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'description' => 'A Smooth Sea never made a skilled Sailor. — Franklin D. Roosevelt
This is the second piece in the series of my articles that help UPSC aspirants develop the right mindset to prepare for the civil services exam. In the first article I talked about leaving the college mindset and start thinking like an officer in order to become one.
In this article my focus will be to do a bit of handholding to the fresh aspirants who have just taken the..',
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$description = 'A Smooth Sea never made a skilled Sailor. — Franklin D. Roosevelt
This is the second piece in the series of my articles that help UPSC aspirants develop the right mindset to prepare for the civil services exam. In the first article I talked about leaving the college mindset and start thinking like an officer in order to become one.
In this article my focus will be to do a bit of handholding to the fresh aspirants who have just taken the..'
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'description' => '<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><em><strong>A Smooth Sea never made a skilled Sailor. — Franklin D. Roosevelt</strong></em></span></p>
<p>This is the second piece in the series of my articles that help UPSC aspirants develop the right mindset to prepare for the civil services exam. In the first article I talked about leaving the college mindset and start thinking like an officer in order to become one.</p>
<p>In this article my focus will be to do a bit of handholding to the fresh aspirants who have just taken the path of this tedious yet achievable goal of becoming a civil servant. You might be aware or may be scared about the kind of lifestyle you need to adopt in order to sail through this voyage. Many of the senior players in the UPSC field or old school aspirants would suggest you to buy a bunch of ‘best books’ and lock yourself in a room for at least a year so that you don’t get distracted until you achieve your goal. This advice may turn out to be useful but more often than not it may be counterproductive. Though I don’t discount the importance of rigorous preparation which is a must by any standards, but it has to be done in the realm of one’s ordinary life without becoming a hermit.</p>
<p>UPSC is looking for candidates who are as knowledgeable as they are compassionate. As intellectually competent as they are emotionally competent. Therefore, it is very difficult to develop a well-rounded personality secluding yourself from the society and immersing yourself into the ocean of books and notes with waves of study material coming your way.</p>
<p>The mind of an average UPSC aspirant is flooded with questions like “When to study”, “When to take break”; “What to do for recreation?”, “What should be the daily routine?” and many more.</p>
<p>I am amused to see these new age coaching websites giving a minute-to minute schedule for an aspirant right from brushing the teeth to doing a quick video call with the family. I feel pity, at the same time, for the aspirants who look forward to these schedules by falling prey to the marketing gimmicks, not understanding that they are matured enough to make their own schedule or more importantly that they aim to acquire key posts in the administrative set up and run the country!!</p>
<p>Also, I am not very confident about the candidates who are saddened by the fact that there is so much to study and at the same time get angry at the coaching institutes for taking extra classes or giving more assignments during the festive breaks. My humble suggestion to such candidates is that preparing for UPSC is a choice that nobody is forced into, one has to be worthy enough to make that choice.</p>
<p>UPSC preparation, arguably, is a way of life. Thus, UPSC preparation has to be ingrained in the daily life with the lion’s share of our daily routine going to the preparation if one is a full time aspirant.</p>
<p>Balance is an oft quoted word in the course of preparation and it has to be a part of your daily life too. There is no perfect “number of hours” that one has to study in order to ace the exam. But a prudent balance is required between your studying capacity, syllabus and your health. If you exert too much pressure on your mind and body, you may achieve short term targets but it will become impossible to sustain this practice.</p>
<p>Similarly, your daily schedule should also be balanced giving you adequate amount of time for exercise, meditation, games or recreation. But again, here you have to understand how much is enough and exceeding that may hamper your preparation schedule.</p>
<p>Now coming to breaks. I am not a supporter of dedicated breaks during study hours. If you pre decide your break time and duration, you will be more eager to wait for the break time. Also, if some unforeseen things happen or you may feel tired after studying on a particular day(s) for any reason, you may end up taking more breaks than desired. So, I would suggest that you should take breaks when you feel like, but after you come back from break, try and revise whatever you study before the break. This way your breaks are assisting you in instant revision. Also, some people take an absolute break on Sundays where they deliberately don’t study anything in order to justify the break. Though it may sound very professional and cool, but according to me a better way to take a break is to use that time to plan for the coming week or month, or may be watch some inspirational or strategy videos so as to be connected with the preparation.</p>
<p>Now I would like to throw some light on one of the main engagements that most of us have these days! Social Media. The fresh aspirants coming from diverse educational backgrounds get a feeling of awesomeness when they study the upsc syllabus and current affairs. There is a natural urge for them to show their newly acquired knowledge to others and end up into long debates with strangers over the internet. Though you may feel you won the debate or your arguments were obviously more logical and profound, but this is not going to help you in any stage of the civil services exam.</p>
<p>The other constant in any aspirant’s life is demotivation, disappointment and failures. Try and understand that this exam is to test your mental strength, courage and perseverance. So, getting disappointed on getting less marks in test or not being able to study for targeted hours is a very small aspect of the big exam. It is the courage by which you rebound and recover the lost ground will decide your fate. So, challenges will be there and the one who is able to overcome these challenges will go across. It is very natural to be scared initially before diving into the ocean of UPSC but into sail through you need to fight through the small waves that come across your way. Also remember that</p>
<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><strong><em>"Waves are inspiring not because they rise and fall, but because each time they fall, they never fail to rise again" — RW Emerson</em></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><strong><em><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631181650_8aaa5e14-158a-4ee8-a0be-6471a877b6b3.JPG" width="153" height="194" caption="false" /><br /><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #343494;"> <span style="font-size: 12px;">Amol Srivastava </span></span><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #343494;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">AIR 83 UPSC CSE 2017</span> </span></em></strong></span></p>',
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'description' => '<p>On a car journey through spiraling roads in Himalayan pine forests, we encountered a rare and sudden jam in a remote area. When we got down, we saw much ahead the lower slope was burning, some cars returning and people guessing how the fire started. The dhaba-wala was throwing water with buckets on the trees on fire to save their little setup. By the time I reached my village, neither people were home nor there was any forest fire. All of them had averted the spreading flames by a daylong emptying of water buckets into the forest.</p>
<p>Anthropogenic or natural forest fires are not the only problem that ail forests worldwide. Deforestation and forest degradation owing to agriculture expansion, the spread of invasive species, clearing for developmental projects and over harvesting by commercial players are responsible for shrinking global forests. Forests are an important part of the nature cycle, water cycle and food cycle, attracting natural rainfall, housing immense biodiversity, natural food, fuel, fodder and provide a range of ecosystem services. Their role as carbon sink and oxygen generators attributes to them the 'lungs of earth' status. They are responsible for micro-climate regulation and mitigating climate change, preventing soil erosion, landslides, floods and even dampening the impact of tsunamis and cyclones in coastal areas. The cultural services granted by forests include recreation, health and spiritual benefits.</p>
<p>Globally between 2015 to 2020, approximately 10 million hectares of forest area loss per year has happened as per the FAO State of Forests Report. Being home to the majority of terrestrial biodiversity and still being under continued loss, calls for sustainable forest management and reforestation.</p>
<h3><strong>Sustainable Forest Management</strong></h3>
<p>Sustainably managing forest refers to maximising the benefits of forests provided it is economically and ecologically viable and socially just to the local community. It takes care of the needs of the present generation while not compromising the resources for future ones. This leads to an overall increase in the health of forests and the planet simultaneously boosting livelihood support to people and improving ecosystem services provided by forests.</p>
<h3><strong>Stakeholders of Sustainable Forest Management</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government:</strong> The most important one as it frames the policies and regulations dealing with forests. In year 2011, United National Future Policy Award for forest was presented to Rwanda government for its exemplary policies towards conservation and sustainable development of forest from border to border.</li>
<li><strong>People:</strong> People living in or near forests are another important stakeholder as they value forests as a whole not just for their economic benefits.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial users:</strong> Timber and other forest-based goods companies predominantly consider forests as an economic resource to be exploited.</li>
<li><strong>NGOs and environmentalists:</strong> Often work towards the goals of sustainable management and regeneration of forests.</li>
<li><strong>Educational and research institutes:</strong> That raise awareness among children, youth and other participants on forest value, deforestation and reforestation. Research establishments are engaged in monitoring forest health, deforestation, regeneration and new technologies for these. They help governments in framing regional policies appropriate for sustainable forest management.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Reforestation</strong></h3>
<p>Replanting trees in areas previously covered by forest that were lost to deforestation from natural or anthropogenic sources is defined as reforestation. The alarming rate of global temperature rise makes the need for SFM and forest expansion urgent now more than ever. Forests in themselves are dynamic living entities with an equal (as humans) right to survive and flourish even without being used by external systems.</p>
<h3><strong>Innovations for SFM and Reforestation</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Landmark innovative legislations:</strong> In 2019, El Salvador recognised forests as living entities with their own rights, making it a responsibility of all citizens to care for and respect forests. In another recent law, the European Union banned the import of products originating from deforested lands anywhere in the world. In 2006, India adopted Forest Rights Act recognising the rights of forest dwelling communities, increasing their access to forest and a chance to self-rehabilitate jungles. But so far only 3% of rights have been transferred as counter-acting national or state-level acts exist. It is necessary for states to work on new comprehensive legislations that help regulate the rights and the roles of stakeholders to help achieve sustainable forest management. The need for strict legislation on spreading only indigenous tree species in respective regions also should be catered to.</li>
<li><strong>Land covers or activities that encroach on forests:</strong> increasing agriculture outputs from same patch of land lies at the base of tackling deforestation. Additionally, innovation in supply and need for forest-based products like timber may help in reducing the negative impact of industry on forests. Introduction of corporate social responsibilities by companies that consume forest products and emit carbon dioxide is a positive step. Agroforestry innovations help in boosting agriculture output at the same time increasing forest cover in rural and urban farmlands. Sustainable Agro-works, Odisha has agro-forestry model working with farmers. Saytrees plants multi-layer fruit and timber trees on farmlands. Several startups are working on food forest models providing sustainable livelihood to rural communities. Anandaa farm near Chandigarh is an example of a permaculture food forest. Shifting timber companies to timber plantations is a smart strategy. In the US, genetically modified poplar trees that grow faster, absorb more carbon have been developed and planted. The effort seeks to meet demands of timber industry reducing load on forests for both wood and carbon sequestration. Use of engineered wood products should be promoted in place of pure wood as they utilise wood scraps to manufacture wooden products. Cross-laminating timber is successfully used by a company called XLam, Australia. Wood DNA-based tracking of illegal logging is being used in Australia to preserve forests. Mandatory timber recycling policies need to be framed for reducing wood wastage. Avani Bioenergy NGO uses fallen pine needles to prevent forest fires and generate electricity in Uttarakhand.</li>
<li><strong>Educational and research innovations:</strong> teaching outdoors, nature walks, and curriculum based outdoor experiments are great initiatives at an early phase in children's life being conducted in School Forests of USA. Seed pencils and seed balls are another small but unique practice to bring participation of children in forest care. Satellite imagery, laser data, GPS, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and other remote sensing techniques are being used to map and monitor forests and biodiversity by research institutions.</li>
<li><strong>Social innovations</strong>: tribal communities of Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Rajasthan (Chipko aandolan, Appiko movement, Bishnoi community) have traditionally set a benchmark for people's role in forest management. Some countries have adopted community based or tribal forest management to use their indigenous knowledge for local forests. Social innovation leads to better co-operation between different stakeholders and supports rural livelihoods. 'Forest Sharing' is an innovative concept emerging in Europe where most of the forest land is privately owned.</li>
