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You searched “Agricultural Resources”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Dragon Fruit

Why in News In June 2021, India exported its first consignment of dragon fruit from a farmer of Maharashtra to Dubai in the United Arab...

20 Jul 2021 Agricultural Resources
Special Livestock Sector Package

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved implementation of a special livestock sector package. Key Points About...

15 Jul 2021 Agricultural Resources
GI Certified Bhalia Wheat: Gujarat

Why in News Recently, the first shipment of Geographical Indication (GI) certified Bhalia variety of wheat was exported to Kenya and Sri Lanka from...

08 Jul 2021 Agricultural Resources
Anti-Methanogenic Feed Supplement: Harit Dhara

Why in News Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed an anti-methanogenic feed supplement ‘Harit Dhara’ (HD), which...

05 Jul 2021 Agricultural Resources
Project BOLD: KVIC

Why in News Recently, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) launched a project named Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD) from the...

05 Jul 2021 Agricultural Resources
World’s First Genetically Modified Rubber: Assam

Why in News Recently, the world's first Genetically Modified (GM) rubber plant developed by Rubber Research Institute was planted in Assam. The...

24 Jun 2021 Agricultural Resources
Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Government of India has released funds for various activities of Farm Mechanization under the Sub-Mission on Agricultural...

12 Jun 2021 Agricultural Resources
Bamboo Market Window on GeM Portal

Why in News Recently, the government of India has dedicated a window ‘The Green Gold Collection’ on the GeM (Government e-Marketplace)...

05 Jun 2021 Agricultural Resources
Crops Lost to Pests

Why in News According to a recent report, as much as 40% of the world’s agricultural crops are lost to pests each year. The United Nations...

04 Jun 2021 Agricultural Resources
Nano Urea Liquid: IFFCO

Why in News Recently, the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) introduced the world's first Nano Urea Liquid for farmers across the...

01 Jun 2021 Agricultural Resources
National Mission on use of Biomass in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Power has decided to set up a National Mission on use of Biomass in coal based thermal power plants. Key...

27 May 2021 Agricultural Resources
Kharif Strategy for Oilseeds

Why in News The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has formulated Kharif Strategy 2021 to achieve self-sufficiency in edible...

24 May 2021 Agricultural Resources
Increased Subsidy on DAP

Why in News Recently, the government has increased the subsidy to 140% on Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertiliser in order to retain the selling...

22 May 2021 Agricultural Resources
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture

Why in News The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has provided an enhanced allocation of Rs. 2250 Crore for the year 2021-22 for...

13 May 2021 Agricultural Resources
Beema Bamboo

Why in News The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) has designed an ‘oxygen park’ within its premises at Coimbatore with Beema...

12 May 2021 Agricultural Resources
MACS 1407: Variety of Soybean

Why in News Recently, Indian Scientists have developed a high-yielding and pest-resistant variety of soybean, called MACS 1407. Scientists from...

30 Apr 2021 Agricultural Resources
Revival of Millet Cultivation

Why in News An International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) supported initiative to revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation, started in...

31 Mar 2021 Agricultural Resources
Sub-Mission on Agroforestry Scheme

Why in News The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Central Silk Board on a convergence...

08 Mar 2021 Agricultural Resources
Purple Revolution Under Aroma Mission

Why in News Around 500 farmers across villages in Doda district in Jammu had their incomes quadrupled after shifting from maize to lavender...

03 Mar 2021 Agricultural Resources
Animal Husbandry

Why in News A variety of policy concerns and the ongoing discussion over farm laws have fixed the spotlight on infrastructure investments necessary...

