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Maharaja Chhatrasal

Why in News The Maharaja Chhatrasal Convention Centre has been inaugurated at Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh. The Convention Centre, named after the...

30 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia

Why in News The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia on his birth anniversary (23rd March). Key Points Birth: 23rd...

24 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Shaheed Diwas

Why in News Prime Minister of India paid tributes to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru on Shaheed Diwas (23rd March). The Day is also known as...

23 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Statue of Unity

Why in News Recently, the ‘Statue of Unity’ at Kevadia in Gujarat’s Narmada district has crossed the mark of 50 lakh visitors...

16 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Biju Patnaik

Why in News The birth anniversary of Biju Patnaik was celebrated (5th March). He is remembered as a freedom fighter, an Indian politician, an...

06 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Morarji Desai

Why in News Recently, the 125th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai was observed. He was the 4th Prime Minister (1977-79)...

01 Mar 2021 Modern Indian History
Centenary of the Chauri Chaura Incident

Why in News On the occasion of the centenary of the Chauri Chaura incident, a postage stamp was released by the Prime Minister. Chauri Chaura is...

05 Feb 2021 Modern Indian History
Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant

Why in News Recently, a statue of freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant was unveiled at its new location on a roundabout at the Pandit Pant Marg, New...

28 Jan 2021 Modern Indian History
Anglo-Mysore Wars

The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of four military confrontations in India between the British and the rulers of Mysore. First Anglo-Mysore War...

25 Jan 2021 Modern Indian History
Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti

Why in News The central government has decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January. A...

23 Jan 2021 Modern Indian History
203rd Anniversary of the Bhima-Koregaon Battle

Why in News The victory pillar (also known as Ranstambh or Jaystambh) in Bhima-Koregaon village (Pune district of Maharashtra) celebrated the 203rd...

02 Jan 2021 Modern Indian History
Protests Against Eco-sensitive Zones in Narmada District

Why in News Recently, tribal communities in Gujarat have been protesting against the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)...

31 Dec 2020 Modern Indian History
Madan Mohan Malaviya Jayanti

Why in News The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya on his 159th birth anniversary (25th December, 2020). Key...

26 Dec 2020 Modern Indian History
The Carnatic Wars

Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India. Both had visions for...

21 Dec 2020 Modern Indian History
Land Revenue Systems in British India

Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence...

07 Dec 2020 Modern Indian History
Birth Anniversary of Birsa Munda

Why in News The Prime Minister paid tributes to tribal leader Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary on 15th November. The State of Jharkhand,...

16 Nov 2020 Modern Indian History
Revolt of 1857

The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as...

02 Nov 2020 Modern Indian History
National Unity Day 2020

Why in News Every year, the National Unity Day (Rashtriya Ekta Diwas) is celebrated on 31st October to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sardar...

31 Oct 2020 Modern Indian History
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia

Why in News The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to socialist Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia on his death anniversary. Key Points Birth: 23rd March,...

13 Oct 2020 Modern Indian History
Subhash Chandra Bose

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a fierce nationalist, whose defiant patriotism made him one of the greatest freedom fighters in Indian history. He was...