<li><strong>Innovation for reforestation:</strong> drones have been used for speedy reforestation. Platforms like Ecoasia, a web browser plant trees for your every few searches. Greenstands application links tree growers and funders. Quick forest regeneration using Miyaki technique is being employed by 'Billion Towards the Global Trillion', India. Environmentalists, forest lovers and grassroot communities have not just reforested but turned new lands to forests regenerating whole landscapes (Examples: Aranya Tamil Nadu by Mr D. Saravanan regenerated 100 acres forest; a cooperative in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu under Piyush Manush conserved rainwater to regenerate forest; Ms. Sabarmatee in Orissa formed NGO Sambhav reinstating degraded forest land; Manvendra and his team regenerated 500 acres of dry land into forest using traditional wisdom). Aravalli biodiversity park was converted to 350 acres forest from a sand mine by joint effort of locals, NGO (I am Gurgaon) and ecologist Vijay Dhasmana. A coastal village of Orissa -Barakot under the animal lover Mr Vijay Kumar Kavi regenerated 25 acres mangrove forest. Even in the cold desert of Kinnaur retired bureaucrat Mr MD Negi afforested 65 acres of land.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Strong legislations towards a forest regenerative goal are needed worldwide. El Salvador has been able to regenerate its forest by involving farmers and the local community in regeneration. Forest laws need to identify properly all the stakeholders and establish clear roles and rights for each. Due recognition needs to be given to resident communities in such legislations. NGOs and research institutions should facilitate the latest developed skillsets and technologies through periodic programmes for villages living in forests. Mandatory recycling of timber products, support to products based on fast-regenerating trees like bamboo, poplar should be promoted. Agroforestry and forest regeneration of wasteland for commercial purposes should be focused on. Artificial intelligence, remote sensing and big data solutions should be utilised to revive forests. Financial incentives and aid to communities and individuals involved would promote the mass involvement in SFM and provide a ray of hope for our forests.</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Sakshi Naithani</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679390453_image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679390453_image.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Sakshi has done her Masters in Geography from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. in natural hazard risk assessment from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing-Kumaun University. When not engaged in research work, she loves to write poetry.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy refers to the use of sub-national actors and organizations to further the interests of a state in the international arena. It is a concept that has gained prominence in recent years as countries look for alternative ways to pursue their foreign policy goals. In this </span><span data-contrast="auto">blog</span><span data-contrast="auto">, we will examine the significance of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy, the background of Indian foreign policy, the importance of para-diplomacy, its implementation in practice, and the criticisms and challenges it faces.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Background on Indian Foreign Policy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The foreign policy of India has evolved significantly since its independence in 1947. India's early foreign policy focused on non-alignment, a strategy that avoided formal alliances with either the Western or Eastern blocs during the Cold War. Over time, India has shifted towards a more pragmatic foreign policy, pursuing closer economic and security ties with the United States and other major powers.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the primary institution responsible for formulating and implementing India's foreign policy. It is responsible for managing India's diplomatic relations with other countries and international organizations. The MEA is supported by a network of Indian missions and consulates abroad, which are responsible for promoting India's interests and strengthening its ties with other countries.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy and its Importance</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy can play an essential role in complementing the efforts of traditional diplomacy by leveraging the resources and expertise of sub -national actors. This can include NGOs, religious leaders, cultural organizations, and the Indian diaspora. These actors can be instrumental in promoting India's interests and values and can also help to build bridges with other countries and cultures.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">One of the critical advantages of para-diplomacy is that it can broaden the reach and impact of a state's foreign policy. By working with a range of sub – national actors, a state can engage with a broader range of audiences and stakeholders beyond the traditional diplomatic corps. This can help to build greater understanding and support for a state's foreign policy goals.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Another advantage of para diplomacy is that it can help to create new and innovative ways of pursuing foreign policy goals. For example, Indian NGOs can play a crucial role in promoting development cooperation, human rights, and environmental sustainability. They can also serve as necessary intermediaries between the Indian government and other countries and international organizations.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The role of the Indian diaspora in para-diplomacy is also significant. The Indian diaspora is a global community of people of Indian origin who are spread across the world. They can play an essential role in promoting India's interests and values and can help to build bridges between India and other countries. For example, the Indian diaspora can help boost trade and investment between India and the countries where they reside and help build cultural ties and understanding.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy in Practice</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">In recent years, para diplomacy has gained prominence as a new way for countries to pursue their foreign policy objectives. With its large and influential diaspora community, India has been at the forefront of exploring the potential of para diplomacy. </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Examples of Para diplomacy in Indian Foreign Policy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The use of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy can be traced back to the early 1990s when India started using its diaspora community as a tool to enhance its economic and political influence abroad. India's diaspora community has been instrumental in promoting the country's interests in various regions of the world, including the Middle East, Africa, and the United States. For instance, the Indian diaspora in the United States has played a crucial role in advocating for Indian interests in the US Congress and in various other forums.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Para diplomacy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian diaspora is one of the world's largest and most influential diaspora communities, with millions of Indians living and working in various countries across the globe. The Indian diaspora has been an essential component of India's foreign policy. The Indian government has been actively engaging with the diaspora through various initiatives such as the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, which is a biannual event that brings together members of the Indian diaspora from around the world.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian diaspora has been instrumental in promoting India's economic interests abroad. Indian diaspora communities have established businesses and invested in various sectors, including technology, healthcare, and finance, which have helped to enhance India's economic presence in these countries. The Indian diaspora has also promoted cultural exchange and highlighted India's cultural and historical heritage.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">The Role of the Indian Military in Para diplomacy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian military has actively promoted India's foreign policy objectives, particularly in the Indian Ocean region. The Indian army has been involved in various peacekeeping missions, disaster relief operations, and other humanitarian efforts, which have helped to enhance India's reputation and influence in the region. The Indian military has also been involved in various capacity-building initiatives, such as training programs for military personnel from other countries, which have helped to build trust and enhance India's reputation as a responsible global power.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Criticisms and Challenges</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Despite its potential benefits, para diplomacy in Indian foreign policy has faced criticism and challenges. One of the limitations of para-diplomacy is that it operates outside the formal structure of international relations and can often lead to inconsistencies in foreign policy. For example, while Indian corporations may be promoting Indian economic interests, their actions may not align with the government's foreign policy objectives. Additionally, para diplomacy can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency, as non-state actors may be subject to different regulations than state actors.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Another criticism of para-diplomacy is that it can undermine the role of the state in shaping international relations. Critics argue that the increased influence of non-state actors in shaping foreign policy can dilute the state's authority. For example, corporations may prioritize their own interests over the national interest, leading to conflicting objectives between the state and non-state actors.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Pdiplomacy in Indian foreign policy faces numerous challenges in its implementation. One of the main challenges is the need for coordination between the state and non-state actors. This lack of coordination can lead to inconsistencies in foreign policy and undermine the effectiveness of para-diplomacy. Additionally, para diplomacy is often limited by the need for more resources and infrastructure, making it difficult for non-state actors to engage in foreign policy.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">To conclude</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">In conclusion, para-diplomacy has become essential for Indian foreign policy in recent years. While it has the potential to further various objectives such as economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and people-to-people engagement, it also faces criticism and challenges in its implementation. Despite these challenges, para-diplomacy is likely to play an increasingly important role in Indian foreign policy in the future. The future of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy will depend on the ability of the state and non-state actors to work together effectively and overcome the challenges posed by the implementation of para-diplomacy. By addressing these challenges, India can leverage the potential of para-diplomacy to achieve its foreign policy objectives and promote its interests in the international arena.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000; background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Prateek Chatterjee </strong></span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="none"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679133146_image1.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="none">He is a writer who is passionate about breaking down complex subjects and communicating them clearly and concisely. Whether through articles, blog posts, or marketing copy, he loves helping people understand and engage with difficult ideas & notions.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":300,"335559740":384}"> </span></p>',
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'title' => 'Beyond Dams: Searching for Sustainable Hydropower ',
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'description' => '<p>Conventionally, sustainable hydropower has been used across the world on a small scale to run water-wheel-based flour mills. The 18th century advancement in technical knowledge of hydraulic machines led to early hydropower-based energy. Further developments in harnessing electrical energy from water in the 19th century coupled with erstwhile growing energy demand for the industrial revolution paved the way for hydroelectric power and the 20th century, hydropower provisions emerged in the form of large dams and have since then been widely designated as clean energy.</p>
<p>In an impending climate crisis, hydro energy presented nations with a source of pollution-free renewable energy. It decreased the reliance on and purchase of greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels. The countries with hydroelectric potential soon developed and even over-exploited their capacity to generate hydroelectricity. However, with the increasing focus on the overall impacts of large dams, the west started decommissioning some of the major dams. In Europe alone, more than 200 dams were decommissioned in 2021. In the US nearly 1700 dams were dismantled in almost a century.</p>
<p>In developing nations however, hydroelectricity is still considered an attractive source of clean energy and lasrge dams like Three Gorges, Tehri dam and Itaipu dam have come to the rescue of China, India and Brazil to meet the rapidly growing energy demands as they try to climb up the development ladder. Now the question emerges: what led to removal of dams in the West?</p>
<h3><strong>Cons of Dams:</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dams accumulate water in large reservoirs that alter the local ecology. The natural flow of the river is disrupted.</li>
<li>Migration and spawning routes of fishes and other aquatic species are disturbed. High fish mortality is also associated with existing turbines.</li>
<li>Proliferation of invasive species where new non-native fishes are introduced in reservoirs to boost fisheries.</li>
<li><strong>Huge environmental footprint:</strong> Loss of massive forest and arable lands under reservoirs occurs. The latest studies suggest that supposed green hydro energy is not so green as the submerged plants decay over time and produce harmful methane. Reservoir formation also leads to habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity.</li>
<li><strong>Social impact:</strong> Dams displace millions of people, often stripping away the culture of indigenous communities, who after several years continue to suffer from the lack of sense of belonging at new places.</li>
<li><strong>Landslide:</strong> Seasonal fluctuation in reservoir water results in landslides along reservoir rim. The slides also add to sedimentation of the reservoir.</li>
<li><strong>Flooding:</strong> Sometimes built to regulate frequent flooding of rivers, dams of late have become a source of amplified flooding with climate change-induced erratic rainfall becoming extreme events in higher mountain areas. Dam management releases huge amounts of water downstream, at times without warning. During the Kedarnath disaster (2013), Srinagar dam released water impounding the low-lying areas of town with debris. On another occasion Rishi Ganga dam broke down due to flash floods increasing the misery of both locals and administration.</li>
<li><strong>Economic viability:</strong> Cost of hydro infrastructure, rehabilitation and establishment of townships is very high.</li>
</ul>
<p>As a native of Himalayan village, I often justified damification of Himalayan rivers in local debates and my own contemplations. I painted the veneer of infrastructure development (especially roads) in inaccessible Himalayan regions. Perhaps, it was biased by the languishing of a child to easily visit her ancestral home in remote Himalaya. By the time I finished my master's dissertation on Tehri dam, I was well aware of similar yearnings of displaced people, the only difference being that I had migrated by choice, and they were displaced without choice. The breaking of Rishi Ganga dam changed my perception of dams and brought to fore how in most of the world and particularly tectonically active fragile Himalayan terrain, these dams were not so green and sustainable.</p>
<h3><strong>Sustainable Hydropower</strong></h3>
<p>That apart from the several limitations of dams brings us to how then we can harness energy from water sustainably. Sustainable use of water resources means fulfilling the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. The decrease in Salmon populations in Klamath river has called for proposals to dismantle (what will be the biggest to be removed) Iron Gate dam in the US. In India, high frequency of dams on rivers have threatened the existence of several freshwater species, including the majestic Ganga River dolphin.</p>
<h3><strong>Improvement in Existing Dam Sites</strong></h3>
<p>Providing better quality turbines that allow for fish movement is an important upgrade to make existing facilities more sustainable. Another way to increase their suitability is swapping infrastructure to more energy efficient categories. A third and much needed path is to create natural bypass fishways. Established prominently in dams of Canada, these allow for alternate pathways for fish, birds and mammals reinstating the natural ecosystems. Role of dams in amplification of disaster losses of climate induced disasters in India, particularly in Himalayan terrain indicates that sustainable hydropower lies in looking beyond dams.</p>
<p>Small run-of-river projects that do not involve reservoir formation escape several of the drawbacks associated with large reservoir-based dams. In the past such projects have largely followed diversion of water through tunnel technique. Despite returning the flow to river the construction of tunnels under mountains may lead to disasters like Joshimath Tapovan-Vishnugad project (a run-of-river project) reportedly pierced through aquifer, releasing substantial amounts of water ensuing subsidence of the township overtime. Sustainable run-of-river hydropower can be harnessed by putting floating buoys or mini hydropower plants directly into the river. The buoys are anchored at the bottom of the river and harness only kinetic energy of running water to provide electricity day and night. Emerging designs of such buoys have been installed on river Danube in Austria. The fish do not pass through such turbines, adding to the additional advantage of such setups.</p>
<p><strong>Whirlpool turbines:</strong> Gravitational Water Vortex power plants tap inherent energy generated in a vortex. The turbine transforms rotational energy of water into electrical energy. It takes an inlet stream from the main channel and deposits water back to it. One such plant prototype was installed in the Ober-Grusendorf River in Austria. Such plants are very low impact and claim to have turbines that let fishes pass through without any harm.</p>
<h3><strong>New Avenues in Damless Hydropower</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal power:</strong> Profitable tidal energy production is limited to places where the gap between high tide and low tide is at least 10 feet.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tidal turbines:</strong> The world's first commercial level tidal stream generator was installed in Strangford Lough, UK. MeyGen, Scotland happens to be the biggest submerged tidal turbine project in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Tidal fences:</strong> It refers to vertical axial turbines mounted on an array or fences on the seabed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wave energy:</strong> Capturing tremendous wave energy has been made possible by on or below surface devices (like attenuator, point absorbers, pressure differential, oscillating wave energy converters) that are anchored at seabed. Prototype or fully operational plants are located across the world. Pelmis device in Portugal is an example of on surface installation CETO technologies have developed submerged devices set up on Australian shores.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology</strong> utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water of the ocean and cool deep ocean waters to produce electricity. The process requires a minimum temperature difference of 20 degree celsius. Such plants may have open, closed or hybrid cycles. Kona coast, Hawaii has this type of plant installation.</li>