23 Feb 2021 Agricultural Resources

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		'article_id' => (int) 8917,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dragon Fruit',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In June 2021, India exported its first consignment of<strong> dragon fruit</strong> from a farmer of Maharashtra to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626773236_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626773236_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Introduction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>dragon fruit<em> (Hylocereus undatus)&nbsp;</em></strong>is<strong> indigenous to the Americas.</strong> It is a member of the<strong> cacti family.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;Pitaya&rsquo;, &lsquo;Pitahaya&rsquo;, strawberry pear, noblewoman</strong> and <strong>queen of the night</strong> throughout the world. In India, it is also known as <strong>&lsquo;Kamalam&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climatic Condition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is hardy and grows in <strong>diverse climatic conditions</strong> with varied soils, especially in the <strong>semi-arid</strong> and <strong>arid regions</strong> of India.</li>
<li>It prefers <strong>slightly acidic soil </strong>and<strong> can tolerate some salts</strong> in soil too.</li>
<li>Flowering and fruiting of dragon fruits <strong>coincide with the monsoon season</strong> in India (June to November).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its<strong> flowers are hermaphrodites</strong> (male and female organs in the same flower) in nature and open at night.</li>
<li>The plant sustains yield for more than 20 years, is<strong> high in nutraceutical properties</strong> (having medicinal effects) and good for <strong>value-added processing industries.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> rich source</strong> of<strong> vitamins</strong> and <strong>minerals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Popularity in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dragon fruit was <strong>introduced to home gardens in India in the 1990s.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>low maintenance</strong> and<strong> high profitability</strong> of dragon fruits has attracted the farming community throughout India.</li>
<li>This has led to a <strong>steep increase in dragon fruit cultivation</strong> in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, as well as in many north eastern states.</li>
<li>The country <strong>produces approximately 12,000 tonnes of the fruit</strong> every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Issues:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Investment:</strong> Dragon fruit is a climber that needs support and hence farmers <strong>need to invest around Rs. 3.5 lakh per acre in infrastructure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/different-irrigation-systems#:~:text=In%20drip%20irrigation%2C%20water%20is,optimum%20level%20with%20frequent%20irrigations.&amp;text=Recycled%20non%2Dpotable%20water%20can,Water%20application%20efficiency%20increases." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drip irrigation</strong></a> also adds cost to the initial investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues in Flowering:</strong> Generally, <strong>sunburn</strong> is a common problem in semi-arid and arid tracts and it can be managed by providing 25-30% shade either by<strong> planting shade-providing trees</strong> (such as moringa, sesbania and Melia dubia) or<strong> installing artificial shade nets</strong> during the harsh summer months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of Maharashtra has taken the initiative to promote dragon fruit cultivation in different areas of the state by <strong>providing good quality planting material</strong> and <strong>subsidies</strong> for its cultivation through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-for-integrated-development-of-horticulture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture</strong> </a>(MIDH).</li>
<li>MIDH is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root &amp; tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare</strong> is implementing MIDH with effect from 2014-15.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/dragon-fruit-is-it-the-next-big-thing-in-indian-horticulture-78017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8877,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Special Livestock Sector Package',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong></a> has approved implementation of a special livestock sector package.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Package:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To boost growth in the livestock sector and thereby making<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> animal husbandry</strong></a> more remunerative to 10 crore farmers engaged in Animal Husbandry Sector.</li>
<li><strong>Total Amount:</strong> The <strong>Central government will spend Rs. 9,800 crore</strong> on livestock development over the next five years in a bid<strong> to leverage almost Rs. 55,000 crore of outside investment into the sector.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes the <strong>share of investments by State Governments, State Cooperatives, Financial institutions, External funding agencies</strong> and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Merger of Schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The package has been designed by <strong>revising and realigning various components</strong> of the Department <strong>of Animal Husbandry &amp; Dairying&rsquo; Schemes</strong> for the next five years, starting 2021-22.</li>
<li>All the schemes of the Department will be merged into <strong>three broad categories as:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Development Programmes:</strong> It includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong></a>, National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD), National Livestock Mission (NLM) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Livestock Census and Integrated Sample Survey (LC &amp; ISS)</strong></a> as sub-schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Disease Control Programme:</strong> It is <strong>renamed as Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC)</strong> which includes the present Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC) scheme and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development Fund:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development fund (AHIDF)</strong> </a>and the <strong>Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF)</strong> are merged and the present scheme for support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-cooperative-based-economic-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dairy Cooperatives</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organizations</strong></a> engaged in Dairy activities is also included in this third category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong> will help in development and <strong>conservation of indigenous breeds</strong> and would also contribute in improving the <strong>economic condition of the rural poor.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)</strong> scheme is targeted towards installation of about 8900 bulk milk coolers, thus providing benefit to more than 8 lakh milk producers and 20 LLPD (Lakh Litres Per Day) milk will be additionally procured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under NPDD, financial assistance from <strong>Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</strong> will be available thus strengthening and creating fresh infrastructure in 4500 villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood. It supports the livelihood of almost 55% of the rural population.</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey-2021</strong></a>, the contribution of Livestock in total agriculture and allied sector <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-value-added" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Value Added</strong></a> (at Constant Prices) has increased from 24.32% (2014-15) to 28.63% (2018-19).</li>
<li>India is the highest livestock owner of the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census</a>,</strong> the total Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Livestock Mission (NLM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NlM was launched in the 2014-15 financial year and seeks to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
<li>The scheme is being implemented as a sub scheme of<strong> White Revolution - Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana</strong> from April 2019.</li>
<li>The mission is organised into the following four Sub - Missions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sub -Mission on Livestock Development.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern Region.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Feed and Fodder Development.</li>
<li>Sub -Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer and Extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/ccea-clears-realignment-of-department-of-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-schemes/article35320049.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8812,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'GI Certified Bhalia Wheat: Gujarat',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the first shipment of <strong>Geographical Indication (GI)</strong> certified <strong>Bhalia variety of wheat</strong> was exported to Kenya and Sri Lanka <strong>from Gujarat.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bhalia variety of wheat <strong>received GI certification in July, 2011.</strong></li>
<li>This Wheat has <strong>high protein content and is sweet</strong> in taste.</li>
<li>This crop is <strong>grown mostly across the Bhal region of Gujarat</strong> which includes Ahmedabad, Anand, Kheda, Bhavanagar, Surendranagar, Bharuch districts.</li>
<li>This variety is <strong>grown in the rainfed condition without irrigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI products from Gujarat are:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Latest is the <strong>wooden printing blocks of Pethapur</strong> and others are, <strong>furniture made in Sankheda, agates from Khambhat</strong>, Kutch embroidery, zari craft from Surat, patola from Patan, bandhani from Jamnagar, and Kesar mangoes from Gir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geographical Indication Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GI is an indication used to <strong>identify goods having special characteristics originating from a definite geographical territory.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is used <strong>for agricultural, natural and manufactured goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</strong> seeks to provide for the registration and better protection of geographical indications relating to goods in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act is <strong>administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and TradeMarks</strong>- who is the Registrar of Geographical Indications.</li>
<li>The Geographical Indications <strong>Registry is located at Chennai.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The registration of a geographical indication is <strong>valid for a period of 10 years</strong>. It can be <strong>renewed from time to time</strong> for a further period of 10 years each.</li>
<li>It is also a part of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation&rsquo;s</strong></a> Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).</li>
<li><strong>Recent Examples: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-to-two-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jharkhand&rsquo;s Sohrai Khovar painting</a></strong>, Telangana&rsquo;s <strong>Telia Rumal, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tirur-vettila-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tirur Vetilla</a> (Kerala), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dindigul-lock-and-kandangi-saree" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dindigul Lock and Kandangi Saree</a></strong> (Tamil Nadu), <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-for-odisha-rasagola" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Odisha Rasagola</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/home-delivery-of-shahi-lichi-and-zardalu-mango" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shahi Litchi</a></strong> (Bihar), <strong>etc.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</strong></a> (APEDA - Ministry of Commerce and Industry) has a focus on promotion of exports of GI products.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, a consignment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exports-of-gi-certified-gholvad-sapota-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dahanu Gholvad sapota</strong></a> was exported from <strong>Maharashtra&rsquo;s</strong> Palghar district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wheat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rabi Crop:</strong> It is <strong>sown in October-December</strong> and <strong>harvested during April-June.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Temperature:</strong> Between <strong>10-15&deg;C (Sowing time)</strong> and <strong>21-26&deg;C (Ripening &amp; Harvesting)</strong> with bright sunlight.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall</strong>: Around 75-100 cm.</li>
<li><strong>Soil Type:</strong> Well-drained fertile <strong>loamy and clayey loamy</strong> (Ganga-Satluj plains and black soil region of the Deccan).</li>
<li><strong>Major wheat growing states</strong> in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is the <strong>second largest producer</strong> after China.</li>
<li>Success of the <strong>Green Revolution</strong> contributed to the growth of Rabi crops, especially wheat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Macro Management Mode of Agriculture,<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Food Security Mission</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana</strong> </a>are few <strong>government initiatives</strong> to support wheat cultivation.</li>
<li>The <strong>wheat exports from India witnessed a significant growth of 808%</strong> in the fiscal 2020-21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India exported a substantial quantity of grain to <strong>seven new countries</strong> - Yemen, Indonesia, Bhutan, Philippines, Iran, Cambodia and Myanmar during 2020-21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625733030_pasted%20image 0 (2).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625733030_pasted image 0 (2).png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
