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Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand

Why in News The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) has unearthed a Buddhist monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound...

26 Feb 2021 Ancient Indian History
Indus Valley Diet

Why in News As per a study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, the diet of the people of Indus Valley civilization had a dominance...

12 Dec 2020 Ancient Indian History
Dairy Production in Indus Valley Civilisation

Why in News Recently, a study by Indian and Canadian archaeologists has found that dairy products were being produced by the Harappans as far back...

02 Nov 2020 Ancient Indian History
Centenary of Discovery of Harappan Civilization

Why in News To mark the centenary of the discovery of the Harappan civilization at Mohenjo-Daro, the India Study Centre Trust in collaboration with...

29 Sep 2020 Ancient Indian History
Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan

Why in News Natesa, a rare sandstone idol from the 9th century (Pratihara Style of Rajasthan) has been retrieved after 22 years by Rajasthan...

30 Jul 2020 Ancient Indian History
Dharma Chakra Day

Why in News The Ministry of Culture, Government of India in partnership with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) will celebrate the upcoming...

03 Jul 2020 Ancient Indian History
Basava Jayanthi

Why in News The Prime Minister greeted the people on Global Basava Jayanthi – 2020 held digitally on April 26, 2020, connecting followers in...

27 Apr 2020 Ancient Indian History
Mahavir Jayanti

Mahavir Jayanti is one of the most auspicious festivals in the Jain community. This day marks the birth of Vardhamana Mahavira, who was the 24th...

07 Apr 2020 Ancient Indian History
Nominations for the World Heritage List 2020

Why in News Recently, the Minister of State of Culture and Tourism has informed Lok Sabha that India has submitted two nomination dossiers namely...

03 Mar 2020 Ancient Indian History
Kambala

Why in News The Kambala jockey who was compared to world record holder Usain Bolt after a video went viral showing him ‘finishing 100 metres...

18 Feb 2020 Ancient Indian History
Rakhigarhi to be Developed as an Iconic Site

Why in News Union Budget (2020-21) has proposed to develop Rakhigarhi (Hisar district,Haryana) as an iconic site. 4 other archaeological sites in...

03 Feb 2020 Ancient Indian History
Chola Dynasty Port- Poompuhar

Why in News The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has launched ‘Project Digital Poompuhar’ to recreate the Chola Dynasty port...

03 Feb 2020 Ancient Indian History
Gatka Martial Art

Key Points Gatka is a traditional martial art form associated with the Sikh gurus. It imbibes sword and sticks fighting skills and...

29 Jan 2020 Ancient Indian History
Nagardhan Excavations and Vakataka Dynasty

Why in News Recently, archaeological excavations were carried out at Nagardhan village in Ramtek Taluk near Nagpur, Maharashtra. The area...

27 Jan 2020 Ancient Indian History
Monasteries at Moghalmari

Why in News Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from Moghalmari have confirmed the presence of two...

14 Jan 2020 Ancient Indian History
Kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu is a martial art based on the ancient knowledge of the human body. It originated in Kerala during 3nd century BC to the 2nd century...

28 Dec 2019 Ancient Indian History
Belum Caves Festival

Why in News Andhra Pradesh Government will be hosting the Belum Caves festival in January 2020 to popularise the Belum caves. The name...

28 Dec 2019 Ancient Indian History
Earliest Sanskrit Inscriptions in South India found in A.P.

Why in News The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has discovered the earliest Sanskrit inscription in South India which is also an earliest...

27 Dec 2019 Ancient Indian History
Maha Bodhi Temple Complex

Bhutan’s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar. The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is one of the four holy...

20 Nov 2019 Ancient Indian History
Sangam Age

Introduction The period roughly between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D. in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and...

