strong>UGC Act, 1956 to give legislative backing to regulatory structure.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Select Vice-Chancellors</strong> of universities through a transparent &amp; objective process.</li>
<li>Link <strong>University grants</strong> to performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every government laments the absence of world-class universities, without realizing that it is attributable in part to their interventions and the growing intrusion of political processes. Where politics is largely kept out&mdash;as in IIT, IIM or the IISc&mdash;institutions thrive.</li>
<li>Higher education policy-makers must respond to declining AFi scores. This will also help in making &ldquo;India a global knowledge superpower&rdquo;, aligned with the <strong>United Nations Sustainable Development Goal-4 (SDG 4 -Quality Education).</strong></li>
<li>Academic freedom is primary because universities are <strong>places for raising doubts</strong> and asking questions about everything. Exploring ideas, <strong>debating issues </strong>and<strong> thinking independently</strong> are essential in the quest for excellence.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/academia-and-the-free-will/article33016651.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6850,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extension of ESI Scheme: Arunachal Pradesh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government has<strong> extended the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme to Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> with effect from 1<sup>st</sup> November, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ESI Scheme <strong>stands implemented in 568 districts</strong> in all the States and Union Territories, except Lakshadweep.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integrated Social Security Scheme:</strong> Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme provides social protection to workers and their dependants, in the organised sector, in contingencies, such as, sickness, maternity and death or disablement due to an employment injury or occupational hazard.</li>
<li><strong>Statutory Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> ESI Act, 1948</strong> is applicable to factories and notified establishments in an implemented area employing 10 or more employees for wages.</li>
<li>The <strong>"appropriate Government"</strong> State or Central is empowered to extend the provisions of the ESI Act to various classes of establishments, industrial, commercial or agricultural or otherwise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the State Governments have extended the ESI Act to certain specific class of establishments, such as, shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, preview theatres, motors transport undertakings and newspaper establishments etc., employing 10 or more persons.</li>
<li>However, the threshold for Coverage of establishments is still<strong> 20 Employees in Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility for Employees:</strong> The existing wage limit for coverage under the Act is <strong>Rs. 21,000 per month</strong> (Rs. 25,000 per month in the case of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>persons with disability</strong></a>).</li>
<li><strong>Self-Financing Scheme:</strong> The ESI Scheme is <strong>financed by contributions from employers and employees.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>June 2020,</strong> the government had <strong>reduced the rate of contribution</strong> under the ESI Act <strong>from 6.5% to 4%</strong> (employers&rsquo; contribution reduced from 4.75% to 3.25% and employees&rsquo; contribution reduced from 1.75% to 0.75%).</li>
<li><strong>Employees, earning less than Rs. 137 a day</strong> as daily wages, are<strong> exempted</strong> from payment of their share of contribution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> The <strong>covered employees and their dependants</strong> are eligible for a host of benefits including Cashless Medical Care Services, Sickness Benefit, Maternity Benefit, Employment Injury Benefit and Dependant Benefit in case of death due to employment injury, Unemployment Benefit etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The employees covered under ESI Scheme are also entitled to <strong>unemployment allowance.</strong> There are two unemployment allowance schemes namely <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bimit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-esic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojna (ABVKY)</strong></a> and <strong>Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojna (RGSKY).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration:</strong> It is administered by<strong> an apex corporate body called the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC).</strong> The Corporation is <strong>headed by the Union Minister of Labour,</strong> as its Chairman.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1667020#:~:text=of%20India%20has%20now%20extended,from%201st%20November%2C%202020.&amp;text=All%20factories%20located%20in%20the,coverage%20under%20ESI%20Act%201948." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6749,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'STARS Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved implementation of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Bank </strong></a>aided- <strong>Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States (STARS) project</strong> with a total project cost of Rs. 5,718 crore with the financial support of World Bank amounting to about Rs. 3,700 crore.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The STARS project would be implemented as a new <a href="/search/centrally%20sponsored%20schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> under the Department of School Education and Literacy, <strong>Ministry of Education (MoE)</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim and Focus:</strong> These are aligned with the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP) 2020</strong></a> of <strong>Quality Based Learning Outcomes</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Strengthening the government-managed school education system</strong> that primarily caters to the educational needs of girls and students from marginalised groups.</li>
<li>Focus on initiatives of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM e-Vidya</strong></a><strong>, Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Mission</strong> and <strong>National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Care and Education</strong> as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Key Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Access and retention;</li>
<li>Right to education entitlements;</li>
<li>Quality interventions;</li>
<li>Teacher education and training;</li>