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<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733412" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8778,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anti-Methanogenic Feed Supplement: Harit Dhara',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>anti-methanogenic feed </strong>supplement<strong> &lsquo;Harit Dhara&rsquo; (HD),</strong> which can cut down cattle methane emissions by 17-20% and can also result in higher milk production.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HD <strong>decreases the population of protozoa microbes in the rumen,</strong> responsible for hydrogen production and making it available to the archaea (structure similar to bacteria) for reduction of CO2 to methane.</li>
<li>It has been <strong>made from tannin-rich plant-based sources.</strong> Tropical plants containing <strong>tannins, bitter and astringent chemical compounds,</strong> are known to suppress or remove protozoa from the rumen.</li>
<li>Fermentation after using HD will help produce <strong>more propionic acid,</strong> which provides more energy for <strong>lactose (milk sugar) production</strong> and <strong>body weight</strong> gain.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This leads to <strong>economic benefits for farmers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methane Production in Cattle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rumen, the first of the four stomachs</strong> where they eat plant material, cellulose, fibre, starch and sugars. These get fermented or broken down by microorganisms prior to further digestion and nutrient absorption.</li>
<li>Carbohydrate fermentation leads to production of CO<sub>2</sub> and hydrogen. These are used by microbes (Archaea) present in the rumen to produce methane.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methane Emissions from Cattle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Belching cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats in India<strong> emit an estimated 9.25 million tonnes (mt) to 14.2 mt of methane annually,</strong> out of a global total of 90 mt-plus from livestock.</li>
<li>The <strong>2019 Livestock Census</strong> showed India&rsquo;s cattle population at 193.46 million, along with 109.85 million buffaloes, 148.88 million goats and 74.26 million sheep.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Being<strong> largely fed on agricultural residues</strong> &ndash; wheat/paddy straw and maize, sorghum or bajra stover &ndash; <strong>ruminants in India tend to produce 50-100% higher methane than their industrialised country counterparts</strong> that are given more easily fermentable/digestible concentrates, silages and green fodder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methane&rsquo;s global warming potential &ndash;</strong> 25 times of carbon dioxide (CO2) over 100 years, makes it a more potent greenhouse gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives related to Livestock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF)</strong></a>: It was set up to support private investment in Dairy Processing, value addition and cattle feed infrastructure.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong></a>: It is aimed at developing and conserving indegenous breeds of bovine population, also to enhance milk production and to make it more remunerative to the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>National Livestock Mission:</strong> It was launched in the year 2014-15 to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Artificial Insemination Programme</strong></a>: It was started to prevent the spread of certain diseases which are genital in nature, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the breed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/feed-developed-by-icar-also-increases-weight-milk-production-feed-supplement-reduces-methane-emissions-by-livestock-7389140/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8777,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project BOLD: KVIC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> launched a project named <strong>Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD)</strong> from the village <strong>NichlaMandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</strong></li>
<li>It is charged with the <strong>planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes</strong> for the development of<strong> Khadi and other village industries</strong> in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the project 5000 saplings of special bamboo species &ndash;<em><strong> BambusaTulda and BambusaPolymorpha</strong></em> from Assam &ndash; have been <strong>planted over 16 acres of</strong> <strong>vacant arid Gram Panchayat land</strong> of village NichlaMandwa.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>KVIC has thus created a<strong> world record of planting the highest number of bamboo saplings on a single day at one location.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first of its kind exercise</strong> in India. It seeks to <strong>create bamboo-based green patches in arid and semi-arid land zones.</strong></li>
<li>It has been launched as part of KVIC&rsquo;s<strong> &ldquo;Khadi Bamboo Festival&rdquo;</strong> to celebrate 75 years of independence <strong>&ldquo;Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Selecting Bamboo:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>grows very fast</strong> and in about three years&rsquo; time, they could be harvested.</li>
<li>It is also known for<strong> conserving water and reducing evaporation</strong> of water from the land surface, which is an important feature in arid and <strong>drought-prone regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/desertification-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">desertification</a></strong> and <strong>provide livelihood and multi-disciplinary rural industry support.</strong></li>
<li>It will also act as havens of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a> and <strong>food security.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KVIC is set to replicate the Project at Village <strong>Dholera in Ahmedabad district in Gujarat and Leh-Ladakh region</strong> by August this year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Total 15,000 bamboo saplings will be planted before August 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to fight Desertification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/soil-health-card-scheme-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soil Health Card Scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (PKSY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Mission for Green India</a>.</strong></li>
<li>India has ratified the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dialogue-on-desertification-land-degradation-and-drought" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1732621#:~:text=KVIC's%20Unique%20Project%20BOLD%20to,Bamboo%2Dbased%20Economy%20in%20Rajasthan&amp;text=Project%20BOLD%2C%20which%20seeks%20to,preventing%20desertification%20in%20the%20country" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8684,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World’s First Genetically Modified Rubber: Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the world's first <strong>Genetically Modified (GM) rubber plant developed by Rubber Research Institute</strong> was planted in Assam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rubber plant is the first of its kind developed exclusively for this region, and is expected to grow well under the climatic conditions of the mountainous northeastern region.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rubber Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>headquartered at Kottayam, Kerala</strong>, under the <strong>administration of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
<li>The Board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in the country by assisting and encouraging research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber.</li>
<li><strong>Rubber Research Institute</strong> is under the Rubber Board.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the GM Rubber:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetic modification (GM)</strong></a> technology <strong>allows the transfer of genes for specific traits between species</strong> using laboratory techniques.</li>
<li>The GM rubber has <strong>additional copies of the gene MnSOD</strong>, or <strong>manganese-containing superoxide dismutase</strong>, inserted in the plant, which is<strong> expected to tide over the severe cold conditions during winter in the northeast.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MnSOD gene has the <strong>ability to protect plants from</strong> the adverse effects of severe environmental stresses such as <strong>cold and drought.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Natural rubber is <strong>a native of warm humid Amazon forests</strong> and is <strong>not naturally suited for the colder conditions in the Northeast</strong>, which is one of the largest producers of rubber in India.</li>
<li>Growth of young rubber plants remains suspended during the winter months, which are also characterised by progressive drying of the soil. This is the reason for the long immaturity period of this crop in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural Rubber:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Commercial Plantation Crop:</strong> Rubber is <strong>made from the latex</strong> of a tree called <strong>Hevea Brasiliensis</strong>. Rubber is largely perceived as a <strong>strategic industrial raw material</strong> and accorded special status globally for defence, national security and industrial development.</li>
<li><strong>Conditions for Growth:</strong> It is <strong>an equatorial crop</strong>, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Temperature:</strong> Above 25&deg;C with moist and humid climate.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall:</strong> More than 200 cm.</li>
<li><strong>Soil Type:</strong> Rich well drained alluvial soil.</li>
<li><strong>Cheap and adequate supply of skilled labour</strong> is needed for this plantation crop.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>British established the first rubber plantation in India in 1902</strong> on the banks of the river Periyar in <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
<li>India is currently the <strong>sixth largest producer of NR</strong> in the world with one of the highest productivity (694,000 tonnes in 2017-18).</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top Rubber Producing States</a>:</strong> Kerala &gt; Tamil Nadu &gt; Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives: Rubber Plantation Development Scheme</strong> and <strong>Rubber Group Planting Scheme</strong> are examples of government led initiatives for rubber.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>100% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow-touches-82-bn-in-fy21#:~:text=8%25)%2C%20respectively.-,Foreign%20Direct%20Investment,country%20(the%20host%20country)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> in plantations of rubber, coffee, tea, cardamom, palm oil tree and olive oil tree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Producers Globally:</strong> Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China and India.</li>
<li><strong>Major Consumers:</strong> China, India, USA, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s National Rubber Policy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Department of Commerce</strong> brought out the <strong>National Rubber Policy in March 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The policy includes several <strong>provisions to support the Natural Rubber (NR)</strong> production sector and the entire rubber industry value chain.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>covers</strong> new planting and replanting of rubber, support for growers, processing and marketing of natural rubber, labour shortage, grower forums, external trade, Centre-State integrated strategies, research, training, rubber product manufacturing and export, climate change concerns and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/carbon-market" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>carbon market</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It is based on the <strong>short term </strong>and<strong> long term strategies</strong> identified by the <strong>Task Force</strong> constituted on the rubber sector for mitigating problems faced by rubber growers in the country.</li>
<li>Developmental and research activities for supporting the NR sector for the welfare of growers are carried out through <strong>Rubber Board</strong> by implementing the <strong>scheme Sustainable and Inclusive Development of Natural Rubber</strong> <strong>Sector</strong> in the <strong>Medium Term Framework (MTF) (2017-18 to 2019-20).</strong></li>
<li>The developmental activities include f<strong>inancial and technical assistance for planting, supply of quality planting materials, support for grower forums, training and skill development programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-ever-genetically-modified-rubber-planted-in-assam/article34901294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8593,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of India has released funds for various activities of <strong>Farm Mechanization</strong> under the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) scheme.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare</strong> launched SMAM<strong> in 2014-15.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, subsidy is provided for purchase of various types of <strong>agricultural equipment and machinery</strong> to the extent of <strong>40-50% for States</strong> other than NER (North Eastern Region) States and<strong> for NER States it is 100% limited to Rs.1.25 lakhs per beneficiary.</strong></li>
<li>The agriculture ministry has also developed a Multilingual Mobile App, <strong>'CHC (Custom Hiring Centres)- Farm Machinery'</strong> which connects farmers with Custom Hiring Service Centres situated in their locality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing<strong> the reach of farm mechanization </strong>to <strong>small and marginal farmers</strong> and to the regions and difficult areas where farm power availability is low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoting<strong> &lsquo;Custom Hiring Centres&rsquo;</strong> and<strong> &lsquo;Hi-tech Hubs of High-Value Machines&rsquo;</strong> to offset the adverse economies of scale arising due to small and fragmented landholding and high cost of individual ownership.</li>
<li><strong>Creating awareness</strong> among stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building activities.</li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>performance testing and certification of agricultural machines</strong> at designated testing centres located all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-mission-on-agroforestry-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sub-Mission on Agroforestry Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichayee Yojana (PMKSY).</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organic-farming-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agriculture/Farm Mechanization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mechanised agriculture is the <strong>process of using agricultural machinery</strong> to mechanise the work of agriculture.</li>