18 Nov 2019 Ancient Indian History

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		'article_id' => (int) 7787,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india#:~:text=Treasures%20Act%201972.-,Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20India%20(ASI),and%20remains%20of%20national%20importance." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong> </a>has unearthed a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong> </a>monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound in a village near Juljul Pahar of Sitagarhi Hills in Jharkhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier an ancient Buddhist shrine, buried under a similar mound was found, close to this site.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Artifacts Unearthed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Four statues of <strong>deity Tara in Varad Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing dispensing of boons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nagri Script on Tara Statue:</strong> Nagri was a <strong>previous version of Devnagri script</strong> and the words indicate Buddhist religious affiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Six statues of the<strong> Buddha in Bhumisparsha Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing five fingers of right hand towards the earth symbolising the Buddha&rsquo;s enlightenment).</li>
<li>A <strong>sculpture</strong> which appears to be that of<strong> Shaivite deity Maheswari</strong> - with a coiled crown and chakra - indicating cultural assimilation in the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings are significant since the <strong>monastery is on the old route to Varanasi, 10 km from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-of-stupas-sarnath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarnath</a>,</strong> where the Buddha gave his first sermon.</li>
<li>The presence of statues of deity Tara shows <strong>possible proliferation of Vajrayana form of Buddhism</strong> in this region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vajrayana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vajrayana means &ldquo;The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt&rdquo;, also known as <strong>tantric Buddhism.</strong></li>
<li>This Buddhist school <strong>developed in India around 900 CE.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>grounded on esoteric elements and a very complex set of rituals</strong> compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand-7205094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7192,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indus Valley Diet',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per a study published in the <strong>Journal of Archaeological Science,</strong> the diet of the people of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley civilization</strong></a> had a <strong>dominance of meat,</strong> including extensive eating of beef.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study,<strong> &ldquo;Lipid residues in pottery from Indus Civilisation in northwest India&rsquo;&rsquo;,</strong> looks at the food habits of the people on the basis of<strong> lipid residue analysis found in pottery</strong> from sites such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alamgirpur (Meerut), Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Haryana:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Masudpur, LohariRagho, Rakhigarhi city (Hisar)</li>
<li>Khanak (Bhiwani), Farmana town(Rohtak)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study finds the dominance of animal products such as meat of <strong>pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, as well as dairy products,</strong> from rural and urban settlements of Indus Valley civilisation.</li>
<li>Out of Domestic Animals, <strong>cattle/buffalo</strong> are the most abundant, averaging between <strong>50-60% of the animal bones found,</strong> with <strong>sheep/goat</strong> accounting for <strong>10%</strong> animal remains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The High Proportions of cattle bones may suggest a <strong>cultural preference for beef consumption</strong> across Indus populations, supplemented by consumption of mutton/lamb.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At Harappa, <strong>90% of the cattle were kept alive</strong> until they were <strong>three or three-and-a-half years,</strong> suggesting that<strong> females</strong> were used for<strong> dairy production, whereas males were used for traction.</strong></li>
<li>Previously there have been many studies on the food habit in Indus Valley civilisation before, primarily focusing on <strong>crops.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indus Valley Civilization</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilization was established <strong>around 3300 BC.</strong> It flourished between <strong>2600 BC and 1900 BC.</strong> It started declining around <strong>1900 BC</strong> and disappeared around <strong>1400 BC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is also called<strong> Harappan Civilization</strong> after the first city to be excavated,<strong> Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geographical Extent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geographically, this civilization covered <strong>Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It extended from <strong>Sutkagengor</strong> (in Baluchistan) in the West to <strong>Alamgirpur</strong> (Western UP) in the East; and from <strong>Mandu</strong> (Jammu) in the North to <strong>Daimabad</strong> (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Some Indus Valley sites have also been found in as far away as Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Sites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kalibangan</strong> (Rajasthan), <strong>Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda</strong> (Gujarat), <strong>Banawali</strong> (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab).</li>
<li><strong>In Pakistan: Harappa</strong> (on river Ravi), <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> (on Indus River in Sindh), <strong>Chanhudaro</strong> (in Sindh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Important Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley cities show a level of sophistication and advancement <strong>not seen in other contemporary civilizations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Urban Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most cities had<strong> similar patterns.</strong> There were two parts:<strong> a citadel and the lower town</strong> showing presence of hierarchy in society.</li>
<li>Most cities had a <strong>Great Bath.</strong></li>
<li>There were also <strong>granaries, 2-storied houses made of burnt bricks, closed drainage lines, excellent stormwater, and wastewater management system, weights for measurements, toys, pots,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>A large number of<strong> seals</strong> have been discovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first civilization to <strong>cultivate cotton.</strong></li>
<li>Animals were domesticated like<strong> sheep, goats, and pigs.</strong></li>
<li>Crops were <strong>wheat, barley, cotton, ragi, dates, and peas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade</strong> was conducted with the <strong>Sumerians</strong> (Mesopotamia).</li>
<li><strong>Metal Products :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These were produced including those with<strong> copper, bronze, tin, and lead. Gold and silver</strong> were also known.</li>
<li><strong>Iron</strong> was not known to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious Beliefs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>No structures</strong> like temples or palaces have been found.</li>
<li>The people worshipped <strong>male and female deities.</strong></li>
<li>A seal which was named <strong>&lsquo;Pashupati Seal&rsquo;</strong> has been excavated and it shows an image of a <strong>three-eyed figure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pottery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Excellent pieces of <strong>red pottery designed in black</strong> have been excavated.</li>
<li>Faience was used to make <strong>beads, bangles, earrings, and vessels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Art Forms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A statuette named <strong>&lsquo;Dancing Girl&rsquo;</strong> has been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> and is believed to be 4000 years old.</li>
<li>A figure of a <strong>bearded Priest-King</strong> has also been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lothal was a <strong>dockyard.</strong></li>
<li>Disposal of the dead was by<strong> burial in wooden coffins.</strong></li>
<li>The Indus Valley script has <strong>not yet been deciphered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indus-valley-civilisation-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-7098819/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6896,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dairy Production in Indus Valley Civilisation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study by Indian and Canadian archaeologists has <strong>found that dairy products were being produced by the Harappans as far back as 2500 BCE.</strong> The finding reveals the<strong> earliest evidence of dairy production.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centenary-of-discovery-of-harappan-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The year 2020 also marks 100 years</strong></a> of discovery of<strong> Indus Valley Civilisation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Milk Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The results of the study are based on <strong>molecular chemical analysis</strong> of residue in shards <strong>of pottery</strong> found at the archaeological site of<strong> Kotada Bhadli,</strong> in <strong>Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>Traces seen in cooking vessels indicate the <strong>presence of milk,</strong> which<strong> may have been boiled for consumption.</strong> There are also remains of a<strong> perforated vessel,</strong> which indicates <strong>processing of milk into different forms.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pots are porous and absorb liquid from food. This helps the pots to preserve the molecules of food such as fats and proteins.</li>
<li>Using techniques like C16 and C18 analysis the source of foods can be identified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>large herd indicates that milk was produced in surplus</strong> so that it could be exchanged and there could have been some kind <strong>of trade between settlements.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This could have also given rise to an industrial level of dairy production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Animals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through a process called <strong>stable isotope analysis,</strong> the researchers were also able to identify that <strong>cattles used for dairy production.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the <strong>cattle and water-buffalo died at an older age,</strong> suggesting they could have been <strong>raised for milk,</strong> whereas the majority of <strong>goat/sheep died when they were young,</strong> indicating they could have been<strong> used for meat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Faceless Civilisation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilisation was faceless &mdash; no king, no bureaucratic organisations, but there were <strong>very close regional interactions between settlements,</strong> a symbiotic <strong>relationship of give and take</strong> that helped the civilisation survive for so long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indus Valley Civilisation is known for its <strong>metropolitan cities and the big towns, great urban planning, trading systems, jewellery making.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, there was no idea how the common people were living during the Harappan times, and how they were contributing to the larger network.</li>
<li>However, the new study throws fresh light on the rural economy of the Indus Valley Civilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC),</strong> also known as<strong> Harappan Civilization.</strong></li>
<li>It flourished around <strong>2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia,</strong> in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the<strong> largest of the four ancient urban civilizations</strong> of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. <strong>Mohenjodaro and Harappa</strong> were unearthed.</li>
<li>In 1924, <strong>John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery</strong> of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #072e1a;" colspan="4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Sites of IVC</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #cafadf;"><strong>Site</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #cafadf;"><strong>Excavated by</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #cafadf;"><strong>Location</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #cafadf;"><strong>Important Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Harappa</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Daya Ram Sahni in 1921</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Bank of river Ravi in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sandstone statues of Human anatomy</li>