05 Oct 2020 Modern Indian History

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		'article_id' => (int) 8034,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Maharaja Chhatrasal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Maharaja Chhatrasal Convention Centre</strong> has been inaugurated at <strong>Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Convention Centre, named after the legendary <strong>Bundelkhand King Maharaja Chhatrasal,</strong> was built under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/promotion-of-buddhist-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swadesh Darshan scheme</a> of the Ministry of Tourism.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khajuraho</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>one of the nineteen identified <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iconic-tourist-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">iconic destinations</a></strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Tourism has framed <strong>&lsquo;Development of Iconic Tourist Destinations Scheme&rsquo;,</strong> a Central Sector Scheme for development of nineteen identified iconic destinations in the country following a holistic approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Khajuraho Group of Monuments</strong> is listed as a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-committee-s-concerns" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UNESCO world heritage site.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temples are famous for their <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nagara-style architectural</strong></a> symbolism and their <strong>erotic sculptures.</strong></li>
<li>Most Khajuraho temples were<strong> built between 885 AD and 1050 AD by the Chandela dynasty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swadesh Darshan, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a>, was<strong> launched in 2014-15</strong> for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>15 theme based circuits</strong> - Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, Eco, Heritage, Himalayan, Krishna, North-east, Ramayana, Rural, Spiritual, Sufi, Tirthankara, Tribal and Wildlife.</li>
<li>Theme-based tourist circuits are developed on the principles of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated manner to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the scheme, the Ministry of Tourism provides <strong>Central Financial Assistance (CFA)</strong> to State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for infrastructure development of circuits.</li>
<li>This scheme is envisioned to<strong> synergise with other schemes</strong> like <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skill India</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a></strong> etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth and building synergy with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth :</strong> Born on <strong>4<sup>th</sup> May 1649,</strong> to Champat Rai and Lal Kunwar, into the <strong>Bundela Rajput clan.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Medieval Indian warrior,</strong> fought <strong>against the Mughal Empire,</strong> and established <strong>his own kingdom in Bundelkhand.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Descendant of Rudra Pratap Singh</strong> of Orchha.</li>
<li>Ancestors were vassals of the Mughal emperor.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 20<sup>th</sup> December, 1731.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Power Struggle Against the Mughal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He <strong>started his struggle in 1671,</strong> and first captured Naugaon region of Chhatarpur district.</li>
<li>He <strong>fought for 50 years against Mughals </strong>and<strong> captured a large part of Bundelkhand with his seat of power at Panna.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relation with Baji Rao I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Baji Rao I <strong>helped Chhatrashal against the Mughals.</strong> He sent military aid against the Mughal force<strong> led by Muhammad Khan Bangash in 1728.</strong></li>
<li>The Maratha Peshwa<strong> Baji Rao I's second wife Mastani was Chhatrasal's daughter.</strong></li>
<li>Before his death, <strong>Chhatrasal transferred Mahoba and the surrounding area to Baji Rao I</strong> in return for his assistance against the Mughals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patron of Literature :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His court housed several noted poets. His <strong>eulogies written by Kavi Bhushan, Lal Kavi, Bakhshi Hansaraj and other court poets</strong> helped him gain lasting fame.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious View:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disciple of <strong>Mahamati Prannathji.</strong></li>
<li>Swami Prannathji also guided him in <strong>political, social, and economic matters.</strong></li>
<li>Swami Prannathji told Chhatrasal <strong>regarding Diamond mines of Panna</strong> and thus helped him in strengthening his financial position.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Chhatarpur town and its district</strong> in Madhya Pradesh are <strong>named after Chhatrasal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum</strong> in Madhya Pradesh and the <strong>Chhatrasal Stadium in Delhi</strong> are also named after the<strong> Maharaja Chhatrasal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1707906" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8000,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia on his birth anniversary (23<sup>rd</sup> March).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> March, 1910 in Akbarpur, Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616578065_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616578065_image2.jpg" width="200" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in the movement towards Indian independence.</li>
<li>Much of his career was devoted to combating injustice through the development of a distinctly Indian version of socialism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Socialism</strong> refers to a set of political ideas that emerged as a response to the inequalities present in, and reproduced by, the industrial capitalist economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lohia&rsquo;s Idea of Socialism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lohia <strong>identified five kinds of inequalities</strong> that need to be fought against simultaneously:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Inequality between <strong>man and woman,</strong></li>
<li>Inequality based on<strong> skin colour,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Caste-based</strong> inequality,</li>
<li><strong>Colonial rule</strong> of some countries over others, and</li>
<li><strong>Economic</strong> inequality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For him struggle against these five inequalities constituted five<strong> revolutions.</strong> He added two more revolutions to this list:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Revolution</strong> for civil liberties against unjust encroachments on private life and</li>
<li><strong>Revolution</strong> for non-violence, for renunciation of weapons in favour of Satyagraha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These were the<strong> seven revolutions or Sapta Kranti</strong> which for Lohia was the ideal of socialism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bachelor&rsquo;s degree (1929)</strong> from the <strong>University of Calcutta</strong> and <strong>a doctorate (1932)</strong> from the<strong> University of Berlin,</strong> where he studied economics and politics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pre-Independence Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1934, he became actively involved in the <strong>Congress Socialist Party (CSP),</strong> founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress.</li>
<li>A vehement <strong>opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World War II (1939-45)</a></strong>, he was arrested for anti-British remarks in 1939 and again in 1940.</li>
<li>With the emergence in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1942 of the Quit India movement</strong></a>&mdash;a campaign initiated by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/youth-mahatma-gandhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a> to urge the withdrawal of British authorities from India&mdash;Lohia and other CSP leaders (such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayaprakash-narayan-and-nanaji-deshmukh-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jaya Prakash Narayan</a></strong>) mobilized support from the underground. For such resistance activities, he was jailed again in 1944&ndash;46.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-Independence Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lohia and other CSP members left the Congress in <strong>1948.</strong></li>
<li>He became a member of the <strong>Praja Socialist Party</strong> upon its formation in <strong>1952</strong> and served as general secretary for a brief period, but internal conflicts led to his <strong>resignation in 1955.</strong></li>
<li>He established a<strong> new Socialist Party (1955),</strong> for which he became chairman as well as the editor of its journal, <strong>Mankind.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He advocated for various socio-political reforms in his capacity as party leader, including the <strong>abolition of the caste system,</strong> stronger protection of civil liberties, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In 1963,</strong> Lohia was elected to the<strong> Lok Sabha,</strong> where he was noted for his sharp criticism of government policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of <strong>his works</strong> include: &lsquo;Wheel of History&rsquo;, &lsquo;Marx, Gandhi and Socialism&rsquo;, &lsquo;Guilty Men of India&rsquo;s Partition&rsquo;, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 12<sup>th</sup> October, 1967.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1706778" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7994,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Shaheed Diwas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Prime Minister</strong> of India paid tributes to <strong>Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru</strong> on <strong>Shaheed Diwas (23<sup>rd</sup> March).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Day is also known as <strong>Martyrs&rsquo; Day</strong> or <strong>Sarvodaya Day.</strong></li>
<li>This Day should not be confused with the <strong>Martyrs&rsquo; Day</strong> observed on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/martyr-s-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 30<sup>th</sup> January</strong></a>, the day <strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong> was assassinated.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every year on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> March</strong>, Shaheed Diwas is observed.</li>
<li>It was on this day that Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed by the British government in 1931.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They were hanged to death for assassinating <strong>John Saunders</strong>, a British police officer in 1928. They had mistook him for British police superintendent <strong>James Scott.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was Scott who had ordered lathi charge, which eventually led to the death of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While <strong>Singh</strong>, who had publicly announced avenging Rai&rsquo;s death, went into hiding for many months after this shootout, he <strong>resurfaced along with an associate Batukeshwar Dutt, and the two, in April 1929</strong>, set off two explosive devices inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Allowed themselves to be arrested, while shouting the famous slogan: <strong>&ldquo;Inquilab Zindabad&ldquo;</strong>, or &ldquo;Long live the revolution&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Their lives inspired countless youth and in their death, they set an example. They carved out their own path for independence, where individual heroism and their aggressive need to do something for the nation stood out, departing from the path followed by the Congress leaders then.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhagat Singh:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616494688_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616494688_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Born as Bhaganwala on the <strong>26<sup>th</sup> September, 1907</strong>, <strong>Bhagat Singh</strong> grew up in a petty-bourgeois family of Sandhu Jats settled in the Jullundur Doab district of the <strong>Punjab</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He belonged to a generation that was to intervene between two decisive phases of the Indian national movement - the phase of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Extremism' of Lal-Bal-Pal</a>&nbsp;</strong>and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gandhian phase of nonviolent mass action.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1923</strong>, Bhagat Singh <strong>joined the National College, Lahore</strong> which was founded and managed by Lala Lajpat Rai and Bhai Parmanand. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The College was set up as an alternative to the institutions run by the Government, bringing to the field of education the idea of Swadeshi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1924 in Kanpur</strong>, he became <strong>a member of the Hindustan Republican Association</strong>, started by Sachindranath Sanyal a year earlier. The main organiser of the Association was Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh became very close to him. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was as a member of the HRA that Bhagat Singh began to take seriously the <strong>philosophy of the Bomb.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Armed revolution</strong> was understood to be the only weapon with which to fight British imperialism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1925, Bhagat Singh returned to Lahore and within the next year he and his colleagues<strong> started a militant youth organisation called the Naujawan Bharat Sabha.</strong></li>
<li>In April 1926, Bhagat Singh established contact with Sohan Singh Josh and through him the 'Workers and Peasants Party' which brought out the monthly magazine Kirti in Punjabi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For the next year Bhagat Singh worked with Josh and <strong>joined the editorial board of Kirti.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1927, he was first arrested on charges of association with the Kakori Case, accused for an article written under the pseudonym Vidrohi (Rebel). He was also accused of being responsible for a bomb explosion at Lahore during the Dussehra fair.</li>
<li>In 1928, Bhagat Singh <strong>changed the name of Hindustan Republican Association to Hindustan Socialist Republic Association (HSRA)</strong>. In 1930, when Azad was shot, the HSRA collapsed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Naujawan Bharat Sabha replaced HSRA in Punjab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>His time in the prison was spent protesting, seeking better living conditions for inmates. During this time, he gained the sympathy of the public, especially when <strong>he joined fellow defendant Jatin Das in a hunger strike.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The strike ended with Das&rsquo; death from starvation in September 1929. Two years later, Singh was convicted and hanged at the age of 23.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/shaheed-diwas-facts-bhagat-singh-death-anniversary-pm-modi-tweet-7240971/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7946,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Statue of Unity',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>&lsquo;Statue of Unity&rsquo;</strong> at <strong>Kevadia</strong> in <strong>Gujarat&rsquo;s Narmada district</strong> has crossed the mark of <strong>50 lakh visitors</strong> since its inauguration in <strong>2018</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-seaplane-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first seaplane service</strong></a> in Gujarat started <strong>from 31st October, 2020</strong>. It <strong>connects Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad to the Statue of Unity in Kevadia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Statue of Unity</strong> is built <strong>in honour</strong> of <strong>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</strong>. Sardar Patel is credited with <strong>uniting 560 princely states</strong> in pre-independent India hence the name of the <strong>statue is christened as &lsquo;Statue of Unity&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It was inaugurated on<strong> 31<sup>st</sup> October, 2018</strong> to mark the <strong>143<sup>rd</sup> birth anniversary of Sardar Patel.</strong></li>
<li>The Statue of Unity is the <strong>tallest statue in the world.</strong> At <strong>182 metres</strong>, it is 23 metres taller than China's Spring Temple Buddha statue and almost double the height of the Statue of Liberty (93 metres tall) in the US.</li>
<li>In January 2020, it was added in the <strong>&lsquo;Eight Wonders&rsquo;</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>located</strong> on the <strong>Sadhu Bet island on the Narmada river</strong>, which flows <strong>between</strong> the <strong>Satpura</strong> and the <strong>Vindhya mountain ranges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Designed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Statue of Unity was <strong>designed by Padma Bhushan recipient sculptor Ram V Sutar</strong> and intricate <strong>bronze cladding work</strong> was <strong>done by a Chinese foundry</strong>, the <strong>Jiangxi Toqine Company (JTQ).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Born:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>31<sup>st</sup> October 1875 in Nadiad, Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li>Headed various Committees of the Constituent Assembly of India, namely:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Advisory Committee on <strong>Fundamental Rights.</strong></li>