<li>To boost up mechanization in the agriculture sector,<strong> improved agricultural implements and machinery are essential inputs. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Level of farm Mechanization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India stands at about 40-45%</strong> with states such as <strong>UP, Haryana and Punjab having very high</strong> mechanization levels, but <strong>north-eastern states having negligible</strong> mechanization.</li>
<li>This level of farm mechanization is still low as compared to countries such as the<strong> US (95 %), Brazil (75%) </strong>and<strong> China (57%).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It plays a <strong>vital role in optimizing the use of land,</strong> water energy resources, manpower and other inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc to <strong>maximize the productivity</strong> of the available cultivable area and <strong>make agriculture a more profitable and attractive profession for rural youth.</strong></li>
<li>It is one of the <strong>key drivers for the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sustainable development</a> of the agriculture sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduce workforce hence <strong>decreases farm employment.</strong></li>
<li>Use of machinery <strong>increases pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1726205" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8531,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bamboo Market Window on GeM Portal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government of India has dedicated a window <strong>&lsquo;The Green Gold Collection&rsquo;</strong> on the <strong>GeM (Government e-Marketplace) portal</strong> for the <strong>marketing of Bamboo Goods.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This window is the collective work of the <strong>National Bamboo Mission (NBM)</strong> and <strong>GeM.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It showcases a range of exquisitely handcrafted bamboo and bamboo products, handicrafts, disposals and office utility products on the GeM portal.</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to</strong> provide bamboo artisans, weavers and entrepreneurs in rural areas with market access to Government buyers.</li>
<li>It seeks <strong>to promote</strong> the adoption and <strong>use of bamboo products</strong> among Government buyers and usher a sustainable rural economy for an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Bamboo Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bamboo-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>restructured NBM</strong> </a>was launched in <strong>2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the complete value chain of the bamboo sector and is being<strong> implemented in a hub &amp; spoke model.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Hub &amp; Spoke&rdquo;</strong> model wherein the <strong>Mentor Institution</strong>, called the <strong>&ldquo;Hub&rdquo;</strong> is centralized and will have the responsibility of guiding the <strong>Mentee institution</strong> through the secondary branches the <strong>&ldquo;Spoke&rdquo;</strong> i.e. through the services provided to the mentee for self improvement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Connecting farmers to markets</strong> so as to enable farmer producers to get a ready market for the bamboo grown and to increase the supply of appropriate raw material to the domestic industry.</li>
<li>It also endeavours <strong>to upgrade skills</strong> of traditional bamboo craftsmen as per the requirement of contemporary markets with a tie-up with enterprises and premier institutes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government e-Marketplace:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gem-samvaad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GeM</strong></a> is <strong>a one-stop National Public Procurement Portal</strong> to facilitate online procurement of common use Goods &amp; Services required by various Central and State Government Departments/Organizations /Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).</li>
<li>The procurement of goods and services by Ministries and the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) is <strong>mandatory for goods and services available on GeM.</strong></li>
<li>It also provides the tools of <strong>e-bidding and reverse e-auction</strong> to facilitate the government users achieve the best value for their money.</li>
<li>At present, GeM has more than <strong>30 lakh products</strong>, over Rs. 10 lakh crore worth of transactions have happened so far at the portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched <strong>in 2016</strong> to bring transparency and efficiency in the government buying process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bamboo</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>18<sup>th</sup> September</strong> is observed as <strong>World Bamboo Day by the World Bamboo Organisation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India is the world&rsquo;s second-largest cultivator of bamboo</strong> after China, with <strong>136 species</strong> and <strong>23 genera</strong> spread over 13.96 million hectares, according to the <strong>State of Environment report 2018.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Green Gold</strong>, as bamboo is often known, is <strong>found everywhere in India.</strong></li>
<li>Known as <strong>&lsquo;poor man&rsquo;s timber&rsquo;</strong>, bamboo is omnipresent in tribal cultures and community living. Rural communities engage with bamboo handicrafts, textiles, artifacts, and household utilities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Examples </strong>include<strong> Tripura bamboo silks</strong>, heritage cuisines with roasted and pickled bamboo shoots, cultural symbols like the<strong> Assamese &lsquo;Jaapi&rsquo;</strong> (made of bamboo, cane, and palm), widely popular bamboo tree houses, machans, besides modern sustainable architectural concepts and musical instruments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken:</strong> National Bamboo Mission, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bamboo Clusters</strong></a>, Removal of Bamboo from &lsquo;Tree&rsquo; Category (<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a> was amended in 2017),</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1724238" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8523,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Crops Lost to Pests',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report, as much as <strong>40% of the world&rsquo;s agricultural crops</strong> are lost to pests each year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> declared 2020 as the <strong>International Year of Plant Health</strong>, which has been extended until 1<sup>st</sup> July, 2021.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Half of all <strong>emerging plant diseases</strong> are spread by <strong>global travel and trade</strong>, which have tripled in volume over the last decade.</li>
<li><strong>Weather</strong> is the second-most important factor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>increase the risk of pests spreading</strong> in agricultural and forestry ecosystems, especially in <strong>cooler <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arctic-concerns-opportunities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arctic</a>, <a href="/images/pdf/Environment%20&amp;%20Ecology%20(Quick%20Book)%20-For%20web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">boreal</a>, temperate and subtropical regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Controlling Invasive Pests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A single, <strong>unusually warm winter</strong> can be enough to assist the establishment of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invasive-species-charru-mussel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">invasive</a> pests.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fall-armyworm-fighting-the-pest-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fall armyworm pests</strong></a>, which feed on crops like maize, sorghum and millet and <strong>Tephritid fruit flies</strong> (that damage fruit and other crops) have already spread due to a warmer climate.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whiteflies-threat-to-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Desert locusts</strong> </a><strong>(the world&rsquo;s most destructive migratory pests)</strong>, are expected to change their migratory routes and geographical distribution because of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Plant Pests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It leaves <strong>millions of people without enough food to eat.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>adversely impacts agricultural activities</strong> and thereby, the primary source of income for rural poor communities.</li>
<li><strong>Invasive pests</strong> cost countries <strong>at least USD 70 billion annually</strong> and are one of the <strong>main drivers of biodiversity loss.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers should adopt and policymakers should encourage the use of <strong>environment-friendly methods</strong> such as integrated pest management.</li>
<li>To make trade safe, it is important to implement <strong>international plant health standards and norms</strong>, such as those developed by <strong>the International Plant Protection Convention (IPCC)</strong> and <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IPPC is a <strong>plant health treaty</strong> signed by over 180 countries including India.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>protect the world's plant resources</strong> from the spread and introduction of pests, and promote safe trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for <strong>more research as well as investment</strong> in strengthening national plant health systems and structures.</li>
<li>Policymakers and governments should ensure their decisions are based on <strong>sound preparation and data.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regularly monitoring plants and receiving early warning information</strong> about emerging threats, helps governments, agricultural officers and farmers take preventive and adaptive measures to keep plants healthy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pest Controlling Methods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The most popular methods of containing the pest include the use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified (GM)</strong> </a><strong>crops and pesticides</strong>, however, some armyworms have developed resistance to these tactics and are continuing to destroy crops.</li>
<li>Natural approaches, including <strong>breeding predators such as wasps</strong>, to be released into fields when necessary, as well as developing a <strong>&ldquo;germ warfare&rdquo;</strong> that isolates diseases to which the caterpillar (armyworm) is prone, are being explored by the scientists.</li>
<li><strong>A quarantine system</strong>, under which imports of grains and plants that can host such insects are inspected at shipping ports, airports and land border crossings is the first line of defence taken by the countries across the world.</li>
<li><strong>The quarantine system in India</strong> is governed by the <strong>Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order of 2003</strong>, which is notified under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act of 1914.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In India</strong>, quarantine responsibility lies with <strong>the Directorate of Plant Protection</strong>, Quarantine &amp; Storage (headquartered in Faridabad, Haryana). The short staffed directorate and the lack of a strong legislation have made the task of policing borders difficult in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/at-least-40-global-crops-lost-to-pests-every-year-fao-77252" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8498,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nano Urea Liquid: IFFCO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO)</strong> introduced the <strong>world's first Nano Urea Liquid</strong> for farmers across the world.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>one of India's biggest cooperative societies</strong> which is <strong>wholly owned by Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bihar-to-sell-kashmiri-apples" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cooperatives</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Founded in 1967</strong> with just 57 cooperatives, today it is an amalgamation of over 36,000 Indian Cooperatives with <strong>diversified business interests ranging from General Insurance to Rural Telecom</strong> apart from its core business of manufacturing and selling fertilisers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>enable Indian farmers to prosper through timely supply of reliable, high quality agricultural inputs and services</strong> in an environmentally sustainable manner and to undertake other activities to improve their welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>nutrient</strong> (liquid)<strong> to provide nitrogen to plants</strong> as an alternative to the conventional urea.</li>
<li>It is <strong>developed to replace conventional urea</strong> and it can <strong>curtail the requirement of the same by at least 50%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains 40,000 mg/L of nitrogen in a 500 ml bottle which is <strong>equivalent to the impact of nitrogen nutrient provided by one bag of conventional urea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conventional urea is effective 30-40%</strong> in delivering nitrogen to plants, while the effectiveness of the <strong>Nano Urea Liquid is over 80%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its <strong>effectiveness</strong> has been tested in over <strong>11,000 farmers&rsquo; fields for 94 crops like rice and wheat.</strong></li>