<li>Granaries</li>
<li>Bullock carts</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Mohenjo-Daro (Mound of Dead)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">R.D. Banerjee in 1922</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Bank of river Indus in Larkana district of Punjab (Pakistan)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Great bath</li>
<li>Granary</li>
<li>Bronze dancing girl</li>
<li>Seal of Pasupathi</li>
<li>Steatite statue of beard man</li>
<li>A piece of woven cotton</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Sutkagendor</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Stein in 1929</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">In southwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan on Dast river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A trade point between Harappa and Babylon</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 40px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Chanhudaro</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 40px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">N.G. Majumdar in 1931</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 40px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Sindh on the Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 40px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bead makers shop</li>
<li>Footprint of a dog chasing a cat</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Amri</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">N.G. Majumdar in 1935</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">On the bank of Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antelope evidence</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Kalibangan</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Ghose in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 89px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fire altar</li>
<li>Camel&rsquo;s bones</li>
<li>Wooden plough</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 120px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Lothal</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 120px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">R. Rao in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 120px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 120px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First manmade port</li>
<li>Dockyard</li>
<li>Rice husk</li>
<li>Fire altars</li>
<li>Chess-playing</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Surkotada</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">J.P. Joshi in 1964</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Gujarat</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bones of horses</li>
<li>Beads</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Banawali</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">R.S. Bisht in 1974</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Hisar district of Haryana</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Beads</li>
<li>Barley</li>
<li>Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Dholavira</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">R.S Bisht in 1985</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">Gujarat in Rann of Kachchh</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f0fff7;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water harnessing system</li>
<li>Water reservoir</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/evidence-of-dairy-production-in-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article32937155.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6614,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Centenary of Discovery of Harappan Civilization',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>To mark the centenary of the discovery of the Harappan civilization at Mohenjo-Daro, the<strong> India Study Centre Trust</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,</strong> Maharashtra, will organise a<strong> 10-day online lecture series</strong> from 5<sup>th</sup> October 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India Study Centre Trust has its core focus in the fields of archaeology, geology and biodiversity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harappan civilization is also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></a> (IVC) for being situated on and around the banks of the Indus river.</li>
<li>It <strong>flourished around 2,500 BCE</strong> in the <strong>western part of South Asia,</strong> in contemporary Pakistan, western India and parts of Afghanistan.</li>
<li>It was home to the<strong> largest of the four ancient urban civilizations</strong> of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the <strong>1920s,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a> (ASI) carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. <strong>Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were unearthed.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both are <strong>major sites of IVC and are among the earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning.</strong></li>
<li>The planned network of roads, houses and drainage systems indicate the planning and engineering skills that developed during those times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1924, John Marshall,</strong> Director-General of the ASI, <strong>announced the discovery</strong> of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.</li>
<li>A marked feature of this ancient civilization was the <strong>vivid imagination and artistic sensibilities</strong> exuded by the numerous sculptures, seals, potteries, pieces of jewellery found at the excavation sites.</li>
<li>It was a <strong>trade based civilization</strong> which had overseas trade links with<strong> Mesopotamia</strong> (region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris&ndash;Euphrates river system) attested by the discovery of Harappan seals there and Mesopotamian carnelian beads here.</li>
<li><strong>IVC&rsquo;s discovery</strong> is one of the most important and characteristic findings in the world because it <strong>brought the world&rsquo;s attention to India and an interest in studying Indian culture, society and past.</strong></li>
<li>The civilization <strong>declined around 1800 BCE but the actual reasons behind its demise are still debated.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Invasion by Aryans, decline due to natural causes, flooding</strong> because of a shift in river courses are among the major theories on its decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #44b37f;" colspan="4"><strong>Important Sites of IVC</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #d1ffe2;"><strong>Site</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #d1ffe2;"><strong>Excavated by</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #d1ffe2;"><strong>Location</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: #d1ffe2;"><strong>Important Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 74px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Harappa</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 74px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Daya Ram Sahni in 1921</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 74px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Bank of river Ravi in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 74px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sandstone statues of Human anatomy</li>
<li>Granaries</li>
<li>Bullock carts</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Mohenjo-Daro (Mound of Dead)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">R.D. Banerjee in 1922</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Bank of river Indus in Larkana district of Punjab (Pakistan)</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 35px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Great bath</li>
<li>Granary</li>
<li>Bronze dancing girl</li>
<li>Seal of Pasupathi</li>
<li>Steatite statue of beard man</li>
<li>A piece of woven cotton</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Sutkagendor</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Stein in 1929</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">In southwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan on Dast river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A trade point between Harappa and Babylon</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Chanhudaro</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">N.G. Majumdar in 1931</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Sindh on the Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bead makers shop</li>
<li>Footprint of a dog chasing a cat</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Amri</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">N.G. Majumdar in 1935</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">On the bank of Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 45px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antelope evidence</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Kalibangan</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Ghose in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fire altar</li>
<li>Camel&rsquo;s bones</li>
<li>Wooden plough</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 11px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Lothal</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 11px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">R. Rao in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 11px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 11px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First manmade port</li>
<li>Dockyard</li>
<li>Rice husk</li>
<li>Fire altars</li>
<li>Chess-playing</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Surkotada</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">J.P. Joshi in 1964</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Gujarat</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bones of horses</li>
<li>Beads</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Banawali</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">R.S. Bisht in 1974</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Hisar district of Haryana</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Beads</li>
<li>Barley</li>
<li>Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Dholavira</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">R.S Bisht in 1985</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">Gujarat in Rann of Kachchh</td>
<td style="width: 25%; height: 19px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6faf2;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water harnessing system</li>
<li>Water reservoir</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/lecture-series-to-mark-centenary-of-discovery-of-harappan-civilization/article32705700.ece#:~:text=To%20mark%20the%20centenary%20of,lecture%20series%20from%20October%205." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6056,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Natesa,</strong> a rare sandstone idol from the 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>(Pratihara Style of Rajasthan)</strong> has been retrieved after 22 years by Rajasthan police.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596106745_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596106745_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong> The Natesa icon, currently at the Indian High Commission, London, was originally from the <strong>Ghateswar Temple, Baroli, Rajasthan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> smuggled out of the country</strong> in 1998.</li>
<li>A few archaeologists behind the <strong>&lsquo;India Pride Project&rsquo;</strong> have also taken consistent efforts for the <strong>restitution of the Natesa</strong> icon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India Pride Project:</strong> It is a <strong>group of art enthusiasts who use social media</strong> to identify stolen religious artefacts from Indian temples and secure their return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> The sandstone Natesa figure <strong>stands tall at almost 4 ft.</strong> in a rare and brilliant depiction of Shiva.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A beautiful depiction of <strong>Nandi is shown behind the right leg</strong> of the Natesa icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bibi-ka-maqbara-of-aurangabad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong> </a>(ASI) and the Ministry of Culture should use this restitution as a much-needed impetus to go after thousands of artefacts stolen since the 1960s.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pratihara Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>famous temple architecture</strong> belonging to the <strong>Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty</strong> of Rajasthan.</li>