<li>Committee on <strong>Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Provincial Constitution Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Integrated the farmer&rsquo;s cause in <strong>Kheda Satyagraha (1918)</strong> and <strong>Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)</strong> with the national freedom movement.</li>
<li>Women of Bardoli bestowed the title &lsquo;Sardar&rsquo; on Vallabhbhai Patel, which means &lsquo;a Chief or a Leader&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Known as the<strong> &ldquo;Iron Man of India&rdquo;</strong> for playing an important role in unification and integration of Indian princely states into the Indian federation and for convincing princely states to align with the Indian Union.</li>
<li>Requested the people of India to live together by uniting (Ek Bharat) in order to create a foremost India (Shresth Bharat).</li>
<li>This ideology still reflects in the <strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative</strong> which seeks to make India self-reliant.</li>
<li>Remembered as the <strong>&lsquo;Patron Saint of India&rsquo;s Civil Servants&rsquo;</strong> as he established the modern all-India services system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>15<sup>th</sup> December 1950 in Bombay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-statue-of-unity-crosses-50-lakh-visitors-mark-7229213/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source -IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7862,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Biju Patnaik',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>birth anniversary of Biju Patnaik</strong> was celebrated (5<sup>th</sup> March). He is remembered as a freedom fighter, an Indian politician, an aviator and a businessman.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615024521_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615024521_image5.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="191" height="263" /></a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bijayananda Patnaik was<strong> born on 5<sup>th</sup> March 1916,</strong> he is popularly known as Biju Patnaik.</li>
<li>He was an ace pilot and joined the Royal Indian Air Force in 1936.</li>
<li>He was the two times Chief Minister of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Freedom Struggle:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Biju Patnaik started his career as a freedom fighter in 1942. He <strong>joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quit India Movement</a></strong> under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi to make India free. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He became a prominent leader of Congress and was engaged in the Quit India Movement with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayaprakash-narayan-and-nanaji-deshmukh-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Jay Prakash Narayan</strong></a> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dr-ram-manohar-lohia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 1943, he <strong>underwent imprisonment for about two years</strong> for his participation in the Quit India Movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He fearlessly undertook covert missions, ferrying freedom fighters to secret meetings with their supporters, and even airdropped leaflets in support of <strong>Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose&rsquo;s <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Army</a>.</strong></li>
<li>He played a major role in <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War II</strong> </a>and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kashmir War of 1948</strong></a> as a pilot in the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Kashmir Integration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Biju Patnaik had fearlessly flown a DC-3 transport aircraft to Srinagar on 27th October 1947, ferrying soldiers of the Sikh regiment after the tribal invasion from Pakistan in Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Indonesian Freedom Struggle:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On the request of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Biju Patnaik flew to Java and brought Sultan Sjahrir out of Dutch controlled territory in Indonesia for a meeting in Delhi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For this act of bravery, he was given honorary citizenship in Indonesia and awarded the <strong>&lsquo;Bhoomi Putra&rsquo;,</strong> the highest Indonesian award, rarely granted to a foreigner.</li>
<li>In 1996, the Biju Patnaik was awarded the highest Indonesian national award, the <strong>&lsquo;Bintang Jasa Utma&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1702783" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7813,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Morarji Desai',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>125<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai</strong> was observed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was the 4<sup>th</sup> Prime Minister (1977-79) and the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shri Morarji Desai was born on 29<sup>th</sup> February, 1896 in Bhadeli village, now in the Bulsar district of Gujarat.</li>
<li>After graduating in 1918 from the Wilson Civil Service in Bombay, he served as a Deputy Collector for twelve years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution in Freedom Struggle: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Joined Congress:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1930, when India was in the midst of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Civil Disobedience Movement</strong></a> launched by Mahatma Gandhi, Shri Desai, having lost his confidence in the British sense of justice, <strong>decided to resign from Government service and to plunge into the struggle.</strong></li>
<li>Shri Desai was<strong> imprisoned thrice</strong> during the freedom struggle. He became a Member of the All India Congress Committee in 1931 and was Secretary of the Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee until 1937.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participation In Individual Satyagraha:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He was <strong>detained in the individual Satyagraha</strong> launched by Mahatma Gandhi, released in October, 1941 and detained again in August, 1942 at the time of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/77th-anniversary-of-quit-india-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quit India Movement.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Career:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1952, he became the<strong> Chief Minister of Bombay.</strong></li>
<li>He joined the <strong>Union Cabinet as Minister for Commerce and Industry</strong> in November, 1956. Later, he took the Finance portfolio in March, 1958.</li>
<li>In 1963, he resigned from the <strong>Union Cabinet under the Kamraj Plan. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri,</strong> who succeeded Pt. Nehru, as Prime Minister, <strong>persuaded him to become Chairman of the Administrative Reforms Commission</strong> for restructuring the administrative system. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>According to Kamaraj Plan,</strong> it was proposed that all senior Congress leaders should resign from their posts and devote all their energy to the revitalization of the Congress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Desai was <strong>arrested and detained on 26<sup>th</sup> June, 1975, when Emergency was declared.</strong> He went on an indefinite hunger strike to support the <strong>Nav Nirman movement of Gujarat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nav Nirman Andolan</strong> was a socio-political movement in 1974 in Gujarat by students and middle-class people against economic crisis and corruption in public life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was later unanimously elected as Leader of the Janata Party in Parliament and was sworn in as the<strong> Prime Minister of India on 24<sup>th</sup> March, 1977.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>His Ideology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Against Inequality:</strong> According to him, unless the poor and the under privileged living in villages and towns enjoy a decent standard of life, the talk of socialism will not have much meaning. Shri Desai gave concrete expression to his anxiety by enacting progressive legislation to ameliorate the hardships of peasants and tenants.</li>
<li><strong>Supported Austerity:</strong> Shri Desai translated into action what he had professed in matters of economic planning and fiscal administration. In order to meet the needs of defense and development, he raised large revenues, reduced wasteful expenditure and promoted austerity in Government expenditure on administration. He kept<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1#:~:text=It%20is%20different%20from%20revenue,fiscal%20deficit%20in%20that%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> deficit financing</strong></a> very low by enforcing financial discipline. He brought curbs on extravagant living of the privileged section of society.</li>
<li><strong>Rule of Law:</strong> As Prime Minister, Shri Desai was keen that the people of India must be helped to become fearless to an extent where even if the highest in the land commits a wrong, the humblest should be able to point it out to him. &ldquo;No one, not even the Prime Minister&rdquo;, he was repeatedly said, should be above the law of the land&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Strict Disciplinarian:</strong> For him, truth was an article of faith and not an expediency. He seldom allowed his principles to be subordinated to the exigencies of the situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/morarji-desai-birth-anniversary-great-grandson-shares-video-7208628/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7616,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Centenary of the Chauri Chaura Incident',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On the occasion of the centenary <strong>of the Chauri Chaura </strong>incident, <strong>a postage stamp was released by</strong> the Prime Minister.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chauri Chaura is <strong>a town in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh</strong>.</li>
<li>On <strong>4<sup>th</sup> February, 1922,</strong> this town witnessed a violent incident - a large crowd of peasants set on fire a police station that killed 22 policemen. Due to this incident <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a> called off the <strong><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Cooperation Movement</a> (1920-22)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background (Launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 1<sup>st</sup> August, 1920, Gandhi had launched the Non-Cooperation Movement against the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It involved using <strong><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-82" target="_blank" rel="noopener">swadeshi</a> and boycott of foreign goods,</strong> especially machine made cloth, and legal, educational and administrative institutions, <strong>"refusing to assist a ruler who misrules"</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the winter of <strong>1921-22, volunteers of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement</strong> were organised into a <strong>national volunteer corps</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Khilafat Movement</strong> was <strong>a pan-Islamic force in India that arose in 1919</strong> in an effort <strong>to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among the Muslim community in India</strong> during the British raj.</li>
<li>The <strong>Congress supported the movement</strong> and Mahatma Gandhi sought to conjoin it to the Non-Cooperation Movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Details of the Chauri Chaura Incident:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 4<sup>th</sup> February, volunteers congregated in the town, and after the meeting, proceeded in a procession to the local police station, and to picket the nearby Mundera bazaar. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The police fired into the crowd killing some people and injuring many volunteers.</li>
<li>In retaliation, the crowd proceeded to set the police station on fire.</li>
<li>Some of the policemen who tried to escape were caught and battered to death. A lot of police property, including weapons, was destroyed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reaction of the British:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The British Raj <strong>prosecuted the accused aggressively</strong>. A sessions court quickly sentenced 172 of the 225 accused to death. However, ultimately, only 19 of those convicted were hanged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reaction of Mahatma Gandhi:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He condemned the crime of the policemen's killing. The volunteer groups in nearby villages were disbanded, and <strong>a Chauri Chaura Support Fund</strong> was set up to demonstrate "genuine sympathy" and seek atonement.</li>
<li>Gandhi <strong>decided to stop the Non-Cooperation Movement,</strong> which he saw as having been tainted by unforgivable violence. He bent the Congress Working Committee to his will, and <strong>on 12<sup>th</sup> February, 1922, the satyagraha (movement) was formally suspended</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reaction of Other National Leaders:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders</strong> leading the Non-Cooperation movement <strong>were shocked that Gandhiji had stopped the struggle</strong> when the civil resistance had consolidated their position in the freedom movement.</li>
<li>Other leaders like Motilal Nehru and CR Das recorded their dismay at Gandhi's decision and decided to establish the <strong>Swaraj Party</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justification for the Suspension of the Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gandhi</strong> on his part, justified himself on grounds of his unshakeable <strong>faith in non-violence</strong>.</li>
<li>Historians such as Bipan Chandra have argued that <strong>Gandhian strategy of non-violence was based on the premise that the use of repressive force against non-violent protesters would expose the real character of the colonial state</strong> and ultimately put moral pressure on them, but incidents such as Chauri Chaura defeated that strategy.</li>
<li>Besides, Bipin chandra opines that <strong>withdrawal or shift to a phase of non-confrontation</strong> is an inherent part of a strategy of political action that is based on the masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immediate Result:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disillusionment resulting from the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement nudged <strong>many of the younger Indian nationalists towards the conclusion that India would not be able to throw off colonial rule through non-violence</strong>.</li>
<li>It was from the ranks of these impatient patriots that some of India's most of the revolutionaries came into picture like Jogesh Chatterjee, Ramprasad Bismil, Sachin Sanyal, Ashfaqulla Khan, Jatin Das, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhagat-singh-s-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh</strong></a>, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Masterda Surya Sen, and many others.</li>
<li>Besides, sudden termination of the Non-Cooperation Movement <strong>disillusioned the Khilafat movement leaders</strong> that created a rift between Congress and the muslim leaders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chauri-chaura-incident-freedom-struggle-7173592/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7563,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a statue of freedom fighter <strong>Govind Ballabh Pant</strong> was unveiled at its new location on a roundabout at the Pandit Pant Marg, New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The statue had to be relocated from its earlier location near Raisina Road circle as it 'fell within the new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament building layout</strong></a>'</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant is remembered as one of the country’s <strong>most prominent freedom fighters and an administrator</strong> who played a key role in shaping modern India.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>Premier of United Provinces</strong> (1937 - 1939),<strong> First Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh</strong> (1946 -1954) and <strong>Union Home Minister</strong> (1955 - 1961) and was a recipient of the highest civilian award, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Bharat Ratna</strong> </a>in 1957.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pant was born on 10<sup>th</sup> September <strong>1887 in Uttarakhand, at Almora.</strong></li>
<li>When he was 18 years old, he started serving as a volunteer at sessions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress</strong></a>, looking up to<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gopal-krishna-gokhale" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gopalkrishna Gokhale</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madan-mohan-malaviya-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></strong> as his idols.</li>
<li>In 1907, he decided to study law, after receiving his degree, he started to practise law in Almora in 1910 and eventually moved to Kashipur.</li>
<li>In Kashipur, he <strong>established an organisation called Prem Sabha,</strong> that started working towards several reforms and also saved a school from shutting down due to non-payment of taxes to the British government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution in National Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant joined the Congress in December 1921 and soon joined the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non- cooperation movement</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In 1930, he was imprisoned for organizing a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Salt March</strong> </a>inspired by Gandhi's earlier actions.</li>
