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Registration of Migrant Workers

This article is based on Why the Supreme Court order on registration of migrant workers is welcome which was published in The Indian Express on...

22 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
India Inequality Report 2021: Oxfam

Why in News The report titled “India Inequality Report 2021: India’s Unequal Healthcare Story” released by Oxfam India shows that...

21 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
Indian Labour Conference

Why in News Recently, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (labour union) wrote to the Prime Minister asking him to convene the Indian Labour Conference...

20 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
School Innovation Ambassador Training Program

Why in News Recently, the Union Education Minister and Union Tribal Affairs Minister jointly launched the School Innovation Ambassador Training...

17 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
India’s Textile Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles for giving a...

16 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
Sankalp Se Siddhi: Mission Van Dhan

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Tribal Affairs reviewed various initiatives under ‘Sankalp Se Siddhi-Mission Vand Dhan’, by TRIFED...

15 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet approved some modifications in the Central Sector Scheme of Financing Facility under ‘Agriculture...

10 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
World Bank Support to India’s Informal Working Class

Why in News The World Bank has approved a USD 500 million loan programme to support India’s informal working class to overcome the current...

01 Jul 2021 Inclusive Growth
Energy Compacts

Why in News National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited has become the first energy company in the energy domain in India to declare its...

30 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
Electronic Weighing Machines at Fair Price Shops

Why in News The Central Government has asked the States Governments to buy electronic weighing machines for ration shops from electronic Point of...

22 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
World Competitiveness Index 2021

Why in News According to the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY), India maintained 43rd rank on the annual World Competitiveness Index. The...

18 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
Importance of Blue Economy

This article is based on “After the pandemic, the centrality of the Blue Economy in recovery” which was published in The Hindustan Times...

08 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
SDG India Index 2020-21: NITI Aayog

Why in News Recently, the third edition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard 2020–21 was released by NITI...

04 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
Model Tenancy Act

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved the Model Tenancy Act to be sent to the States and Union Territories to enact legislation or amend laws...

03 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
Horticulture Cluster Development Programme

Why in News The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has launched the Horticulture Cluster Development Programme (CDP) in order to promote...

01 Jun 2021 Inclusive Growth
Social Security Code 2020

Why in News The effectiveness of the Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020 in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many. With SS Code...

20 May 2021 Inclusive Growth
Initiative for Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Microsoft to support the digital...

19 May 2021 Inclusive Growth
Effect of Covid on Urban and Rural Poor

Why in News Recently, a report by Hunger Watch claimed that Covid-19 has left the urban poor in India poorer, more hungry and with less nutrition...

08 May 2021 Inclusive Growth
Participation of Women & Youth in State Assemblies

Why in News Recent data from the three new state assemblies, which are West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, show less numbers of women and youth...

04 May 2021 Inclusive Growth
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund

Why in News Agriculture Infrastructure Fund has crossed the eight thousand crore mark. The investment will give a boost to several agricultural...