<li><strong>Salinity Gradient based technologies</strong> are emerging to tap osmotic pressure of saline water into hydroelectricity. Another type of salinity gradient based technique uses reverse electrodialysis to generate power.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3>
<p>Certainly, the future of green hydropower generation lies in shifting focus towards innovative technology that is much less invasive to the environment, has a low impact on human counterparts and at the same time is cost-effective. But many of these remain costly as they are still in the stages of development and pilot testing. Making their manufacturing more economical will push to greater use of these devices. Some of the instream turbines, however, have half the building cost of traditional dams. Ocean-based hydropower certainly holds a promising future in switching to sustainability. A rigorous and continued effort to make safe turbine blades where these free-standing systems are supposed to encounter marine animals, like the case with axial turbines. Some of the models that do not let the animals pass through may be better options for both streams and oceans. A crucial way to keep new technologies relevant over time is upgrading equipment, recycling and real-time research.</p>
<p>The water calls,</p>
<p>For the free falls.</p>
<p>Tortoise, tigers and tribes fight,</p>
<p>Free flowing rivers are our right.</p>
<p>River weeps over artificial turbines,</p>
<p>Stop impounding in the name of 'white coal' mines.</p>
<p>Search for energy in new horizons,</p>
<p>Harness the power of moon tides and super Suns.</p>
<p>Look at the mighty Ocean,</p>
<p>Where hydro energy wonders are waiting to happen.</p>
<p><strong><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><span data-contrast="auto" xml:lang="EN-US" lang="EN-US" class="TextRun Highlight SCXW39586856 BCX0"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW39586856 BCX0">Sakshi Naithani</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW39586856 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}"> </span></span></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678705765_Sakshi%20Naithani.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678705765_Sakshi Naithani.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Sakshi has done her Masters in Geography from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. in natural hazard risk assessment from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing-Kumaun University. When not engaged in research work, she loves to write poetry.</p>',
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'title' => 'Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Forest Management and Reforestation ',
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'description' => '<p>On a car journey through spiraling roads in Himalayan pine forests, we encountered a rare and sudden jam in a remote area. When we got down, we saw much ahead the lower slope was burning, some cars returning and people guessing how the fire started. The dhaba-wala was throwing water with buckets on the trees on fire to save their little setup. By the time I reached my village, neither people were home nor there was any forest fire. All of them had averted the spreading flames by a daylong emptying of water buckets into the forest.</p>
<p>Anthropogenic or natural forest fires are not the only problem that ail forests worldwide. Deforestation and forest degradation owing to agriculture expansion, the spread of invasive species, clearing for developmental projects and over harvesting by commercial players are responsible for shrinking global forests. Forests are an important part of the nature cycle, water cycle and food cycle, attracting natural rainfall, housing immense biodiversity, natural food, fuel, fodder and provide a range of ecosystem services. Their role as carbon sink and oxygen generators attributes to them the 'lungs of earth' status. They are responsible for micro-climate regulation and mitigating climate change, preventing soil erosion, landslides, floods and even dampening the impact of tsunamis and cyclones in coastal areas. The cultural services granted by forests include recreation, health and spiritual benefits.</p>
<p>Globally between 2015 to 2020, approximately 10 million hectares of forest area loss per year has happened as per the FAO State of Forests Report. Being home to the majority of terrestrial biodiversity and still being under continued loss, calls for sustainable forest management and reforestation.</p>
<h3><strong>Sustainable Forest Management</strong></h3>
<p>Sustainably managing forest refers to maximising the benefits of forests provided it is economically and ecologically viable and socially just to the local community. It takes care of the needs of the present generation while not compromising the resources for future ones. This leads to an overall increase in the health of forests and the planet simultaneously boosting livelihood support to people and improving ecosystem services provided by forests.</p>
<h3><strong>Stakeholders of Sustainable Forest Management</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government:</strong> The most important one as it frames the policies and regulations dealing with forests. In year 2011, United National Future Policy Award for forest was presented to Rwanda government for its exemplary policies towards conservation and sustainable development of forest from border to border.</li>
<li><strong>People:</strong> People living in or near forests are another important stakeholder as they value forests as a whole not just for their economic benefits.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial users:</strong> Timber and other forest-based goods companies predominantly consider forests as an economic resource to be exploited.</li>
<li><strong>NGOs and environmentalists:</strong> Often work towards the goals of sustainable management and regeneration of forests.</li>
<li><strong>Educational and research institutes:</strong> That raise awareness among children, youth and other participants on forest value, deforestation and reforestation. Research establishments are engaged in monitoring forest health, deforestation, regeneration and new technologies for these. They help governments in framing regional policies appropriate for sustainable forest management.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Reforestation</strong></h3>
<p>Replanting trees in areas previously covered by forest that were lost to deforestation from natural or anthropogenic sources is defined as reforestation. The alarming rate of global temperature rise makes the need for SFM and forest expansion urgent now more than ever. Forests in themselves are dynamic living entities with an equal (as humans) right to survive and flourish even without being used by external systems.</p>
<h3><strong>Innovations for SFM and Reforestation</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Landmark innovative legislations:</strong> In 2019, El Salvador recognised forests as living entities with their own rights, making it a responsibility of all citizens to care for and respect forests. In another recent law, the European Union banned the import of products originating from deforested lands anywhere in the world. In 2006, India adopted Forest Rights Act recognising the rights of forest dwelling communities, increasing their access to forest and a chance to self-rehabilitate jungles. But so far only 3% of rights have been transferred as counter-acting national or state-level acts exist. It is necessary for states to work on new comprehensive legislations that help regulate the rights and the roles of stakeholders to help achieve sustainable forest management. The need for strict legislation on spreading only indigenous tree species in respective regions also should be catered to.</li>
<li><strong>Land covers or activities that encroach on forests:</strong> increasing agriculture outputs from same patch of land lies at the base of tackling deforestation. Additionally, innovation in supply and need for forest-based products like timber may help in reducing the negative impact of industry on forests. Introduction of corporate social responsibilities by companies that consume forest products and emit carbon dioxide is a positive step. Agroforestry innovations help in boosting agriculture output at the same time increasing forest cover in rural and urban farmlands. Sustainable Agro-works, Odisha has agro-forestry model working with farmers. Saytrees plants multi-layer fruit and timber trees on farmlands. Several startups are working on food forest models providing sustainable livelihood to rural communities. Anandaa farm near Chandigarh is an example of a permaculture food forest. Shifting timber companies to timber plantations is a smart strategy. In the US, genetically modified poplar trees that grow faster, absorb more carbon have been developed and planted. The effort seeks to meet demands of timber industry reducing load on forests for both wood and carbon sequestration. Use of engineered wood products should be promoted in place of pure wood as they utilise wood scraps to manufacture wooden products. Cross-laminating timber is successfully used by a company called XLam, Australia. Wood DNA-based tracking of illegal logging is being used in Australia to preserve forests. Mandatory timber recycling policies need to be framed for reducing wood wastage. Avani Bioenergy NGO uses fallen pine needles to prevent forest fires and generate electricity in Uttarakhand.</li>
<li><strong>Educational and research innovations:</strong> teaching outdoors, nature walks, and curriculum based outdoor experiments are great initiatives at an early phase in children's life being conducted in School Forests of USA. Seed pencils and seed balls are another small but unique practice to bring participation of children in forest care. Satellite imagery, laser data, GPS, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and other remote sensing techniques are being used to map and monitor forests and biodiversity by research institutions.</li>
<li><strong>Social innovations</strong>: tribal communities of Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Rajasthan (Chipko aandolan, Appiko movement, Bishnoi community) have traditionally set a benchmark for people's role in forest management. Some countries have adopted community based or tribal forest management to use their indigenous knowledge for local forests. Social innovation leads to better co-operation between different stakeholders and supports rural livelihoods. 'Forest Sharing' is an innovative concept emerging in Europe where most of the forest land is privately owned.</li>
<li><strong>Innovation for reforestation:</strong> drones have been used for speedy reforestation. Platforms like Ecoasia, a web browser plant trees for your every few searches. Greenstands application links tree growers and funders. Quick forest regeneration using Miyaki technique is being employed by 'Billion Towards the Global Trillion', India. Environmentalists, forest lovers and grassroot communities have not just reforested but turned new lands to forests regenerating whole landscapes (Examples: Aranya Tamil Nadu by Mr D. Saravanan regenerated 100 acres forest; a cooperative in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu under Piyush Manush conserved rainwater to regenerate forest; Ms. Sabarmatee in Orissa formed NGO Sambhav reinstating degraded forest land; Manvendra and his team regenerated 500 acres of dry land into forest using traditional wisdom). Aravalli biodiversity park was converted to 350 acres forest from a sand mine by joint effort of locals, NGO (I am Gurgaon) and ecologist Vijay Dhasmana. A coastal village of Orissa -Barakot under the animal lover Mr Vijay Kumar Kavi regenerated 25 acres mangrove forest. Even in the cold desert of Kinnaur retired bureaucrat Mr MD Negi afforested 65 acres of land.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Strong legislations towards a forest regenerative goal are needed worldwide. El Salvador has been able to regenerate its forest by involving farmers and the local community in regeneration. Forest laws need to identify properly all the stakeholders and establish clear roles and rights for each. Due recognition needs to be given to resident communities in such legislations. NGOs and research institutions should facilitate the latest developed skillsets and technologies through periodic programmes for villages living in forests. Mandatory recycling of timber products, support to products based on fast-regenerating trees like bamboo, poplar should be promoted. Agroforestry and forest regeneration of wasteland for commercial purposes should be focused on. Artificial intelligence, remote sensing and big data solutions should be utilised to revive forests. Financial incentives and aid to communities and individuals involved would promote the mass involvement in SFM and provide a ray of hope for our forests.</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Sakshi Naithani</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679390453_image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679390453_image.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Sakshi has done her Masters in Geography from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. in natural hazard risk assessment from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing-Kumaun University. When not engaged in research work, she loves to write poetry.</p>',
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'title' => 'Para diplomacy-A New Way for Indian Foreign Policy?',
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'description' => '<p><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy refers to the use of sub-national actors and organizations to further the interests of a state in the international arena. It is a concept that has gained prominence in recent years as countries look for alternative ways to pursue their foreign policy goals. In this </span><span data-contrast="auto">blog</span><span data-contrast="auto">, we will examine the significance of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy, the background of Indian foreign policy, the importance of para-diplomacy, its implementation in practice, and the criticisms and challenges it faces.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Background on Indian Foreign Policy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The foreign policy of India has evolved significantly since its independence in 1947. India's early foreign policy focused on non-alignment, a strategy that avoided formal alliances with either the Western or Eastern blocs during the Cold War. Over time, India has shifted towards a more pragmatic foreign policy, pursuing closer economic and security ties with the United States and other major powers.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the primary institution responsible for formulating and implementing India's foreign policy. It is responsible for managing India's diplomatic relations with other countries and international organizations. The MEA is supported by a network of Indian missions and consulates abroad, which are responsible for promoting India's interests and strengthening its ties with other countries.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy and its Importance</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy can play an essential role in complementing the efforts of traditional diplomacy by leveraging the resources and expertise of sub -national actors. This can include NGOs, religious leaders, cultural organizations, and the Indian diaspora. These actors can be instrumental in promoting India's interests and values and can also help to build bridges with other countries and cultures.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">One of the critical advantages of para-diplomacy is that it can broaden the reach and impact of a state's foreign policy. By working with a range of sub – national actors, a state can engage with a broader range of audiences and stakeholders beyond the traditional diplomatic corps. This can help to build greater understanding and support for a state's foreign policy goals.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Another advantage of para diplomacy is that it can help to create new and innovative ways of pursuing foreign policy goals. For example, Indian NGOs can play a crucial role in promoting development cooperation, human rights, and environmental sustainability. They can also serve as necessary intermediaries between the Indian government and other countries and international organizations.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The role of the Indian diaspora in para-diplomacy is also significant. The Indian diaspora is a global community of people of Indian origin who are spread across the world. They can play an essential role in promoting India's interests and values and can help to build bridges between India and other countries. For example, the Indian diaspora can help boost trade and investment between India and the countries where they reside and help build cultural ties and understanding.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Para diplomacy in Practice</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">In recent years, para diplomacy has gained prominence as a new way for countries to pursue their foreign policy objectives. With its large and influential diaspora community, India has been at the forefront of exploring the potential of para diplomacy. </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Examples of Para diplomacy in Indian Foreign Policy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The use of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy can be traced back to the early 1990s when India started using its diaspora community as a tool to enhance its economic and political influence abroad. India's diaspora community has been instrumental in promoting the country's interests in various regions of the world, including the Middle East, Africa, and the United States. For instance, the Indian diaspora in the United States has played a crucial role in advocating for Indian interests in the US Congress and in various other forums.