<li>He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh (then known as United Provinces) Legislative Assembly as the<strong> candidate of the Swarajist Party</strong> from Nainital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When in Government, he tried to bring in reforms which would do away with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india#:~:text=The%20zamindari%20system%20was%20introduced,occupancy%20right%20for%20actual%20cultivators." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zamindari system</strong></a>.</li>
<li>He also pleaded to the Government for lowering agricultural taxes on farmers.</li>
<li>He<strong> encouraged many cottage industries</strong> in the country and <strong>raised his voice against the coolie-beggar law,</strong> which forced porters to transport the heavy luggage of British officials without any payment.</li>
<li>Pant was always <strong>against a separate electorate for minorities,</strong> saying the step would further divide communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a>, Pant tried to <strong>conciliate between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gandhi's</a> faction,</strong> which advocated supporting the British Crown in their war effort, and <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Subash Chandra Bose</a>'s faction</strong>, which advocated taking advantage of the situation to expel the British Raj by any means necessary.</li>
<li>In 1942 he was arrested again, this time for signing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1#:~:text=About%3A%20On%208th%20August,known%20as%20August%20Kranti%20Maidan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quit India resolution</strong></a>, and spent three years in Ahmednagar Fort along with other members of the Congress working committee until March 1945. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded successfully for Pant's release, on grounds of failing health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post Independence</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, Govind Ballabh Pant became the <strong>Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.</strong> He worked for the upliftment of the farmers and the eradication of untouchability.</li>
<li>After the death of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-unity-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sardar Patel</strong></a>, Govind Ballabh Pant was <strong>made the Home Minister in the Union Government.</strong></li>
<li>As a Home Minister, he <strong>championed the cause of Hindi as the national language</strong> or rashtrabhasha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1692684" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7545,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Anglo-Mysore Wars',
		'description' => '<p>The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of <strong>four military confrontations</strong> in India between the <strong>British and the rulers of Mysore.</strong></p>
<h3>First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In 1612,</strong> a Hindu kingdom under the <strong>Wodeyars</strong> emerged in the region of Mysore. <strong>Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar</strong> <strong>II</strong> ruled from <strong>1734 to 1766. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Haider Ali</strong> who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the<strong> de-facto ruler of Mysore</strong> with his great administrative skills and military tactics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mysore&rsquo;s proximity with the French</strong> and<strong> Haidar Ali&rsquo;s control</strong> over the rich trade of the<strong> Malabar coast</strong> threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their control over Madras.</li>
<li>The British, after their success in the<strong> Battle of Buxar</strong> with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the <strong>Nizam of Hyderabad</strong> persuading him to give them the <strong>Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali</strong> who already had disputes with the <strong>Marathas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haider diplomatically turned the Marathas neutral and Nizam into his ally against Nawab of Arcot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Haider Ali</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haider Ali (1721-1782),</strong> born in an obscure family, started his career as a <strong>horseman in the Mysore army</strong> under the ministers of king<strong> Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was uneducated but <strong>intellectual </strong>and <strong>diplomatically &amp; militarily skilled.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He became the <strong><em>de facto</em> ruler of Mysore in 1761</strong> and <strong>introduced western methods</strong> of training into his army with the <strong>help of the French army.</strong></li>
<li>With his excellent military skills,<strong> he took over the Nizami army and the Marathas</strong> and captured<strong> Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote</strong> in 1761- 63 and brought to submission the troublesome<strong> Poligars of South India</strong> (Tamil Nadu).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poligars or Palaiyakkarars were appointed as <strong>military chiefs and administrative governors</strong> from the time of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> in parts of Southern India. They also collected taxes from the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recovering from their defeat, the Marathas under <strong>Madhavrao attacked Mysore,</strong> and<strong> defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771.</strong></li>
<li>To buy peace, Haidar Ali had to give them large sums of money, but after Madhavrao&rsquo;s death in 1772, <strong>Haidar Ali raided the Marathas</strong> a number of times <strong>during 1774-76,</strong> and <strong>recovered all the territories</strong> he had previously lost, besides <strong>capturing new areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war continued for<strong> a year-and-a-half</strong> without any conclusion.</li>
<li>Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras.</li>
<li>This forced the English to conclude a<strong> treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769</strong> known as the <strong>Treaty of Madras.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The treaty provided for the<strong> exchange of prisoners</strong> and the <strong>conquered areas.</strong></li>
<li>Haidar Ali was <strong>promised the help of the English</strong> in case he was attacked by any other power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British<strong> failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras</strong> when Mysore was attacked by the <strong>Maratha army in 1771.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover,<strong> Haider Ali found the French more resourceful</strong> in terms of fulfilling the army requirements of guns, saltpetre and lead.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, he started <strong>importing French war materials</strong> to Mysore <strong>through Mahe,</strong> a French possession on the Malabar Coast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increasing friendship between the two raised concern for the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently the British tried to capture Mahe which was under Haider Ali&rsquo;s protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Haidar Ali forged an <strong>alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam</strong> against the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He<strong> attacked the Carnatic and captured Arcot</strong> and <strong>defeated the English</strong> army under<strong> Colonel Baillie in 1781.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the meantime, the English (<strong>under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar&rsquo;s side,</strong> but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a<strong> defeat at Porto Novo</strong> (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) <strong>in November 1781.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haidar Ali <strong>died of cancer</strong> on<strong> December 7, 1782.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His son Tipu Sultan carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the<strong> Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784)</strong> under which both the parties gave back the territories they had taken from each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tipu Sultan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born in <strong>November 1750,</strong> Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali&rsquo;s son and a <strong>great warrior</strong> also known as the<strong> Tiger of Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>He was a<strong> well educated man</strong> fluent in<strong> Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of <strong>an efficient military force.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He organised his <strong>army on the European model with Persian words of command.</strong></li>
<li>Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was well aware of the importance of a naval force. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1796,</strong> he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for<strong> a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.</strong></li>
<li>He established<strong> three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad.</strong> However, his plans did not fructify.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was also a <strong>patron of science and technology</strong> and is credited as the<strong> &lsquo;pioneer of rocket technology&rsquo;</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.</li>
<li>He was also a pioneer in <strong>introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was a <strong>great lover of democracy and a great diplomat</strong> who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a<strong> Jacobin Club in 1797.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called <strong>Citizen Tipu.</strong></li>
<li>He planted the <strong>Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty of Mangalore was not enough to resolve the conflicts between Tipu Sultan and the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both were aiming to establish their own political supremacy over the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Anglo-Mysore War</strong> began when<strong> Tipu attacked Travancore,</strong> an ally of the English and the <strong>only source of pepper for the East India Company.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state which was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British sided with Travancore and attacked Mysore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam and the Marathas who were jealous of Tipu&rsquo;s growing power joined the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1790, Tipu Sultan defeated the British army under <strong>General Meadows.</strong></li>
<li>In 1791,<strong> Lord Cornwallis</strong> took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through <strong>Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore</strong> (captured in March 1791) and from there to<strong> Seringapatam.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coimbatore fell to them, but they lost it again, and at last with the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the British attacked Seringapatam for the second time.</li>
<li>Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the <strong>Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, nearly <strong>half of the Mysorean territory was taken over</strong> by the alliance of the British, Nizam and the Marathas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the British,</strong> while the <strong>Marathas</strong> got the regions surrounding the <strong>Tungabhadra and its tributaries</strong> and the <strong>Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna</strong> to beyond the <strong>Pennar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, a<strong> war damage of three crore rupees</strong> was also taken from Tipu.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu&rsquo;s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu&rsquo;s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period of 1792-99 was used by both the British and Tipu Sultan to recoup their losses. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam and got his sons released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of the Wodeyar dynasty died, Tipu declared himself as the Sultan and decided to avenge his humiliating defeat in the previous war.</li>
<li><strong>In 1798, Lord Wellesley,</strong> an imperialist to the core,<strong> succeeded Sir John Shore</strong> as the new Governor General.</li>
<li>Tipu&rsquo;s growing friendship with the French raised concerns for Wellesley. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aimed at annihilating Tipu&rsquo;s independent existence, he forced him into submission through the system of <strong>Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was accused of plotting against the British by sending emissaries to Arabia, Afghanistan and to the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Versailles, with treasonable intent. Tipu&rsquo;s explanation did not satisfy Wellesley thus the fourth Anglo-Mysore war began.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subsidiary Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1798, <strong>Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance</strong> system in India, under which the ruler of the allying Indian state was <strong>compelled to pay a subsidy</strong> for the<strong> maintenance of British army</strong> in return for <strong>getting protection from the British</strong> against their enemies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provided for the posting of a<strong> British Resident at the ruler&rsquo;s court</strong> restricting the ruler from employing any European in his service without the approval of the British.</li>
<li>Sometimes the ruler ceded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.</li>
<li>The first Indian ruler to sign the <strong>Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hydera&shy;bad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those native princes or rulers who would enter into Subsidiary Alliance were not free to declare war against any other power or enter into negotiations without the con&shy;sent of the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The princes who were comparatively strong and powerful were permitted to retain their armies, but their armies were placed under British generals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy of<strong> non-interference in the internal affairs of the allied state,</strong> but this was a promise seldom kept by the British.</li>
<li>The payment of the arbitrarily-fixed and artificially-bloated subsidy invariably disrupted the economy of the state and impoverished its people.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the British could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They controlled the defence and foreign relations of the protected ally, and had a powerful force stationed at the very heart of his lands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war began on <strong>April 17, 1799</strong> and ended on <strong>May 4, 1799</strong> with the fall of Seringapatam. Tipu was defeated first by British General Stuart and then by General Harris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arthur Wellesley, the brother of Lord Wellesley, also participated in the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Marathas and the Nizam again helped the British as the<strong> Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu</strong> and the<strong> Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu Sultan died in the war and all his treasures were confiscated by the British.</li>
<li>The British chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as the maharaja and also imposed the subsidiary alliance system on him.</li>
<li>It had taken the English 32 years to subjugate Mysore. The threat of French revival in the Deccan was permanently eliminated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post War Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lord Wellesley offered <strong>Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom</strong> to the <strong>Marathas,</strong> which the latter <strong>refused.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Nizam</strong> was given the districts of <strong>Gooty and Gurramkonda.</strong></li>
<li>The British took possession of Kanara, <strong>Wayanad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.</strong></li>
<li>The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 7532,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has decided to observe <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhas Chandra Bose</strong></a> <strong>Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas'</strong> to be celebrated on 23<sup>rd</sup> January.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A high-level committee headed by the Prime Minister has also been formed to plan year-round programmes to mark the anniversary of Bose.</li>
<li>Recently the Government of India has also instituted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar</strong></a> to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" width="462" height="650" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subhas Chandra Bose was born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province,</strong> to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.</li>
<li>He was highly<strong> influenced by <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vivekananda's teachings</a></strong> and considered him as his spiritual Guru.</li>
<li>His <strong>political mentor</strong> was <strong>Chittaranjan Das.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Association with Congress:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He stood for<strong> unqualified swaraj (independence),</strong> and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.</li>
<li>He actively participated in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation#:~:text=On%20March%2012%2C%201930%2C%20Gandhiji,Dandi%20on%20the%20Arabian%20Sea.&amp;text=In%20August%201931%2C%20Gandhiji%20traveled,the%20nationalist%20Indian%20National%20Congress." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Salt Satyagraha</a> of 1930</strong> and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.</strong></li>
<li>In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with <strong>Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.</strong></li>