<li>They ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8<sup>th</sup> to the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Significant Rulers:</strong> Nagabhata Il, Mhir Bhoj, Mahenedra pal I</li>
<li><strong>Style:</strong> The architecture is known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples belonging to <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture#:~:text=Nagara%20or%20North%20Indian%20Temple%20Style&amp;text=The%20garbhagriha%20is%20always%20located%20directly%20under%20the%20tallest%20tower.&amp;text=Their%20roofs%20are%20composed%20of,like%20sharply%20rising%20tall%20towers." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagara Style of temple Architecture.</strong></a></li>
<li>They used most common sandstones for idols that have various shades of red, caused by iron oxide (rust).</li>
<li>The greatest development of their style of building is at <strong>Khajuraho</strong>, Madhya Pradesh, now a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natesa-of-rajasthan-temple-returns-to-india/article32225514.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5785,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dharma Chakra Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India in partnership with<strong> International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)</strong> will celebrate the upcoming <strong>Asadha Poornima on 4<sup>th</sup> July, 2020 as Dharma Chakra Day.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The festivities would start off with <strong>chanting of prayers at Sarnath, Varanasi (U.P.)</strong> which will be livestreamed, following which the opening event will be shifted to the Rashtrapati Bhavan.</li>
<li>The auspicious day of Asadha Poornima falls on the<strong> first full moon day</strong> of the month of <strong>Asadha</strong> as per Indian sun calendar. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also known as<strong> Esala Poya in Sri Lanka</strong> and <strong>Asanha Bucha in Thailand.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>second most sacred day for Buddhists</strong> after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddha-purnima" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddha Poornima or Vesak.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The day marks <strong>Buddha's first teaching</strong> after attaining Enlightenment to the <strong>first five ascetic disciples (pa&ntilde;cavargika)</strong> on the full-moon day of Asadha at <strong>&lsquo;Deer Park',</strong> Ṛiṣipatana in the current day <strong>Sarnath,</strong> near Varanasi, India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This teaching of Dhamma Cakka- PavattanaSutta (Pali) or Dharma chakra Pravartana Sutra (Sanskrit) is also known as the First Turning of Wheels of Dharma and comprised of the <strong>Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Rainy Season retreat (Varsha Vassa)</strong> for the Monks and Nuns also starts with this day lasting for three lunar months from July to October, during which they remain in a single place, <strong>generally in their <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">temples (Viharas/ Chaityas)</a></strong> dedicated to intensive meditation.</li>
<li>The day is<strong> also observed as Guru Poornima</strong> by both Buddhists and Hindus as a day to mark <strong>reverence to their Gurus.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guru Purnima</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Hindu calendar, Guru Purnima generally falls on a<strong> full-moon day</strong> in the <strong>Hindu month of Ashadh.</strong></li>
<li>It is dedicated to <strong>Maharshi Veda Vyasa,</strong> the sage who is believed to have edited the sacred Hindu text, the Vedas and created the 18 Puranas, Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavatam.</li>
<li>For Buddhists, the <strong>festival marks the first sermon of Lord Buddha,</strong> which is said to have been delivered at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, on this very day.</li>
<li>It is also believed to <strong>mark the onset of monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Buddhism and Diplomacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism</strong> </a>has become an important tool in contemporary geopolitics particularly in Asia, and it has become increasingly evident that whoever controls the Buddhist discourse and activities will sway influence in Asia.</li>
<li>The celebration of <strong>Dharma Chakra Day</strong> is being pushed as an event <strong>to show India&rsquo;s strong Buddhist heritage</strong> amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tensions with China</strong></a>. It will see the virtual participation of leaders from major Buddhist countries, <strong>except China.</strong></li>
<li>The timing of the event is particularly important, because this is when both countries would like to <strong>resurrect their linkages with others.</strong> To show that like-minded countries are coming together sends across a message. What is however important is that one has to put in sustained effort at this, and have a <strong>relook at India-China policy with strategic cultural moves.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Central Tibetan Administration</strong> has asked Tibetan Buddhists to participate in the online event in large numbers to &ldquo;support and appreciate&rdquo; the effort.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)</strong> is an organisation headquartered in <strong>McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, India.</strong> It is also referred to as the <strong>Tibetan Government in Exile</strong> which has never been recognized by China.</li>
<li>The position of the CTA is that Tibet is a distinct nation with a long history of independence and it considers <strong>China's administration of Tibet as illegitimate military occupation.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to political advocacy, it administers a network of schools and other cultural activities for Tibetans in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Meanwhile, the <strong>People&rsquo;s Republic of China (PRC)'s World Buddhist Forum (WBF)</strong> has been hosting congregations of <strong>buddhist monks since 2005.</strong> China's extensive infrastructure investment in <strong>Lumbini, Buddha's birthplace in Nepal,</strong> is also seen as a strategic move to claim the Buddhist legacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While Buddhism might have vanished from India as a religion practised by many people, it is<strong> still a critical part of India's civilisational ethos.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There should be more <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>buddhist corridors</strong> </a>including Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh, apart from Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>There could be <strong>nodal centres for people-to-people exchanges</strong> for those who come from South Korea, Taiwan and other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although no other country can take Buddhist leadership away from India, the status of Buddhism in India is quite different now.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>has not been promoting its own Buddhist</strong> streams or strengthening the original Buddhism.</li>
<li>Promoting anything else or any other brand than its own limits a genuine outreach. Promoting anything else becomes a subject of contestation, and the essence of using Buddhism as a diplomatic card gets lost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are also hundreds of millions of Chinese who have a deep devotion towards Buddhism. India needs to<strong> reach out to those Chinese constituencies too,</strong> for long term gains. After all, India conquered the hearts and minds of Chinese for 200 years without sending a single troop to China.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1635953#:~:text=After%20a%20very%20successful%20hosting,2020%20as%20Dharma%20Chakra%20Day." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5152,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Basava Jayanthi',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister greeted the people on Global Basava Jayanthi &ndash; 2020 held digitally on April 26, 2020, connecting followers in India and abroad.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basava Jayanthi is an annual event celebrated in the honour of the <strong>birth of Vishwaguru</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/center-refuses-to-recognize-lingayat-as-separate-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basaveshwara</strong></a>,<strong> the 12<sup>th</sup> century philosopher and social reformer</strong> who gave a unique spiritual path to mankind.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1587984893_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1587984893_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basaveshwara was born in <strong>Bagevadi (of undivided Bijapur district in Karnataka) during 1131 AD.</strong> He is the <strong>founding saint of the Lingayat sect.</strong></li>
<li>His spiritual discipline was based on the principles of <strong>Arivu (true knowledge), Achara (right conduct), and Anubhava (divine experience)</strong> and it brought social, religious and economical revolution in the 12<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>This path advocates a <strong>holistic approach of Lingangayoga (union with the divine). This comprehensive discipline encompasses bhakti (devotion), jnana (knowledge), and kriye (action)</strong> in a well balanced manner.</li>
<li>In Kalyana, the<strong> Kalchuri king Bijjala (1157-1167, AD)</strong> appointed Basaveshwara as a karanika (Accountant) in the initial stage, in his court and later as the Prime minister.</li>
<li>Here, Basaveshwara <strong>revolted against all the social evils</strong> of the traditionalistic society and brought a drastic change in various facets.</li>
<li>His practical approach and act of establishment of<strong> &lsquo;Kalyana Rajya&rsquo; (Welfare state)</strong> brought a new status and position for all the citizens of the society, irrespective of <strong>class, caste, creed and sex. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Anubhava Mantapa:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He established the Anubhava Mantapa, which was a common forum for all to discuss the prevailing problems of socio, economic and political strata<strong> including religious and spiritual principles along with personal problems.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, it was the first and foremost Parliament of India, where <strong>Sharanas (citizens of welfare society)</strong> sat together and discussed the <strong>socialistic principles of a Democratic set up.</strong></li>
<li>All those <strong>discussions of Sharanas</strong> were written in the form of<strong> Vachanas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vachanas were an innovative literary form written in <strong>simple Kannada language.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Basaveshwara gave two more very <strong>important socio-economic principles.</strong> They are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kayaka (Divine work):</strong> According to this, every individual of the society should take up the job of his choice and perform it with all sincerity.</li>
<li><strong>Dasoha (Equal distribution):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There must be an equal income for equal work.</li>
<li>The worker (Kayakajeevi) may lead his day-today life by his hard earned income. But he should not preserve the money or property for tomorrow. He must utilise the surplus money for the society and poors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On 14<sup>th</sup> November 2015, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the statue of Basavanna along the bank of the river Thames at Lambeth in London.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1618510" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4930,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mahavir Jayanti',
		'description' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahavir Jayanti is one of the most auspicious festivals in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jain community.</strong></a></li>
<li>This day marks the <strong>birth of Vardhamana Mahavira,</strong> who was the <strong>24<sup>th</sup> and the last Tirthankara</strong> who succeeded the <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> Tirthankara, Parshvanatha.</strong></li>
<li>According to Jain texts, Lord Mahavira was born on the 13<sup>th</sup> day of the bright half of the moon in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/traditional-new-year-festivals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>month of Chaitra.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the Gregorian calendar, Mahavir Jayanti is usually celebrated during the month of March or April. In 2020, Mahavir Jayanti was celebrated on 6<sup>th</sup> of April.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A procession is called with the idol of Lord Mahavira called the <strong>Rath Yatra.</strong></li>