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Para diplomacy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian diaspora is one of the world's largest and most influential diaspora communities, with millions of Indians living and working in various countries across the globe. The Indian diaspora has been an essential component of India's foreign policy. The Indian government has been actively engaging with the diaspora through various initiatives such as the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, which is a biannual event that brings together members of the Indian diaspora from around the world.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian diaspora has been instrumental in promoting India's economic interests abroad. Indian diaspora communities have established businesses and invested in various sectors, including technology, healthcare, and finance, which have helped to enhance India's economic presence in these countries. The Indian diaspora has also promoted cultural exchange and highlighted India's cultural and historical heritage.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">The Role of the Indian Military in Para diplomacy</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">The Indian military has actively promoted India's foreign policy objectives, particularly in the Indian Ocean region. The Indian army has been involved in various peacekeeping missions, disaster relief operations, and other humanitarian efforts, which have helped to enhance India's reputation and influence in the region. The Indian military has also been involved in various capacity-building initiatives, such as training programs for military personnel from other countries, which have helped to build trust and enhance India's reputation as a responsible global power.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Criticisms and Challenges</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Despite its potential benefits, para diplomacy in Indian foreign policy has faced criticism and challenges. One of the limitations of para-diplomacy is that it operates outside the formal structure of international relations and can often lead to inconsistencies in foreign policy. For example, while Indian corporations may be promoting Indian economic interests, their actions may not align with the government's foreign policy objectives. Additionally, para diplomacy can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency, as non-state actors may be subject to different regulations than state actors.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Another criticism of para-diplomacy is that it can undermine the role of the state in shaping international relations. Critics argue that the increased influence of non-state actors in shaping foreign policy can dilute the state's authority. For example, corporations may prioritize their own interests over the national interest, leading to conflicting objectives between the state and non-state actors.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">Pdiplomacy in Indian foreign policy faces numerous challenges in its implementation. One of the main challenges is the need for coordination between the state and non-state actors. This lack of coordination can lead to inconsistencies in foreign policy and undermine the effectiveness of para-diplomacy. Additionally, para diplomacy is often limited by the need for more resources and infrastructure, making it difficult for non-state actors to engage in foreign policy.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">To conclude</span></b><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></h3>
<p><span data-contrast="auto">In conclusion, para-diplomacy has become essential for Indian foreign policy in recent years. While it has the potential to further various objectives such as economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and people-to-people engagement, it also faces criticism and challenges in its implementation. Despite these challenges, para-diplomacy is likely to play an increasingly important role in Indian foreign policy in the future. The future of para-diplomacy in Indian foreign policy will depend on the ability of the state and non-state actors to work together effectively and overcome the challenges posed by the implementation of para-diplomacy. By addressing these challenges, India can leverage the potential of para-diplomacy to achieve its foreign policy objectives and promote its interests in the international arena.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000; background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Prateek Chatterjee </strong></span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="none"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1679133146_image1.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></span></p>
<p><span data-contrast="none">He is a writer who is passionate about breaking down complex subjects and communicating them clearly and concisely. Whether through articles, blog posts, or marketing copy, he loves helping people understand and engage with difficult ideas & notions.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":300,"335559740":384}"> </span></p>',
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'title' => 'Beyond Dams: Searching for Sustainable Hydropower ',
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'description' => '<p>Conventionally, sustainable hydropower has been used across the world on a small scale to run water-wheel-based flour mills. The 18th century advancement in technical knowledge of hydraulic machines led to early hydropower-based energy. Further developments in harnessing electrical energy from water in the 19th century coupled with erstwhile growing energy demand for the industrial revolution paved the way for hydroelectric power and the 20th century, hydropower provisions emerged in the form of large dams and have since then been widely designated as clean energy.</p>
<p>In an impending climate crisis, hydro energy presented nations with a source of pollution-free renewable energy. It decreased the reliance on and purchase of greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels. The countries with hydroelectric potential soon developed and even over-exploited their capacity to generate hydroelectricity. However, with the increasing focus on the overall impacts of large dams, the west started decommissioning some of the major dams. In Europe alone, more than 200 dams were decommissioned in 2021. In the US nearly 1700 dams were dismantled in almost a century.</p>
<p>In developing nations however, hydroelectricity is still considered an attractive source of clean energy and lasrge dams like Three Gorges, Tehri dam and Itaipu dam have come to the rescue of China, India and Brazil to meet the rapidly growing energy demands as they try to climb up the development ladder. Now the question emerges: what led to removal of dams in the West?</p>
<h3><strong>Cons of Dams:</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dams accumulate water in large reservoirs that alter the local ecology. The natural flow of the river is disrupted.</li>
<li>Migration and spawning routes of fishes and other aquatic species are disturbed. High fish mortality is also associated with existing turbines.</li>
<li>Proliferation of invasive species where new non-native fishes are introduced in reservoirs to boost fisheries.</li>
<li><strong>Huge environmental footprint:</strong> Loss of massive forest and arable lands under reservoirs occurs. The latest studies suggest that supposed green hydro energy is not so green as the submerged plants decay over time and produce harmful methane. Reservoir formation also leads to habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity.</li>
<li><strong>Social impact:</strong> Dams displace millions of people, often stripping away the culture of indigenous communities, who after several years continue to suffer from the lack of sense of belonging at new places.</li>
<li><strong>Landslide:</strong> Seasonal fluctuation in reservoir water results in landslides along reservoir rim. The slides also add to sedimentation of the reservoir.</li>
<li><strong>Flooding:</strong> Sometimes built to regulate frequent flooding of rivers, dams of late have become a source of amplified flooding with climate change-induced erratic rainfall becoming extreme events in higher mountain areas. Dam management releases huge amounts of water downstream, at times without warning. During the Kedarnath disaster (2013), Srinagar dam released water impounding the low-lying areas of town with debris. On another occasion Rishi Ganga dam broke down due to flash floods increasing the misery of both locals and administration.</li>
<li><strong>Economic viability:</strong> Cost of hydro infrastructure, rehabilitation and establishment of townships is very high.</li>
</ul>
<p>As a native of Himalayan village, I often justified damification of Himalayan rivers in local debates and my own contemplations. I painted the veneer of infrastructure development (especially roads) in inaccessible Himalayan regions. Perhaps, it was biased by the languishing of a child to easily visit her ancestral home in remote Himalaya. By the time I finished my master's dissertation on Tehri dam, I was well aware of similar yearnings of displaced people, the only difference being that I had migrated by choice, and they were displaced without choice. The breaking of Rishi Ganga dam changed my perception of dams and brought to fore how in most of the world and particularly tectonically active fragile Himalayan terrain, these dams were not so green and sustainable.</p>
<h3><strong>Sustainable Hydropower</strong></h3>
<p>That apart from the several limitations of dams brings us to how then we can harness energy from water sustainably. Sustainable use of water resources means fulfilling the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. The decrease in Salmon populations in Klamath river has called for proposals to dismantle (what will be the biggest to be removed) Iron Gate dam in the US. In India, high frequency of dams on rivers have threatened the existence of several freshwater species, including the majestic Ganga River dolphin.</p>
<h3><strong>Improvement in Existing Dam Sites</strong></h3>
<p>Providing better quality turbines that allow for fish movement is an important upgrade to make existing facilities more sustainable. Another way to increase their suitability is swapping infrastructure to more energy efficient categories. A third and much needed path is to create natural bypass fishways. Established prominently in dams of Canada, these allow for alternate pathways for fish, birds and mammals reinstating the natural ecosystems. Role of dams in amplification of disaster losses of climate induced disasters in India, particularly in Himalayan terrain indicates that sustainable hydropower lies in looking beyond dams.</p>
<p>Small run-of-river projects that do not involve reservoir formation escape several of the drawbacks associated with large reservoir-based dams. In the past such projects have largely followed diversion of water through tunnel technique. Despite returning the flow to river the construction of tunnels under mountains may lead to disasters like Joshimath Tapovan-Vishnugad project (a run-of-river project) reportedly pierced through aquifer, releasing substantial amounts of water ensuing subsidence of the township overtime. Sustainable run-of-river hydropower can be harnessed by putting floating buoys or mini hydropower plants directly into the river. The buoys are anchored at the bottom of the river and harness only kinetic energy of running water to provide electricity day and night. Emerging designs of such buoys have been installed on river Danube in Austria. The fish do not pass through such turbines, adding to the additional advantage of such setups.</p>
<p><strong>Whirlpool turbines:</strong> Gravitational Water Vortex power plants tap inherent energy generated in a vortex. The turbine transforms rotational energy of water into electrical energy. It takes an inlet stream from the main channel and deposits water back to it. One such plant prototype was installed in the Ober-Grusendorf River in Austria. Such plants are very low impact and claim to have turbines that let fishes pass through without any harm.</p>
<h3><strong>New Avenues in Damless Hydropower</strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal power:</strong> Profitable tidal energy production is limited to places where the gap between high tide and low tide is at least 10 feet.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tidal turbines:</strong> The world's first commercial level tidal stream generator was installed in Strangford Lough, UK. MeyGen, Scotland happens to be the biggest submerged tidal turbine project in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Tidal fences:</strong> It refers to vertical axial turbines mounted on an array or fences on the seabed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wave energy:</strong> Capturing tremendous wave energy has been made possible by on or below surface devices (like attenuator, point absorbers, pressure differential, oscillating wave energy converters) that are anchored at seabed. Prototype or fully operational plants are located across the world. Pelmis device in Portugal is an example of on surface installation CETO technologies have developed submerged devices set up on Australian shores.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology</strong> utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water of the ocean and cool deep ocean waters to produce electricity. The process requires a minimum temperature difference of 20 degree celsius. Such plants may have open, closed or hybrid cycles. Kona coast, Hawaii has this type of plant installation.</li>
<li><strong>Salinity Gradient based technologies</strong> are emerging to tap osmotic pressure of saline water into hydroelectricity. Another type of salinity gradient based technique uses reverse electrodialysis to generate power.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3>
<p>Certainly, the future of green hydropower generation lies in shifting focus towards innovative technology that is much less invasive to the environment, has a low impact on human counterparts and at the same time is cost-effective. But many of these remain costly as they are still in the stages of development and pilot testing. Making their manufacturing more economical will push to greater use of these devices. Some of the instream turbines, however, have half the building cost of traditional dams. Ocean-based hydropower certainly holds a promising future in switching to sustainability. A rigorous and continued effort to make safe turbine blades where these free-standing systems are supposed to encounter marine animals, like the case with axial turbines. Some of the models that do not let the animals pass through may be better options for both streams and oceans. A crucial way to keep new technologies relevant over time is upgrading equipment, recycling and real-time research.</p>
<p>The water calls,</p>
<p>For the free falls.</p>
<p>Tortoise, tigers and tribes fight,</p>
<p>Free flowing rivers are our right.</p>
<p>River weeps over artificial turbines,</p>
<p>Stop impounding in the name of 'white coal' mines.</p>
<p>Search for energy in new horizons,</p>
<p>Harness the power of moon tides and super Suns.</p>
<p>Look at the mighty Ocean,</p>
<p>Where hydro energy wonders are waiting to happen.</p>
<p><strong><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><span data-contrast="auto" xml:lang="EN-US" lang="EN-US" class="TextRun Highlight SCXW39586856 BCX0"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW39586856 BCX0">Sakshi Naithani</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW39586856 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}"> </span></span></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678705765_Sakshi%20Naithani.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678705765_Sakshi Naithani.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Sakshi has done her Masters in Geography from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. in natural hazard risk assessment from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing-Kumaun University. When not engaged in research work, she loves to write poetry.</p>',
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(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'blog_id' => (int) 166,
'title' => 'State Border Disputes and a Challenge to Cooperative Federalism ',
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'description' => '<p>The Indian model of federalism has often been described as "Cooperative Federalism". Simply put, it signifies the belief that the Central governments and State governments should be interdependent. This is in contrast to the typical feature of federal countries, where the jurisdiction of the Center and State are independent of each other.</p>
<p>The Indian model of federalism is unique in itself. This is majorly in two ways. First, the Constitution of India does not use the word "federal" anywhere. Second, it departs from the typical feature of federal systems since it does not provide complete independence to regional and federal governments in their sphere of authority. The power-sharing between the Centre and States in India has been categorised under "holding together federalism" as opposed to “coming together federalism.”</p>
<p>However, this is not without its challenges. One such major challenge that clouds the federal system of India is the increasing number of State Border Disputes.</p>