29 Apr 2021 Inclusive Growth

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		'article_id' => (int) 8946,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Registration of Migrant Workers',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-the-supreme-court-order-on-registration-of-migrant-workers-is-welcome-7415997/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Why the Supreme Court order on registration of migrant workers is welcome</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/07/2021. It talks about the supreme court order on registration of migrant workers.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the latest government data on migration from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202011%20Census,state%20from%20the%20two%20states.&amp;text=According%20to%20it%20migrants%20from,combined%20population%20of%2029.2%20million." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2011 Census</strong></a>, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population).</p>
<p>The migrant workers are the worst sufferers due to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> as they could not access the government schemes benefits due to the status of statelessness. Thus, the workers in the<strong> unorganised sector (around 93%,</strong> including most migrants in lower-end jobs) need to be able to access numerous welfare schemes in existence.</p>
<p>However, the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/registration-of-unorganised-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC) judgment</strong> </a>on the problems and miseries of migrant workers will go down in history as a radical judgment to reduce human suffering in the wake of the<strong> Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></p>
<p>The order explicitly recognises the critical contribution of migrant workers to the economy, even though they are often employed in precarious jobs. However, the judgement has its own challenges in the smooth implementation.</p>
<h3>Significance of SC Order</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accept Self-declaration:</strong> In a significant break with convention, the order declared that <strong>authorities shall not insist on an ID card and accept &ldquo;self-declaration&rdquo;</strong> from workers to access welfare programmes (a similar provision was made in the 2008 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/idea-of-social-security-number-for-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Act</strong></a>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a country where documents determine access to state resources and who is or is not granted citizenship, it is nothing short of revolutionary to issue orders to do away with paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universalise the Access to Welfare Scheme:</strong> The order also says that the lack of documentation cannot be used as an excuse by the state to abdicate its responsibility, especially during the pandemic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the long-term goal is to get all migrant workers registered so that access to welfare schemes reaches to all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspires Confidence in Socialist agenda:</strong> The SC orders inspires confidence in India&rsquo;s original socialist agenda at a time when neoliberal policies have challenged measures to protect the dignity and rights of the weakest in society and when industries are engaged in a nasty &ldquo;race to the bottom&rdquo; on labour standards to cut costs and stay competitive.</li>
<li>The order is a welcome indicator that the highest court is still looking out for the<strong> most vulnerable sections</strong> of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues of Migrants</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delay in Registering Workers:</strong> The main barrier preventing access is the delay in registering workers on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national database</strong></a> of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.</li>
<li><strong>Issues in the Labour Department:</strong> There are numerous barriers within the labour department, including a lack of guidelines on procedures related to registration, and delays in uploading data submitted in hard copy on the portal as it cannot be directly updated by others.</li>
<li><strong>Administrative Issues:</strong> Migrants experienced a variety of problems with registration ranging from digital illiteracy, corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency and the requirement of multiple documents (even where only Aadhaar would suffice).</li>
<li><strong>Exclusion of Vulnerables:</strong> Exclusion was markedly worse among the vulaneables such as Muslims, lower castes owing to discrimination in the society. The tasks set out in the SC order challenge entrenched patterns of labour recruitment and employment that have taken root in the current neoliberal context.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fast Forward Registration Process:</strong> Without registration, none of the welfare schemes in existence can be accessed. Thus, the process should be fast-forwarded to register all the migrant workers.</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of Existing Laws:</strong> Workers must be registered under the three laws that are in place to protect labour and migrant workers, namely, the <strong>1979 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/woes-of-migrants-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interstate Migrant Workmen Act</a></strong>, the <strong>1996 <a href="/daily-news-analysis/social-audit-to-track-construction-workers-benefits#:~:text=Building%20and%20Other%20Construction%20Worker%20Act%2C%201996&amp;text=The%20Act%20provides%20for%20the,be%20used%20for%20availing%20benefits." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Building and Other Construction Workers Act</a></strong> and the <strong>2008 Unorganised Sector Social Security Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Earliest Rollout of ONORC Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution should allocate additional food grains to the states for disbursement to migrant workers under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme</strong></a> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>The rollout of this system requires beneficiaries to possess a ration card, an Aadhaar number, and electronic points of sale (ePoS) in ration shops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reform Labour Departments:</strong> The labour departments are seriously short of staff and capacity to carry out the Supreme Court order. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steps must be taken to bring organisational transformation in the departments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Social security measures should cover all the unorganized workers to bring overall development in our country.</p>
<p>Thus, the supreme court&rsquo;s recent order regarding registration of migrant workers stands up for the rights of the weakest and recognises their critical contribution to the economy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0fff4;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;The contribution of migrant workers to the economy is inumerable, even though they are often employed in precarious jobs.&rsquo; In the light of the statement, discuss the supreme court&rsquo;s recent order on registration of migrant workers on national databases.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8928,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Inequality Report 2021: Oxfam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The report titled <strong>&ldquo;India Inequality Report 2021: India&rsquo;s Unequal Healthcare Story&rdquo;</strong> released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam India</strong></a> shows that the socio-economic inequalities seep into the health sector and disproportionately affect health outcomes of<strong> marginalised communities</strong> due to the absence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage#:~:text=UHC%20means%20that%20all%20individuals,treatment%2C%20rehabilitation%20and%20palliative%20care." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report suggested that the states which are attempting to reduce existing inequalities and with higher expenditure on health had lower confirmed cases of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides a comprehensive analysis of the health outcomes across different socioeconomic groups to gauge the level of health inequality that persists in the country.</li>
<li>The findings are primarily based on secondary analysis from rounds 3 and 4 of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></a> and various rounds of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finding of the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Performance of Different Groups:</strong> The general category performs better than SCs and STs; Hindus perform better than Muslims; the rich perform better than the poor; men are better off than women; and the urban population is better off than the rural population on various health indicators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Covid-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these inequalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of States:</strong> The <strong>states that have for the past few years been reducing inequalities,</strong> such as inequalities to access to health between the general category and SC and ST populations, <strong>have less confirmed cases of Covid</strong> &ndash; such as Telangana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the other hand, <strong>states that have had higher GDP expenditure on health,</strong> such as Assam, Bihar and Goa, have <strong>higher recovery rates of Covid cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kerala invested in infrastructure</strong> to create a multi-layered health system, designed to provide first-contact access for basic services at the community level and expanded primary healthcare coverage to achieve access to a range of preventive and curative services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rural-Urban Divide:</strong> It was highlighted during the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, when rural areas witnessed a shortage of tests, oxygen and hospital beds.</li>
<li><strong>Doctor-person Ratio:</strong> The National Health Profile in 2017 recorded one government allopathic doctor for every 10,189 people and one state-run hospital for every 90,343 people.</li>
<li><strong>Hospital Beds:</strong> The investment in public health infrastructure is so little that the number of beds in the country has actually come down, from 9 beds per 10,000 persons in the 2010 Human Development Report, to only 5 beds per 10,000 persons today.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India also<strong> ranks the lowest in the number of hospital beds per thousand population among the BRICS nations</strong> at 0.5. It is lower than lesser developed countries such as Bangladesh (0.87), Chile (2.11) and Mexico (0.98).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Literacy:</strong> While women&rsquo;s literacy has improved across social groups over the years, SC and ST women lag behind the general category by 18.6% and 27.9%, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There exists a gap of 55.1% between the top and bottom 20% of the population in 2015-16.</li>
<li>Though the female literacy rate among Muslims (64.3%) is lower than all religious groups, inequality has reduced over time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation:</strong> As far as sanitation is concerned, 65.7% households have access to improved, non-shared sanitation facilities in the general category while SC households are 28.5% behind them and ST are 39.8% behind them. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While 93.4% of households in the top 20% have access to improved sanitation, only 6% have access in the bottom 20 % &mdash; a difference of 87.4%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immunisation:</strong> The immunisation in ST households at 55.8% is still 6.2% below the national average, and Muslims have the lowest rate across all socio-religious groups at 55.4%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rate of immunisation of girls continues to be below that of the male child.</li>
<li>More than 50% of children still do not receive food supplements in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Life Expectancy: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-profile-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Life expectancy</a></strong> based on wealth is 65.1 years for the bottom 20% of the households, while it is 72.7 years for the top 20%.</li>