<li>Reciting stavans or Jain prayers, statues of the lord are given a ceremonial bath called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahamastakabhisheka-celebrations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abhisheka.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Lord Mahavira</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahavir was born to <strong>King Siddhartha of Kundagrama and Queen Trishala, a Lichchhavi princess</strong> in the year 540 BC in the <strong>Vajji kingdom,</strong> identical with modern day Vaishali in Bihar.</li>
<li>Mahavira belonged to the <strong>Ikshvaku dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>There are several historians who believe that he was born in a place called <strong>Ahalya bhumi</strong> and the land has not been plowed for hundreds of years by the family that owns it.</li>
<li>Lord Mahavir was named Vardhamana, which means<strong> &ldquo;one who grows&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>He abandoned worldly life at the age of 30 and attained <strong>&lsquo;kaivalya&rsquo; or omniscience at the age of 42.</strong></li>
<li>Mahavira taught ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (chastity) and aparigraha (non-attachment) to his disciples and his teachings were called <strong>Jain Agamas.</strong></li>
<li>Ordinary people were able to understand the teachings of Mahavira and his followers because they <strong>used Prakrit.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that the Mahavira passed away and attained moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) at the age of 72 in 468 BC at a place called Pavapuri near modern Rajgir in Bihar.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jainism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word Jaina comes from the term <strong>Jina, meaning conqueror.</strong></li>
<li>Tirthankara is a <strong>Sanskrit word meaning 'Ford maker',</strong> i.e., one who is able to ford the river, to cross beyond the perpetual flow of earthly life.</li>
<li>Jainism attaches utmost importance to ahimsa or non-violence.</li>
<li>It preaches <strong>5 mahavratas (the 5 great vows):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ahimsa (Non-violence)</li>
<li>Satya (Truth)</li>
<li>Asteya or Acharya (Non-stealing)</li>
<li>Aparigraha (Non-attachment/Non-possession)</li>
<li>Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among these 5 teachings, the <strong>Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity) was added by Mahavira.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> three jewels or Triratna of Jainism include</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Samyak Darshana (right faith).</li>
<li>Samyak Gyana (right knowledge).</li>
<li>Samyak Charitra (right conduct).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Jainism is a religion of <strong>self-help.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are no gods or spiritual beings that will help human beings.</li>
<li>It does not condemn the varna system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In later times, it got divided into <strong>two sects: </strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shvetambaras (white-clad)</strong> under <strong>Sthalabahu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Digambaras (sky-clad)</strong> under the leadership of <strong>Bhadrabahu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The important idea in Jainism is that the <strong>entire world is animated:</strong> even stones, rocks, and water <strong>have life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Non-injury to living beings,</strong> especially to humans, animals, plants, and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy.</li>
<li>According to Jain teachings, <strong>the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Asceticism and penance</strong> are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma and achieve the liberation of the soul.</li>
<li>The practice of <strong>Santhara</strong> is also a part of Jainism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the ritual of fasting unto death. Swetambara Jains call it Santhara whereas Digambars call it <strong>Sallekhana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 4600,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nominations for the World Heritage List 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the Minister of State of Culture and Tourism has informed Lok Sabha that India has submitted two nomination dossiers namely <strong>&lsquo;Dholavira: A Harappan City&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate&rsquo;</strong> for inclusion in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage List</strong></a> <strong>for the year 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Dholavira: A Harappan City</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The City of Dholavira located in <strong>Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)</strong> belonged to the mature <strong>Harappan phase.</strong></li>
<li>It was excavated by <strong>R.S Bisht in 1985.</strong></li>
<li>It demonstrates a<strong> highly organised system of town planning with perfected proportions, street-pattern</strong> and<strong> an efficient water conservation system</strong> that supported life for <strong>more than 1200 years (3000 BCE to 1800 BCE)</strong> against harsh hot arid climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water conservation methods of Dholavira are unique and measures as one of the most efficient systems of the ancient world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a three-tier zonation comprising of a distinct upper (citadel, bailey) and middle (having a distinct street-pattern, large scale enclosure and a ceremonial ground) towns enclosed by a lower town (with narrower streets, smaller enclosures and industrial area) &ndash; <strong>distinguishes the city of Dholavira from other metropolises of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indus Valley Civilisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;Monuments of the Deccan Sultanate&rsquo; demonstrates the <strong>convergence of national and international styles of Islamic architecture and their intersections with the prevalent Hindu architecture</strong> of the period southern Indian in present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,</li>
<li>It comprises of <strong>four components</strong> namely, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bahmani Monuments at Gulbarga, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It primarily comprises the <strong>Gulbarga Fort with the Great Mosque</strong> in the Fort, Jami Masjid and the <strong>Haft Gumbad complex with seven tombs.</strong></li>
<li>Gulbarga was the<strong> first capital of the Bahmani dynasty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bahmani and Barid Shahi Monuments at Bidar, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes monuments at Bidar dating from late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the early 16<sup>th</sup> centuries</strong> comprise of the Bidar Fort, the Madrasa Mahmud Gawan, the Bahamani tombs at Ashtur and the Barid Shahi tombs.</li>
<li>The significant feature of Bidar is the <strong>sophisticated system of gates and sluices</strong> (A sluice is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate.) that could be used when required to flood segments of the moat and thus preserve water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adil Shahi Monuments at Bijapur, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These monuments date from the late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the late 17<sup>th</sup> centuries.</strong></li>
<li>These are an ensemble of 80 small and big monuments including the fortifications, gates, water systems and tanks, several mosques and tombs and palatial structures.</li>
<li>The most remarkable monuments within the fort include the <strong>Gol Gumbaz</strong> which is the <strong>second largest dome in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qutb Shahi Monuments at Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises of Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs and Charminar that symbolize the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Dynasty.</strong></a></li>
<li>Golconda is a fortified citadel and an early capital city of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.</li>
<li>The tombs of Qutb Shahis are a mausoleum complex comprised of the tombs of the Royal family and the officials who faithfully served them.</li>
<li>Charminar is a ceremonial Gateway built to celebrate the foundation of Hyderabad, a new Millennial City, in 1591 A.D.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilisation <strong>(IVC),</strong> which is now more popularly referred to as the Harappan civilisation after Harappa, the<strong> first of its sites</strong> to be excavated in the 1920s by British archaeologist <strong>Sir Mortimer Wheeler.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation emerged on the <strong>banks of the river Indus</strong> in the second half of the third millennium BCE and spread across large parts of western India.</li>
<li><strong>Harappa and Mohenjo&ndash;Daro &ndash; the two major sites of this civilization &ndash;</strong> are among the earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning.</li>
<li>The planned network of roads, houses and drainage systems indicate the planning and engineering skills that developed during those times.</li>
<li>The Harappan Civilisation was widespread as it <strong>covered parts of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation was a <strong>trade based civilization</strong> which had overseas trade links with Mesopotamia attested by the discovery of Harappan seals there and Mesopotamian carnelian beads here.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s World Heritage Site List</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.</li>
<li>This is embodied in an international treaty called the <strong>Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,</strong> adopted by UNESCO in <strong>1972.</strong></li>
<li>A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by UNESCO for its special cultural or physical significance. The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by the international <strong>'World Heritage Programme', administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604891" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4459,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kambala',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kambala jockey who was compared to world record holder Usain Bolt after a video went viral showing him &lsquo;finishing 100 metres in 9.55 seconds&rsquo;, has refused to participate in athletics trials.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kambala</strong> is a traditional <strong>buffalo race</strong> in paddy fields filled with slush and mud which generally takes place in <strong>coastal Karnataka</strong> (Udupi and Dakshina Kannada) from <strong>November to March.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traditionally, it is sponsored by local <strong>Tuluva landlords</strong> and households in the coastal districts.Tuluva people are an ethnic group native to Southern India. They are native speakers of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulu-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tulu language.</strong></a></li>
<li>During the race, the racers try to bring the buffaloes under control by holding their reins tight and whipping them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tradition:</strong> In its traditional form, Kambala was <strong>non-competitive</strong> and<strong> buffalo pairs raced one after another in paddy fields.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was also observed as <strong>thanksgiving to gods for protecting the animals from diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> Animal activists <strong>criticize</strong> the sport and argue that the Kambala involves <strong>acts of cruelty</strong> on animals which are not physiologically suited for racing and they run in the race due to fear of being beaten.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to them, it violates the<strong> Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960.</strong> The Act prevents practices which involve <strong>unnecessary pain</strong> to the animal amounting to cruelty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582010617_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582010617_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court had<strong> banned jallikattu, bullock-cart races, and kambala</strong> events in its judgement on<strong> May 7, 2014.</strong></li>
<li>The judgement upheld the Constitution of India read with legislation under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 and provided animals with the fundamental right to be <strong>treated with compassion and dignity</strong> and to be free from unnecessary pain and suffering</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Karnataka Amendment) Ordinance, 2017</strong> approved the organising of kambala event, provided steps are taken to avoid cruelty to the participating bulls.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jallikattu</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu</strong> </a>is a traditional <strong>bull-taming</strong> event that is organised in the <strong>Tamil Nadu</strong> every year as part of the harvest festival <strong>Pongal.</strong></li>