<p>Some of the major state border disputes have been explained below:</p>
<h3><strong>Karnataka-Maharashtra Dispute</strong></h3>
<p>One of the major bones of contention between the state of Karnataka and Maharashtra has been the dispute over the Belgaum/Belagavi District, which is currently a part of Karnataka State. Over the past few months, the conflict has intensified between the two states. With the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 that drew the state boundaries on a linguistic basis, Belagavi became a part of the then-Mysore State. In the region, a majority of the population speaks the Marathi language and this forms the basis of Maharashtra's claim of having certain parts of Belagavi as a part of Maharashtra. The center attempted to resolve the dispute between the two states by setting up Mahajan Commission in 1966, which recommended that the district should remain with Karnataka. This was rejected by Maharashtra.</p>
<p>Whereas Maharashtra wishes for a readjustment of the region based on the contiguity (closeness) of the region, Karnataka has underlined that the boundaries as per the Act of 1956 should be final. A demand to reopen the border issues that have not been dealt with under the State Reorganisation Act should be scrapped or else, it would lead to an increasing number of such issues.</p>
<p>One of the ways to settle the issue is to seek the Supreme court to resolve the dispute. As per the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, under Article 131 of the Constitution, the SC resolves disputes between the Government of India and any one or more states, or between two or more states against one another. In 2004, the Maharashtra government moved to SC. Political parties on both sides have raised the issue and maintained their opinion on the same. The Union Home Minister, Amit Shah has urged the leaders on both sides to wait for the Supreme Court's verdict. This is only one of the recent cases that present to us as a manifestation of the challenges to the case of Indian federalism.</p>
<h3><strong>Disputes in North East Region</strong></h3>
<p>The states of the northeast experience various state border disputes. This has been a trend since the 1960s.</p>
<p>One of the recent border disputes has been between <strong>Assam and Mizoram states.</strong> In July 2021, the conflict saw violence, followed by accusations by the Mizoram Government of Assamese officials for encroaching upon the Aitlang Hnar area in Mizoram. Assam on the other hand accuses Mizo residents of encroaching on Assamese territory. Mizoram was carved out of Assam in 1972, and it gained full statehood in 1987. The conflict between Assam and Mizoram can be traced to two notifications issued in the British era in 1875 & 1933 when Mizoram (known as Lushai Hills) was only a district of Assam. The notification of 1875 differentiated between Lushai Hills from Cachar Plains. Mizoram insists on the boundary that was decided by this notification of 1875, whereas Assam follows the boundary as per the demarcation in 1986 which is based on the 1933 notification.</p>
<p>There are various other border disputes with Assam. One of the bloodiest disputes has been between<strong> Assam and Nagaland</strong>. This state border dispute between Assam and Nagaland is a protracted border conflict in the North East. This was following the status gained by Nagaland to be a state in 1963. The Nagaland State Act, of 1962 defined the state borders as per the 1925 notification. Nagaland does not accept this delineation and demands that it should have all Naga-dominated areas, including North Cachar and Nagaon district. The first border clash between them was in the year 1965, followed by the years 1968, 1979, 1985, 2007, 2014, and even 2021. However, In January 2022, the Nagaland CM informed that both states are ready for an out-of-court settlement.</p>
<p>Assam has a maximum number of state conflicts. Another such conflict is between <strong>Assam and Meghalaya.</strong> It gained the status of a full-fledged state in 1972. The dispute between the two arises from Meghalaya government's denial of the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act. This Act gave the two areas, Block I and II of Mikir Hills, or present-day Karbi Anglong district to Assam. As per Meghalaya, both these areas were a part of United Khasi and Jaintia Hills districts. The government of Meghalaya bases its claims on the maps of the years 1872 and 1929 whereas Assam wishes to follow the recommendations given by the Churchand Committee (formed under Justice Y.V. Chandrachud in 1985) that has been rejected by Meghalaya. Last year, in November 2022, the region once again witnessed a violent clash leading to the killing of six people and several injuries.</p>
<h3><strong>Himachal Pradesh And Ladakh</strong></h3>
<p>The claim over the Sarchu region is the cause of the dispute between Himachal and Ladakh. This area lies on the route between Leh and Manali. Sarchu lies between the Lahaul-Spiti and Leh. This is the last station of the Lahaul-Spiti district, and lying on the Manali Leh highway it attracts various tourists. Both states have placed various records as evidence to show their claims.</p>
<p>All the above-mentioned border disputes are examples of challenges that a federal country like India faces. Regardless of the reasons for their occurrence as mentioned before, one can certainly say that they are bumps on the road of federalism and demands for strengthening of "cooperation" to be termed as a truly cooperative federal system.</p>
<p>There have been attempts by the Center to play the role of facilitator and various committees have been set up to resolve the disputes. Nonbinding in nature, their recommendations have been rejected by the state governments. PM Modi has urged the states to follow a spirit of "cooperative, competitive federalism" with the famous slogan "sabka saath, sabka vikas" for the sake of development. However, when federalism is talked about, there is an emphasis only on how to improve and strengthen the relationship between the Center and States, ignoring the fact that the disputes between various states also create difficulties for the efficient functioning of a federal system. Cooperation is necessary, between Union and State and between and among States. Perhaps, an active revival of the Inter-State Council constituted under Article 263 of the Constitution can be the first step in this direction.</p>
<p><span style="color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Sources:</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/disputes-in-northeast-india-pdas-290721" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/disputes-in-northeast-india-pdas-290721</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ladakh-again-disputes-himachal-s-claims-over-sarchu-101641503318647.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ladakh-again-disputes-himachal-s-claims-over-sarchu-101641503318647.html</strong></a></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Annie Pruthi</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678369067_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1678369067_image1.jpg" width="250" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Annie Pruthi is currently pursuing her masters in Political Science from JMI, New Delhi, and is a first division Arts graduate from the University of Delhi. She is an avid reader and an award-winning best-selling author. Her book "Will You Stay?" won the title of "Most Promising Book, 2020 (Fiction)" in the Coimbatore Literary Awards.</p>',
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'title' => 'The Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife',
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'description' => '<p>Climate change is most definitely a severe issue for planet earth today. Its impacts are being felt around the world, from rising sea levels and more frequent and severe weather events to shifts in ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Among the many groups of living beings affected by climate change, wildlife is particularly vulnerable. Changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and other environmental factors are affecting the habitats, migration patterns, and populations of many species. As a result, wildlife is facing numerous threats, from habitat loss and fragmentation to species decline and extinction.</p>
<h3><strong>The Loss of Habitat</strong></h3>
<p>The loss of habitat is one of the most significant impacts of climate change on wildlife. As temperatures rise and rainfall patterns shift, many ecosystems are undergoing profound changes, leading to the loss of habitats for many species. For example, as temperatures increase, polar ice caps are melting, leading to a loss of habitat for animals such as polar bears, walruses, and seals.</p>
<p>The loss of habitat can have significant consequences for wildlife populations. Many species rely on specific habitats for food, shelter, and reproduction, and changes in these habitats can disrupt these essential activities. For example, if a species loses its habitat due to climate change, it may be forced to migrate to a new area where it may not be able to find adequate food or shelter.</p>
<p>Furthermore, habitat loss can also lead to habitat fragmentation, which occurs when a habitat is divided into smaller and more isolated fragments. This can make it more difficult for species to find adequate food, mates, and shelter, as well as making them more vulnerable to predation and other threats. Habitat fragmentation can also lead to genetic isolation, reducing genetic diversity and potentially increasing the risk of inbreeding depression.</p>
<p>In addition to the direct impacts on wildlife populations, the loss of habitat can also have wider implications for ecosystems and the services they provide to humans. Ecosystems are complex networks of species and processes that provide essential services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and water purification.</p>
<h3><strong>Changes in Migration Patterns</strong></h3>
<p>Climate change is causing significant changes in the migration patterns of many species, from birds and butterflies to marine mammals and fish. Migration is a complex and highly coordinated process that is driven by a range of environmental cues, such as changes in temperature, day length, and food availability. However, with climate change altering these cues, many species are struggling to adapt to the new conditions.</p>
<p>One of the most significant changes in migration patterns is a shift in timing. As temperature is warm, many species are migrating earlier in the year, as the cues that trigger migration occur earlier than they used to be. For example, some bird species arrive at their breeding grounds up to two weeks earlier than they did 30 years ago.</p>
<p>In addition to changes in timing, climate change is also affecting the routes that many species take during migration. For example, warmer temperatures in the Arctic are opening new shipping routes, which are disrupting the migration patterns of many marine mammals, such as bowhead whales and narwhals.</p>
<p>Changes in migration patterns can also have wider ecological implications, as they can affect the interactions between species and the functioning of ecosystems.</p>
<h3><strong>The Decline of Species Populations</strong></h3>
<p>The decline of species populations is one of the most alarming impacts of climate change on wildlife. As temperatures rise and habitats are lost or fragmented, many species are struggling to adapt, leading to declines in their populations. This can have significant ecological and socio-economic consequences, as it can disrupt ecological processes and reduce the services that ecosystems provide to humans.</p>
<p>The decline of species populations is occurring across a wide range of taxa, from insects and birds to mammals and marine species. For example, the iconic polar bear is facing a significant population decline, as the loss of sea ice is reducing its access to food and breeding grounds. Similarly, marine species such as corals, sea turtles, and fish are facing significant declines in population, as warmer and more acidic waters are disrupting their ability to grow and reproduce.</p>
<p>The decline of species populations can have significant ecological impacts, as it can disrupt the interactions between species and the functioning of ecosystems.</p>
<p>The decline of species populations can also have significant socio-economic impacts, as it can reduce the services that ecosystems provide to humans. For example, declines in pollinators can lead to reduced agricultural productivity and increased food prices.</p>
<h3><strong>Solutions</strong></h3>
<p>While the impacts of climate change on wildlife are significant and complex, several solutions can help mitigate these impacts and ensure that wildlife can adapt to the changing conditions. Here are some potential solutions:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions:</strong> One of the most effective ways to address the impacts of climate change on wildlife is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This can be achieved through a range of measures, such as transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable transportation options.</li>
<li><strong>Protecting habitats:</strong> Another key solution is to protect the habitats of wildlife, such as by establishing protected areas and promoting sustainable land use practices. This can help ensure that species have access to the resources and habitats they need to survive and thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Restoring degraded habitats:</strong> In addition to protecting existing habitats, it is also important to restore degraded habitats, such as by replanting forests or restoring wetlands. This can help increase the resilience of ecosystems and improve the ability of species to adapt to changing conditions.</li>
<li><strong>Supporting conservation efforts:</strong> Supporting conservation efforts, such as those focused on protecting endangered species, can also help mitigate the impacts of climate change on wildlife. This can involve providing financial and technical support to conservation organizations.</li>
<li><strong>Adapting to changing conditions:</strong> Finally, it is important to promote adaptation measures that can help species cope with the changing conditions. This can include measures such as restoring connectivity between fragmented habitats, promoting the use of drought-resistant crops in agriculture, and implementing conservation breeding programs for endangered species.</li>
</ul>
<p>In conclusion, the impacts of climate change on wildlife are profound and far-reaching. The loss of habitat, changes in migration patterns, and the decline of species populations are just a few of the many ways in which climate change is affecting wildlife around the world. These impacts have significant ecological and socio-economic consequences, including disruptions to ecosystem services and negative impacts on human livelihoods.</p>
<p>However, despite the severity of these impacts, some solutions can help mitigate them and ensure that wildlife can adapt to changing conditions. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring habitats, supporting conservation efforts, and promoting adaptation measures, we can help ensure that wildlife can continue to thrive in a changing world.</p>
<p>Ultimately, addressing the impacts of climate change on wildlife is not just an environmental imperative, but also a moral one. Utilization of resources also gives us a responsibility towards the planet to make it better for other beings as well. By taking action to address climate change and protect the habitats and populations of wildlife, we can help ensure that this responsibility is fulfilled and that we leave a healthy and sustainable planet for generations to come.</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffcf;"><strong>Chirag Joon</strong></span></p>
<p>Chirag is a student, content creator and writer. He loves music and art. Writing gives him a sense of freedom, and putting his speech out there for everyone to embrace is how he deals with his daily thoughts and affirmations.</p>',
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'title' => 'Tackling Discrimination: Creating an Impact ',
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'description' => '<p>Discrimination has been a pervasive issue in India for decades, and it continues to persist in various forms to this day. Whether it's discrimination based on caste, gender, religion, or ethnicity, the effects can be devastating and long-lasting.<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> Discrimination in competitive exams can be based on a variety of factors such as race, gender, ethnicity, religion, socio-economic status, language proficiency, and disability. It can be direct, such as when a person is openly excluded from taking the exam, or indirect, such as when the exam itself or the resources needed to prepare for it are biased against certain groups.</span> In this blog, we'll explore the impact of discrimination and how you can tackle it to create a more inclusive society. We'll also discuss some practical steps that you can take to make a positive difference in your community and beyond.</p>
<p>In recent years, the country has been making some progress towards gender equality. We've seen more women fighting for their rights and demanding better treatment from society as a whole. However, there's still a long way to go before we create an inclusive environment where both boys and girls are given equal opportunities to pursue their dreams without any discrimination based on gender or caste.</p>
<h3><strong>Discrimination has been a part of Indian society for centuries</strong></h3>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Indian society has discrimination ingrained within it, and this problem is not limited to the country but is a global issue that requires us to confront it directly if we desire progress for our nation as a whole.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Here are some examples of discrimination in society:</strong> </span></p>