<li>An average <strong>8% increase in yield</strong> has been witnessed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed At:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been<strong> indigenously</strong> developed at <strong>Nano <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biotechnology</a> Research Centre, Kalol, Gujrat</strong> in line with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> and<strong> Atmanirbhar Krishi.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>dependent on imports</strong> to meet its<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subsidy-policy-for-urea-produced-from-coal-gasification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> urea requirements.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improves Plant Nutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been found effective and efficient for plant nutrition which<strong> increases the production with improved nutritional quality.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>boost a balanced nutrition program by reducing the excess use of Urea application</strong> in the soil and will make the crops stronger, healthier and protect them from <strong>lodging effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lodging</strong> is the bending over of the stems near ground level of grain crops, which makes them very difficult to harvest, and can <strong>dramatically reduce yield.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improves Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will also have a <strong>huge positive impact on the quality of underground water,</strong> a very <strong>significant reduction in global warming</strong> with an<strong> impact on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a> </strong>and<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable development.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase Farmers&rsquo; Income:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is easy on the pocket of farmers and will be effective in <strong>increasing farmers' income.</strong> It will also significantly <strong>bring down the cost of logistics and warehousing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iffco-launches-worlds-first-nano-liquid-urea-7338821/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8463,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Mission on use of Biomass in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Power has decided to set up a <strong>National Mission on use of Biomass in coal based thermal power plants.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed National Mission on biomass will also contribute to the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-clean-air-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It would further <strong>support the energy transition in the country</strong> and our targets to move towards <strong>cleaner energy sources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>address the issue of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/air-pollution-concerted-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">air pollution</a></strong> due to farm <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stubble-burning-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stubble burning</strong></a> and to <strong>reduce carbon footprints of thermal power generation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increase the <strong>level of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reducing-emissions-from-coal-based-power-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biomass co-firing</a> from present 5% to higher levels</strong> to have a larger share of carbon neutral power generation from the thermal power plants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Biomass co-firing</strong> stands for adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high efficiency coal boilers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Take up R&amp;D (Research &amp; Development)</strong> activity in boiler design to handle the higher amount of silica, alkalis in the biomass pellets.</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate overcoming the constraints in supply chain of biomass</strong> pellets and agro- residue and its transport upto to the power plants.</li>
<li>Consider <strong>regulatory issues in biomass co-firing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mission would have a <strong>Steering Committee headed by the Secretary (Ministry of Power)</strong> comprising all stakeholders including <strong>representatives from the Ministry of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas , Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy etc.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-thermal-power-corporation-limited" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation Limited</strong></a> will play a larger role in providing logistics and infrastructure support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The duration of the proposed National Mission would be a <strong>minimum 5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Reduce Pollution from Coal Power Plants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Stringent emission standards</strong> for coal based thermal power plants have been notified.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Compulsory adoption of emissions standards for installing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sulfur-dioxide-emission-norms-delayed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD)</strong> </a>units that cut emissions of toxic sulphur dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Approved automatic transfer of coal linkage from inefficient power plants</strong> <strong>to new supercritical plants</strong> subject to certain conditions to promote setting up of supercritical units in place of old ones.</li>
<li>Thermal power plants within 50 km of sewage treatment facilities will <strong>mandatorily use treated sewage water.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives to Reduce Air Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-india-will-shift-to-bs-vi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UJALA scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biomass</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Biomass</strong> is plant or animal material used as fuel to produce electricity or heat. Examples are wood, energy crops and waste from forests, yards, or farms.</li>
<li>Biomass has always been an <strong>important energy source for the country considering the benefits it offers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is<strong> renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral</strong> and has the potential to provide <strong>significant employment in the rural areas.</strong></li>
<li>It is also capable of providing firm energy. About <strong>32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass</strong> and more than <strong>70% of the country&rsquo;s population depends upon it</strong> for its energy needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biomass power &amp; cogeneration programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initiated by the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.</strong></li>
<li>For efficient utilization of biomass, <strong>bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass power generation</strong> have been taken up under the programme.</li>
<li><strong>Biomass materials used for power generation include</strong> Rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Promoting technologies for optimum use</strong> of the country's biomass resources for grid power generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1721473" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8435,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kharif Strategy for Oilseeds',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare</strong> has formulated <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kharif</a> Strategy 2021</strong> to achieve <strong>self-sufficiency in edible oils.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kharif Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are sown from June to July and Harvesting is done in between September-October.</li>
<li>Crops are: Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean etc.</li>
<li>States are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Kharif Strategy 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An ambitious plan for the<strong> free distribution of high yielding varieties of seeds</strong> to the farmers for the Kharif season 2021 in the form of mini-kits.</li>
<li>Strategy for both area and productivity enhancement has been formulated for <strong>soybean and groundnut</strong> under the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Food Security Mission (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm).</strong></a></li>
<li>It will bring an additional 6.37 lakh hectare area under oilseeds and is likely to produce 120.26 lakh quintals of oilseeds and edible oil amounting to 24.36 lakh quintals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basic Information Related to Oilseeds:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oilseed crops are the <strong>second most important determinant of the agricultural economy,</strong> next only to cereals within the segment of field crops. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The self-sufficiency in oilseeds attained through the<strong> &ldquo;Yellow Revolution&rdquo;</strong> during early 1990&rsquo;s, could not be sustained beyond a short period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Oilseed crops are <strong>primarily grown for the purpose of obtaining vegetable oils from them.</strong> Oil content in them varies from 20% in soybeans to 40% in sunflowers and canola (rapeseed).</li>
<li>India is able to produce a huge amount of oilseeds because of the favourable environmental conditions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Castor seed, sesamum, rapeseed, groundnut, mustard, soyabean, linseed, niger seed, sunflower and safflower are<strong> some of the important oilseeds India is known to produce.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite <strong>being the fifth largest oilseed crop producing country</strong> in the world, India is also <strong>one of the largest importers of vegetable oils</strong> today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India buys more than two-thirds of its total edible oil imports as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-resumes-purchase-of-malaysian-palm-oil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>palm oil</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has a marked position in the world in the production of a large amount of oilseeds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After China, India is the <strong>second largest producer of groundnut</strong> and is<strong> third in position in the production of Rapeseed</strong> after China and Canada.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Oilseeds Producing Areas in India are:</strong> Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Mission (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To augment the availability of edible oils and reduce the import of edible oils by increasing the production and productivity of oilseeds and oil palm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Merger of NMOOP under NFSM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Mission on Oilseeds &amp; Oil Palm (NMOOP)</strong> was<strong> launched in 2014-15</strong> and continued upto 2017-18.</li>
<li><strong>From 2018-19</strong> onwards, the NMOOP is<strong> being implemented under NFSM</strong> as NFSM-Oilseeds &amp; Oil palm comprising the <strong>sub components</strong> NFSM- <strong>Oilseeds,</strong> NFSM-<strong>Oil Palm</strong> and NFSM-<strong>Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Pronged Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing<strong> Seed Replacement Ratio (SRR)</strong> with focus on varietal replacement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SRR</strong> is the percentage of area sown out of total area of crop planted in the season by using certified/quality seeds other than the farm saved seed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Productivity improvement</strong> by adoption of proven and <strong>climatic resilient technologies</strong> like water saving devices (sprinklers/rain gun), zero tillage, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inter-cropping</strong></a>, relay cropping, strategic application of micronutrient and soil ameliorants.</li>
<li><strong>Area expansion</strong> through diversification of low yielding food grains.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Supporting cluster demonstrations</strong> for the adoption of good agricultural practices.</li>
<li><strong>Creation of 36 oilseed hubs</strong> with a focus on regional approach for larger availability of quality seeds.</li>
<li><strong>Post-harvest management</strong> at farm and village level.</li>
<li>Formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cost sharing pattern between Central and State Governments, is in the<strong> ratio of 60:40 for general category of States</strong> and <strong>90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States.</strong></li>
<li>For few interventions, like purchase of breeder seeds by both State and Central seed producing agencies, supply of seed mini-kits to the farmers, <strong>100% funding is provided by Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1720267" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8424,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Increased Subsidy on DAP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has<strong> increased the subsidy to 140% on Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertiliser</strong> in order to retain the selling price for farmers at the current level.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the international prices of phosphoric acid, ammonia etc. used in DAP have gone up by 60% to 70%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DAP is the <strong>second most commonly used fertiliser in India after urea.</strong></li>
<li>Farmers normally apply this fertiliser just before or at the beginning of sowing, as it is <strong>high in phosphorus (P) that stimulates root development.</strong></li>
<li>DAP (46% P, 18% Nitrogen) is the preferred source of Phosphorus for farmers. This is <strong>similar to urea,</strong> which is their <strong>preferred nitrogenous fertiliser</strong> containing 46% N.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Subsidy Scheme for Fertilisers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fertiliser-subsidy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>current scheme</strong></a>, the <strong>MRP of Urea is fixed but the subsidy can vary</strong> while <strong>MRP of DAP is decontrolled (i.e subsidy is fixed but the MRP can vary).</strong></li>
<li>All <strong>Non-Urea based fertilisers</strong> are regulated under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/refroming-nutrient-based-subsidy-regime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Regime:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the NBS regime &ndash; <strong>fertilizers are provided to the farmers at the subsidized rates based on the nutrients</strong> (N, P, K &amp; S) contained in these fertilizers.</li>