<li><strong>Antenatal Care:</strong> Percentage of mothers who have received full antenatal care declined from 37% in 2005-06 to 21% in 2015-16. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of institutional deliveries in India has increased from 38.7% in 2005-06 to 78.9% in 2015-16.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infant Mortality Rate:</strong> Overall improvement in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-profile-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Infant mortality rate (IMR)</strong></a> is not equal across social groups. Dalits, Adivasis and OBCs have higher IMR as compared to the general category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IMR for Adivasis is 44.4 which is 40% more than the general category and 10% more than the national average.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-health#:~:text=International%20Conventions%3A%20India%20is%20a,care%20and%20necessary%20social%20services." target="_blank" rel="noopener">right to health</a> should be enacted as a fundamental right</strong> that makes it obligatory for the government to ensure equal access to timely, acceptable, and affordable healthcare of appropriate quality and address the underlying determinants of health to close the gap in health outcomes between the rich and poor.</li>
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">free vaccine policy</a> should adopt an inclusive model</strong> to ensure that everyone, irrespective of their gender, caste, religion or location i.e. people living in hard-to-reach areas, gets the vaccine without any delay.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/health-and-budget" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Increase health spending</a> to 2.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong> to ensure a more equitable health system in the country; ensure that union budgetary allocation in health for SCs and STs is proportionate to their population.</li>
<li>Regions with higher concentration of <strong>marginalised population should be identified</strong> and public health facilities should be established, equipped and made fully functional as per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS)</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Widen the ambit of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">insurance schemes</a></strong> to include out-patient care. The major expenditures on health happen through out-patient costs as consultations, diagnostic tests, medicines, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Institutionalize a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centrally-sponsored scheme</a></strong> that earmarks funds for the provision of free essential drugs and diagnostics at all public health facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Regulate the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">private health sector</a></strong> by ensuring that all state governments adopt and effectively implement Clinical Establishments Act or equivalent state legislation.</li>
<li><strong>Extend the price capping policy</strong> introduced during the Covid-19 pandemic to include diagnostics and non-Covid treatment in order to prevent exorbitant charging by private hospitals and reduce catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Augment and strengthen human resources and infrastructure</strong> in the healthcare system by regularising services of women frontline health workers.</li>
<li><strong>Establishing contingency plans</strong> for scenarios such as the second wave of the pandemic.</li>
<li><strong>Inter-sectoral coordination</strong> for public health should be boosted to address issues of water and sanitation, literacy, etc. that contribute to health conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To stabilise and equalise this inequality, universal health coverage should be supported strongly by the public sector.</li>
<li>Persistent underfunding of the public health system, especially primary health care and inadequate health infrastructure in India remain to be addressed by the government even after devastating second wave. Otherwise, health emergencies will only aggravate existing inequalities and work as a detriment for the poor and the marginalised.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/oxfam-report-highlights-sharp-inequalities-in-health-indicators/article35414046.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8916,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Labour Conference',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</strong> (labour union) wrote to the Prime Minister asking him to convene the <strong>Indian Labour Conference (ILC).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It argued that since <strong>Indian Parliament has ratified Convention No 144 of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Labour Organisation</a></strong>, it is now <strong>India&rsquo;s legal obligation to hold the ILC</strong> in order to strengthen the tripartite mechanism.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ILC also known as the<strong> &lsquo;labour parliament&rsquo;</strong> of the country formed on the lines of <strong>International Labour Conference</strong> is the<strong> apex level tripartite</strong> (Government, Employers and Workers) <strong>consultative committee</strong> in the <strong>Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>International Labour Conference</strong> also known as International Parliament of Labour is a conference organized by ILO every year.</li>
<li>Each member State is represented by a <strong>delegation consisting of two government delegates, an employer delegate, a worker delegate,</strong> and their respective advisers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> first meeting</strong> of the ILC (then called <strong>Tripartite National Labour Conference</strong>) was held in <strong>1942</strong> and so far a total of 46 Sessions have been held.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most recent session of which was<strong> held in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The agenda of the ILC is finalised by the<strong> Standing Labour Committee</strong> which is again a tripartite body after detailed discussions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> advise the Government</strong> on the <strong>issues concerning the working class</strong> of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Central Trade Union Organisations, Central Organisations of employers, all State Governments and Union Territories and Central Ministries/Departments concerned with the agenda items, are the members of the ILC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Government Initiatives for the Working Class:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/labour-reforms-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Labour Codes, 2020</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-shram-yogi-maan-dhan-pm-sym" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pension-scheme-for-traders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Pension Scheme for Traders, Shopkeepers and Self-Employed Persons</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the only <strong>tripartite<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> United Nation</a> (UN) agency.</strong> It brings together <strong>governments, employers and workers</strong> of <strong>187 member States</strong> (India is a member), to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Received the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong></a> in 1969.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established</strong> in<strong> 1919</strong> by the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-i-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Treaty of Versailles</strong></a> as an affiliated agency of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-75-years-of-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>League of Nations.</strong></a></li>
<li>Became the <strong>first affiliated specialized agency of the UN in 1946.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Geneva, Switzerland</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Convention No 144 of the ILO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Convention 144 of the year <strong>1976</strong> which is also known as the <strong>Convention on Tripartite Consultation</strong> (International Labour Standards), <strong>promotes application of an essential principle</strong> on which the International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded which is:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tripartite social dialogue in the development and implementation of international labour standards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tripartism in respect to international labour standards promotes a national culture of social dialogue on wider social and economic issues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/convene-indian-labour-conference-bms-urges-pm/article35414391.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8894,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'School Innovation Ambassador Training Program',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Education Minister and Union Tribal Affairs Minister</strong> jointly launched the <strong>School Innovation Ambassador Training Program (SIATP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched an <strong>Adi-Prashikshan portal</strong> which is also a repository of training inputs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The innovative and<strong> one-of-its-kind training program</strong> for school teachers <strong>aims at training 50,000 school teachers</strong> in innovation, entrepreneurship, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20are,a%20certain%20period%20of%20time." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)</strong></a>, design thinking, product development, idea generation, among others.</li>
<li>It will <strong>make Indian teachers, change-agents and ambassadors</strong> of innovation to make our students future-ready.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Design &amp; Collaboration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been designed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-human-resource-development-launches-innovation-cell" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Innovation Cell</strong></a> <strong>of the Ministry of Education</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)</strong></a> for school teachers based on its <strong>Innovation Ambassador Training Program for Higher Educational Institution's faculty members.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The training will be delivered in <strong>online mode only.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>collaborative effort</strong> by the Ministry of Education's Innovation Cell, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the AICTE.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>benefit a large number of schools for tribal children across the country</strong> by giving wings to the creativity of the children.</li>
<li>It will <strong>nurture lakhs of students with innovation capabilities, develop a culture of innovation</strong> and lay the foundation of a new and vibrant India.</li>
<li>The students of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)</strong></a> will greatly benefit from SIATP since it is also the endeavour of the Tribal Affairs Ministry to give the best possible education to the tribal children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EMRS for tribal children is another ambitious programme <strong>under which 740 EMRS will be established in tribal dominated areas over the next three years.</strong></li>
<li>It was started in the year <strong>1997-98 to impart quality education to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribe</a></strong> children in remote areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Important Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New National Education Policy (NEP), 2020</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nishtha-teachers-training-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISHTHA</strong></a> (National Initiative for School Heads&rsquo; and Teachers&rsquo; Holistic Advancement)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DIKSHA</strong></a> (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Samagra Siksha</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>All India Council for Technical Education</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was set up in <strong>November 1945 as a national-level apex advisory body.</strong></li>