<li>Bose won the <strong>congress presidential</strong> elections at Haripura in<strong> 1938.</strong></li>
<li>Again in <strong>1939 at Tripuri,</strong> he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.</li>
<li>He found a new party, <strong>'the Forward Bloc'.</strong> The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Army:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, <strong>&lsquo;Delhi Chalo&rsquo;,</strong> and announced the formation of the <strong>Azad Hind Government</strong> and the <strong>Indian National Army</strong> on 21<sup>st</sup> October 1943.</li>
<li>The INA was first formed under <strong>Mohan Singh</strong> and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.</li>
<li>The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.</li>
<li>The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.</li>
<li>In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-kolkata-to-celebrate-netaji-s-125th-birth-anniversary-101611379498256-amp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7371,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '203rd Anniversary of the Bhima-Koregaon Battle',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>victory pillar (also known as Ranstambh or Jaystambh)</strong> in Bhima-Koregaon village (Pune district of Maharashtra) celebrated the <strong>203<sup>rd</sup> anniversary of the Bhima-Koregaon battle of 1818</strong> on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> January, 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018, <strong>incidents of violent clashes between Dalit and Maratha groups</strong> were registered during the celebration of the <strong>200<sup>th</sup> anniversary</strong> of the Bhima-Koregaon battle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>battle</strong> was fought in Bhima Koregaon between the <strong>Peshwa forces and the British on 1<sup>st</sup> January, 1818.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>British army,</strong> which <strong>comprised mainly of Dalit soldiers,</strong> fought the <strong>upper caste-dominated Peshwa army.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>British troops defeated the Peshwa army.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Peshwa Bajirao II</strong> had <strong>insulted the Mahar community</strong> and terminated them from the service of his army. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This caused them to side with the English against the Peshwa&rsquo;s numerically superior army.</li>
<li><strong>Mahar,</strong> caste-cluster, or group of many endogamous castes, living chiefly in Maharashtra state and in adjoining states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They mostly speak Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra.</li>
<li>They are officially<strong> designated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The defeat of Peshwa army was considered to be a<strong> victory against caste-based discrimination and oppression.</strong></li>
<li>It was one of the last battles of the <strong>Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18), which ended the Peshwa domination.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Babasaheb Ambedkar</a>&rsquo;s</strong> <strong>visit to the site on 1<sup>st</sup> January, 1927,</strong> revitalised the memory of the battle for the Dalit community, making it a rallying point and an assertion of pride.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Victory Pillar Memorial:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>erected by the British</strong> in <strong>Perne village</strong> in the district<strong> for the soldiers killed in the Koregaon Bhima battle.</strong> It has attained<strong> legendary stature in Dalit history.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/koregaon-bhima-its-roses-bounteous-gestures-at-dalit-event-marred-by-caste-clashes-last-year-5519082/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7347,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Protests Against Eco-sensitive Zones in Narmada District',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> tribal communities in Gujarat have been protesting</strong> against the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</strong> (MoEFCC) order classifying 121 villages around the <strong>Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in <strong>Narmada district as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">eco-sensitive zones.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They have appealed to the centre to withdraw the notification to mitigate the protests.</li>
<li>Tribes like <strong>Tadvi and Vasava</strong> have been concerned ever since <strong>Kevadia village</strong> of Narmada district was developed into a<strong> tourism circuit around the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Statue of Unity</a></strong> (SoU).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons Behind Protests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Land falling in the eco-sensitive zone,</strong> including land used for agricultural use and plots reserved for parks, <strong>cannot be transferred for non-agricultural use</strong> for commercial, industrial or residential purposes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any land that needs to be transferred can be done so <strong>only after approval from the state government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A process has been initiated to include the <strong>state government as the co-owner</strong> of the land in the 121 villages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tribals are apprehensive of the order as they <strong>were not taken into confidence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The notification, combined with the formation of the <strong>SoU Tourism Authority</strong> (SoUTA or also known as the <strong>SoU Area Development and Tourism Governance Authority</strong>), has <strong>increased administrative needs owing to the booming tourism</strong> and has <strong>left tribals in a state of mistrust and fear.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They feel the simultaneous implementation of the two government decisions <strong>could dilute the &ldquo;power&rdquo; vested with villagers under the Panchayat (Extension of Scheduled Areas) Act</strong> (PESA Act), <strong>1996,</strong> implemented in areas notified under <strong>Schedule V</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth and Sixth Schedules</strong> provide for <strong>alternate or special governance mechanisms for certain schedule areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Panchayat (Extension of Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gujarat notified the <strong>State PESA Rules in January 2017,</strong> applicable in 4,503 gram sabhas in eight districts of the state.</li>
<li>The Act promised a<strong> separate security force for the gram sabhas</strong> that would have complete power to decide their issues.</li>
<li>The provisions of the law deem the<strong> gram sabhas as &ldquo;most competent&rdquo; to deal with matters related to their territories</strong> for safeguarding their customs, traditions as well as the natural resources in the tribal areas.</li>
<li>However, the<strong> Act has not been enforced in letter and spirit,</strong> according to legal experts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Statue of Unity Tourism Authority</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government passed the <strong>SoU Area Development and Tourism Governance Authority or the SoU Tourism Authority</strong> (SoUTA) <strong>Bill in 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill<strong> sets aside Rs. 10 crore</strong> from the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-utilisation-of-cesses-levies#:~:text=States%20as%20devolution.-,Consolidated%20Fund%20of%20India,and%20all%20non%2Dtax%20revenues." target="_blank" rel="noopener">consolidated fund</a> of the state</strong> for the discharge of functions and duties by SoUTA.</li>
<li>While activists and legal experts feel the Act will overpower the provisions of PESA, officials say rules of SoUTA are yet to be clarified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>largely work as a local body that will prepare and execute a development plan</strong> or a town planning scheme, remove encroachments and provide civic amenities like water supply, transportation, power supply, drainage, hospitals, medical services, schools, public parks, markets, shopping places, and disposal of waste, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Acquiring immovable property</strong> under the <strong>Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking punitive action</strong> against those violating/encroaching it.</li>
<li><strong>Defining the limits</strong> of the tourism development area.</li>
<li><strong>Persons authorised can enter any land or building</strong> between sunrise and sunset by giving its occupant a notice of at least 24 hours.</li>
<li><strong>Shields the authority and its members from any legal proceeding or prosecution</strong> for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of the provisions of this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Assistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Police can assist the authority in prohibiting any nuisance</strong> being caused or prevent any such activity, process, the operation being carried out, if it opines that it will damage or deteriorate the &ldquo;tourism potentiality&rdquo; of the area.</li>
<li><strong>Expenses and costs incurred,</strong> if any, in removing or abating such nuisance, shall be<strong> recovered as an arrear of land revenue from the person who has caused such nuisance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Punishments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Persons who fail to comply with directions given by the authority shall be <strong>punishable with imprisonment for up to a month</strong> or with a <strong>fine up to Rs. 50,000, or both.</strong> The offence will also be treated as <strong>&ldquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences#:~:text=In%20cognisable%20offences%2C%20an%20officer,necessary%20on%20certain%20enumerated%20bases." target="_blank" rel="noopener">cognisable</a> and non-bailable&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was first declared a<strong> protected area in 1982.</strong></li>
<li>An area of 150.87 sq. km was called the <strong>&lsquo;Dumkhal Sanctuary&rsquo;,</strong> specifically created for the<strong> protection of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sloth bears</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In the years <strong>1987 and 1989, more land was attributed</strong> to conservation and the area of the sanctuary enlarged to 607.70 sq km. It was then <strong>renamed</strong> &lsquo;Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> It is made up of a mixed forest of teak, riverine forest and deciduous dry jungles.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> Sloth bear, Leopard, Rhesus macaque, Four Horned antelope, Barking deer, Pangolin, Herpetofauna, birds including Alexandrine parakeet.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gujarat-narmada-district-eco-sensitive-zone-protests-7125774/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7306,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Madan Mohan Malaviya Jayanti',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to <strong>Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya </strong>on his<strong> 159<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary (25<sup>th</sup> December, 2020).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608971009_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608971009_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="240" height="537" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 25<sup>th</sup> December 1861, in <strong>Allahabad (now Prayagraj)</strong> in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a great educationist, pioneer, an eloquent rhetorician, a national leader.</li>
<li>He took part in numerous activities like the <strong>freedom struggle movements,</strong> promotion of industries, the <strong>economic and social development of the country, education, religion,</strong> social service,<strong> development of Hindi language</strong> and many other issues of national importance throughout his life.</li>
<li>He was given the <strong>title of &lsquo;Mahamana&rsquo; by Mahatma Gandhi</strong> and the second President of India, Dr. S. <strong>Radhakrishnan</strong> gave him the status of a<strong> &lsquo;Karmayogi&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Freedom Struggle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the freedom struggle, he was <strong>midway between</strong> the Liberals and the Nationalists, the Moderates and the Extremists, as the followers of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gopal-krishna-gokhale" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gokhale</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tilak</strong></a> were respectively called.</li>
<li>In 1930, when <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a> launched the <strong>Salt Satyagraha and the Civil Disobedience Movement,</strong> he participated in it and courted arrest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Congress:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was <strong>elected as the President of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Congress</a> committee (four times)</strong> in 1909, 1918, 1932 and 1933.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is remembered for his role in<strong> ending the Indian indenture system,</strong> especially in the <strong>Caribbean.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indentured labour was a system of bonded labour that was <strong>instituted following the abolition of slavery in 1833.</strong></li>
<li>Indentured labour were recruited to work on sugar, cotton and tea plantations, and rail construction projects in British colonies in West Indies, Africa and SouthEast Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apprehensive of the possibility of the British completely damming the flow of Ganga at Bhimgoda in Haridwar, he<strong> set up the Ganga Mahasabha in 1905.</strong></li>
<li>He was a social reformer and a successful legislator, serving as <strong>a member of the Imperial Legislative Council for 11 years (1909&ndash;20).</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>popularized the term &lsquo;Satyamev Jayate&rsquo;.</strong> However, the phrase originally belongs to the <strong>Mundaka Upanishad.</strong> The term now is the <strong>national motto of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Devnagri</strong> was introduced in the<strong> British-Indian</strong> courts because of Malviya&rsquo;s efforts with the British government.</li>
<li>He worked immensely for<strong> Hindu-Muslim unity.</strong> He is known to have given famous speeches on <strong>communal harmony.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He was expelled from the Brahmin community for expressing his <strong>views on caste discrimination and Brahmanical patriarchy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He helped establish the <strong>Hindu Mahasabha (&ldquo;Great Society of Hindus&rdquo;) in 1915.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Journalist:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a journalist, he started a<strong> Hindi weekly, Abhyudaya in 1907</strong> and made it a daily in 1915 and also<strong> Hindi monthly, Maryada in 1910.</strong></li>
<li>He started<strong> an English daily- Leader in 1909.</strong></li>
<li>Malaviya was the<strong> editor of Hindi weekly, the Hindustan and Indian Union.</strong></li>
<li>He was also the <strong>Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Hindustan Times</strong> for many years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died on 12<sup>th</sup> November, 1946, at the age of 84.</li>
<li><strong>Awards and Honours:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> 2014,</strong> he was posthumously <strong>conferred with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Bharat Ratna</a></strong>, the country's highest civilian award.</li>
<li>In 2016, the Indian Railways started the<strong> Varanasi-New Delhi Mahamana Express</strong> in the leader&rsquo;s honour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1683484" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7260,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'The Carnatic Wars',
		'description' => '<p>Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both had visions for establishing political power over the region.</li>
<li>The Anglo-French rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories.</li>
<li>Specifically, in India, the rivalry, in the form of three Carnatic wars decided once for all the English and not French were the more suitable ones to establish their rule all over India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>First Carnatic War (1740-48)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the <strong>Austrian War of Succession.</strong></li>
<li>The First Carnatic War is remembered for the <strong>Battle of St. Thome (in Madras)</strong> fought between the French forces and the forces of <strong>Anwar-ud-din,</strong> the <strong>Nawab of Carnatic,</strong> to whom the English appealed for help.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The War of Austrian Succession</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe&rsquo;s great powers were involved in a conflict caused by the question of Maria Theresa&rsquo;s succession to the Austrian Habsburg crown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war involved all of Europe, with France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony arrayed against Austria and Britain.</li>
<li>The first two series of wars, <strong>the First Silesian War (1740&ndash;42) and the Second Silesian War (1744&ndash;45)</strong> were centered around Austria and Prussia.</li>
<li>The third war was centred on the continued conflict between <strong>France and Britain</strong> over colonial possessions in India and North America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the war, British troops proved their worth as soldiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the Peace treaty of<strong> Aix-la-Chapelle,</strong> signed in October 1748. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, France agreed to leave the Austrian Netherlands and give back Madras to Britain in return for Louisbourg.</li>