<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Racism:</strong> A person of color is denied a job or promotion due to their race, even though they have the necessary qualifications. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ageism:</strong> An employer refuses to hire an older worker because they assume they are less productive or won't stay in the job as long as a younger worker. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Sexism:</strong> A woman is paid less than a man for doing the same job or is denied a promotion because of her gender. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Homophobia:</strong> A person is harassed or bullied because of their sexual orientation, whether it be LGBTQ+ or not. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Religious discrimination</strong>: An individual is not hired or promoted because of their religion or is subjected to slurs and harassment based on their faith. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ableism:</strong> A person with a disability is not given an equal opportunity to participate in an activity or is treated unfairly because of their disability. </span></li>
</ol>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">These are just a few examples of discrimination in society. Discrimination can take many forms, and it can occur at any level of society, including schools, workplaces, neighborhoods, and government institutions.</span></p>
<p>Discrimination is not just about gender or race--it can be subtle or overt, intentional or unintentional. It begins with the young girls who are expected to maintain high scores in academics, while boys are allowed to make mistakes. The expectations put on young girls are intense, and they take a toll on your self-esteem. When you're growing up, the message is clear: You must be good at everything. If you're not perfect in every subject, or if someone judges your performance as "less than," then it can feel like there's something wrong with you. You internalize that message and start to believe that there is something wrong with being female--or even being human!</p>
<p>The same thing happens when boys make mistakes or fail at something; they aren't expected to be good at everything all the time either (except maybe sports). This allows them more freedom than girls have when it comes to exploring their interests without feeling judged or pressured by others' expectations of success because those expectations aren't as high for men compared with women.</p>
<h3><strong>We need to change this mindset</strong></h3>
<p>Discrimination is not a part of our culture, it's not a part of our religion and it's not even written in our Constitution. We have rights as citizens and we have rights as human beings that give us the freedom to live without being discriminated against because of who we are or where we come from.</p>
<p>Discrimination can happen anywhere, but if you think about it, there are certain places where discrimination seems more prevalent than others. For example, workplaces or schools tend to be environments where people feel safe enough to express themselves openly without fear of being judged or discriminated against; these same places can also be the ones where stereotypes take root and grow into something larger than just one person's opinion -instead becoming accepted truths about entire groups of people based on their race/ethnicity/gender identity etcetera.</p>
<p>We need to start working towards creating a more inclusive society that welcomes everyone, irrespective of gender, religion, or caste.</p>
<p>As a society, we need to start working towards creating a more inclusive society that welcomes everyone, irrespective of gender, religion, or caste.</p>
<p>This can only be achieved by ensuring that our education system teaches children from an early age about the importance of diversity and acceptance. We also need to ensure that children are taught about how discrimination impacts society through different mediums such as films and plays so that they understand what it means for people who are discriminated against by others based on their race or religion etc., which will help them develop empathy for these individuals who face discrimination every day in their lives.</p>
<h3><strong>How to tackle discrimination and create an impact</strong></h3>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discrimination takes many forms, including racial, religious, caste, gender, and economic discrimination, and it can be challenging to tackle.</span> However, there are steps that can be taken to address this issue and create a positive impact.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the most important ways to tackle discrimination in India is through education. Education can play a vital role in breaking down stereotypes and biases, as well as promoting greater understanding and respect for diverse cultures and perspectives. This can be achieved through formal education in schools and universities, as well as through community-based initiatives that promote cultural exchange and understanding.</li>
<li>Another important strategy for tackling discrimination in India is the implementation of effective anti-discrimination laws and policies. This includes legislation that prohibits discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education, as well as policies that promote diversity and inclusion in public and private institutions. Additionally, it is important to ensure that these laws and policies are effectively enforced, with appropriate penalties for those who engage in discriminatory behavior.</li>
<li>Creating awareness about discrimination and its impact is also critical. This can be achieved through public awareness campaigns that highlight the negative effects of discrimination on individuals and society as a whole. This includes campaigns that challenge stereotypes, promote diversity, and encourage empathy and understanding.</li>
<li>Finally, it is important to work towards creating a more inclusive society. This means promoting opportunities for marginalized groups, such as providing equal access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities. It also means creating safe spaces for marginalized communities to express themselves and promoting their representation in positions of power and influence.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Roadblocks to mitigate discrimination</strong></h3>
<p>There are several roadblocks that hinder the efforts to mitigate discrimination in India. These include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deep-seated cultural attitudes:</strong> India's caste system, which assigns social status based on birth, has been deeply ingrained in Indian society for centuries. This has created a hierarchical system that perpetuates discrimination against marginalized communities such as Dalits, Adivasis, and religious minorities. Changing these deeply ingrained cultural attitudes can be a challenging task.</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective implementation of laws and policies:</strong> While India has several laws and policies in place to protect against discrimination, their implementation is often ineffective. Lack of resources, corruption, and weak enforcement mechanisms contribute to this challenge.</li>
<li><strong>Limited access to education:</strong> Education plays a critical role in promoting understanding and breaking down stereotypes. However, many marginalized communities in India have limited access to education due to poverty, discrimination, and other factors.</li>
<li><strong>Political polarization:</strong> Political polarization in India can also be a roadblock to mitigating discrimination. Sometimes, political parties use divisive issues to appeal to their voter base, leading to further polarization and discrimination against certain communities.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of representation:</strong> Marginalized communities often lack representation in positions of power, including political representation, media, and other institutions. This lack of representation can contribute to a lack of understanding and empathy towards these communities and their experiences.</li>
</ul>
<p>Addressing these roadblocks requires a sustained effort from all stakeholders, including government, civil society organizations, media, and individuals.</p>
<h3><strong>To Conclude</strong></h3>
<p>In conclusion, tackling discrimination in India requires a multifaceted approach that includes education, policy change, awareness-raising, and creating a more inclusive society. While there is no quick fix to this complex issue, by working together and taking these steps, we can create a more equitable and just society for all.</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Prateek Chatterjee</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1677760866_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1677760866_image1.jpg" width="150" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>He is a writer with a passion for breaking down complex subjects and communicating them in a clear and concise way. Whether it's through articles, blog posts, or marketing copy, he loves helping people understand and engage with difficult ideas & notions.</p>',
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'title' => 'Homi Bhabha and his Contributions ',
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'description' => '<p>Homi Jehangir Bhabha had an outstanding impact on our country. Through his brilliant work and efforts in developing India’s nuclear power, he became a renowned and revered individual. He was a nuclear physicist, engineer, architect and philanthropist, all in one.</p>
<p>JRD Tata described Dr Bhabha as a "Scientist, engineer, master-builder and administrator, steeped in humanities, in art and music, Homi was truly a complete man."</p>
<p>His countless contributions have been written down in history pages as important and undebatable, throughout generations.</p>
<h3><strong>Early Life</strong></h3>
<p>Homi Bhabha was born on October 30, 1909, in Bombay. His parents were Jehangir and Meherbai Bhabha.</p>
<p>His father, Jehangir Bhabha was brought up in Bangalore and he studied law at Oxford. Once he received his training as a lawyer, he started working in Mysore. It was at Mysore that he joined the judicial service of the state.</p>
<p>He married Meherbai, the daughter of Bhikaji Framji Panday and the granddaughter of the well-known philanthropist Dinshaw Petit of Bombay. Once married, the couple shifted to Bombay, the first commercial city under British rule. This is where Homi Bhabha was born and spent the better part of his childhood.</p>
<p>Over the years, Homi Bhabha attended the Cathedral and John Connon School, Bombay, where he later realised that he had discovered his passion for science; Elphinstone College, Bombay; Royal Institute of Science, Bombay; and Gonville and Caius College in Cambridge, England.</p>
<p>Bhabha soon enrolled for Mechanical Tripos in Cambridge since his father and uncle, Sir Dorab, wanted him to become an engineer and join Tata Industries. However, Bhabha soon discovered his love for theoretical physics and mathematics.</p>
<p>In one of his letters to his father in the year 1928, he wrote: “I seriously say to you that business or a job as an engineer is not the thing for me. It is totally foreign to my nature and radically opposed to my temperament and opinions. Physics is my line. I know I shall do great things here. For, each man can do best and excel in only that thing of which he is passionately fond, in which he believes, as I do, that he has the ability to do it, that he is in fact born and destined to do it...Besides India is not a land where science cannot be carried on.”</p>
<p>Homi Bhabha’s father agreed to let him pursue theoretical physics as long as he devoted himself to mechanical tripos and got first-class marks. In 1930, Homi Bhabha achieved this and entered the world of physics.</p>
<h3><strong>Scientific Contributions</strong></h3>
<p>Homi Bhabha’s initial interests lay among the positron theory and cosmic rays physics. However, with time, his interests grew to other fields in physics and mathematics.</p>
<p>He joined the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge and earned his PhD with R.H. Fowler as his thesis supervisor. His contributions during his time in Cambridge include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Explanation of relativistic exchange scattering, i.e. Bhabha Scattering</li>
<li>Theory of production of an electron and positron showers in cosmic rays, i.e. Bhabha-Heitler theory</li>
<li>His speculation about the Yukawa particle later brought his suggestion of the name meson.</li>
<li>Prediction and forecast of relativistic time dilation effects in the decaying of meson.</li>
</ul>
<p>He established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay. He is also regarded as the father of the nuclear program in India or a renaissance man.</p>
<p>He aggressively called for the use of nuclear weapons as a defence in India. This led to controversial opinions regarding his campaign and call for nuclear power.</p>
<p>Moreover, Homi Bhabha served as the President of the United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in 1955 and as the president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics from 1960 to 1963.</p>
<h3><strong>Contributions to Indian Research Institutes (TIFR and AEET)</strong></h3>
<p>Bhabha was working in England till 1939. He decided to take a break and come to India when the Second World War broke out. Given the circumstances in England, he decided to stay back in India and joined the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru as a reader in physics.</p>
<p>It was in this institute that he recognised the lack of research facilities aimed at applied research in physics in India. Hence, he wrote a letter dated March 12, 1944, to Sir Dorabji Tata in an appeal to build an advanced physics research university in Bombay (now Mumbai). His letter asked Sir Dorabji Tata to fund ‘a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics.’</p>
<p>In his letter, he urged that Mumbai be chosen to establish this school due to its useful location. He said, “It’s advantageous for a cosmic ray laboratory to be situated near the sea, for it is necessary to make measurements at considerable depths underwater.” He continued with flattery and praise, saying that Mumbai deserves an institution worth the location.</p>
<p>The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was established in June 1945 in the Indian Institute of Science with Homi Bhabha as the founding director and professor of physics. It used to receive financial support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Ministry of Natural Research and Scientific Research. Today, it is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Atomic Energy.</p>
<p>Homi Bhabha also convinced the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, of the urgent requirement to build India’s nuclear programme. In one of the letters to Nehru in 1948, Bhabha wrote, “The development of atomic energy should be entrusted to a very small and high powered body composed of say, three people with executive power, and answerable directly to the Prime Minister without any intervening link. For brevity, this body may be referred to as the Atomic Energy Commission.”</p>
<p>In 1948, Nehru appointed Bhabha as the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. This commission evolved and developed into the Atomic Energy Establishment at Trombay (AEET). This has been renamed to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in his honour.</p>
<p>In an earlier interview, the former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, Dr P.K. Iyengar said that Bhabha wanted to make India a Nuclear Weapons State from the beginning. He emphasised self-reliance because he wanted India to be prepared for war.</p>
<p>For all his work and contribution in the field of nuclear physics and science, Bhabha was awarded the Padma Bhushan (1954), and Adams Award (1942) and was also nominated for the Nobel Prize for Physics.</p>
<h3><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation and its founders</strong></h3>
<p>The Indian Space Research Organisation was founded by Vikram Sarabhai with the help of the Tata Institute of Founding Research (i.e. with Homi Bhabha). The founding members along with Vikram Sarabhai were:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APJ Abdul Kalam</li>
<li>Homi Bhabha</li>
<li>Satish Dhawan</li>
<li>Udupi Ramchandra Rao</li>
<li>Kailasavadivoo Sivan</li>
</ul>
<p>In times of difficulty and decisions, Homi Bhabha was a mentor to Vikram Sarabhai. This mentorship and dependency between the two is clearly visible in the series Rocket Boys which revived Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai’s contributions to the Indian space research programs.</p>
<h3><strong>Tragic Death</strong></h3>
<p>On 24 January 1966, Homi Bhabha died when his aeroplane Air India Flight 101 crashed into Mont Blanc.</p>
<p>Bhabha died 18 days after claiming that he could build an atomic bomb in 3 months. This sparked the interest of controversies and theories among the common people.</p>
<p>Some claim the CIA killed Homi Bhabha in an attempt to stop his nuclear pursuit.</p>
<p>He left his legacy behind in the form of Vikram Sarabhai, APJ Abdul Kalam and numerous institutions of strength and resilience. In his honour, countless of them were renamed with Homi Bhabha in their newly christened names.</p>
<p>Despite the controversies regarding Bhabha, he was indubitably the renaissance man when it came to the nuclear power of India. His contributions have been countless, India-wide and worldwide.</p>
<p>He will be forever remembered through his institutions and the history pages named after him.</p>
<h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
<p>Bhabha Homi Jehangir | Home. (2022). Vigyanprasar.gov.in. <a href="https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bhabha-homi-jehangir/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bhabha-homi-jehangir/</strong></a></p>