<li>Its purpose was <strong>to conduct a survey on the facilities available for technical education and to promote development</strong> in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>National Policy of Education (1986)</strong>, AICTE is vested with:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Statutory authority for planning, formulation, and maintenance of <strong>norms &amp; standards,</strong></li>
<li>Quality assurance through accreditation,</li>
<li><strong>Funding</strong> in priority areas, monitoring, and evaluation,</li>
<li>Maintaining <strong>parity of certification &amp; awards.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>management of technical education</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Innovation Cell</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is<strong> an initiative of the Ministry of Education</strong> to foster the culture of Innovation in all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>established at AICTE premises in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its mandate is <strong>to encourage and nurture young students by exposing them to new ideas resulting in innovative activities</strong> in their formative years, fostered through <strong>Network of Innovation Clubs (NIC)</strong> in HEIs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1736152" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8889,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Textile Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth<strong> review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles</strong> for giving a boost to the textiles sector.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Textiles &amp; garments industry is<strong> labour intensive sector</strong> that employs 45 mn people in India is <strong>second only to the agriculture sector in terms of employment.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s textiles sector is<strong> one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy,</strong> and is a storehouse and carrier of traditional skills, heritage and culture.</li>
<li>It can be divided into<strong> two segments-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>unorganised sector</strong> is small scale and uses traditional tools and methods. It consists of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">handloom</a>, handicrafts and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sericulture</a></strong> (production of silk).</li>
<li>The <strong>organised sector</strong> uses modern machinery and techniques and consists of the <strong>spinning, apparel and garments segment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contributes<strong> 2.3%</strong> to Indian<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gross Domestic Product</a>, 7%</strong> of Industrial Output, <strong>12% to the export earnings of India</strong> and employs more than <strong>21% of total employment.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> largest producer</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></a> with<strong> 6% Global Share, largest producer of cotton &amp; jute</strong> in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Technical textiles are<strong> functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also the <strong>second largest producer of silk</strong> in the world and 95% of the world&rsquo;s hand woven fabric comes from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being <strong>dominated by the unorganized sector</strong> and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated Technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its<strong> limitations of access to the latest technology</strong> (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Tax Structure Issues:</strong> The tax structure <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong> </a>makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant Exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the <strong>USD 40-billion level for the last six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an<strong> average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh,</strong> which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Foreign Investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, the industry attracted<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow-touches-82-bn-in-fy21#:~:text=8%25)%2C%20respectively.-,Foreign%20Direct%20Investment,country%20(the%20host%20country)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> </a>of only <strong>USD 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/textile-sector-and-atmanirbharta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS):</strong></a> In 2015, the government approved "Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)" <strong>for technology upgradation of the textiles industry.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP)</a>:</strong> To <strong>assist small and medium entrepreneurs</strong> in the textile industry to clusterize investments in textile parks by providing financial support for world class infrastructure in the parks.</li>
<li><strong>SAMARTH (Scheme For Capacity Building In Textile Sector):</strong> To <strong>address the shortage of skilled workers,</strong> the government launched the <strong>Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SCBTS)</strong> and named it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samarth-scheme-for-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAMARTH Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS):</strong> This is a scheme for <strong>promoting textiles industry in the NER</strong> by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of the textile industry.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Power-Tex India</a>:</strong> It <strong>comprises new research and development</strong> in power loom textiles, new markets, branding, subsidies and welfare schemes for the workers.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Silk Samagra Scheme</a>:</strong> It focuses on <strong>improving the quality and productivity of domestic silk</strong> thereby reducing the country&rsquo;s dependence on imported silk.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jute ICARE</a>:</strong> This pilot project<strong> launched in 2015 is aimed at addressing the difficulties faced by the jute cultivators</strong> by providing them certified seeds at subsidized rates, and by popularizing several newly developed retting technologies under water limiting conditions.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong></a>: It aims<strong> to position the country as a global leader in technical textiles</strong> and increase the use of technical textiles in the domestic market. It aims <strong>to take the domestic market size to USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Textile sector has great potential and it should be realised by <strong>using innovations, latest technology and facilitations.</strong></li>
<li>India can make the sector organised by setting up<strong> mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of obsolete machinery and technology.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector.</strong> Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1736015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8872,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sankalp Se Siddhi: Mission Van Dhan',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister of Tribal Affairs</strong> reviewed various initiatives under<strong> &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi-Mission Vand Dhan&rsquo;,</strong> by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TRIFED</a></strong> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) came into existence in 1987.</li>
<li>It is <strong>a national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>ultimate objective</strong> of TRIFED is socio-economic development of tribal people in the country by way of marketing development of the tribal products such as metal craft, tribal textiles, pottery, tribal paintings and pottery on which the tribals depends heavily for a major portion of their income.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About 'Sankalp se Siddhi':</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi&rsquo; initiative, <strong>also known as 'Mission Van Dhan',</strong> was <strong>introduced by the central government in 2021,</strong> in line with the Prime Minister's aim <strong>to establish a sustainable livelihood for India's tribal population.</strong></li>
<li>Through this mission, TRIFED<strong> aims to expand its operation through convergence of various schemes of different ministries</strong> and departments and launch various tribal development programmes in mission mode.</li>
<li>Through this mission, establishment of several <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs), haat bazaars, mini TRIFOOD units, common facility centres, TRIFOOD parks, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SFRUTI (Scheme of Fund for regeneration of traditional industries)</a>&nbsp;</strong>clusters,<strong> tribes india retail store, e-commerce platform</strong> for trifood and tribes, <strong>India brands</strong> are being targeted.</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED has been implementing several noteworthy programmes</strong> for the empowerment of the tribals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the past two years, the <strong>&lsquo;Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) &amp; Development of Value Chain for MFP&rsquo;</strong> has impacted the tribal ecosystem in a major way.</li>
<li>TRIFED has<strong> also injected Rs. 3000 crores into the tribal economy,</strong> even during such difficult times, aided by government push.</li>
<li>The <strong>Van Dhan tribal start-ups,</strong> a component of the same scheme, have emerged as a source of employment generation for tribal gatherers and forest dwellers and the home-bound tribal artisans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED is involved in following initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Yojana:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Van Dhan Scheme, <strong>a component of &lsquo;MSP for MFP&rsquo;,</strong> was launched in 2018.</li>
<li>An initiative<strong> targeting livelihood generation for tribal gatherers</strong> and transforming them into entrepreneurs.</li>
<li>The idea is <strong>to set-up tribal community-owned Van Dhan Vikas Kendra Clusters (VDVKCs)</strong> in predominantly forested tribal districts.</li>
<li>VDVKs are <strong>for providing skill upgradation and capacity building training to tribals</strong> and setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSP for MFP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mechanism for Marketing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce (MFP)</strong></a> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> and Development of Value Chain for MFP <strong>provide MSP to gatherers of forest produce.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme <strong>acts as a measure of social safety for MFP gatherers</strong> who are primarily <strong>members of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ST (Scheduled Tribe)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme formed a system to ensure fair monetary returns of the gatherers for their endeavour in collection, primary processing, storage, packaging, transportation, etc.</li>
<li>MFP includes <strong>all non-timber forest produce</strong> of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tech For Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> aims to transform 5 crore Tribal Entrepreneurs</strong> by capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest produce gatherers enrolled under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY).</strong></li>