<li>Maria Theresa was also confirmed as Austrian ruler.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although France, conscious of its relatively weaker position in India, did not favour an extension of hostilities to India, the English navy under <strong>Commodore Curtis Bennett</strong> seized some French ships to provoke France. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The French Governor General, the <strong>Marquis Joseph-Fran&ccedil;ois Dupleix,</strong> appealed for protection from Anwar-ud-Din, the Nawab of Carnatic and he in turn warned the British that his province was neutral territory and that no attack on French possessions would be tolerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of France, under <strong>Admiral La Bourdonnais,</strong> the French governor of Mauritius. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capture of Madras triggered a bitter argument between Dupleix and La Bourdonnais. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix wanted to hand the town over to the Nawab, as compensation for breaking the Nawab's decree of neutrality, while La Bourdonnais wanted to ransom the town back to the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This dispute dragged on into October, and eventually Anwar-ud-Din decided to intervene. He sent an army of 10,000 men under the command of his son Mahfuzz Khan to besiege the French in Madras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A small French army under Captain Paradise defeated the strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khan at St.Thome on the banks of the River Adyar.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War ended in 1748 when the <strong>Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle</strong> was signed bringing the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>War was an eye-opener for the Europeans in India:</strong> it revealed that even a small disciplined army could easily defeat a much larger Indian army.</li>
<li>Further, this war adequately brought out the importance of naval force in the Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Carnatic War (1749-54)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by the <strong>Anglo-French rivalry</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Even after the end of the First Carnatic War, the peace in India was short lived. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1748<strong> Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the Mughal governor of the Deccan and semi-independent Nawab of Hyderabad died.</li>
<li>The succession to his position was contested, and the British and French were soon dragged into the fighting between the candidates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix, the French governor who had successfully led the French forces in the First Carnatic War, sought to increase his power and French political influence in southern India by interfering in local dynastic disputes to defeat the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The resulting Second Carnatic War lasted from 1749 until 1754, and saw the British strengthen their position in southern India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The opportunity was provided by the death of <strong>Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the founder of the independent kingdom of <strong>Hyderabad, in 1748,</strong> and the release of <strong>Chanda Sahib,</strong> the son-in-law of <strong>Dost Ali,</strong> the Nawab of Carnatic, by the Marathas in the same year.</li>
<li><strong>In Hyderabad,</strong> the accession of Nasir Jang, the son of the Nizam, to the throne of Hyderabad was opposed by Muzaffar Jang, the grandson of the Nawab, who laid claim to the throne saying that the Mughal Emperor had appointed him as the governor of Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Further south</strong> there were two candidates for the <strong>Nawabship of the Carnatic,</strong> a subsidiary post officially dependent on the Nizam.</li>
<li><strong>Anwar-ud-Din</strong> had only been appointed Nawab of the Carnatic in <strong>1743,</strong> after Nizam-ul-Mulk had been forced to intervene to restore order in the province.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anwar-ud-Din was one of the Nizam's officers.</li>
<li>Appointment of Anwar-ud-Din was resented by Chanda Sahib</li>
<li>Chanda Sahib was the son-in-law of a previous Nawab of the Carnatic, Dost Ali (1732-39). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He had been an effective ally to the French, before in 1741 being besieged in Trichinopoly by the Marathas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French supported the claims of Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in the Deccan and Carnatic, respectively, while the English sided with Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed Anwar- ud-din at the <strong>Battle of Ambur</strong> (near Vellore) in<strong> 1749.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nawab was killed early in the war and left behind his son <strong>Mohammed Ali</strong> to claim the Nawabship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muzaffar Jang was installed as the Nizam of Hyderabad and the subahdar of Deccan, and Dupleix was appointed governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Territories near Pondicherry and also some areas on the Orissa Coast (including Masulipatnam) were ceded to the French.</li>
<li>However, Muzaffar Jung was killed a couple of months later and the French installed Muzaffar&rsquo;s uncle Salabat Jung as the new Nizam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Having failed to provide effective assistance to Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, <strong>Robert Clive</strong> of the English company (first British administrator of the Bengal Presidency), put forward the proposal for a diversionary attack on the Governor Saunders of Madras. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He suggested a sudden raid on <strong>Arcot</strong> (the capital of the Carnatic) to divert the pressure from Trichinopoly in which the British won.</li>
<li>After several battles fought, Chanda Sahib was executed by Muhammad Ali who was later installed as the Nawab of Carnatic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The French authorities, annoyed at the heavy financial losses that Dupleix&rsquo;s policy involved, decided to recall him in 1754.</li>
<li><strong>Charles Robert Godeheu</strong> succeeded Dupleix as the French Governor-General in India.</li>
<li>Godeheu adopted a <strong>policy of negotiations</strong> with the English and signed the <strong>Treaty of Pondicherry</strong> with them under which the English and the French agreed not to interfere in the quarrels of native princes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, each party was left in possession of the territories actually occupied by them at the time of the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Implications:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It became evident that the countenance of Indian authority was no longer necessary for European success; rather Indian authority itself was becoming dependent on European support.</li>
<li><strong>Muhammad Ali</strong> in the Carnatic and<strong> Salabat Jang</strong> in Hyderabad became clients rather than patrons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Carnatic War or the Battle of Wandiwash (1758-63)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Europe, when Austria wanted to recover Silesia in 1756, the <strong>Seven Years War (1756-63)</strong> started. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Britain and France were once again on opposite sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War in India:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1758, the French army under French General,<strong> Count Thomas Arthur de Lally</strong> captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758.</li>
<li>Now, the English became offensive and inflicted heavy losses on the French fleet under <strong>Admiral D&rsquo;Ache</strong> at Masulipatnam.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Battle of Wandiwash:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>General Eyre Coote</strong> of the English totally routed the French army under<strong> Count de Lally</strong> and took Marquis de Bussy as prisoner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pondicherry was gallantly defended by Lally for eight months before he surrendered on January 16, 1761. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the loss of Pondicherry, Gingee and Mahe, the French power in India was reduced to its lowest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lally, after being taken as prisoner of war at London, returned to France where he was imprisoned and executed in 1766.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result and Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Third Carnatic War proved decisive.</li>
<li>The third war ended with the <strong>Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763)</strong> under which Pondicherry and Chandannagar were returned to France but they could only have trading activities in them.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the treaty restored to the French their factories in India, the French political influence disappeared after the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thereafter, the French, like their Portuguese and Dutch counterparts in India, confined themselves to their small enclaves and to commerce.</li>
<li>The English became the<strong> supreme European power</strong> in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The victory at Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India. Thus they were ready to take over the rule of the entire Country.</li>
<li>Significantly, in the<strong> Battle of Wandiwash,</strong> natives served in both the armies as sepoys.</li>
<li>It makes one think that irrespective of which side won, there was an inevitability about the fall of India to European invaders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes for the English Success and the French Failure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lesser Governmental Control Over British:</strong> The English company was a private enterprise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This created a sense of enthusiasm and self-confidence among the people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With less governmental control over it, this company could take instant decisions when needed without waiting for the approval of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French company, on the other hand, was a State concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was controlled and regulated by the French government and was hemmed in by government policies and delays in decision-making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Navy and Bigger Cities Under Control:</strong> The English navy was superior to the French navy; it helped to cut off the vital sea link between the French possessions in India and France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The English held three important places, namely, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras whereas the French had only Pondicherry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>British were Strong with Funds:</strong> The French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial ambition, which made the French company short of funds. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In spite of their imperialistic motives, the British never neglected their commercial interests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British always had the funds and the consequent sound financial condition to help them significantly in the wars against their rivals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Commanders:</strong> A major factor in the success of the English in India was the superiority of the commanders in the British camp. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In comparison to the long list of leaders on the English side - Sir Eyre Coote, Major Stringer Lawrence, Robert Clive and many others, there was only Dupleix on the French side.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7148,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Land Revenue Systems in British India',
		'description' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence during the British rule in India.</li>
<li>Before independence, there were three major types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Zamindari System</li>
<li>The Mahalwari System</li>
<li>The Ryotwari System</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The basic difference in these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Zamindari System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The zamindari system was introduced by <strong>Lord Cornwallis in 1793</strong> through <strong>Permanent Settlement</strong> that fixed the land rights of the members<strong> in perpetuity</strong> without any provision for fixed rent or occupancy right for actual cultivators.</li>
<li>Under the Zamindari system, the <strong>land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries</strong> known as<strong> Zamindars.</strong></li>
<li>The share of the government in the total land revenue collected by the zamindars was kept at<strong> 10/11<sup>th</sup>,</strong> and the remainder going to zamindars.</li>
<li>The system was most prevalent in <strong>West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Permanent Settlement Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Permanent Land revenue settlement the Zamindars were recognised as the permanent owners of the land.</li>
<li>They were given instruction to pay 89% of the annual revenue to the state and were permitted to enjoy 11% of the revenue as their share.</li>
<li>The Zamindars were left independent in the internal affairs of their respective districts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Issues with the Zamindari System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For the Cultivators:</strong> In villages, the cultivators found the system oppressive and exploitative as the rent they paid to the zamindar was very high while his right on the land was quite insecure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cultivators often had to take loan to pay the rents, on failing to pay the rent, they were evicted from the land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For the Zamindars:</strong> The revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay, and those who failed to pay the revenue lost their zamindari.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The zamindars were not so keen about improving the land. As long as they could give out the land and get rent, they preferred it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For the Company:</strong> By the first decade of the 19th century, the cultivation slowly expanded and prices rose in the market.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although this meant an increase in the income of Zamindars, it was no gain for the company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been settled permanently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Ryotwari System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the British territories in southern India, there was a move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement.</li>
<li>A system that came to be known as the<strong> Ryotwari System,</strong> was devised by <strong>Captain Alexander Read and Sir Thomas Munro</strong> at the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century and introduced by the latter when he was <strong>governor of Madras Presidency (1819&ndash;26).</strong></li>
<li>Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state.</li>
<li>In this system, the Individual cultivator called <strong>Ryot</strong> had full rights regarding sale, transfer, and leasing of the land.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ryots could not be evicted from their land as long as they paid the rent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was prevalent in most of southern India, first introduced in Tamil Nadu. It was later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg and Assam.</li>
<li>The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Issues with the Ryotwari System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This system gave much power to subordinate revenue officials, whose activities were inadequately supervised.</li>
<li>The system was dominated by the mahajans and moneylenders who granted loans to cultivators by mortgaging their land.</li>
<li>The moneylenders exploited the cultivators and evicted them from their land in case of loan default.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Mahalwari System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, the Company officials were convinced that the system of revenue had to be changed again.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The revenues cannot be fixed permanently at such a time when the Company needed more money to meet its expenses of administration and trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1822, Englishman <strong>Holt Mackenzie</strong> devised a new system known as the Mahalwari System in the <strong>North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency</strong> (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh).</li>
<li>Under the Mahalwari system, the <strong>land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen</strong> on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar).</li>
<li>The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called <strong>&lsquo;Mahal&rsquo;</strong> and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The system was popularised by <strong>Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh</strong> and was later extended to <strong>Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Issue with the Mahalwari System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A major drawback of the system was that the survey was practically based on faulty assumptions which left a space for manipulations and corruption.</li>
<li>At times, it made the Company spend more for the collection than the revenue collected. Consequently, the system was regarded as a failure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Optimistic officials had imagined that the new system would transform the Peasants into rich enterprising farmers but this did not happen.</li>
<li>Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand that peasants were unable to pay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Some Other Systems</h3>