<p>Homi Bhabha and how World War II was responsible for creating India’s nuclear future. (2019, October 30). ThePrint. <a href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/</strong></a></p>
<p>Life and work of the great Visionary, Homi J. Bhabha. (n.d.). Google Arts & Culture. <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/life-and-work-of-the-great-visionary-homi-j-bhabha-tata-institute-of-fundamental-research/swVxRxSI7wMA8A?hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://artsandculture.google.com/story/life-and-work-of-the-great-visionary-homi-j-bhabha-tata-institute-of-fundamental-research/swVxRxSI7wMA8A?hl=en</strong></a></p>
<p>The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Homi Bhabha | Indian physicist. In Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Homi-Bhabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Homi-Bhabha</strong></a></p>
<p>Team, B. (2022, February 5). Who Were Homi Bhabha And Vikram Sarabhai, The Real “Rocket Boys”? | BOOM. Www.boomlive.in.<a href="https://www.boomlive.in/explainers/who-were-homi-bhabha-and-vikram-sarabhai-the-real-rocket-boys-16645" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> https://www.boomlive.in/explainers/who-were-homi-bhabha-and-vikram-sarabhai-the-real-rocket-boys-16645</strong></a></p>
<p>Homi Bhabha Biography: Birth, Age, Family, Education, Career, Awards, Death and More. (2022, February 4). Jagranjosh.com. <a href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/homi-bhabha-biography-1643960625-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/homi-bhabha-biography-1643960625-1</strong></a></p>
<p>Lamba, A. K. (2022, February 11). From Homi Bhabha to APJ Abdul Kalam: India’s Rocket and Aerospace Pioneers. India Shorts. <a href="https://indiashorts.com/from-homi-bhabha-to-apj-abdul-kalam-indias-rocket-and-aerospace-pioneers/74762/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://indiashorts.com/from-homi-bhabha-to-apj-abdul-kalam-indias-rocket-and-aerospace-pioneers/74762/</strong></a></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Jess Doshi</strong></span></em></p>
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<p>Jess Doshi is currently pursuing her bachelor's degree in Arts. Apart from reading, she makes a conscious effort to do what she can for society. She aims to help the world around her in the best possible way-writing.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>In today's increasingly globalized world, the ability to speak multiple languages is becoming increasingly important for personal and professional growth. As countries and economies become more interconnected, the demand for individuals who can speak multiple languages has grown. In this context, learning a foreign language has become essential for many people to secure better professional opportunities. However, it is important to note that learning a mother language, also known as a first language or native language, is also important and should not be overlooked. A mother language is a language a person learns from birth or in early childhood and is typically the primary language used in their home and community. It is an integral part of a person's cultural identity and provides a foundation for further language learning.</p>
<h3><strong>International Mother Language Day</strong></h3>
<p>International Mother Language Day is observed annually on 21st February to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and to protect endangered languages. The day was proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999. The day aims to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by peoples of the world, as well as to encourage multilingualism and the spread of knowledge and understanding about language diversity.</p>
<p>Scientific research has shown that learning a child's mother language can positively impact her overall cognitive development and academic success. Here are some key findings that highlight the importance of education in one’s mother language:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Improved cognitive development:</strong> Studies have shown that children who learn in their mother language have better cognitive development and increased critical thinking skills, compared to those who learn in a foreign language.</li>
<li><strong>Improved literacy:</strong> Research indicates that children who are taught to read and write in their mother language are more likely to develop strong literacy skills and have higher academic achievement, compared to those who are taught in a second language.</li>
<li><strong>Better engagement and motivation:</strong> When children are taught in their mother language, they are more likely to be engaged and motivated in the learning process. This is because they can understand the material better, which leads to increased self-esteem and academic confidence.</li>
<li><strong>Cultural preservation:</strong> Learning in a mother language can help to preserve a child's cultural heritage and identity. When children can connect with their culture through language, they are more likely to feel a sense of belonging and develop a positive self-image.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging the gap:</strong> In multilingual societies, learning in a child's mother language can help bridge the gap between different cultural and linguistic communities, promoting inclusiveness and understanding.</li>
</ul>
<p>By providing children with opportunities to learn and express themselves in their mother language, we can help promote cognitive development, academic success, cultural preservation, and social cohesion.</p>
<h3><strong>Value mother language to preserve cultural heritage</strong></h3>
<p>Mother language instruction is essential for language and literacy development, as well as for the preservation of cultural heritage and identity. The importance of mother languages extends beyond the individual and the community, as linguistic and cultural diversity is an important aspect of the world's cultural heritage. Every language represents a unique perspective on the world and reflects the experiences of a particular community. When a language is lost, a valuable cultural perspective is lost as well. This is why it is important to preserve and promote linguistic and cultural diversity, to ensure that future generations can connect with their cultural roots.</p>
<h3><strong>Challenges and threats to mother language</strong></h3>
<p>Despite the many benefits of mother language instruction, it can be challenging for some individuals to access resources and support for mother language learning. In many countries, individuals who speak minority languages face discrimination and are denied equal opportunities in education, employment, and other areas of life. This can lead to further language loss and cultural marginalization. To promote linguistic and cultural diversity, it is important to address these challenges and create an inclusive society that values and celebrates the unique perspectives and experiences of different communities.</p>
<p>In many countries, children are not taught in their mother language, which can lead to language loss and disconnection from cultural heritage. This can have negative consequences for the individual, including a loss of identity and cultural connection, as well as for the community, as valuable cultural knowledge and traditions are lost. All individuals must have access to education in their mother language to ensure that linguistic and cultural diversity is preserved for future generations.</p>
<h3><strong>How to support?</strong></h3>
<p>One way to support mother language education is by promoting multilingual education, which emphasizes the importance of learning multiple languages. This type of education not only helps to preserve linguistic and cultural diversity but also promotes language learning and cross-cultural understanding.</p>
<p>In addition, governments and organizations can also provide resources and support to help communities preserve and promote their mother languages. This can include funding for language revitalization programs, language education, and cultural events. This year the theme for International Mother Language Day is<strong> “Multilingual education- a necessity to transform education.”</strong></p>
<p>The Ministry of Culture in India promotes mother languages through the following initiatives:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cultural events and programs: The ministry organizes various cultural events and programs to showcase the rich linguistic diversity of India and encourage the use of mother languages.</li>
<li>Financial support: The ministry provides financial support to research and documentation projects aimed at preserving and promoting mother languages.</li>
<li>Collaboration with other organizations: The ministry collaborates with other organizations, both government and non-government, to promote the use of mother languages.</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Mother language vs Foreign language</strong></h3>
<p>Mother languages play a crucial role in shaping an individual's cultural identity and personal development. They are the first language that children learn, and they are closely tied to family, community, and cultural traditions. When children are educated in their mother language, they are more likely to be engaged in the learning process, have better academic outcomes, and develop a strong sense of cultural identity.</p>
<p>On the other hand, a foreign language is a language learned outside of a person's home and community and is not typically used as the primary means of communication. Learning a foreign language can have many benefits, including enhanced cognitive abilities, improved job prospects, and increased cultural understanding.</p>
<p>Both mother languages and foreign languages are important. Mother languages provide a sense of cultural identity and a foundation for further language learning, while foreign languages provide opportunities for personal and professional growth and intercultural understanding. Both mother languages and foreign languages are valuable and should be valued and preserved. Promoting linguistic and cultural diversity and supporting individuals in their language-learning journeys can help to enhance personal and societal growth.</p>
<p>Mother languages are at the heart of cultural identity and personal development. International Mother Language Day provides an opportunity to celebrate the linguistic and cultural diversity of the world and to raise awareness about the importance of mother languages. By supporting mother language education and multilingualism, we can help to preserve valuable cultural heritage and ensure that future generations have access to their cultural roots. Promoting education in mother languages is an important step towards fostering original thought, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting academic success.</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffff99;"><strong>Priyanka Todariya</strong></span></p>
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<p>Priyanka Todariya is a Public Administration post-graduate and an experienced communications professional who has extensively worked for several government entities like Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and state governments like Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>There have been lots of freedom fights and battles for independence in India. Although great leaders and the movements they led are respected, there are many unknown heroes whose contributions have only been mentioned in textbooks. The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Mutiny, often known as the Indian Naval Mutiny, is one frequently forgotten revolt. The mutiny started on February 18, 1946. Indians from a wide range of backgrounds and occupations, including laborers, farmers, and others, soon joined in support of the revolt. The mutiny, which initially manifested as a hunger strike by Navy personnel, quickly evolved into a widespread movement of Indian citizens against the British Empire. This revolt has a significant role to play in the fight for Indian independence. It deserves to be remembered by every Indian citizen.</p>
<h3><strong>History of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny</strong></h3>
<p>The Marines and the Indian people were organizing the revolt secretly. The entire nation was developing a revolutionary atmosphere. The workers, peasants, and youth of India were inspired to think that revolt is possible and that by ending British control, we can build the rule of peasants and workers thanks to the Soviet Union's strong leadership in the Second World War. Conditions for revolt were being established. Indian sailors, soldiers, police officers, and civilians rose in rebellion against the British administration in India. Over 20,000 sailors were eventually involved in the uprising, which began in Bombay and eventually extended and received support across British India, from Karachi to Calcutta. This included both ships and shore-based establishments, with over 78 ships and establishments being involved. British India lost command of its navy in just 48 hours. Twelve to thirty-six members from each of Bombay's ships and barracks made up the newly established Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC). M.S. Khan, a senior signalman, and Madan Singh, a junior officer telegraphist, were chosen as president and vice president, respectively.</p>
<p>A group of ratings (junior enlisted sailors) had landed at Bombay Harbour when the strike began. Both the INA (Indian National Army) trials and Subhas Chandra Bose's personality served as inspiration for the strikers. The strike quickly turned into a public rebellion as more cities joined the Bombay sailors. Food and living circumstances were the revolt's immediate concerns. There were 66 ships and shore services with sailors from Calcutta, Karachi, Poona, Vizag, Cochin, Madras, Mandapam, and the Andaman Islands participating. There was a lot of tension in Bombay in particular. Numerous protesters targeted British city officials and inhabitants. They even took over Butcher Island, which housed all of the Bombay Presidency's armaments.</p>
<p>The troops of the Royal Indian Air Force from Bombay and the loyal Gurkhas of Karachi, who did not open fire on the strikers, were other sources of support for the rebels. However, despite being so near to independence, the mutiny did not receive favor from the Indian authorities. The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress denounced the mutiny after realizing the political and military consequences of such unrest on the brink of independence. The leaders of the Congress believed that if an armed revolution occurred and had unfavorable effects, their notion of a peaceful conclusion to a freedom movement and orderly power transfer would have been lost. Only Aruna Asaf Ali of the INC and the Communist Party of India publicly backed the sailors.</p>
<h3><strong>Importance of the Indian Naval Mutiny</strong></h3>
<p>The overwhelming public support for the rebellion was the most remarkable aspect of this short revolt. On February 22, the city of Bombay, particularly the working class, went on strike. The public transportation system was ground to a standstill, trains were damaged, roadblocks were formed and business organizations were shut down. To manage the situation, a battalion of the army was called in.</p>
<p>The British officials were terrified by this movement, which turned out to be important to India's war for independence. The British came to see that the colonial Indian armies were not very obedient to their commands and joined the general nationalist rebellion felt throughout the entire country. The sailors have demonstrated strong togetherness throughout religions and different regions and have stoked patriotic feelings among the people, despite the imminent sectarian conflict in the nation. One of the Movement's most important contributions was its fight for the release of political prisoners detained as a result of the INA trials, which mostly reflected their inner intentions.</p>
<p>The army's assistance provided the leaders of India's independence movement more power in their fight against the British. The brave acts of the citizens were a result of broad extremism. The military coup had a significant impact on the public's thoughts. Typically, the Rebellions are limited to a single station, mission, or ship. But it was the first time the whole service had taken up arms. The revolt was also notable for being directed at the British government rather than senior officers; neither British nor Indian officers were harmed.</p>
<p>The British rulers were deeply affected by the popular revolt. They now understood that they could no longer rely on armed troops, one of the key tools used to retain power in the subcontinent. This uprising forced the British to consider India's demand for total independence. Additionally, they began to believe that they would no longer remain in India. The army, their greatest asset, started to rise against them. It is also believed that the rebellion accelerated the transfer of authority to India since Prime Minister Attlee dispatched a cabinet mission to India soon after the uprising.</p>
<h3><strong>Causes of the Indian Naval Mutiny</strong></h3>