<li>Also, the fertilizers which are <strong>fortified with secondary and micronutrients</strong> such as molybdenum (Mo) and zinc are <strong>given additional subsidy.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>subsidy on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&amp;K) fertilizers is announced by the Government on an annual basis</strong> for each nutrient on a per kg basis &ndash; which are determined <strong>taking into account</strong> the international and domestic prices of P&amp;K fertilizers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/currency-exchange-rate-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exchange rate</strong></a>, inventory level in the country etc.</li>
<li>NBS policy intends to increase the consumption of P&amp;K fertilizers so that <strong>optimum balance (N:P:K= 4:2:1) of NPK fertilization</strong> is achieved.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This would improve soil health and as a result the yield from the crops would increase, resulting in enhanced income to the farmers.</li>
<li>Also, as the government expects rational use of fertilizers, this would also ease off the burden of fertilizer subsidy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>being implemented</strong> from April 2010 by the Department of Fertilizers, <strong>Ministry of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Related to NBS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Imbalance in Price of Fertilisers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Urea is left-out in the scheme and hence it remains under price control as NBS has been implemented only in other fertilizers.</li>
<li>There is an imbalance as the price of fertilizers (other than urea) &mdash; which were decontrolled have gone up from 2.5 to four times during the 2010-2020 decade.</li>
<li>However, since 2010, the price of urea has increased only by 11%. This has led to farmers using more urea than before, which has further worsened fertilizer imbalance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Costs on Economy and Environment :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fertilizer subsidy is the <strong>second-biggest subsidy after food subsidy,</strong> the NBS policy is not only damaging the fiscal health of the economy but also proving detrimental to the soil health of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black Marketing : Subsidised urea</strong> is getting diverted to bulk buyers/traders or even<strong> non-agricultural users</strong> such as plywood and animal feed makers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is being <strong>smuggled</strong> to neighbouring countries like<strong> Bangladesh and Nepal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications of Increasing the Subsidy on DAP :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As farmers will start sowing operations for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-kharif-crops-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kharif Crops</strong></a>, it is highly important for them to get the fertilisers at subsidised rate so as to keep<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-february-2021#:~:text=Inflation%20refers%20to%20the%20rise,commodities%20and%20services%20over%20time." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> inflation</strong></a> at check.</li>
<li>Politically, too, to turn down the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-s-protest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farmer protests</strong></a>, during the time of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid&rsquo;s second wave</strong></a>, is the last thing the government would want.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-has-the-modi-government-increased-subsidy-on-dap-7323687/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8365,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare</strong> has provided an enhanced allocation of <strong>Rs. 2250 Crore</strong> for the <strong>year 2021-22</strong> for<strong> &lsquo;Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture&rsquo; (MIDH).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horticulture</strong></a> is the branch of plant agriculture <strong>dealing with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. M.H. Marigowda</strong> is considered the <strong>Father of Indian Horticulture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> MIDH is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> </a>for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector <strong>covering</strong> fruits, vegetables, root &amp; tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo.</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare</strong> is implementing MIDH <strong>with effect from 2014-15.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MIDH is implemented<strong> under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green Revolution - Krishonnati Yojana.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> Under MIDH, <strong>Government of India (GoI)</strong> contributes<strong> 60% of total outlay</strong> for developmental programmes <strong>in all the states</strong> except states in North East and Himalayas,<strong> 40% share</strong> is contributed by <strong>State Governments.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the case of <strong>North Eastern States and Himalayan States, GoI contributes 90%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620890941_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620890941_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="549" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>MIDH Sub-Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Horticulture Mission (NHM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is being implemented by <strong>State Horticulture Missions (SHM)</strong> in selected districts of <strong>18 States and 6 Union Territories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Horticulture Mission for North East &amp; Himalayan States (HMNEH):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HMNEH is being implemented for overall <strong>development of Horticulture in North East and Himalayan states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Horticulture Board (NHB):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NHB is<strong> implementing various schemes under MIDH in all States and UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coconut Development Board (CDB):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CDB is <strong>implementing various schemes under MIDH in all Coconut growing states</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CIH was <strong>established at Medi Zip Hima, Nagaland in 2006-07</strong> for providing technical backstopping through <strong>capacity building and training of farmers</strong> and Field functionaries in the North Eastern Region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements of MIDH:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the <strong>year 2019-20,</strong> the country recorded its<strong> highest ever horticulture production of 320.77 million tonnes.</strong></li>
<li>MIDH has played a significant role in <strong>increasing the area under horticulture crops.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Area and production during the years 2014-15 to 2019-20 has increased by 9% and 14% respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has contributed significantly towards <strong>improving the quality of produce and productivity of farmland.</strong></li>
<li>The initiative of MIDH has not only resulted in<strong> India&rsquo;s self-sufficiency</strong> in the horticulture sector but also contributed towards achieving<strong> sustainable development goals of zero hunger,</strong> <strong>good health </strong>and <strong>wellbeing, no poverty, gender equality </strong>etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Horticulture sector is still facing a lot of challenges in terms of <strong>high post-harvest loss</strong> and <strong>gaps in post-harvest management </strong>and <strong>supply chain infrastructure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is <strong>tremendous scope for enhancing the productivity of Indian horticulture</strong> which is imperative to cater to the<strong> country&rsquo;s estimated demand of 650 Million MT of fruits and vegetables by the year 2050.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the new initiatives like focus on planting material production, cluster development programme, credit push through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agriculture-infrastructure-fund-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agri Infra Fund</strong></a>, formation and promotion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FPOs (Farmers Producer Organisations)</strong> </a>are the right steps in this direction.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1717447" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8355,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Beema Bamboo',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)</strong> has designed an<strong> &lsquo;oxygen park&rsquo;</strong> within its premises at Coimbatore with <strong>Beema Bamboo.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Beema Bamboo:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Beema or Bheema Bamboo</strong> is a superior clone, selected from <strong>Bambusa balcooa</strong>, a higher biomass yielding bamboo species. This bamboo clone has been developed by the conventional breeding method.</li>
<li>This species is <strong>considered to be one of the fastest-growing plants.</strong> It <strong>grows one-and-a-half feet per day</strong> under tropical conditions.</li>
<li>It is said to be the <strong>best &lsquo;carbon sink&rsquo;</strong> to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bambusa balcooa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bambusa balcooa is a very large, thick-walled, clumping bamboo, growing up to a height of 25 metres, and a thickness of 150 millimetres.</li>
<li>The <strong>length and strength</strong> of Bambusa balcooa make it <strong>a useful material for the construction industry.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>drought-resistant species</strong> with low rainfall requirements and can reach yields upwards of 100 metric tons per hectare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Permanent Green Cover:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As it is <strong>sterile</strong>, this bamboo does not produce any seed and does not die also for several hundred years and keeps growing without death. As a result, this particular bamboo species is <strong>able to establish permanent green cover.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Does Not Require Replanting for Decades:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the plants are produced <strong>through tissue culture</strong>, the <strong>culms grow almost solid and adapt</strong> to different soil and climatic conditions. After every harvest cycle, it re-grows and does not require replanting for decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A culm is the hollow stem of a grass or cereal plant, especially that bearing the flower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Mitigate Global Warming and Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As its rhizome and root formation provide a strong foundation, the plant becomes robust against natural forces and plays a major role in mitigating global warming and climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diverse Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The bamboo&rsquo;s calorific value is equal to that of coal.</strong> Cement industries are buying this bamboo species for their boilers. Bamboo fibre is used by the textile industry for making fabric and garments.</li>
<li>Experts from the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, are working on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beema-bamboo-crash-barrier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>design of crash barriers</strong></a> made of beema bamboo and coir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives Related to Bamboo</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bamboo Clusters:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has virtually inaugurated <strong>22 bamboo clusters in 9 states</strong> viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bamboo Mission (NBM)</strong>:</a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The restructured NBM</strong> was launched in <strong>2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the <strong>complete value chain of the bamboo</strong> sector and is being implemented in a <strong>hub (industry) and spoke model.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at <strong>connecting farmers</strong> to markets so as to enable farmer producers to get a ready market for the bamboo grown and to increase the <strong>supply of appropriate raw material</strong> to the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Bamboo from &lsquo;Tree&rsquo; Category:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Forest Act 1927</a> </strong>was <strong>amended in 2017</strong> to remove bamboo for the category of trees.</li>
<li>As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are about <strong>3 trillion trees</strong> on earth and there is enough space on the planet for planting an additional <strong>1.2 trillion trees</strong> that would have huge benefits in terms of absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide.</li>
<li>The <strong>Beema Bamboo</strong> can be an excellent choice for making the earth greener and mitigating climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/a-wonder-bamboo-from-tamil-nadu-to-mitigate-climate-change-76851#:~:text=A%20four%2Dyear%2Dold%20bamboo,based%20at%20Hosur%2C%20Tamil%20Nadu." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8272,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MACS 1407: Variety of Soybean',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian Scientists</strong> have developed <strong>a high-yielding and pest-resistant variety of soybean</strong>, called <strong>MACS 1407.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>MACS- Agharkar Research Institute, Pune</strong>, in collaboration with <strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi</strong> have developed it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>MACS 1407:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Using the conventional cross breeding technique, scientists developed <strong>MACS 1407</strong> which gives <strong>39 quintals per hectare</strong> making it <strong>a high yielding variety.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>requires an average 43 days for 50% flowering</strong> and takes 104 days to mature from the date of sowing.</li>
<li>It has white coloured flowers, yellow seeds and black hilum. Its seeds have <strong>19.81% oil content, 41% protein content and show good germinability.</strong></li>