<p><strong>Taluqdari System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term &lsquo;taluqdar&rsquo; has different meanings in different parts of India. In Oudh, taluqdar is a great landholder.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But in Bengal, a taluqdar is next to zamindar in extent of land control and social status.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The big zamindars themselves had created many taluqs under several denominations, such as, junglburi taluq, mazkuri taluq, shikimi taluq, and so on.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These were created partly as a strategy of zamindari management and partly as a fiscal policy measure for raising zamindari funds for specific purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the Permanent Settlement, new varieties of taluqs were created by zamindars.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the pressure of the Permanent Settlement, many zamindars were creating dependent taluqs denominated as pattani taluq, noabad taluq and osat taluq.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Malguzari System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The land tenure prevailing in the erstwhile Central Provinces was known as Malguzari system in which the Malguzar was merely a revenue farmer under the Marathas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When the Marathas came into power in this region, they farmed out the revenues of villages to persons of influence and wealth, who were called Malguzars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the British Rule, they were given proprietary rights and were held responsible for payment of revenue.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the headman of a village was weak or was for any other reason, unable to answer for the sum the authorities expected, or if a court favourite wanted the village, the headman was replaced without hesitation by a farmer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The farmer, or manager was at first called Mukaddam (the Hindi or Marathi form of Arabic Mugaddam).</li>
<li>Under the Malguzari system, the Lambardar/Sadar Lambardar appointed from among the Malguzars, was the revenue engager.</li>
<li>Other cultivators were either Absolute occupancy tenant, Occupancy tenant, Sub-tenant, Raiyat-Malik or lessees, who could be ejected from their holdings on various grounds. Malguzar (proprietor or co-sharer) held land under special description, namely, Sir land and Khudkasht land.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6998,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Birth Anniversary of Birsa Munda',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister paid tributes to <strong>tribal leader Birsa Munda</strong> on his birth anniversary on 15th November.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The State of <strong>Jharkhand</strong>, carved out of Bihar, officially <strong>came into being on Munda&rsquo;s birth anniversary in 2000</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605515666_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605515666_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="243" height="256" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 15<sup>th</sup> November 1875, belonged to the <strong>Munda tribe</strong> in the <strong>Chotanagpur Plateau</strong> area.</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also known as <strong>Dharti Aaba</strong> (Father of Earth), Birsa Munda is known to have <strong>mobilised the tribal community against the British</strong> and had also forced the colonial officials to introduce laws protecting the land rights of the tribals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Birsait Sect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Having gained awareness of the British colonial ruler and the efforts of the missionaries to convert tribals to Christianity, <strong>Birsa started the faith of &lsquo;Birsait&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Members of the <strong>Munda and Oraon community</strong> joined the Birsait sect and it turned into a challenge to British conversion activities.</li>
<li>Further, he urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Munda Rebellion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one of the most important tribal movements.</li>
<li>It was led by Birsa Munda in the south of Ranchi in <strong>1899-1900</strong>.</li>
<li>The movement <strong>identified following forces as the cause of the misery</strong> the Mundas were suffering:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>land policies of the British</strong> were destroying their traditional land system.</li>
<li><strong>Hindu landlords and moneylenders</strong> were taking over their land.</li>
<li><strong>Missionaries</strong> were criticising their traditional culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>'Ulgulan'</strong> or the <strong>'Great Tumult'</strong> as the movement came to be called, aimed at establishing Munda Raj by driving out the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Munda used <strong>traditional symbols and language</strong> to rouse people, urging them to destroy &ldquo;Ravana&rdquo; (dikus/outsiders and the Europeans) and establish a kingdom under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Birsa&rsquo;s followers began <strong>targeting the symbols of diku and European power</strong>. They attacked police stations and churches, and raided the property of moneylenders and zamindars. They raised the <strong>white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj</strong>.</li>
<li>On 3<sup>rd</sup> March, 1900, Birsa Munda was arrested by the British police while he was sleeping with his <strong>tribal guerilla army</strong> at Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur (Jharkhand).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Birsa died of cholera</strong> in the jail and the movement faded out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Munda Rebellion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not be easily taken over by dikus <strong>(Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908)</strong>.</li>
<li>It showed that the <strong>tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice</strong> and express their anger against colonial rule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jharkhand Foundation Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests". The state was brought into existence by the <strong>Bihar reorganization Act</strong> on 15<sup>th</sup> November, 2000 - the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa Munda.</li>
<li>Jharkhand <strong>shares its border</strong> with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east.</li>
<li>Most of the state lies on the <strong>Chotanagpur Plateau,</strong> which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand.</li>
<li>Forest preserves support <strong>populations of tigers and Asian Elephants (Betla National Park)</strong>.</li>
<li>Jharkhand boasts of <strong>40% and 29% of India's mineral and coal reserves,</strong> respectively.</li>
<li>Jharkhand has<strong> 32 tribal groups</strong> including Munda, Kol, Santhal, Oraon, Khond, Asur, Gond etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/leaders-pay-tributes-to-birsa-munda-greet-jharkhand-on-foundation-day/article33101535.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6898,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Revolt of 1857',
		'description' => '<p>The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown.</p>
<h3>The Revolt</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the first expression of organised resistance against the British East India Company</li>
<li>It began as a revolt of the sepoys of the British East India Company&rsquo;s army but eventually secured the participation of the masses.</li>
<li>The revolt is known by several names:<strong> the Sepoy Mutiny</strong> (by the British Historians), <strong>the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion</strong> (by the Indian Historians), <strong>the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, </strong>and<strong> the First War of Independence</strong> (by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes of The Revolt</h3>
<p><strong>Political Cause</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>British policy of expansion:</strong> The political causes of the revolt were the British policy of expansion through the <strong>Doctrine of Lapse</strong> and direct annexation.</li>
<li>A large number of Indian rulers and chiefs were dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of other ruling families who apprehended a similar fate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rani Lakshmi Bai&rsquo;s</strong> adopted son was not permitted to sit on the throne of Jhansi.</li>
<li>Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed under the <strong>Doctrine of Lapse.</strong></li>
<li>Jaitpur, Sambalpur and Udaipur were also annexed.</li>
<li>The annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie on the pretext of maladministration left thousands of nobles, officials, retainers and soldiers jobless. This measure converted Awadh, a loyal state, into a hotbed of discontent and intrigue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctrine of lapse:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The notable British technique called the<strong> Doctrine of Lapse</strong> was first perpetrated by <strong>Lord Dalhousie</strong> in the late 1840s.</li>
<li>It involved the British prohibiting a Hindu ruler without a natural heir from adopting a successor and, after the ruler died or abdicated, annexing his land.</li>
<li>To those problems added the growing discontent of the Brahmans, many of whom had been dispossessed of their revenues or had lost lucrative positions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Social and Religious Cause</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rapidly<strong> spreading Western Civilisation</strong> in India was alarming concerns all over the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An act in 1850 changed the Hindu law of inheritance enabling a Hindu who had converted into Christianity to inherit his ancestral properties.</li>
<li>The people were convinced that the Government was planning to <strong>convert Indians to Christianity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>abolition of practices like sati and female infanticide,</strong> and the legislation legalizing widow remarriage, were believed as threats to the established social structure.</li>
<li>Introducing <strong>western methods of education</strong> was directly challenging the orthodoxy for Hindus as well as Muslims</li>
<li>Even the introduction of the railways and telegraph was viewed with suspicion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Cause</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In rural areas, peasants and zamindars were infuriated by the<strong> heavy taxes on land</strong> and the <strong>stringent methods of revenue collection</strong> followed by the Company.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many among these groups were unable to meet the heavy revenue demands and repay their loans to money lenders, eventually losing the lands that they had held for generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large numbers of <strong>sepoys belonged to the peasantry class</strong> and had family ties in villages, so the grievances of the peasants also affected them.</li>
<li>After the Industrial Revolution in England, there was an <strong>influx of British manufactured goods</strong> into India, which ruined industries, particularly the textile industry of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian handicraft industries had to compete with cheap machine- made goods from Britain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Military Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Revolt of 1857 began as a<strong> sepoy mutiny:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian sepoys formed more than 87% of the British troops in India but were considered inferior to British soldiers.</li>
<li>An Indian sepoy was paid less than a European sepoy of the same rank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They were required to serve in areas far away from their homes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1856 Lord Canning issued the General Services Enlistment Act which required that the sepoys must be ready to serve even in British land across the sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lord Canning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Charles John Canning was the statesman and governor general of India during the Indian Mutiny of 1857.</li>
<li>He became the <strong>first viceroy of India</strong> in 1858.</li>
<li>The important events during his tenure include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mutiny of 1857, which he was able to suppress successfully</li>
<li>Passing of Indian Councils Act, 1861 which<strong> introduced portfolio system</strong> in India</li>
<li><strong>Withdrawal of &ldquo;Doctrine of Lapse&rdquo;</strong> which was one of the main reasons of mutiny of 1858</li>
<li>Introduction of Code of Criminal Procedure</li>
<li>Enactment of Indian High Courts Act</li>
<li>Indian Penal Code (1858)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Immediate Cause</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the<strong> incident of greased cartridges.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.</li>
<li>Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges.</li>
<li>Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lord Canning tried to make amends for the error and the offending cartridges were withdrawn but the damage had already been done. There was unrest in several places.</li>
<li>In March 1857, <strong>Mangal Pandey,</strong> a sepoy in<strong> Barrackpore,</strong> had refused to use the cartridge and attacked his senior officers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was hanged to death on 8<sup>th</sup> April.</li>
<li>On 9<sup>th</sup> May, 85 soldiers in Meerut refused to use the new rifle and were sentenced to ten years&rsquo; imprisonment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Centres of The Revolt</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The revolt spread over the entire area from the neighbourhood of Patna to the borders of Rajasthan. The main centres of revolt in these regions namely Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Gwalior and Arrah in Bihar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lucknow:</strong> it was the capital of Awadh. <strong>Begum Hazrat Mahal,</strong> one of the begums of the ex-king of Awadh, took up the leadership of the revolt.</li>
<li><strong>Kanpur:</strong> the revolt was led by <strong>Nana Saheb,</strong> the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He joined the revolt primarily because he was deprived of his pension by the British.</li>
<li>The victory was short- lived. Kanpur was recaptured by the British after fresh reinforcements arrived.</li>
<li>The revolt was suppressed with terrible vengeance.</li>
<li>Nana Saheb escaped but his brilliant commander <strong>Tantia Tope</strong> continued the struggle.</li>
<li>Tantia Tope was finally defeated, arrested and hanged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jhansi:</strong> the twenty-two-year-old <strong>Rani Lakshmi Bai</strong> led the rebels when the British refused to accept the claim of her adopted son to the throne of Jhansi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>She fought gallantly against the British forces but was ultimately defeated by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gwalior:</strong> After Rani Lakshmi Bai escaped, she was joined by Tantia Tope and together they marched to Gwalior and captured it. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fierce fighting followed where the Rani of Jhansi fought like a tigress but died, fighting to the very end.</li>
<li>Gwalior was recaptured by the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bihar: the revolt was led by<strong> Kunwar Singh</strong> who belonged to a royal house of Jagdispur, Bihar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suppression and The Revolt</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Revolt of 1857 lasted for more than a year. It was suppressed by the middle of 1858.</li>
<li>On July 8, 1858, fourteen months after the outbreak at Meerut, peace was finally proclaimed by Lord Canning.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 21px; background-color: #ff0000; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Places of Revolt</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 21px; background-color: #ff0000; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Leaders</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 21px; background-color: #ff0000; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>British Officials who suppressed the revolt</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Delhi</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Bahadur Shah II</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">John Nicholson</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Lucknow</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Begum Hazrat Mahal</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Henry Lawrence</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Kanpur</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Nana Saheb</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Sir Colin Campbell</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Jhansi &amp; Gwalior</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Lakshmi Bai &amp; Tantia Tope</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">General Hugh Rose</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Bareilly</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Khan Bahadur Khan</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Sir Colin Campbell</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Allahabad and Banaras</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Maulvi Liyakat Ali</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Colonel Oncell</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">
<p>Bihar</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">Kunwar Singh</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #ffffe6;">William Taylor</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Why did the Revolt Fail?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Limited uprising:</strong> although the revolt was fairly widespread, a large part of the country remained unaffected by it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The revolt was mainly confined to the Doab region. Sind, Rajputana, Kashmir, most parts of Punjab.</li>