<li>The sport requires fighters to pounce on a running bull, try to hold on to its hump and move along with the animal without falling or getting hurt.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/faster-than-bolt-kambala-jockey-srinivasa-gowda-wont-go-for-athletics-trials-6271681/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4327,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Rakhigarhi to be Developed as an Iconic Site',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Union Budget (2020-21) has proposed to develop <strong>Rakhigarhi</strong> (Hisar district,Haryana) as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iconic-tourist-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>iconic site.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>4 other archaeological sites in <strong>Hastinapur</strong> (Uttar Pradesh), <strong>Shivsagar</strong> (Assam), <strong>Dholavira</strong> (Gujarat) and <strong>Adichanallur</strong> in (Tamil Nadu) will also be developed as iconic sites with onsite museums.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rakhigarhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-civilization-s-independent-origin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhigarhi</strong></a> is the largest Harappan site in the<strong> Indian subcontinent.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other large sites of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Harappan civilization</strong></a> on Indian sub-continent are <strong>Harappa, Mohenjodaro </strong>and<strong> Ganveriwala </strong>in<strong> Pakistan </strong>and<strong> Dholavira (Gujarat)</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At Rakhigarhi, the excavations are being done to <strong>trace its beginnings</strong> and to study its <strong>gradual evolution</strong> from <strong>6000 BCE (Pre-Harappan phase)</strong> to <strong>2500 BCE.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The site was excavated by <strong>Amarendra Nath</strong> of ASI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Findings at the Site</h3>
<p><strong>Settlements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The archaeological excavations revealed <strong>the mature Harappan phase</strong> represented by planned township having <strong>mud-brick</strong> as well as <strong>burnt-brick</strong> houses with a <strong>proper drainage system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seals and Pottery</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>cylindrical seal</strong> with <strong>5 Harappan characters</strong> on one side and a symbol of an <strong>alligator</strong> on the other is an <strong>important</strong> find from this site.</li>
<li>The ceramic industry represented by <strong>red ware,</strong> which included<strong> dish-on-stand,</strong> vase, <strong>perforated jar</strong> among others.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Antiquities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Blades; terracotta and shell bangles, beads of <strong>semi precious stones,</strong> and <strong>copper objects;</strong> animal figurines, <strong>toy cart</strong> frame and wheel of terracotta; bone points; inscribed <strong>steatite seals and sealings</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rituals and Burials</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Animal sacrificial pit</strong> lined with mud-brick and <strong>triangular</strong> and <strong>circular fire altars</strong> on the mud floor have also been excavated that signifies the ritual system of Harappans.</li>
<li>The excavations have yielded a few extended burials, which certainly belong to a very late stage, maybe the medieval times.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Recent findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, a study of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-civilization-s-independent-origin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DNA</strong></a> from <strong>skeletal remains</strong> excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi found that the people in <strong>the Harappan Civilization have an independent origin.</strong></li>
<li>This study <strong>negates</strong> the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient <strong>Iranian farmer ancestry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Harappan Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as<strong> Indus Valley Civilization.</strong></li>
<li>It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/haryanas-harappan-site-to-create-jobs/article30722211.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong> </a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4325,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Chola Dynasty Port- Poompuhar',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has launched <strong>&lsquo;Project Digital Poompuhar&rsquo;</strong> to recreate the <strong>Chola Dynasty port</strong> city (Poompuhar) in <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reconstruction of Poompuhar is a part of <strong>DST&rsquo;s Indian Digital Heritage (IDH) project.</strong> An exhibition of its first project<strong> &lsquo;Digital Hampi&rsquo;</strong> is currently on display at the National Museum.</li>
<li>The Poompuhar project is a part of the <strong>second phase of IDH.</strong> The second phase will focus on the heritage sites that are currently underwater in Gujarat (eg. Dwarka) and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580721922_1580717138_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580721922_1580717138_image4.jpg" width="308" height="268" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Poompuhar is mentioned in works of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangam Tamil literature</strong></a> which refers to the city located 30 km from the existing Poompuhar town in southern Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>The port city flourished in inter-continental trade but shifted with time. Finally, it was re-established at the present location at the <strong>mouth of the river Cauvery</strong> around <strong>3,000 years ago.</strong></li>
<li>The shifts took place due to the continuous &ldquo;kadalkol&rdquo; or rising sea levels and the submergence of the deltas,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Studies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Remote Sensing Satellites showed that the city was established initially in the Cauvery Delta about 30km away from the present Poompuhar town around 15,000 years ago.</li>
<li>It had discovered a <strong>harbour-like structure</strong> as well as sea walls and probably a bridge in the region.</li>
<li>The study also provided insights about the life history and the social, cultural as well as technological evolution of Poompuhar. It also revealed the <strong>age of Poompuhar</strong> from <strong>3000 years to 15,000 to 20,000 years.</strong></li>
<li>Despite several studies on Tamil literature, archaeology, underwater exploration and geosciences, the exact location of initial establishment of Poompuhar, its age, later shifts and the reasons and periods of its extinction, remained unresolved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Project Digital Poompuhar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project involves underwater surveys and photography by remotely operated vehicles and remote sensing-based geodynamic studies to bring out comprehensive information on the time series evolution and extinction.</li>
<li>It also involves the visualisation of geodynamic processes of the last 20,000 years like land subsidence, sea-level rise, Cauvery&rsquo;s migration, floods, tsunami, cyclones and erosion.</li>
<li>The study is also expected to provide scientific information not only on the life history of Poompuhar and the socio-cultural evolution but also the science and technological evolution and the disaster history of this region,</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Digital Heritage Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India Digital Heritage is an initiative by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology</strong> in the areas of technology and humanities for digital documentation and interpretation of our tangible and intangible heritage.</li>
<li>The project highlights art, architecture and cultural legacy of the world heritage site <strong>Hampi in Karnataka,</strong> the medieval capital of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krishnapatnam-port" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijayanagara dynasty.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cholas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cholas controlled the central and northern parts of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Their core area of the rule was the Kaveri delta, later known as Cholamandalam.Their capital was Uraiyur (near Tiruchirapalli town) and Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an alternative royal residence and chief port town.</li>
<li><strong>Tiger</strong> was their <strong>emblem.</strong></li>
<li>The Cholas also maintained an <strong>efficient navy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>King Karikala</strong> was a famous king of the Sangam Cholas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many Sangam poems mention the <strong>Battle of Venni where he defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains.</strong></li>
<li>Trade and commerce flourished during his reign.</li>
<li>He founded the <strong>port city of Puhar (identical with Kaveripattinam)</strong> and constructed 160 km of an embankment along the Kaveri River.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-port-poompuhar-chola-dynasty-6248053/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4289,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gatka Martial Art',
		'description' => '<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gatka is a <strong>traditional martial art</strong> form associated with the <strong>Sikh gurus.</strong></li>
<li>It imbibes sword and sticks fighting skills and self-control.</li>
<li>Gatka is believed to have originated when the 6<sup>th</sup> Sikh <strong>Guru Hargobind</strong> adopted &lsquo;Kirpan&rsquo; for <strong>self-defence</strong> during the Mughal era.</li>
<li>A style of stick fighting between two or more practitioners, <strong>Gatka is a toned-down version of the deadlier Shastar Vidya.</strong> The sharp swords of Shastar Vidya have been replaced by <strong>wooden sticks (soti)</strong> and <strong>shields (farri)</strong> in Gatka.</li>
<li>It is considered as a <strong>battle technique.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580290630_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580290630_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="310" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>10<sup>th</sup><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Guru Gobind Singh</strong></a> made it <strong>compulsory for everyone</strong> to use the weapons for self-defence.</li>
<li>It was earlier confined to gurudwaras, nagar kirtans and akharas, but now it finds presence in the<strong> sports category</strong> after the formation of the Gatka Federation of India (GFI) in 2008.</li>
<li>Today, it is used to showcase <strong>self-defence</strong> and fighting skills and is open to people of all faiths and communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/on-the-sikh-communitys-martial-art-form-gatka/article30672849.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4269,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nagardhan Excavations and Vakataka Dynasty',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, archaeological excavations were carried out at <strong>Nagardhan village</strong> in Ramtek Taluk near <strong>Nagpur, Maharashtra.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The area surrounding the Nagardhan Fort in the village has the archaeological remains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nagardhan Fort was constructed during the <strong>Gond Raja period</strong> and later renovated and re-used by the <strong>Bhosales of Nagpur</strong> during the late 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The excavations have provided evidence on the life, religious affiliations and trade practices of the <strong>Vakataka dynasty.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nagardhan is understood to have served as a capital of the Vakataka kingdom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vakataka Dynasty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It originated in the <strong>central Deccan in the mid-3<sup>rd</sup> century CE</strong> and its empire is believed to have extended from <strong>Malwa and Gujarat in the north</strong> to the <strong>Tungabhadra in the south</strong> and from the <strong>Arabian Sea in the west</strong> to the<strong> Bay of Bengal in the east.</strong></li>
<li>The Vakataka rulers followed the Shaiva sect of Hinduism.</li>