<li>The program will ensure higher success rate of the Tribal Entrepreneurs by enabling and <strong>empowering them to run their business with marketable products</strong> with quality certifications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in August 2020 and <strong>promotes value addition to MFP.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFOOD parks will produce processed foods from minor forest produce and also from the food gathered by the tribal people in that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Village and Digital Connect Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure that existing schemes and initiatives reach the tribals, TRIFED&rsquo;s regional officials across the country have been visiting identified villages with a significant tribal population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1735156" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8828,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Agriculture Infrastructure Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved some modifications in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a> of Financing Facility under<strong> &lsquo;Agriculture Infrastructure Fund&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was launched in 2020 as a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rs. 20 lakh crore stimulus package</strong></a> announced in response to the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 crisis</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To provide <strong>medium-long term debt financing facility</strong> for investment in viable projects for post-harvest management Infrastructure and community farming assets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>funds will be provided for</strong> setting up of cold stores and chains, warehousing, grading and packaging units, e-marketing points linked to e-trading platforms, besides <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PPP (Public Private Partnership)</a> projects</strong> for crop aggregation sponsored by central/state/local bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> Extended to 13 years upto 2032-33.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligible Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are Farmers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/linking-farmers-with-futures-market" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)</strong></a>, Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS), Marketing Cooperative Societies, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs),</strong></a> Joint Liability Groups (JLG), Multipurpose Cooperative Societies, Agri-entrepreneurs, Start-ups, and Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored PPP Projects.</li>
<li>Eligibility has been <strong>extended to State agencies</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-produce-to-agriculture-marketing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs)</strong></a>, as well as federations of cooperative organisations, FPOs and SHGs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Support</strong>: Rs. <strong>1 Lakh Crore</strong> will be provided by <strong>banks and financial institutions</strong> as loans to eligible beneficiaries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Moratorium for repayment may vary subject to minimum of 6 months and maximum of 2 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest Subvention:</strong> Loans will have <strong>interest subvention of 3% per annum</strong> up to a <strong>limit of Rs. 2 crore.</strong> This subvention will be available for a maximum period of seven years.</li>
<li><strong>CGTMSE Scheme:</strong> A credit guarantee coverage will be available for eligible borrowers from this financing facility under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme</strong></a> for a loan up to Rs. 2 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Management:</strong> The fund will be managed and monitored through an online <strong>Management Information System (MIS)</strong> platform. It will enable all the qualified entities to apply for loans under the Fund.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National, State and District level monitoring committees will be set up to ensure real-time monitoring and effective feed-back.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733828" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8748,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Bank Support to India’s Informal Working Class',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has approved a <strong>USD 500 million loan programme to support India&rsquo;s informal working class</strong> to overcome the current pandemic distress.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The loan will create greater flexibility for states<strong> to cope with the ongoing pandemic, future climate and disaster shocks.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Bank&rsquo;s Financial Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of the USD 500 million commitment, USD 112.50 million will be financed by its concessionary lending arm<strong> International Development Association (IDA)</strong> and the rest will be a loan from<strong> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).</strong></li>
<li>The loan has a <strong>maturity period of 18.5 years</strong> including a grace period of five years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fundings Since Start of Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, <strong>provided immediate emergency relief cash transfers to about 320 million individual bank accounts</strong> identified through pre-existing national social protection schemes.</li>
<li>Also <strong>an additional food rations</strong> for about 80 crore individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>States can now <strong>access flexible funding</strong> from disaster response funds to design and implement appropriate social protection responses.</li>
<li>The funds will be utilised in<strong> social protection programmes for urban informal workers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/security-in-gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gig-workers</a>, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-migrant-labour-policy#:~:text=Migration%3A,international%20(across%20countries)%20borders.&amp;text=As%20per%20the%20Census%2C%20India,31%25%20of%20the%20population)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrants</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A gig worker is indulged in the gig economy which is a free market system in which temporary positions are common and organizations contract with independent workers for short-term engagements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is aimed at building the resilience of economies and livelihoods of communities.</li>
<li>Investments at the municipal level will promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-urban-digital-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Urban Mission</strong></a> that will create a shared digital infrastructure for people living in urban areas and will scale up <strong>urban safety nets and social insurance for informal workers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will also include gender-disaggregated information on women workers and female-headed households.</li>
<li>This will allow policymakers to address gender-based service delivery gaps and effectively reach the unreached, particularly widows, adolescent girls, and tribal women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/main-bhi-digital-drive-for-street-vendors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Street vendors</strong></a> are an integral part of India&rsquo;s urban informal economy. The programme will give street vendors <strong>access to affordable working capital loans of up to Rs 10,000.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some five million urban street vendors could benefit from the new credit programme,</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Sector Worker:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The informal sector is the part of any economy that is<strong> neither taxed nor monitored</strong> by any form of government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The workers who indulge in the informal sector are informal sector workers or informal workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The informal sector provides <strong>critical economic opportunities for the poor.</strong></li>
<li>It is largely characterized by<strong> skills gained outside of a formal education, easy entry, a lack of stable employer-employee relationships, and a small scale of operations.</strong></li>
<li>Unlike the formal economy, the informal sector&rsquo;s components are not included in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-revival-forecast-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> computations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need to Protect Informal Workforce:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s estimated 450 million informal workers comprise <strong>90% of its total workforce,</strong> with 5-10 million workers added annually.</li>
<li>Further, according to <strong>Oxfam&rsquo;s latest global report,</strong> out of the total 122 million who lost their jobs in 2020, 75% were lost in the informal sector.</li>
<li><strong>Job loss and further increasing informalisation</strong> due to <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a></strong> and subsequent <strong>lockdown</strong> has resulted in lack of <strong>social protection</strong> to poors.</li>
<li>Moreover, in the financial year 2020-21, the economy contracted by 7.7%. So, there is an<strong> urgent need to revive the economy by generating employment</strong> and the informal sector is more labour intensive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Initiatives by the Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-shram-yogi-maan-dhan-pm-sym" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Labour Reform</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-svanidhi-micro-credit-scheme-for-street-vendors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM SVANidhi: Micro Credit Scheme for Street Vendors</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Bank Group</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Bank Group is a unique global partnership which consists of five development institutions.</li>
<li><strong>International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)</strong> provides loans, credits, and grants.</li>
<li><strong>International Development Association (IDA)</strong> provides low- or no-interest loans to low-income countries.</li>
<li><strong>The International Finance Corporation (IFC)</strong> provides investment, advice, and asset management to companies and governments.</li>
<li><strong>The Multilateral Guarantee Agency (MIGA)</strong> insures lenders and investors against political risk such as war.</li>
<li><strong>The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)</strong> settles investment-disputes between investors and countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is not a member of ICSID.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As of now, IBRD has 189 member countries, while IDA has 173.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening MSME:</strong> Nearly 40% of the informal workforce is employed with <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/13-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</a>.</strong> Therefore, it is natural that the strengthening of MSME will lead to economic recovery, employment generation, and formalization of the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Skilling Under CSR Expenditure:</strong> The large corporate houses should also take the responsibility of<strong> skilling people in the unorganized sectors</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Expenditure.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Recognizing Invisible Labour:</strong> A national policy for <strong>domestic workers</strong> needs to be brought in at the earliest to recognize their rights and promote better working conditions.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/world-bank-approves-usd-500-million-loan-to-support-indias-informal-working-class-amid-pandemic-7383029/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8735,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Energy Compacts',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)</strong> Limited has become the<strong> first energy company</strong> in the energy domain in India<strong> to declare its Energy Compact Goals</strong> as part of <strong>UN High-level Dialogue on Energy (HLDE).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> is set to convene a<strong> high-level dialogue (HLD)</strong> in <strong>September, 2021</strong> to promote the<strong> implementation of the energy-related goals</strong> and targets of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.</strong></a></li>
<li>NTPC is India&rsquo;s largest power generating company which is under the<strong> Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy Compacts</strong> (a platform to unite and connect commitments and actions):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Energy Compacts are being <strong>mobilized by UN-Energy</strong> and will continue to be mobilized and updated <strong>throughout the current Decade of Action.</strong></li>