<p>The mutiny took place at a time when Indian nationalism was at its peak nationwide. There were many causes of the Indian Naval Mutiny. First, the British military discriminated against HMIS Talwar's rating based on race. HMIS (His Majesty's Indian Ship) Talwar was a British Royal Indian Navy shore complex located in Colaba, Bombay, during World War II. Even for the same position, the salaries of the Indian and British troops were different. Compared to Indian soldiers, British soldiers were paid more and had better access to facilities and food, which greatly angered the Indian soldiers. As Indian soldiers received just Rs. 16, Anglo-Indian soldiers received a salary of Rs. 60. Second, the ratings were subjected to terrible living and working conditions that were difficult for them to tolerate for a single day. It is claimed that this evolved into the main cause of the naval revolt. Thirdly, the detention of BC Dutt, who had written in HMIS Talwar, "Get out of India," was the cause of the RIN strike. Dutt was a prospective nationalist and five-year Royal Indian Navy veteran. He was redeployed to the HMIS Talwar, the naval facility where he had gotten his basic training, at the end of the war. He was angry over the racism he had experienced during the war. The qualifiers traveled by vehicle to Bombay the day after the strike started, flying Congress flags and facing up against European and police personnel. Lastly, the freedom of all political prisoners detained in connection with the INA trials, including Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, was the protesting sailors' main demand. They even demanded the release of Indian soldiers that were being imprisoned by British forces in Indonesia. The Indian troops' anger about learning that there was a plan to have the Azad Hind Fauj detainees tried and executed in the Red Fort was another factor in the mutiny.</p>
<p>Over 200 people had died and more than 1000 people injured, in addition to the 7 sailors and 1 commander who were killed. The revolt led to the dismissal of 476 sailors. After independence, neither the Indian nor Pakistani navies accepted them.</p>
<h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3>
<p>The Navy Mutiny ended the British Empire's ambitions in India, putting the final nail in the coffin. The RIN Revolt was one of the factors that accelerated the fall of British authority in India. Leaders realized that any popular uprising necessarily runs the risk of preventing the central government from retaining more power. Additionally, they did not want to encourage indiscipline in the army now that Freedom and authority had been established. It's also vital to remember that the uprising came to an end after nationalist leaders Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sardar Patel demanded the rebels' surrender and released a statement demanding their submission in response to appeals for British intervention. A meeting was held between Sardar Patel and M. S. Khan, President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC). It was assured that no one would be punished. In a statement issued on behalf of the Muslim League in Calcutta, Muhammad Ali Jinnah supported Patel's plea for the strikers to put a halt to their action. The rebels gave up on February 23, 1946. All segments of the Indian population are now more motivated than ever to witness the demise of British rule.</p>
<p>The naval mutiny in 1946 significantly contributed to ensuring civilian supremacy over colonialism and it posed the ultimate challenge to the British government's capability to command its military forces.</p>
<h3><strong>Sources:</strong></h3>
<p><a href="https://thewire.in/history/freedom-on-the-waves-the-indian-naval-mutiny-70-years-later" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://thewire.in/history/freedom-on-the-waves-the-indian-naval-mutiny-70-years-later</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/royal-indian-navy-rebellion-causes-and-significance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/royal-indian-navy-rebellion-causes-and-significance/</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/mj2aFxWkWrLwae44ANxrEO/Revisiting-the-1946-Royal-Indian-Navy-mutiny.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/mj2aFxWkWrLwae44ANxrEO/Revisiting-the-1946-Royal-Indian-Navy-mutiny.html</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/894568/files/article.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://zenodo.org/record/894568/files/article.pdf</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://infinitylearn.com/surge/english/article/royal-indian-navy-mutiny/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>https://infinitylearn.com/surge/english/article/royal-indian-navy-mutiny/</strong></a></p>
<p><span style="color: #ffff99; background-color: #ff0000;"><strong>Aarifa Nadeem</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1676715107_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1676715107_image1.jpg" width="200" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>Aarifa Nadeem is from Jhansi, UP. She has qualified UGC NET in Tourism Administration & Management and is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in Tourism from Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.</p>',
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'title' => 'The Nightingale of India: Sarojini Naidu',
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'description' => '<p>Sarojini Naidu, also known as the Nightingale of India, was a renowned freedom fighter and a politician who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence. Born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad, Sarojini Naidu was a gifted poet, writer, and orator. She was one of the leading lights of the Indian National Movement and was the first woman to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1925.</p>
<h3><strong>Early Life and Education</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad into a Bengali family, her father, Dr. Aghorenath Chattopadhyay, was a scientist and philosopher, and her mother, Barada Sundari Devi, was a poetess. She was the eldest of eight siblings and was born into a family that valued education and the arts. Sarojini was a brilliant student and showed an aptitude for poetry, writing, and public speaking from a young age.</p>
<p>At the age of twelve, she was sent to England to pursue higher education. She studied at King's College London and Girton College, Cambridge, where she excelled in her studies and earned a degree in History and Political Science. After completing her education, she returned to India and married Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu, a physician, in 1898. The couple had five children.</p>
<h3><strong>Poetic Career</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu's passion for poetry was evident from a young age. She wrote her first poem at the age of thirteen and published her first collection of poems, 'Golden Threshold' at the age of nineteen. Her poems were a reflection of her love for nature and her observations of the world around her. Her writing style was inspired by the Romantic poets of England, and she used her poems to express her political views and opinions. This collection of poems, which was published in 1905, established her as a leading poet of her time and marked the beginning of her poetic career. They were characterized by a rich imagination and a vivid imagery, which captured the beauty and spirit of India. Naidu's poems were a celebration of the Indian people and their customs, as well as a tribute to the country's natural beauty. Some of her most famous poems include "The Indian Weavers," "The Snake Charmer," and "The Sari of Sita." Her poems were widely read and appreciated, and she became known as the Nightingale of India.</p>
<p>Naidu's poetry not only reflected her love for her country and her people but also reflected her political views and her involvement in the Indian independence movement. In fact, many of her poems were inspired by the events of the time and were written as a protest against British rule in India. For example, her poem "In Defence of Culture" was written in response to the British attack on Indian cultural and religious traditions.</p>
<h3><strong>Political Career</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a passionate and dedicated freedom fighter. She was drawn to the Indian National Movement and joined the Indian National Congress in 1905. She became an active member of the Congress and was one of the leading voices in the struggle for independence. She was also a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was instrumental in organizing the non-violent resistance movement against the British rule.</p>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1925. She was a powerful orator and used her speeches to inspire and motivate the Indian people to join the struggle for independence. She traveled extensively across India and abroad, spreading the message of independence and non-violence. She was arrested several times for her participation in the independence movement and spent several years in jail.</p>
<h3><strong>Role in the Partition of India</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a strong advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity and was against the partition of India. Despite her opposition to the partition, she played a crucial role in ensuring that the process was peaceful and orderly. She worked tirelessly to prevent communal violence and helped to maintain calm during the tense and tumultuous period of the partition.</p>
<h3><strong>Legacy</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a true patriot who dedicated her life to the cause of India's independence. She was a woman of many talents and was a true inspiration to all those who knew her. Her poetry and speeches remain a testament to her passion and dedication to the cause of independence.</p>
<p>After India's independence, Sarojini Naidu continued to play an active role in politics and was appointed as the Governor of the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh) in 1947, becoming the first woman to hold the office of a governor in India. She served in this position until her death in 1949.</p>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a woman ahead of her time and was a pioneer in the field of women's rights and empowerment. She was a strong advocate for women's education and was an inspiration to many young women of her time. She encouraged women to participate in the independence movement and worked tirelessly to empower them.</p>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a true visionary and her legacy continues to inspire and motivate people to this day. She was a woman of many talents, and her contributions to India's independence, women's rights, and poetry have made her one of the most beloved and respected figures in Indian history.</p>
<h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3>
<p>Sarojini Naidu was a woman of great courage and passion, who dedicated her life to the cause of India's independence. She was a gifted poet, writer, and orator, who used her talents to inspire and motivate the Indian people. Her contributions to India's independence, women's rights, and poetry have made her one of the most beloved and respected figures in Indian history. The Nightingale of India continues to inspire and motivate people to this day, and her legacy will live on for generations to come.</p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #ff0000;"><strong>Aditi Saini</strong></span> </p>
<p><a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1676284414_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #ff0000;"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1676284414_image2.jpg" width="150" caption="false" /></strong></span></a></p>
<p>After pursuing Master's in Political Science from Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi University, she engrossed herself in Content Writing. Apart from being honest and a kind person, she is a good learner with the motto of "Live and let live".</p>',
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'title' => 'Sailing through the UPSC Preparation: A way of Life?',
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'description' => '<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><em><strong>A Smooth Sea never made a skilled Sailor. — Franklin D. Roosevelt</strong></em></span></p>
<p>This is the second piece in the series of my articles that help UPSC aspirants develop the right mindset to prepare for the civil services exam. In the first article I talked about leaving the college mindset and start thinking like an officer in order to become one.</p>
<p>In this article my focus will be to do a bit of handholding to the fresh aspirants who have just taken the path of this tedious yet achievable goal of becoming a civil servant. You might be aware or may be scared about the kind of lifestyle you need to adopt in order to sail through this voyage. Many of the senior players in the UPSC field or old school aspirants would suggest you to buy a bunch of ‘best books’ and lock yourself in a room for at least a year so that you don’t get distracted until you achieve your goal. This advice may turn out to be useful but more often than not it may be counterproductive. Though I don’t discount the importance of rigorous preparation which is a must by any standards, but it has to be done in the realm of one’s ordinary life without becoming a hermit.</p>
<p>UPSC is looking for candidates who are as knowledgeable as they are compassionate. As intellectually competent as they are emotionally competent. Therefore, it is very difficult to develop a well-rounded personality secluding yourself from the society and immersing yourself into the ocean of books and notes with waves of study material coming your way.</p>
<p>The mind of an average UPSC aspirant is flooded with questions like “When to study”, “When to take break”; “What to do for recreation?”, “What should be the daily routine?” and many more.</p>
<p>I am amused to see these new age coaching websites giving a minute-to minute schedule for an aspirant right from brushing the teeth to doing a quick video call with the family. I feel pity, at the same time, for the aspirants who look forward to these schedules by falling prey to the marketing gimmicks, not understanding that they are matured enough to make their own schedule or more importantly that they aim to acquire key posts in the administrative set up and run the country!!</p>
<p>Also, I am not very confident about the candidates who are saddened by the fact that there is so much to study and at the same time get angry at the coaching institutes for taking extra classes or giving more assignments during the festive breaks. My humble suggestion to such candidates is that preparing for UPSC is a choice that nobody is forced into, one has to be worthy enough to make that choice.</p>
<p>UPSC preparation, arguably, is a way of life. Thus, UPSC preparation has to be ingrained in the daily life with the lion’s share of our daily routine going to the preparation if one is a full time aspirant.</p>
<p>Balance is an oft quoted word in the course of preparation and it has to be a part of your daily life too. There is no perfect “number of hours” that one has to study in order to ace the exam. But a prudent balance is required between your studying capacity, syllabus and your health. If you exert too much pressure on your mind and body, you may achieve short term targets but it will become impossible to sustain this practice.</p>
<p>Similarly, your daily schedule should also be balanced giving you adequate amount of time for exercise, meditation, games or recreation. But again, here you have to understand how much is enough and exceeding that may hamper your preparation schedule.</p>
<p>Now coming to breaks. I am not a supporter of dedicated breaks during study hours. If you pre decide your break time and duration, you will be more eager to wait for the break time. Also, if some unforeseen things happen or you may feel tired after studying on a particular day(s) for any reason, you may end up taking more breaks than desired. So, I would suggest that you should take breaks when you feel like, but after you come back from break, try and revise whatever you study before the break. This way your breaks are assisting you in instant revision. Also, some people take an absolute break on Sundays where they deliberately don’t study anything in order to justify the break. Though it may sound very professional and cool, but according to me a better way to take a break is to use that time to plan for the coming week or month, or may be watch some inspirational or strategy videos so as to be connected with the preparation.</p>
<p>Now I would like to throw some light on one of the main engagements that most of us have these days! Social Media. The fresh aspirants coming from diverse educational backgrounds get a feeling of awesomeness when they study the upsc syllabus and current affairs. There is a natural urge for them to show their newly acquired knowledge to others and end up into long debates with strangers over the internet. Though you may feel you won the debate or your arguments were obviously more logical and profound, but this is not going to help you in any stage of the civil services exam.</p>
<p>The other constant in any aspirant’s life is demotivation, disappointment and failures. Try and understand that this exam is to test your mental strength, courage and perseverance. So, getting disappointed on getting less marks in test or not being able to study for targeted hours is a very small aspect of the big exam. It is the courage by which you rebound and recover the lost ground will decide your fate. So, challenges will be there and the one who is able to overcome these challenges will go across. It is very natural to be scared initially before diving into the ocean of UPSC but into sail through you need to fight through the small waves that come across your way. Also remember that</p>
<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><strong><em>"Waves are inspiring not because they rise and fall, but because each time they fall, they never fail to rise again" — RW Emerson</em></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #bf1717;"><strong><em><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631181650_8aaa5e14-158a-4ee8-a0be-6471a877b6b3.JPG" width="153" height="194" caption="false" /><br /><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #343494;"> <span style="font-size: 12px;">Amol Srivastava </span></span><span style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #343494;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">AIR 83 UPSC CSE 2017</span> </span></em></strong></span></p>',
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