<li>Gender and equity;</li>
<li>Inclusive education; and</li>
<li>Upgradation of the learning environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Support for Participation in PISA:</strong> India&rsquo;s participation in the 2022 cycle of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-that-india-can-derive-from-pisa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)</strong></a> survey will also be funded by this project.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PISA</strong> was introduced in <strong>2000</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</strong></a> (OECD).</li>
<li>It tests the learning levels of 15-year-old children in reading, mathematics, and science. The test is conducted every three years.</li>
<li><strong>India stayed away from PISA in 2012 and 2015</strong> on account of its dismal performance in 2009, when it was placed 72nd among the 74 participating countries. The government decided to end the boycott in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>At the national level:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To strengthen the <strong>national data systems</strong> of the Ministry of Education (MOE) to capture robust and authentic data on retention, transition and completion rates of students.</li>
<li>To support the strengthening of <strong>learning assessment systems</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>PARAKH:</strong> Establishment of PARAKH <strong>(Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)</strong> as a <strong>National Assessment Centre</strong>. <br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Included in NEP, this<strong> independent and autonomous </strong>institution under the MOE <strong>will set standards for the around 60 examination boards</strong> in the country.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC):</strong> It will help the government respond to situations leading to loss of learning such as school closures/infrastructure damage, inadequate facilities and use technology for facilitating remote learning etc. <br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>The CERC component would facilitate:<br />
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>The <strong>rapid re-categorization of financing</strong> (to provide flexibility in the crisis situation).</li>
<li>The <strong>utilization of streamlined financing</strong> request procedures (so that delays in financing is eliminated).</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>At the State level:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project seeks to <strong>improve education outcomes</strong> and <strong>school-to-work transition strategies</strong> for better labour market outcomes in <strong>6 states</strong>: Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The STARS programme builds on the long partnership between India and the World Bank for strengthening public school education and to support the country&rsquo;s goal of providing &lsquo;education for all&rsquo;.</li>
<li>STARS will support India&rsquo;s renewed focus on addressing the &lsquo;learning outcome&rsquo; challenge and help students better prepare for the jobs of the future &ndash; through a series of reform initiatives.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1664364" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6715,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India in BRICS Ministers’ Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-brics-culture-ministers-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> <strong>Labour and Employment Ministers&rsquo; Virtual Meeting</strong> was held under the <strong>Russian Presidency.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aimed to discuss various <strong>issues including approaches to creating a safe work culture in BRICS countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Emphasis on Health of Workers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was highlighted that<strong> health, welfare and improved working conditions</strong> are essential for the well-being of the workers. A healthy workforce in the country would be more productive and contribute to economic growth.</li>
<li>The <strong>aspects of occupational safety and health measures</strong> to mitigate the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> have also acquired significance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>called for suitable global action</strong> especially by BRICS towards effecting a <strong>balance between labour and employer</strong> which will generate growth and create more jobs and greater labour welfare.</li>
<li>India also<strong> highlighted the importance of digitisation and technological advancements</strong> like <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong> </a>(AI) and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>robotics</strong></a> in reshaping lives and work, with a direct or indirect effect on the labour market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Digitisation also <strong>offers the opportunity</strong> for governments, individuals and businesses<strong> to cope with the changing scenarios after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-whohttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India underscored that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-regulate-the-digital-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital economy</strong></a> is changing the world of work, hence <strong>regular studies by the BRICS Network Research Institutes</strong> will facilitate a <strong>better understanding</strong> of the aspects of future of work and supplement policymaking.</li>
<li>India is committed to <strong>eradicate <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">poverty</a></strong> and <strong>promote prosperity</strong> in a changing world and hence adopted a multi-dimensional strategy to eliminate poverty by covering most of the basic services and fulfil the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> of <strong>No Poverty</strong> (SDG-1).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Highlighted by India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides a dynamic and effective framework of occupational safety and health at the workplace and covers legal provisions of all sectors.</li>
<li>Envisages safety standards for different sectors, focusing on the health and working condition of workers, hours of work, leaves, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Universalises social security coverage</strong> to those working in the unorganised sector, such as migrant workers, gig workers and platform workers.</li>
<li><strong>Recognises emerging forms of work</strong> by defining terms like an aggregator, gig worker and platform worker, and extends social protection to such workers through a <strong>separate Social Security Fund</strong> wherein the contribution from aggregators would be deposited.</li>