<li>These are ongoing or new commitments with clear, underlying actions that will <strong>advance progress on one or more of SDG7&rsquo;s three core targets.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SDG7 calls for &ldquo;affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all&rdquo; by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 7 three core targets:</strong> Access to energy, Renewable energy, Energy efficiency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are <strong>voluntary commitments</strong> from Member States and non-state actors, such as companies, regional/local governments, NGOs, and others.</li>
<li>Since affordable, clean energy is a prerequisite for achieving all other SDGs and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, actions defined in an Energy Compact can be directly linked to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndc-synthesis-report-unfccc#:~:text=The%20UNFCCC%2C%20in%20its%20Nationally,the%20end%20of%20the%20century." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions</strong></a> considered as SDG Acceleration Actions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625036872_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625036872_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="335" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Difference between Energy Compacts (EC) and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NDCs</strong> address <strong>Member States&rsquo; national climate ambitions and targets</strong> that are legally required under the Paris Agreement, focusing on a<strong> country&rsquo;s emissions profile</strong> from the economy as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>EC</strong> includes a variety of voluntary commitments, actions, initiatives, and partnerships focused specifically on the energy system and SDG7.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>will cover the SDG7 targets, including those that are not reflected in a country&rsquo;s NDCs,</strong> such as clean cooking access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EC</strong> is also <strong>open to all stakeholders</strong> in the global movement on SDG7, including <strong>businesses, organizations, and subnational authorities,</strong> and will have annual mechanisms to track progress on the commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Energy Compacts (EC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The energy sector continues to be the <strong>most significant contributor to</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep#:~:text=Record%20high%20GreenHouse%20Gas%20(GHG,global%20GHG%20emissions%20is%20slowing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)</strong></a> globally, continuing a trend aligned with industrialization.</li>
<li><strong>Current Situation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>789 million people without access to electricity (2018)</li>
<li>2.8 billion people without access to clean cooking (2018)</li>
<li>17% share of total final energy consumption from renewables (2017)</li>
<li>1.7% energy efficiency improvement rate (2017)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NTPC Energy Compact Goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has set a target to install <strong>60 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2032.</strong> It is also aiming at 10% reduction in net energy intensity by 2032.</li>
<li>NTPC has declared that it will form <strong>at least 2 international alliances/groups to facilitate clean energy research</strong> and promote sustainability in the energy value chain by 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN-Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN-Energy was established by the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) in 2004 as the <strong>United Nations&lsquo; mechanism for inter-agency collaboration in the field of energy.</strong></li>
<li>It seeks to act to support countries in achieving SDG7 and the interrelated goals of the Paris Climate Agenda and the broader SDG agenda.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Decade of Action</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In September 2019, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the Decade of Action (2021-2030) to <strong>deliver the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> to accelerate efforts to deliver on the ambitious, universal and inclusive 2030 Agenda.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1730716" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8667,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Electronic Weighing Machines at Fair Price Shops',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Central Government has<strong> asked the States Governments to buy electronic weighing machines</strong> for ration shops <strong>from electronic Point of Sale devices (ePoS) savings.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For this, the <strong>Ministry of Consumer Affairs </strong>has <strong>amended the Food Security (Assistance To State Government Rules) 2015</strong> to encourage the states to generate savings through judicious use of e-PoS devices.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Food Security (Assistance to State Government Rules) 2015:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Additional Margin to Fair Price Shops:</strong> The rules were notified to<strong> give additional margin to fair price shop dealers</strong> for sale through e-PoS as an incentive to ensure transparent recording of transactions at all levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The margin on food grain sold through ePoS is provided as <strong>&ldquo;Fair Price Shop dealers margin&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is meant to go towards the <strong>cost of purchase, operation</strong> and <strong>maintenance of the point of sale device,</strong> its running expenses and incentive for its use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Amendment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> integration of ePoS devices with electronic weighing scales</strong> will<strong> ensure the right quantity to beneficiaries</strong> in the distribution of subsidised food grains under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong> </a>as per their entitlement.</li>
<li>It will ensure<strong> greater transparency in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public distribution system (PDS)</a> regime. </strong>It will <strong>reduce food grain leakages.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>distribution through ePoS devices</strong> ensures that subsidised food grains are provided to the<strong> rightful beneficiary</strong> through<strong> biometric authentication.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Notified on:</strong> 10<sup>th</sup> September, 2013</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To provide for food and nutritional security in the human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity.</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> 75% of the rural population and upto 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized foodgrains under <strong>Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall, NFSA caters to 67% of the total population.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> </a>has recommended reducing the rural and urban coverage under the NFSA to 60% and 40%, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Priority Households</strong> to be covered under TPDS, according to guidelines by the State government.</li>
<li>Households covered under existing<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inclusion-of-the-disabled-in-national-food-security-act-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Antyodaya Anna Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>5 Kgs of foodgrains per person</strong> per month at Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains.</li>
<li>The <strong>existing AAY household will continue to receive 35 Kgs of foodgrains per household per month.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Meal and maternity benefit</strong> of not less than Rs. 6,000 to pregnant women and lactating mothers during pregnancy and six months after the child birth.</li>
<li><strong>Meals to children</strong> upto 14 years of age.</li>
<li><strong>Food security allowance</strong> to beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals.</li>
<li>Setting up of <strong>grievance redressal mechanisms</strong> at the district and state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Distribution System (PDS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PDS is an <strong>Indian food Security System</strong> established under the <strong>Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PDS evolved as a system of management of scarcity through distribution of food grains at affordable prices.</li>
<li>In <strong>June, 1997,</strong> the Government of India <strong>launched the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)</strong> with focus on the poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Central and State Governments share responsibilities</strong> in order to provide food grains to the identified beneficiaries.</li>
<li>The centre procures food grains from farmers at a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> minimum support price (MSP)</strong></a> and sells it to states at central issue prices. It is responsible for transporting the grains to godowns in each state.</li>
<li>States bear the responsibility of transporting food grains from these godowns to each fair price shop (ration shop), where the beneficiary buys the food grains at the lower <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>central issue price.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many states further subsidise the price of food grains before selling it to beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buy-electronic-weighing-machines-for-ration-shops-from-epos-savings-centre-to-states/article34895236.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8637,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Competitiveness Index 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY), India</strong> maintained <strong>43<sup>rd</sup> rank</strong> on the<strong> annual World Competitiveness Index.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Competitiveness Index is <strong>a comprehensive annual report</strong> and worldwide reference point on the competitiveness of countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Published by:</strong> WCY was <strong>first published in 1989</strong> and is compiled by the <strong>Institute for Management Development (IMD).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2021, the IMD examined the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> on economies around the world.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>extensive coverage of 64 economies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors:</strong> It measures the prosperity and competitiveness of countries by examining four factors (334 competitiveness criteria):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Economic performance</li>
<li>Government efficiency</li>
<li>Business efficiency</li>
<li>Infrastructure</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Global Performers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Europe:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The European countries display regional strength in world competitiveness ranking with Switzerland (1<sup>st</sup>), Sweden (2<sup>nd</sup>), Denmark (3<sup>rd</sup>), the Netherlands (4<sup>th</sup>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The top-performing Asian economies are, in order, Singapore (5<sup>th</sup>), Hong Kong (7<sup>th</sup>), Taiwan (8<sup>th</sup>) and China (16<sup>th</sup>).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Singapore was 1<sup>st</sup> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-ranks-43-in-world-competitiveness-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2020 World Competitiveness Index.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Others:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>UAE and the USA remain in their same spots</strong> as last year (9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup>, respectively).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In Comparison to BRICS Nations:</strong> Among the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS nations</strong></a>, India ranked second (43<sup>rd</sup>) after China (16<sup>th</sup>), followed by Russia (45<sup>th</sup>), Brazil (57<sup>th</sup>) and South Africa (62<sup>nd</sup>).</li>