<li>Its thick stem, higher pod insertion (7 cm) from ground, and resistance to pod shattering make it suitable even for <strong>mechanical harvesting.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>suitable for rain-fed conditions of north- east India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is suitable for cultivation in the states of Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and North-Eastern states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Variety is also <strong>resistant to major insect-pests</strong> like girdle beetle, leaf miner, leaf roller, stem fly, aphids, white fly and defoliators.</li>
<li>Its seeds will be made available to farmers for sowing during the <strong>2022 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kharif season</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is highly adaptive to sowing from <strong>20 June to 5 July</strong> without any yield loss. This makes it <strong>resistant to the vagaries of Monsoon</strong> as compared to other varieties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India produced around 90 million tons of soybean</strong>, widely cultivated as oil seeds as well as a cheap source of protein for animal feed and many packaged meals and is striving to be among the world&rsquo;s major producers of soybean.</li>
<li>High-yielding, disease resistant varieties of the legume can help achieve this target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kharif Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are <strong>sown</strong> from <strong>June to July</strong> and <strong>Harvesting</strong> is done in between <strong>September-October.</strong></li>
<li>Crops are: Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean etc.</li>
<li>States are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabi Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are <strong>sown</strong> from <strong>October to December</strong> and <strong>Harvesting</strong> is done in between <strong>April-June.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Crops are:</strong> Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard etc.</li>
<li><strong>States are:</strong> Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Zaid Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is <strong>a short season during the summer months</strong> known as the Zaid season.</li>
<li>Crops are: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1714852" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8043,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Revival of Millet Cultivation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=International%20Fund%20for%20Agricultural%20Development,poverty%2C%20hunger%2C%20and%20malnutrition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong></a> supported initiative to<strong> revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation,</strong> started in the year 2013-14 in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, has given new life to the forgotten crops.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IFAD is a specialized agency of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> and was one of the major outcomes of the <strong>1974 World Food Conference.</strong></li>
<li>Founded in 1977, IFAD<strong> focuses on rural poverty reduction,</strong> working with poor rural populations in developing countries to <strong>eliminate poverty, hunger, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Beginning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was started with <strong>1,497 women-farmers from 40 villages &ndash;</strong> mostly from the <strong>Gonda and Baiga tribes &ndash;</strong> growing these two minor millets (Kodo and Kutki) on 749 acres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seed and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The identified farmers were <strong>supplied good-quality seeds and trained by scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University</strong> in Jabalpur and the local Krishi Vigyan Kendra &ndash; on field preparation, line-sowing (as opposed to conventional broadcasting by hand) and application of compost, zinc, bavistin fungicide and other specific plant protection chemicals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self Help Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A federation of the <strong>farmers&rsquo; self-help groups</strong> undertook procurement of the produce and also its mechanical de-hulling (the traditional manual pounding process to remove husk from the grain was time-consuming).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Helped in increasing the <strong>number of farmers growing kodo-kutki</strong> in the project area <strong>to 14,301 in 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>Helped in increasing the acreage to 14,876 acres.</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>meeting nutritional goals</strong> (fighting malnourishment among children).</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>reviving millet cultivation</strong> (crop yields are 1.5-2 times higher than before).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Millets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Millets are often referred to as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/millets-superfood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Superfood</strong></a> and its production can be seen as an approach for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-and-changing-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable agriculture</strong> </a>and a healthy world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Millets in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three major millet crops currently grown in India are<strong> jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet) and ragi (finger millet).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Along with that, India grows a rich array of bio-genetically diverse and<strong> indigenous varieties of &ldquo;small millets&rdquo; like kodo, kutki, chenna and sanwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major producers</strong> include Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Reviving Millet Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nutritional Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are <strong>less expensive and nutritionally superior</strong> to wheat &amp; rice owing to their high protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals like iron content.</li>
<li>Millets are also<strong> rich in calcium and magnesium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> Ragi is known to have the highest calcium content among all the food grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> high iron content can fight high prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a></strong> in Indian women of reproductive age and infants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are also harder and <strong>drought-resistant crops,</strong> which has to do with their <strong>short growing season</strong> (70-100 days, as against 120-150 days for paddy/wheat) and<strong> lower water requirement</strong> (350-500 mm versus 600-1,200 mm).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As low investment is needed for production of millets, these can prove to be a sustainable income source for farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Tackle Health Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets can help<strong> tackle lifestyle problems and health challenges such as obesity and diabetes</strong> as they are<strong> gluten-free and have a low glycemic index</strong> (a relative ranking of carbohydrates in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are rich in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-radicals-may-not-be-all-bad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antioxidants</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preference for Wheat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wheat has gluten proteins that swell and form networks on adding water to the flour, making the dough more cohesive and elastic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resultant chapattis come out soft, which isn&rsquo;t possible with millets that are gluten-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Demand for Processed Food:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has seen a jump in consumer demand for <strong>ultra-processed and ready-to-eat products,</strong> which are high in sodium, sugar, trans-fats and even some carcinogens.</li>
<li>With the <strong>intense marketing of processed foods,</strong> even the rural population started perceiving mill-processed rice and wheat as more aspirational.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Act Promoting Other Grains:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In rural India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act of 2013</strong></a> entitles three-fourths of all households to <strong>5 kg of wheat or rice</strong> per person per month at Rs 2 and Rs 3 per kg, respectively, thus <strong>reducing the demand for millets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promoting Millets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Union Agriculture Ministry, in April 2018,<strong> declared millets as &ldquo;Nutri-Cereals&rdquo;,</strong> considering their &ldquo;high nutritive value&rdquo; and also &ldquo;anti-diabetic properties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>2018 was also observed as <strong>&lsquo;National Year of Millets&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in MSP:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> of Millets, which came as a big price incentive for farmers.</li>
<li>Further, to provide a steady market for the produce, the government has included millets in the public distribution system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Input Support:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has introduced provision of seed kits and inputs to farmers, building value chains through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> and supporting the marketability of millets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>United Nation General Assembly</strong> adopted an India-sponsored resolution to mark 2023 as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Year of Millets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farming of millets<strong> deserves encouragement</strong> especially in view of their climate resilience, short cropping duration and ability to grow on poor soils, hilly terrains and with little rain.</li>
<li>Because of their accessibility to the poor, they <strong>can play an essential role in providing nourishment to people across all income categories</strong> and supporting climate adaptation of rainfed farming systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-madhya-pradeshs-dindoi-a-un-backed-project-aims-to-put-millets-7249608/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7875,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sub-Mission on Agroforestry Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare </strong>signed a <strong>Memorandum of Understanding</strong> (MoU) with the <strong>Central Silk Board</strong> on <strong>a convergence model</strong> for the implementation of <strong>Agroforestry in the silk sector.</strong> It is a part of the ongoing <strong>Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF) Scheme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the Government of India allocated Rs. 2161.68 crores for three years i.e. 2017-2020 to its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme &lsquo;Silk Samagra&rsquo;</strong></a> for the development of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sericulture</strong></a> in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Convergence Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>incentivize the farmers to take up sericulture based Agroforestry</strong> models thereby contributing to the Make in India and Make for the World vision of the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This linkage will add another dimension to agroforestry for<strong> faster returns</strong> to the growers as well as <strong>support the production</strong> of the range of silks that India is famous for.</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Silk Board (CSB - under the Ministry of Textiles)</strong> will act as a catalyst to promote Agroforestry in the silk sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CSB</strong> is a statutory body established in the year <strong>1948 by an Act of Parliament.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The initiative of formalizing the collaboration in the sericulture sector is especially targeted for augmentation of sericulture host plants e.g.<strong> Mulberry, Asan, Arjuna, Som, Soalu, Kesseru, BadaKesseru, Phanat, etc.</strong> to be cultivated both as block plantations and border or peripheral plantations on farmlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Planting sericulture based tree species on the farm bunds and rearing silkworms will help in <strong>creating additional income opportunities for farmers besides their regular source of income</strong> from agriculture activities.</li>
<li>It will contribute to the Prime Minister's vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doubling-farmers-income-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers' income by 2022.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare</strong> (DAC &amp; FW) has been implementing the SMAF since <strong>2016-17</strong> as part of the recommendation of the <strong>National Agroforestry Policy 2014.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India was the <strong>first country to have such a comprehensive policy</strong> which was launched at the World Agroforestry Congress held in Delhi in February 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme is implemented <strong>only in the states having liberalized transit regulations for the transport of timber</strong> and will be extended to other states as and when such relaxations are notified by them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, the scheme is being implemented in<strong> 20 States and 2 UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme <strong>promotes endemic species or tree species that come with medicinal value.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Exotic species are not promoted by the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To encourage farmers to <strong>plant multi-purpose trees</strong> together<strong> with the agriculture crops for climate resilience and an additional source of income</strong> to the farmers, as well as <strong>enhanced feedstock</strong> to inter alia wood-based and herbal industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is operational under the funding pattern<strong> 60:40 (Central government: State government)</strong> basis for all states except for 8 states of North East Region, the hilly states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand where it would be<strong> 90:10</strong> fund sharing. For Union Territories (UTs), the assistance will be 100% from the Central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Farmers would be supported financially to the extent of<strong> 50% of the actual cost of the interventions</strong> (limited to 50% of the estimated cost as indicated in the Cost norms) for the respective interventions.</li>