<li><strong>Animal rearing</strong> was one of the main occupations of the people. <strong>Remains of domestic animals</strong> like <strong>cattle, goat, sheep, pig, cat, horse and fowl</strong> were traced in an earlier study.</li>
<li>The Vakataka rulers forged several <strong>matrimonial alliances</strong> with other dynasties of their times. One of the key alliances was with <strong>Prabhavatigupta of the Gupta dynasty (Vaishnavites),</strong> which was then<strong> ruling north India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prabhavatigupta was the chief queen of the <strong>Vakataka king Rudrasena II</strong> and took over as queen after the sudden death of her husband. She ruled for about 10 years until her <strong>son Pravarasena II</strong> succeeded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Queen Prabhavatigupta and Vaishnavism</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The researchers believe that the practice of worshipping Narasimha in Maharashtra emerged from Ramtek, and that Queen Prabhavatigupta had a pivotal role in propagation of Vaishnava practices in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.</li>
<li>Some of the temples identified as Keval Narasihma, Rudra Narasimha and the one dedicated to Varaha could be traced to Ramtek, and showcase strong affinity to the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. None of these religious structures was, however, present here until the Queen took the throne.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Findings and their Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> first time clay sealings</strong> have been excavated from Nagardhan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>oval-shaped</strong> sealing belongs to the period when <strong>Prabhavatigupta</strong> was the queen of the Vakataka dynasty.</li>
<li>It bears her name in the <strong>Brahmi script,</strong> along with the <strong>depiction of a conch.</strong> The presence of the conch is a sign of the <strong>Vaishnava affiliation</strong> that the Guptas held.</li>
<li>The sealings were introduced and issued under Prabhavatigupta&rsquo;s rule which shows her importance and stature as a woman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Vakataka rulers followed the Shaiva sect of Hinduism while the Guptas followed Vaishnava sect. Queen&rsquo;s powerful personality allowed her to follow the sect of her choice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The sealing was traced on top of a <strong>mega wall</strong> which could have been part of a royal structure at the capital city.</li>
<li>The <strong>copperplate issued by Queen Prabhavatigupta</strong> starts with a <strong>genealogy of the Guptas,</strong> mentioning the Queen&rsquo;s grandfather <strong>Samudragupta</strong> and her father <strong>Chandragupta II.</strong></li>
<li>Vakatakas<strong> traded with Iran and beyond, through the Mediterranean Sea</strong> and the sealings are believed to be used as <strong>official royal permission</strong> issued from the capital.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nagardhan-excavation-site-nagpur-excavation-vakataka-dynasty-1500-year-old-relics-6236915/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4149,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Monasteries at Moghalmari',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from <strong>Moghalmari</strong> have confirmed the presence of two monasteries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moghalmari is a <strong>Buddhist monastic</strong> site of the early medieval period in West Bengal&rsquo;s Paschim Medinipur district.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese traveller Xuanzang</strong> (more widely identified as <strong>Huen Tsang</strong>), who visited India in the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE, referred to the existence of &lsquo;ten monasteries&rsquo; within the limits of Tamralipta (modern day Tamluk in adjoining Purba Medinipur district). However, he did not refer to any specific name or location.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presence of <strong>two monasteries- Mugalayikaviharika</strong> and <strong>Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara</strong> at Moghalmari.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six tiny fragments of inscribed seals found contain a set of letters accompanied by the deer-dharmachakra symbols.</li>
<li>The inscriptions are in Sanskrit and the script is a transitional phase between later north <strong>Indian Brahmi</strong> and early <strong>Siddhamatrika.</strong></li>
<li>The first name on the seals - Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara, implies etymologically &lsquo;a place of sacrificial offering&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The second name on the seals, Mugalayikaviharika, bears a phonetic resemblance to the modern name of the site, Moghalmari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The monasteries at Moghalmari date from the 6th century CE and were functional until the 12<sup>th</sup> century CE. The presence of two monasteries <strong>dating to the same period within a single compound is unique in eastern India.</strong></li>
<li>Inscriptions supports the point that <strong>Buddhist monasteries have a definite hierarchy &mdash;</strong> Mahavihara, Vihara and Viharika.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Brahmi and Siddhamatrika</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The oldest deciphered inscriptions belong to the late 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE and are in Brahmi and Kharoshthi.</li>
<li>These include those of Maurya emperor Ashoka, which are in a number of different languages and scripts, but mostly in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.</li>
<li>The different stages of Brahmi script are often labelled on the basis if dynasties, e.g. Ashokan Brahmi, Kushana Brahmi and Gupta Brahmi.</li>
<li>In the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, Gupta Brahmi evolved into a script known as Siddhamatrika or Kutlia.</li>
<li>The modern north Indian scripts such as Devanagari gradually emerged out of Siddhamatrika.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inscriptions-confirm-presence-of-two-medieval-monasteries-at-moghalmari/article30562580.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4009,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kalaripayattu',
		'description' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kalaripayattu is a <strong>martial art</strong> based on the <strong>ancient knowledge of the human</strong> body.</li>
<li>It originated in<strong> Kerala</strong> during <strong>3<sup>nd</sup> century BC to the 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD.</strong> It is now practised in <strong>Kerala</strong> and in some parts of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>The place where this martial art is practised is called a <strong>'Kalari'.</strong> It is a Malayalam word that signifies a <strong>kind of gymnasium.</strong> Kalari literally means <strong>'threshing floor' or 'battlefield'.&nbsp;</strong>The word Kalari first appears in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tamil Sangam literature</strong></a> to describe both a battlefield and combat arena.</li>
<li>It is considered to be one of the <strong>oldest fighting systems</strong> in existence.</li>
<li>It is also considered as the <strong>father of modern Kung - Fu.</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577524167_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577524167_image3.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4008,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Belum Caves Festival',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Andhra Pradesh Government will be hosting the Belum Caves festival in January 2020 to popularise the Belum caves.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577518540_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577518540_image1.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The name <strong>&lsquo;Kandanavolu Sambaralu&rsquo;</strong> has been proposed for the festival. <strong>Kandanavolu</strong> was the <strong>ancient name of Kurnool</strong> district.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Belum Caves, also known as Belum Guhalu in Kurnool district of <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> is the <strong>second-longest cave</strong> in the <strong>Indian subcontinent open to the public.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>longest natural cave</strong> in the Indian subcontinent is <strong>Krem Liat Prah caves in Meghalaya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> The cave is <strong>more than a thousand year old,</strong> and was formed by the <strong>constant flow of underground water</strong> over a period of time.</li>
<li><strong>Geographical Features:</strong> These caves are renowned for their <strong>speleothem structures</strong> (Speleothems are secondary mineral deposits formed in a cave), such as <strong>stalactite and stalagmite</strong> formations.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong> The caves were occupied by <strong>Jain and Buddhist monks</strong> many centuries ago. The presence of 4500 years old vessels from the pre-Buddhism era ensures the same.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stalactites and Stalagmites</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stalactites</strong> hang as icicles of different diameters. Normally they are broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends showing up in a variety of forms.</li>
<li><strong>Stalagmites</strong> rise up from the floor of the caves. In fact, stalagmites form due to dripping water from the surface or through the thin pipe, of the stalactite, immediately below it.</li>
<li>The stalagmites and stalactites eventually fuse to give rise to columns and pillars of different diameters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/festival-to-promote-belum-caves-planned-in-december/article30000402.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4002,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Earliest Sanskrit Inscriptions in South India found in A.P.',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></a> has discovered the <strong>earliest Sanskrit inscription in South India</strong> which is also an <strong>earliest epigraphic evidence</strong> (Epigraphy is the study of ancient inscriptions) for the <strong>Saptamatrika cult.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Saptamatrikas are a group of <strong>seven female deities</strong> worshipped in <strong>Hinduism</strong> as personifying the energy of their respective consorts.</li>
<li>Another inscription in <strong>Prakrit language and of Brahmi characters</strong> belonging to the <strong>1st century A.D.</strong> was also found.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inscriptions related to Saptamatrika:</strong> The found inscription records the <strong>construction of a Prasada (temple), a mandapa</strong> and <strong>consecration of images</strong> by a person named Kartika at the temple of <strong>Goddess Saptamatrika</strong> at Tambrape.</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Tambrape is the <strong>ancient name</strong> of <strong>Chebrolou, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Earlier References to Saptamatrika:</strong> Earlier references to Saptamatrika worship have been found in the early Kadamba copper plates and the early <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chalukyan-rulers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chalukyas and Eastern Chalukya</strong></a> copper plates<strong> dated around 600 A.D.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Language and Characters:</strong> All the available records proved that the found inscription (also known as <strong>Chebrolu inscription</strong>) is in <strong>Sanskrit and in Brahmi characters.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Issued by: Satavahana king Vijaya in 207 A.D.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So far the <strong>Nagarjunakonda inscription</strong> of <strong>Ikshavaku king Ehavala Chantamula</strong> issued in the 4<sup>th</sup> century A.D. was considered the earliest Sanskrit inscription in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Satavahanas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the Deccan, the Satavahanas established their independent rule after the decline of the Mauryas. Their rule lasted for about <strong>450 years.</strong></li>
<li>They were also known as the <strong>Andhras.</strong></li>
<li>The Puranas and the <strong>Nasik and Nanaghad inscriptions</strong> remain important sources for the history of Satavahanas.</li>
<li>The<strong> founder</strong> of the Satavahana dynasty was <strong>Simuka.</strong> The greatest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was <strong>Gautamiputra Satakarni.</strong></li>
<li>There was remarkable progress in the fields of trade and industry during the Satavahana rule. The greatest port of the Satavahanas was <strong>Kalyani on the western Deccan</strong> and <strong>Gandakasela, Ganjam on the east coast</strong> were the other important seaports.</li>