<li><strong>Performance on Four Factors:</strong> Among the four indices used, <strong>India&rsquo;s ranking in government efficiency increased</strong> to 46 from 50 a year ago, while its <strong>ranking in other parameters</strong> such as economic performance (37<sup>th</sup>), business efficiency (32<sup>th</sup>) and infrastructure (49) <strong>remained the same.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Improvements in Government Efficiency:</strong> Mostly due to relatively stable public finances. Despite difficulties brought by the pandemic, in 2020, the government deficit stayed at 7%. The Government also provided support and subsidies to the private companies.</li>
<li><strong>India's Strengths:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s strengths lie in investments in telecoms (1<sup>st</sup>), mobile telephone costs (1<sup>st</sup>), ICT services exports (3<sup>rd</sup>), remuneration in services professions (4<sup>th</sup>) and terms of trade index (5<sup>th</sup>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Weaknesses:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s performance is the worst in sub-indices such as broadband subscribers (64<sup>th</sup>), exposure to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>particulate pollution</strong></a> (64<sup>th</sup>), <strong>human development</strong> index (64<sup>th</sup>), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP</strong></a> per capita (63<sup>rd</sup>) and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-forex-reserves#:~:text=Foreign%20exchange%20reserves%20are%20assets,are%20held%20in%20US%20dollars." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> foreign currency reserves</strong> </a>per capita (62<sup>nd</sup>) among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Qualities of Top Performers:</strong> The qualities such as<strong> investment in innovation, digitalisation, welfare benefits, diversified economic activities, supportive public policy</strong> and <strong>leadership,</strong> resulting in <strong>social cohesion</strong> have helped countries better manage the crisis and thus ranking higher in competitiveness.</li>
<li><strong>Addressed Unemployment:</strong> Competitive economies succeeded in transitioning to a remote work routine while also allowing remote learning.</li>
<li><strong>Public Spending:</strong> The effectiveness of key public spending, such as public finance, tax policy and business legislation, are seen to relieve the pressure on the economies hit by the Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Steps Taken by India to Increase its Competitiveness :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has introduced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme</strong></a> in various sectors for enhancing India&rsquo;s manufacturing capabilities and exports.</li>
<li>The five pillars of<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &lsquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</a> (or Self-reliant India Mission)&rsquo;</strong> are - Economy, Infrastructure, System, Vibrant Demography and Demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As Michael Porter has stated, a nation that ensures balance between economic and social progress can enhance its productivity, followed by creating competitiveness and thus, prosperity.</li>
<li>Therefore, it is necessary to create an environment which not only pushes the businesses to compete successfully in local as well as international markets, but ensures that the average citizen&rsquo;s standard of living also improves.</li>
<li>Governments need to provide an environment characterized by efficient infrastructures, institutions and policies that encourage sustainable value creation by the enterprises.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-maintains-43rd-rank-on-imd-s-world-competitiveness-index-121061701110_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8556,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Importance of Blue Economy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/after-the-pandemic-the-centrality-of-the-blue-economy-in-recovery-101623076536394.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;After the pandemic, the centrality of the Blue Economy in recovery&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 07/06/2021. It talks about the importance of the Blue economy as a model of development.</p>
</div>
<p>One of the major challenges following the pandemic is the loss of livelihoods and jobs. One of the ways for recovery and growth can go through the ocean. The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Blue Economy</strong> </a>represents enormous potential for sustainable economic activity and job creation after the crisis.</p>
<p>India has a unique maritime position, with a 7,517-km long coastline and an Exclusive Economic Zone of over two million sq-km. Having vast ocean resources at their disposal &ndash; presenting a huge opportunity for boosting their economic growth and to tackle unemployment, food security and poverty.</p>
<p>The resources in these areas can spur India&rsquo;s economic recovery in a manner that is also beneficial to our climate and environment.</p>
<h3>Blue Economy vs Ocean Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;Blue Economy&rsquo; is an emerging concept which encourages better stewardship of our ocean or &lsquo;blue&rsquo; resources.</li>
<li>Similar to the &lsquo;Green Economy&rsquo;, the blue economy model aims for improvement of human wellbeing and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.</li>
<li>International society believes that the blue economy covers three economic forms: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economy coping with global water crisis</li>
<li>Innovative development economy</li>
<li>Development of marine economy</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is important to note that the blue economy goes beyond viewing the ocean economy solely as a mechanism for economic growth.</li>
<li>In the ocean economy model, large-scale industrial nations sought to exploit the maritime and marine resources, often without a view to the effects their activities have on the future health or productivity of those same resources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example through shipping, commercial fishing, and the oil, gas, minerals and mining industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The blue economy is not just about market opportunities; it also provides for the protection and development of more intangible &lsquo;blue&rsquo; resources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, traditional ways of life, carbon sequestration, and coastal resilience to help vulnerable states mitigate the often devastating effects of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It provides for an inclusive model in which coastal states - which sometimes lack the capacity to manage their rich ocean resources - can begin to extend the benefit of those resources to all.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Blue Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>High Return on Investment:</strong> New research commissioned by the high-level panel for a sustainable ocean economy, co-chaired by the Norwegian Prime Minister (PM), shows that every dollar invested in key ocean activities yields five times i.e. $5 in return, often more.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is for good reason that the Government of India (GOI)&rsquo;s Vision of New India by 2030 highlighted the Blue Economy as one of the 10 core dimensions of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Synergy With SDG:</strong> It supports all of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations&rsquo; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, especially SDG14 &lsquo;life below water&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Energy:</strong> Supporting the increasing demand for renewable energy, offshore regions have tremendous potential in the form of offshore wind, waves, ocean currents including tidal currents, and thermal energy.</li>
<li><strong>Importance For India:</strong> With an over 7,500-km-long coastline spread across nine coastal states, 12 major, and 200 minor ports, India's blue economy supports 95% of the country's business through transportation and contributes an estimated 4% to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the sectors across the blue economy have the potential to engage a large workforce and have been doing so from the past many decades at least in sectors such as fishing, aquaculture, fish processing, marine tourism, shipping and port activities.</li>
<li>Now, engagement in new sectors such as offshore wind, marine biology, biotechnology, and other activities like shipbuilding and ship breaking is also rising extensively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Blue Stimulus:</strong> A Sustainable and Equitable Blue Recovery to the COVID-19 Crisis report, highlights five blue stimulus actions that can spur recovery and build a sustainable ocean economy in India and globally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These include investments in coastal and marine ecosystem protection; sewage and wastewater infrastructure for coastal communities; and sustainable marine aquaculture.</li>
<li>They also include incentives for zero-emission marine transport and sustainable ocean-based renewable energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-blue-economy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India-Norway Integrated Ocean Management Initiative</a></strong> is a good example, whereby researchers and officials are cooperating on improving the governance of ocean resources through marine spatial planning.</li>
<li><strong>Education In Blue Economy:</strong> The number and type of educational programmes on both the traditional and emerging sectors of the blue economy should be offered at universities and engineering/technical institutes for sustained supply of trainer personnel.</li>
<li><strong>Gandhian Approach:</strong> India should look to adopt the Gandhian approach of balancing economic benefits with sustainability for meeting the broader goals of growth, employment generation, equity and protection of environment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The ocean has a role to play in strengthening resilience to economic and environmental disruptions. Investing in shipping decarbonisation, sustainable seafood production and ocean-based renewable energy provides for better health outcomes, richer biodiversity, more secure jobs and a safer planet for generations to come.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edf3ff;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Blue economy for India means a number of economic opportunities related to ocean and marine ecosystems, playing an important role in generating and sustaining livelihoods. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8528,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SDG India Index 2020-21: NITI Aayog',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>third edition</strong> of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)</strong></a><strong> India Index and Dashboard 2020&ndash;21</strong> was released by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SDG India Index 2020&ndash;21 is <strong>developed in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622806197_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622806197_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="409" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NITI Aayog <strong>launched its index in 2018 </strong>to <strong>monitor the country&rsquo;s progress on the goals through data-driven assessment,</strong> and foster a competitive spirit among the States and Union Territories in achieving them.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog has the <strong>twin mandate to oversee the adoption and monitoring of the SDGs in the country,</strong> and also<strong> promote competitive and cooperative federalism</strong> among States and UTs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The index represents<strong> the articulation of the comprehensive nature of the Global Goals under the 2030 Agenda</strong> while being attuned to the national priorities.</li>
<li>In <strong>2015,</strong> the <strong>UNs General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda</strong> for Sustainable Development.</li>