<li><strong>Farmers groups/Cooperatives</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producers Organization (FPO)</strong></a> can also avail the benefit of the programme but the assistance can be accessed as per norms and provisions applicable to the individual farmers.</li>
<li>At least <strong>50% of the allocation is to be utilized for small, marginal farmers</strong> of which at least <strong>30% should be women beneficiaries/farmers.</strong> Further <strong>16% &amp; 8%</strong> of the total allocation or in proportion of SC/ST population in the district will be utilized for <strong>Special Component Plan (SCP) and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP)</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>Farmers <strong>must have a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/soil-health-card-scheme-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">soil health card</a></strong> to get the benefit under the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for Farmers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Food Security Mission</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichayee Yojana (PMKSY)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/refroming-nutrient-based-subsidy-regime#:~:text=Under%20NBS%2C%20the%20fertilizers%20are,zinc%20are%20given%20additional%20subsidy." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Programme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Gokul Mission</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organic-farming-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agroforestry</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agroforestry is defined as a <strong>land use system which integrates trees and shrubs on farmlands and rural landscapes to enhance productivity, profitability, diversity and ecosystem sustainability.</strong></li>
<li>It is a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resource management system that, through <strong>integration of woody perennials on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production and builds social institutions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sericulture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>agro-based industry.</strong></li>
<li>It involves <strong>rearing of silkworms</strong> for the production of raw silk, which is the yarn obtained out of cocoons spun by certain species of insects.</li>
<li>The<strong> major activities</strong> of sericulture consist of <strong>food-plant cultivation</strong> to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and<strong> reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament</strong> for value-added benefits such as processing and weaving.</li>
<li>Domesticated silkworms (Bombyx mori) are raised for the purpose of sericulture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silk Production in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> five major types of silk</strong> of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are <strong>Mulberry, Oak Tasar &amp; Tropical Tasar, Muga and Eri.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Except for mulberry, other <strong>non-mulberry varieties of silks are wild silks, known as vanya silks.</strong></li>
<li>India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk.</li>
<li><strong>South India is the leading silk producing area of the country</strong> and is also known for its famous silk weaving enclaves like Kancheepuram, Dharmavaram, Arni, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1703050" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7831,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Purple Revolution Under Aroma Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Around 500 farmers across villages in Doda district in Jammu <strong>had their incomes quadrupled after shifting from maize to lavender cultivation</strong> which is being called <strong>purple revolution.</strong> It was possible due to initiatives taken under <strong>Aroma Mission.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Purple Revolution (Under Aroma Mission):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First-time farmers were given free lavender saplings and those who have cultivated lavender before were charged Rs. 5-6 per sapling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>support domestic aromatic crop based agro economy</strong> by moving from imported aromatic oils to homegrown varieties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Products:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Main product is <strong>Lavender oil</strong> which sells for at least Rs. 10,000 per litre</li>
<li><strong>Lavender water</strong>, which separates from lavender oil, is used to make incense sticks.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogels-with-tunable-bactericidal-activities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrosol</strong></a>, which is formed after distillation from the flowers, is used to make soaps and room fresheners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Agencies Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></a> and <strong>Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu (IIIM Jammu)</strong>, the two bodies are mainly responsible for making purple revolution under the Aroma Mission a success.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from being in sync with government policy of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doubling-farmers-income-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farm incomes</strong></a> by 2022, lavender cultivation also provided employment to the district&rsquo;s women farmers thus gave impetus to inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aroma Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> The CSIR Aroma Mission is envisaged to <strong>bring transformative change in the aroma sector through desired interventions</strong> in the areas of agriculture, processing and product development for fuelling the growth of aroma industry and rural employment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The mission will promote the cultivation of aromatic crops for essential oils that are in great demand by the aroma industry.</li>
<li>It is expected to enable Indian farmers and aroma industry <strong>to become global leaders in the production and export</strong> of some other essential oils on the pattern of menthol mint.</li>
<li>It aims to provide <strong>substantial benefits to the farmers in achieving higher profits</strong>, utilization of waste lands and protection of their crops from wild and grazing animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agencies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The nodal laboratory is CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow. The participating laboratories are CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scientific interventions made under the mission project would provide assured benefits to the growers of <strong>Vidarbha, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, Marathwada, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha</strong> and other states where farmers are exposed to frequent episodes of weather extremes and account for maximum suicides.</li>
<li>Aromatic Plants include lavender, damask rose, mushk bala, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intended Outcomes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bring about 5500 ha of additional area under captive cultivation aromatic cash crops particularly targeting rain-fed /degraded land across the country.</li>
<li>Provide <strong>technical and infrastructural support for distillation</strong> and values-addition to farmers/growers all over the country.</li>
<li>Enabling <strong>effective buy-back mechanisms</strong> to assure remunerative prices to the farmers/growers.</li>
<li>Value-addition to essential oils and aroma ingredients for their integration in global trade and economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/jammu-s-purple-revolution-lavender-brings-in-scent-of-profit-for-doda-farmers-75714" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Animal Husbandry',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A variety of policy concerns and the ongoing discussion over <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong></a> have fixed the spotlight on <strong>infrastructure investments necessary</strong> to boost productivity levels and fill critical gaps in production especially in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal Husbandry</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the bulk of establishments in this sector is <strong>concentrated in rural India,</strong> the <strong>socio-economic relevance</strong> of this sector cannot be overstated.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Animal husbandry refers to <strong>livestock raising and selective breeding.</strong> It is the management and <strong>care of animals in which the genetic qualities</strong> and behavior of animals are further developed for profit.</li>
<li>A large number of<strong> farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood.</strong> It supports the livelihood of <strong>almost 55% of the rural population.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Economic Survey-2021</a>,</strong> the <strong>contribution of Livestock</strong> in total agriculture and allied sector <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-value-added" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Value Added</strong></a> (at Constant Prices) has <strong>increased from 24.32% (2014-15) to 28.63% (2018-19).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is the <strong>highest livestock owner of the world.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census</strong></a>, the total <strong>Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country</strong> showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Animal rearing has<strong> multidimensional potential.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/operation-greens-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Operation Flood</strong></a>, launched in 1970, <strong>helped dairy farmers direct their own development, increased milk production</strong> ("a flood of milk"), augmented rural incomes and ensured reasonable prices for consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>contributed significantly to the empowerment of women</strong> and has increased their income and role in society.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>major risk mitigation approach for small and marginal farmers,</strong> particularly across the rain-fed regions of India.</li>
<li>It is at the <strong>centre of poverty alleviation programs</strong> from equity and livelihood standpoints.</li>
<li>Livestock productivity has been identified as <strong>one of the seven sources of income</strong> growth by the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Committee under the government&rsquo;s target of doubling farmers' income by the year 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Non-availability</strong> of superior <strong>quality breeding bulls.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Poor quality of semen</strong> produced by many of the laboratories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Shortage of <strong>fodder resources and ineffective control of animal diseases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absence of field oriented conservation</strong> strategy for indigenous breeds.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of skills and quality services</strong> to farmers for improving productivity and <strong>improper infrastructure</strong> to support the sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives to Boost this Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund</a> (AHIDF):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> This is the first major fund launched by the government that includes a diverse set of stakeholders such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO)</strong></a>, private dairy players, individual entrepreneurs, and non-profits within its ambit.</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> June 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Fund:</strong> It has been set up with an outlay of Rs.15,000 crore.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To support private investment in Dairy Processing, value addition and cattle feed infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Incentives</strong> will be given for establishing plants for export of <strong>niche products.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A niche product is a product targeting a specific section of a larger industry and market. Niche products are often (but not always) more expensive than more generic products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also support the establishment of <strong>animal feed plants of varying capacities &ndash;</strong> including setting up <strong>of mineral mixture plants, silage making units, and animal feed testing laboratory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Animal Disease Control Programme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been launched for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-to-control-fmd-and-brucellosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis</strong></a> with a total outlay of Rs.13,343 crore to ensure 100% vaccination of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Gokul Mission</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To develop and conserve indegenous breeds of bovine population.</li>
<li>To enhance milk production and to make it more remunerative to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Livestock Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2014-15.</li>
<li>To ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Artificial Insemination Programme</strong></a>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To suggest novel methods of bringing about impregnation in female breeds.</li>
<li>To prevent the spread of certain diseases which are genital in nature, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the breed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If investments are undertaken in a timely manner, even as the country seeks an exit out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>-induced economic slowdown, pressure will be reduced across the farm sector with immense benefits for the entire economy.</li>
<li>Macro benefits regarding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change</strong></a> and employment are linked to the Animal Husbandry sector and <strong>enhanced infrastructure</strong> can make processing units more energy-efficient and help mitigate their carbon footprint.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/new-paradigm-in-animal-husbandry/article33907193.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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