<li>The Satavahanas <strong>patronized Buddhism and Brahmanism.</strong> Brahmanism was revived by the Satavahanas along with the performance of asvamedha and rajasuya sacrifices.</li>
<li>They also <strong>patronized the Prakrit language and literature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/earliest-sanskrit-inscription-in-south-india-found-in-ap/article30397972.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3670,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maha Bodhi Temple Complex',
		'description' => '<p>Bhutan&rsquo;s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" width="259" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is <strong>one of the four holy sites</strong> related to the life of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lord Buddha</strong></a>, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment (Bodhi).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The other three are: Lumbini (Birth) in Nepal, Sarnath (Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana - 1<sup>st</sup> Sermon) and Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana- death) in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The original structure was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. However, it was reconstructed entirely in brick in late Gupta period. The present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries.</li>
<li>The site of the Mahabodhi Temple provides exceptional records of the events associated with the life of Buddha and subsequent worship.</li>
<li>A descendant of the<strong> Bodhi tree</strong> under which the Buddha is said to have sat until he attained enlightenment stands adjacent to the temple. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ashoka&rsquo;s stone slab purporting to mark the exact position where the Buddha sat is traditionally called the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s vajrasana</strong> (literally &ldquo;diamond throne&rdquo; or &ldquo;thunder seat&rdquo;).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was recognized as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong></a> in 2002.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3652,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Sangam Age',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period roughly between the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century B.C.</strong> and <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</strong> in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and Tungabhadra) is known as Sangam Period.</li>
<li>It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under the royal patronage of the <strong>Pandya kings</strong> of Madurai.</li>
<li>At the sangams eminent scholars assembled and functioned as the board of censors and the choicest literature was rendered in the nature of anthologies.</li>
<li>These literary works were the earliest specimens of Dravidian literature.</li>
<li>According to the Tamil legends, there were <strong>three</strong> Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called <strong>Muchchangam</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>First Sangam</strong>, is believed to be held at <strong>Madurai</strong>, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available.</li>
<li>The <strong>Second Sangam</strong> was held at <strong>Kapadapuram</strong>, only <strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> survives from this.</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Sangam</strong> was also held at <strong>Madurai</strong>. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Literature: Major source giving details of Sangam Age</h3>
<p>The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named &ndash; Silappathikaram and Manimegalai .</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> was authored by Tolkappiyar and is <strong>considered the earliest of Tamil literary work</strong>. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time.</li>
<li><strong>Ettutogai</strong> (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works &ndash; Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu.</li>
<li><strong>The Pattuppattu</strong> (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works &ndash; Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu,Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam.</li>
<li><strong>Pathinenkilkanakku</strong> contains eighteen works <strong>about ethics and morals</strong>. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by <strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong>, the tamil great poet and philosopher.</li>
<li>The two epics <strong>Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar</strong>. They also provide valuable details about the Sangam society and polity.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Sources</strong> that give details about the Sangam Period are &ndash;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Greek authors like Megasthenes, Strabo, Pliny and Ptolemy mentioning about commercial trade contacts between the West and South India.</li>
<li>The Ashokan inscriptions mentioned about the Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers to the south of Mauryan empire.</li>
<li>Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga also has mention of Tamil kingdoms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Political History of Sangam Period<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" width="425" height="349" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>South India, during the Sangam Age, was ruled by three dynasties-<strong>the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas</strong>. The main source of information about these kingdoms is traced from the literary references of Sangam Period.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<h3>Cheras</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cheras controlled the central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Vanji was their capital and the ports of the west coast, Musiri and Tondi, were under their control.</li>
<li>The emblem of Cheras was <strong>&ldquo;bow and arrow&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>The Pugalur inscription of the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD has reference to three generations of Chera rulers.</li>
<li>The Cheras owed its importance to trade with the Romans. They also built a temple of Augustus there.</li>
<li>The greatest ruler of Cheras was <strong>Senguttuvan, the Red Chera</strong> or the Good Chera, who belonged to the 2nd century A.D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His military achievements have been chronicled in epic Silapathikaram, with details about his expedition to the Himalayas where he defeated many north Indian rulers.</li>
<li>Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cult or the <strong>worship of Kannagi</strong> as the ideal wife in Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>He was the first to send an embassy to China from South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cholas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cholas controlled the central and northern parts of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Their core area of rule was the <strong>Kaveri delta</strong>, later known as <strong>Cholamandalam</strong>.</li>
<li>Their capital was Uraiyur (near Tiruchirapalli town) and Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an alternative royal residence and chief port town.</li>
<li><strong>Tiger</strong> was their emblem.</li>
<li>The Cholas also maintained an <strong>efficient navy</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>King Karikala</strong> was a famous king of the Sangam Cholas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pattinappalai portrays his life and military conquests.</li>
<li>Many Sangam poems mention the Battle of Venni where he defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains.</li>
<li>Karikala&rsquo;s military achievements made him the overlord of the whole Tamil region of that time.</li>
<li>Trade and commerce flourished during his reign.</li>
<li>He <strong>founded the port city of Puhar</strong> (identical with Kaveripattinam) and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri River.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pandyas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pandyas ruled from Madurai.</li>
<li>Korkai was their main port, located near the confluence of Thampraparani with the Bay of Bengal. It was famous for pearl fishery and chank diving.</li>
<li>Their emblem was the <strong>&ldquo;Fish&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>They patronized the Tamil Sangams and facilitated the compilation of the Sangam poems.</li>
<li>Rulers kept a regular army.</li>
<li>Trade was prosperous and their pearls were famous.</li>
<li>Sati, caste, idol worship were common. Widows were treated badly.</li>
<li>They adopted the Vedic religion of sacrifice and patronized Brahmin priests.</li>
<li>Their power declined with the invasion of a tribe called the Kalabhras.</li>
<li>After the Sangam Age, this dynasty lost its significance for more than a century, only to rise once again at the end of the 6th century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Polity and Administration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the Sangam period <strong>hereditary monarchy</strong> was the form of government.</li>
<li>Each of the dynasties of Sangam age had a royal emblem &ndash; tiger for the Cholas, carp/Fish for the Pandyas, and bow for the Cheras.</li>
<li>The king was assisted by a wide body of officials who were categorised into five councils.</li>
<li>They were <strong>ministers (amaichar), priests (anthanar), envoys (thuthar), military commanders (senapathi), and spies (orrar)</strong>.</li>
<li>The military administration was efficiently organized and a <strong>regular army</strong> was associated with each ruler.</li>
<li>The <strong>chief source of state&rsquo;s income was land revenue</strong> while a custom duty was also imposed on foreign trade.</li>
<li>Major source of fulfilling the royal treasury was the booty captured in wars.</li>
<li>The roads and highways were maintained and guarded to prevent robbery and smuggling.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Society</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tolkappiyam refers to the <strong>Five-fold division of lands</strong> &ndash; Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal) and Palai (desert).</li>
<li>Tolkappiyam also refers to <strong>four castes</strong> namely arasar(Ruling Class), anthanar, vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) and vellalar(Agriculturists).</li>
<li>Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Position of Women during Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A lot of information is available in the Sangam literature to understand the position of women during the Sangam age.</li>
<li>Women had respect and were allowed intellectual pursuits.There were <strong>women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar</strong> who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature.</li>
<li>Women were allowed to choose their life partners. But life of widows was miserable.</li>
<li>There is also a mention about the practice of Sati being prevalent in the higher strata of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan</strong>, who is hailed as Tamil God.</li>
<li>The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan was mentioned in the Sangam literature.</li>
<li>Murugan was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai Veedu.</li>
<li>Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varunan and Korravai.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship</strong> was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy of the Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture was the chief occupation</strong> where rice was the most common crop.</li>
<li>The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory.</li>
<li>These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period.</li>
<li>A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in <strong>great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>port city of Puhar</strong> became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods.</li>
<li>Other significant ports of commercial activity were Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.</li>
<li>Many gold and silver coins that were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.</li>
<li><strong>Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices</strong> like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.</li>
<li><strong>Major imports</strong> for the traders were <strong>horses, gold, and sweet wine</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>End of Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sangam period slowly witnessed its decline towards the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</li>
<li>The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country post-sangam period between 300 AD to 600 AD, whose period was called an interregnum or 'dark age' by earlier historians.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/sangam-age-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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