<li>Provisions of social security will also be<strong> extended to agricultural workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-reforms-1#:~:text=Social%20Security%20Code%20Bill%2C%202020,gig%20workers%20and%20platform%20workers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sets up <strong>Grievance Redressal Committees</strong> for resolution of disputes arising out of employees&rsquo; grievances.</li>
<li>Also sets up a reskilling fund to help skill retrenched workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides direct income support to farmers for easing their liquidity needs to facilitate timely access to inputs.</li>
<li>Aiding modernisation and makes farmers competitive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protects the economy from the<strong> adverse impact of the Covid-19 crisis.</strong></li>
<li>Measures include opening a credit line for micro, small and medium enterprises to meet their operational expenses, subsidising the social security contributions of workers, extending unemployment benefit to workers, financial assistance to construction workers, collateral-free working capital loan to approximately 5 million street vendors, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Livelihood Mission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>All countries need to work together in finding feasible and sustainable solutions to the issues and challenges faced by the future of the labour force in the digital economy so that everyone can get the flexible employment opportunities without compromising the fundamental rights.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1663547" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'EPFO’s New Facility on UMANG App',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Employees' Provident Fund Organisation</strong></a> (EPFO) has started a facility on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unified-mobile-application-for-new-age-governance-umang-mobile-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance (UMANG) App</strong></a> which enables members of the<strong> Employees&rsquo; Pension Scheme (EPS) 1995</strong> to apply online for Scheme Certificates.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>EPS is a<strong> social security scheme</strong> that was launched in <strong>1995</strong> and is provided by EPFO.</li>
<li>It makes <strong>provisions for pensions for the employees in the organised sector</strong> aft er the<strong> retirement at the age of 58 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scheme Certificate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is issued to <strong>members who withdraw their <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/epf-redefined" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Employees' Provident Fund&nbsp;</a></strong>(EPF) <strong>contribution but wish to retain their membership</strong> with EPFO, to avail pension benefits on the attainment of retirement age.</li>
<li>Members become eligible for pension only if they have been, <strong>cumulatively, a member of the EPS, 1995 for at least 10 years.</strong></li>
<li>Upon joining a new job, Scheme Certificate <strong>ensures that previous pensionable service is added to pensionable service rendered with the new employer</strong> thereby, increasing the number of pension benefits.</li>
<li>Further, Scheme Certificate is also<strong> useful for family members to avail family pension,</strong> in case of the untimely death of the eligible member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Requirements for Online Application:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For availing the service, an <strong>active Universal Account Number</strong> (UAN) and a <strong>mobile number registered with the EPFO</strong> is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The online application will help <strong>members avoid unnecessary hardship of physically applying</strong> for it, especially during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a> times and will also <strong>eliminate unnecessary paperwork.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of EPFO in Current Times:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>EPFO was <strong>already providing 16 services on the App</strong> allowing EPF subscribers to access services during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> from the comfort of their homes in a hassle-free manner.</li>
<li>By <strong>successfully bringing state-of-the-art technology to the doorstep</strong> of its subscribers, EPFO has <strong>remained to be a very popular service provider</strong> on UMANG App.</li>
<li>With India witnessing massive growth in digital connectivity through mobile phones, <strong>EPFO is making more and more services digitally accessible to members even in remotest locations</strong> through the App.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UMANG App</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>unified, secure, multi-channel, multi-platform, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app.</strong></li>
<li>It is developed by the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> (MeitY) and <strong>National e-Governance Division</strong> (NeGD) to drive mobile governance under <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India.</strong></a></li>
<li>It <strong>provides a single platform to citizens for accessing pan India <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Government</a> services</strong> ranging from central to local government bodies and other citizen-centric services.</li>
<li><strong>Services Provided:</strong> Filing income tax, EPFO services, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhar</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/streamlining-of-national-pension-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pension</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-primary-education-challenges-and-opportunities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ePathshala</strong></a>, e- Land Records, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-the-crop-insurance-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crop Insurance</strong></a> etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a government organisation that <strong>manages the provident fund and pension accounts for the workforce engaged in the organized sector</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It implements the <strong>Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act provides for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>one of the world's largest social security organisations</strong> in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1659774#:~:text=The%20ease%20of%20applying%20for,benefit%20over%205.89%20crore%20subscribers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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