<li>The large princely states, <strong>Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir,</strong> as well as the smaller ones of <strong>Rajputana,</strong> did not join the rebellion</li>
<li>The southern provinces did not take part in it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No effective leadership:</strong> the rebels lacked an effective leader. Although Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope and Rani Lakshmi Bai were brave leaders, they could not offer effective leadership to the movement as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>Limited resources:</strong> the rebels lacked resources in terms of men and money. The English, on the other hand, received a steady supply of men, money and arms in India.</li>
<li><strong>No participation of the middle class:</strong> The English educated middle class, the rich merchants, traders and zamindars of Bengal helped the British to suppress the revolt.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Results of The Revolt</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>End of company rule:</strong> the great uprising of 1857 was an important landmark in the history of modern India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The revolt marked the end of the East India Company&rsquo;s rule in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Direct rule of the British Crown:</strong> India now came under the direct rule of the British Crown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was announced by Lord Canning at a <strong>Durbar in Allahabad</strong> in a proclamation issued on 1 November 1858 in the name of the Queen.</li>
<li>The Indian administration was taken over by Queen Victoria, which, in effect, meant the British Parliament.</li>
<li>The India office was created to handle the governance and the administration of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious tolerance:</strong> it was promised and due attention was paid to the customs and traditions of India.</li>
<li><strong>Administrative change:</strong> the Governor General&rsquo;s office was replaced by that of the Viceroy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights of Indian rulers were recognised.</li>
<li>The Doctrine of Lapse was abolished.</li>
<li>The right to adopt sons as legal heirs was accepted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Military reorganisation:</strong> the ratio of British officers to Indian soldiers increased but the armoury remained in the hands of the English. It was arranged to end the dominance of the Bengal army.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The revolt of 1857 was an unprecedented event in the history of British rule in India. It united, though in a limited way, many sections of Indian society for a common cause.Though the revolt failed to achieve the desired goal, it sowed the seeds of Indian nationalism.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Books written on the Revolt of 1857</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Indian War of Independence </strong>by<strong> Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium </strong>by<strong> Puran Chand Joshi</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Indian Mutiny of 1857 </strong>by <strong>George Bruce Malleson</strong></li>
<li><strong>Great Mutiny</strong> by<strong> Christopher Hibbert</strong></li>
<li><strong>Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857 </strong>by<strong> Iqbal Hussain</strong></li>
<li><strong>Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence </strong>by<strong> Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan</strong></li>
</ul>
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6893,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Unity Day 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-unity-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Unity Day</strong></a> (Rashtriya Ekta Diwas) is celebrated on <strong>31<sup>st</sup> October</strong> to commemorate the birth anniversary of <strong>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister launched the <strong>seaplane service</strong> from Ahmedabad to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statue of Unity</strong></a>, Kevadia.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day was <strong>celebrated for the first time in 2014,</strong> when the Government of India decided to celebrate Patel&rsquo;s birthday as the National Unity Day to recognise his monumental contribution and service to the nation.</li>
<li>On this day, several events like Run For Unity, a nationwide marathon to increase awareness about Patel&rsquo;s contributions, National Unity pledge, Ekta Parade, etc. are organised.</li>
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the Government unveiled the <strong>Statue of Unity</strong> in Gujarat in Patel&rsquo;s honour.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>tallest statue</strong> (182-meter) <strong>in the world.</strong></li>
<li>In January 2020, it was added in the <strong>&lsquo;Eight Wonders&rsquo;</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</strong></a> (SCO).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604138475_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604138475_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Born:</strong> 31<sup>st</sup> October 1875 in Nadiad, Gujarat.</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li><strong>Headed various Committees of the Constituent Assembly of India,</strong> namely:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights.</li>
<li>Committee on Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas.</li>
<li>Provincial Constitution Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Integrated the farmer&rsquo;s cause in Kheda Satyagraha (1918) and Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) with the national freedom movement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Women of Bardoli bestowed the title &lsquo;Sardar&rsquo;</strong> on Vallabhbhai Patel, which means &lsquo;a Chief or a Leader&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Known as the <strong>&ldquo;Iron Man of India&rdquo;</strong> for playing an important role in unification and <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/integration-of-princely-states-after-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>integration of Indian princely states</strong></a> into the Indian federation and for convincing princely states to align with the Indian Union.</li>
<li>Requested the people of India to <strong>live together by uniting <em>(Ek Bharat)</em></strong> in order<strong> to create a foremost India<em> (Shresth Bharat).</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This ideology still reflects in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative which seeks to make India self-reliant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Remembered as the <strong>&lsquo;Patron Saint of India&rsquo;s Civil Servants&rsquo;</strong> as he <strong>established the modern all-India services system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 15<sup>th</sup> December 1950 in Bombay.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sardar-patel-unity-nda-6910484/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6720,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to <strong>socialist Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia</strong> on his death anniversary.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1602584168_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1602584168_image7.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> March, 1910 in Akbarpur, Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in the movement towards Indian independence.</li>
<li>Much of his career was devoted to combating injustice through the development of a distinctly Indian version of socialism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Socialism</strong> refers to a set of political ideas that emerged as a response to the inequalities present in, and reproduced by, the industrial capitalist economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lohia&rsquo;s Idea of Socialism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lohia identified<strong> five kinds of inequalities</strong> that need to be fought against simultaneously: inequality between<strong> man and woman,</strong> inequality based on<strong> skin colour, caste</strong>-based inequality, <strong>colonial rule</strong> of some countries over others, and <strong>economic</strong> inequality.</li>
<li>For him struggle against these five inequalities constituted five revolutions. He added two more revolutions to this list: revolution for <strong>civil liberties</strong> against unjust encroachments on private life and revolution for <strong>non-violence,</strong> for renunciation of weapons in favour of Satyagraha. These were the seven revolutions or<strong> Sapta Kranti</strong> which for Lohia was the ideal of socialism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bachelor&rsquo;s degree (1929)</strong> from the <strong>University of Calcutta</strong> and a <strong>doctorate (1932)</strong> from the<strong> University of Berlin,</strong> where he studied economics and politics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pre-Independence Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>1934,</strong> he became <strong>actively involved in the Congress Socialist Party (CSP),</strong> founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress.</li>
<li>A <strong>vehement opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World War II</a></strong> (1939-45), he was arrested for anti-British remarks in 1939 and again in 1940.</li>
<li>With the emergence in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1942 of the Quit India movement</strong></a>&mdash;a campaign initiated by Mahatma Gandhi to urge the withdrawal of British authorities from India&mdash;Lohia and other CSP leaders (such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayaprakash-narayan-and-nanaji-deshmukh-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaya Prakash Narayan</strong></a>) mobilized support from the underground. For such resistance activities, he was <strong>jailed again in 1944&ndash;46.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post Independence Role:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lohia and other CSP members <strong>left the Congress in 1948.</strong></li>
<li>He<strong> became a member of the Praja Socialist Party</strong> upon its formation in<strong> 1952</strong> and served as general secretary for a brief period, but <strong>internal conflicts</strong> led to his <strong>resignation in 1955.</strong></li>
<li>He<strong> established a new Socialist Party</strong> (1955), for which he became chairman as well as the <strong>editor of its journal, Mankind.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He advocated for various socio-political reforms in his capacity as party leader, including the abolition of the caste system, stronger protection of civil liberties, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1963,</strong> Lohia was<strong> elected to the Lok Sabha,</strong> where he was noted for his sharp criticism of government policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of his <strong>works</strong> include: &lsquo;Wheel of History&rsquo;, &lsquo;Marx, Gandhi and Socialism&rsquo;, &lsquo;Guilty Men of India&rsquo;s Partition&rsquo;, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 12<sup>th</sup> October, 1967.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1663730" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Subhash Chandra Bose',
		'description' => '<p><strong>Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose</strong> was a fierce nationalist, whose defiant patriotism made him one of the greatest freedom fighters in Indian history. He was also credited with setting up the Indian Army as a separate entity from the British Indian Army - which helped to propel the freedom struggle.</p>
<h3>Life</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Subhas Chandra Bose was born on <strong>23rd January 1897</strong>, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to <strong>Prabhavati Dutt Bose</strong> and <strong>Janakinath Bose</strong>.</li>
<li>After his early schooling, he joined Ravenshaw Collegiate School. From there he went to join Presidency College, Calcutta and was expelled due to his nationalist activities. Later, he went to University of Cambridge, U.K.</li>
<li>In <strong>1919</strong>, Bose headed to <strong>London to give the Indian Civil Services</strong> (ICS) examination and he was selected. Bose, however, <strong>resigned</strong> from Civil Services as he believed he could not side with the British.</li>
<li>He was highly influenced by Vivekananda's teachings and considered him as his spiritual Guru. His political mentor was Chittaranjan Das.</li>
<li>In 1921, Bose took over the editorship of the newspaper <strong>'Forward'</strong>, founded by Chittaranjan Das's Swaraj Party.</li>
<li>In <strong>1923</strong>, Bose was elected the <strong>President of the All India Youth Congress</strong> and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress.</li>
<li>He was also sent to prison in Mandalay in 1925 due to his connections with revolutionary movements where he contracted Tuberculosis.</li>
<li>During the <strong>mid-1930s</strong> Bose travelled in Europe. He researched and wrote the first part of his book, The <strong>Indian Struggle</strong>, which covered the country&rsquo;s independence movement in the years 1920&ndash;1934.</li>
<li>After his return, Bose took over as the <strong>elected President of Indian National Congress in 1938 (Haripur)</strong> and stood for unqualified <strong>Swaraj</strong> (self-governance) and the use of force against the British which then combated against Mahatma Gandhi and his views.</li>
<li>Bose was <strong>re-elected in 1939 (Tripuri)</strong> but soon <strong>resigned from the presidency</strong> and formed the <strong>All India Forward Bloc</strong>, a faction within the Congress which aimed at consolidating the political left.</li>
<li>He died on 18th August 1945, in a plane crash in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Contribution to Freedom Struggle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Association with C.R Das:</strong> He was associated with C.R. Das' political endeavour, and was also jailed along with him. When C.R. Das was elected Mayor of Calcutta Cooperation, he nominated Bose as the chief executive. He was arrested for his political activities in 1924.</li>
<li><strong>Trade union movements:</strong> He organised youth and promoted trade union movements. In 1930, he was elected Mayor of Calcutta, the same year he was elected the President of AITUC.</li>
<li><strong>Association with congress:</strong> He stood for unqualified swaraj (independence), and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.</li>
<li>In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.</li>
<li>Because of the endeavour of the left group, the congress passed very far reaching radical <strong>resolutions in Karachi in 1931</strong> which declared the main Congress aim as socialization of means of production besides guaranteeing fundamental rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Congress presidentship:</strong> Bose won the congress presidential elections at <strong>Haripura</strong> in 1938. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Next year at Tripuri, he again won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya.</li>
<li>Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, <strong>Bose left congress</strong> and found a new party, <strong>'the Forward Bloc'</strong>.</li>
<li>The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil disobedience movement:</strong> When World War II began, he was again imprisoned for participation in civil disobedience and was put under house arrest.</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Army:</strong> Bose manages to escape to Berlin by way of Peshawar and Afghanistan. He reached Japan and from there to Burma and organised the <strong>Indian National Army</strong> to fight the british and liberate India with the help of Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He gave famous slogans <strong>'Jai Hind'</strong> and <strong>'Dilli Chalo'</strong>. He died in a plane crash before realising his dreams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Azad Hind</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Legion:</strong> Bose founded the free India centre in Berlin and created the <strong>Indian Legion</strong> out of the Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Europe, Bose sought help from Hitler and Mussolini for the liberation of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Germany, he was attached to the special bureau for India which was responsible for the broadcasting on the German sponsored <strong>Azad Hind Radio</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On this radio, Bose on 6th July 1944, addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the <strong>'Father of the Nation'</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Army:</strong> He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, &lsquo;Delhi Chalo&rsquo;, and announced the formation of the <strong>Azad Hind Government</strong> and the <strong>Indian National Army</strong> on 21st October 1943.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The INA was first formed under<strong> Mohan Singh</strong> and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.</li>
<li>The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.</li>
<li>The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.</li>
<li>However, with the fall of Rangoon, Azad Hind Government ceased to be an effective political entity.</li>
<li>In November 1945 a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong> The I.N.A. experience created the wave of disaffection in the British Indian army during the 1945-46, which culminated in the great Bombay naval strike of February 1946 and was one of the most decisive reasons behind the British decision to&nbsp; make a quick withdrawal.</li>
<li><strong>Composition of I.N.A:</strong> The I.N.A. was essentially non-communal, with Muslims quite prominent among its officers and ranks, and it also introduced the innovation of a women&rsquo;s detachment named after the Rani of Jhansi.</li>
</ul>',
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