<li>The 17 SDGs are a<strong> bold commitment to finish what the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)</strong> started, and <strong>tackle some of the more pressing challenges.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The SDG India Index 2020&ndash;21 is also <strong>live on an online dashboard,</strong> which has cross-sectoral relevance across policy, civil society, business, and academia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methodology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SDG India Index <strong>computes goal-wise scores on the 16 SDGs</strong> for each State and Union Territory.</li>
<li>These <strong>scores range between 0&ndash;100,</strong> and if a State/UT achieves a score of 100, it signifies it has achieved the 2030 targets. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance to target achieved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States and Union Territories are classified in <strong>four categories</strong> based on their SDG India Index score: <strong>Aspirant</strong> (0&ndash;49), <strong>Performer</strong> (50&ndash;64), <strong>Front-Runner</strong> (65&ndash;99), <strong>Achiever</strong> (100).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comparison with Previous Editions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SDG India Index 2020&ndash;21 is <strong>more robust than the previous editions</strong> on account of wider coverage of targets and indicators with greater alignment with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-monitoring-framework-on-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Indicator Framework (NIF).</strong></a></li>
<li>The 115 indicators<strong> incorporate 16 out of 17 SDGs,</strong> with a qualitative assessment on Goal 17, and cover 70 SDG targets.</li>
<li>This is an <strong>improvement over the 2018&ndash;19 and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2019&ndash;20</a> editions</strong> of the index, which had utilised 62 indicators across 39 targets and 13 Goals, and 100 indicators across 54 targets and 16 Goals, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country&rsquo;s <strong>overall SDG score improved by 6 points -</strong> from 60 in 2019 to 66 in 2020&ndash;21. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>no states in the aspirant and achiever category;</strong> 15 states/UTs are in the performer category and 22 states/UTs in the front runner category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India saw significant<strong> improvement in the SDGs related to clean energy, urban development and health in 2020.</strong> However, there has been a <strong>major decline in the areas of industry, innovation and infrastructure as well as decent work and economic growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Wise Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kerala retained its position at the top</strong> of the rankings in the third edition of the index, with a score of 75,<strong> followed by Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh,</strong> both scoring 72.</li>
<li>At the other end of the scale, <strong>Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam were the worst performing States.</strong> However, all States showed some improvement from last year&rsquo;s scores, with Mizoram and Haryana seeing the biggest gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622806598_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622806598_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1723952" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8514,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Model Tenancy Act',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <strong>Model Tenancy Act</strong> to be sent to the States and Union Territories to <strong>enact legislation or amend laws on rental properties.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-model-tenancy-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Act</strong></a> had been published by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs</strong> in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622709352_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622709352_image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Written Agreement is Mandatory:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mandatory for there to be a <strong>written agreement</strong> between the property owner and the tenant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishes Independent Authority and Rent Court:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Establishes an independent authority in every state and UT for<strong> registration of tenancy agreements</strong> and even a separate court <strong>to take up tenancy related disputes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maximum Limit for Security Deposit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Limit the <strong>tenant&rsquo;s advance security deposit to a maximum of two months rent</strong> for residential purposes and to a <strong>maximum of six months</strong> for <strong>non-residential purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Describes Rights and Obligations of both Landlord and Tenant:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>landlord</strong> will be responsible for activities like structural repairs except those necessitated by damage caused by the tenant, whitewashing of walls and painting of doors and windows, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>tenant</strong> will be responsible for drain cleaning, switches and socket repairs, kitchen fixtures repairs, replacement of glass panels in windows, doors and maintenance of gardens and open spaces, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>24-hour Prior Notice by the Landlord:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A landowner will have to give <strong>24-hour prior notice before entering the rented premises</strong> to carry out repairs or replacement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for Vacating the Premises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If a landlord has <strong>fulfilled all the conditions stated</strong> in the rent agreement - giving notice etc.- and the <strong>tenant fails to vacate the premises</strong> on the expiration of the period of tenancy or termination of tenancy, the landlord is <strong>entitled to double the monthly rent for two months</strong> and four times after that.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>apply</strong> to premises let out for <strong>residential, commercial or educational</strong> <strong>use</strong>, but <strong>not for industrial use.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>also won&rsquo;t cover</strong> hotels, lodging houses, inns, etc.</li>
<li>It will be applied prospectively and <strong>will not affect existing tenancies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census</strong></a> <strong>2011</strong>, nearly <strong>1.1 crore houses</strong> were lying vacant in the country and making these houses available on rent will complement the vision of<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/affordable-rental-housing-complexes-for-urban-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &lsquo;Housing for All&rsquo; by 2022</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The authority will provide a <strong>speedy mechanism in resolving disputes</strong> and other related matters.</li>
<li>It will help overhaul the <strong>legal framework</strong> with respect to rental housing across the country.</li>
<li>It will enable creation of <strong>adequate rental housing stock</strong> for all the income groups thereby addressing the <strong>issue of homelessness.</strong></li>
<li>It will enable <strong>institutionalisation of rental housing</strong> by gradually shifting it towards the formal market.</li>
<li>It is expected to give a <strong>fillip to private participation in rental housing</strong> as a business model for addressing the huge housing shortage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act is<strong> not binding on the states as land and urban development remain state subjects.</strong></li>
<li>Like in the case with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/rera-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RERA</strong></a> (Real Estate (Regulation and Development Act), the fear is that states may choose not to follow guidelines, diluting the essence of the Model Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723636" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8497,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Horticulture Cluster Development Programme',
		'description' => '<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why in News</span></h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare</strong> has launched the <strong>Horticulture Cluster Development Programme (CDP)</strong> in order to <strong>promote the export of horticultural produce.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horticulture</strong> </a>is the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cluster Development Programme (CDP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> central sector programme</strong></a> aimed at growing and developing identified horticulture clusters to make them globally competitive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Horticulture cluster</strong> is a regional/geographical concentration of targeted horticulture crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be implemented by the <strong>National Horticulture Board (NHB)</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>In a <strong>pilot phase,</strong> the programme will be <strong>implemented in 12 horticulture clusters out of the total 53 clusters</strong> selected for the programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These clusters will be implemented through <strong>Cluster Development Agencies (CDAs)</strong> which are appointed on the recommendations of the respective State/UT Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To address all <strong>major issues related</strong> to the <strong>Indian horticulture sector</strong> including pre-production, production, post-harvest management, logistics, marketing and branding.</li>
<li>To leverage <strong>geographical specialisation</strong> and promote integrated and market-led development of horticulture clusters.</li>
<li>To converge with other initiatives of the Government such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agriculture-infrastructure-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agriculture Infrastructure Fund.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The programme will benefit about <strong>10 lakh farmers</strong> and is expected to attract<strong> an investment of Rs. 10,000 crore</strong> when implemented in all the 53 clusters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622538672_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622538672_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Horticulture Sector in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is the second-largest producer of horticulture crops globally,</strong> accounting for approximately 12% of the world&rsquo;s production of fruits and vegetables.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is a leader in producing fruits like Mango, Banana, Pomegranate, Sapota, Acid Lime and Aonla.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2018-19,<strong> Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharashtra and UP</strong> were the<strong> top states in fruit production.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh</strong> were the<strong> top States in vegetable production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> area under horticulture crops increased to 25.5 million hectare in 2018-19,</strong> which is 20% of the total area under foodgrain, and produced 314 million tonnes.</li>
<li><strong>Recent steps taken for this sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry has provided an enhanced allocation of<strong> Rs. 2250 Crore</strong> for the year <strong>2021-22</strong> for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-for-integrated-development-of-horticulture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture&rsquo; (MIDH).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>MIDH</strong> is a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> </a>for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root &amp; tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is tremendous scope for enhancing the productivity of Indian horticulture which is imperative to cater to the <strong>country&rsquo;s estimated demand of 650 Million MT of fruits and vegetables by the year 2050.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the new initiatives like focus on planting material production, cluster development programme, credit push through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agriculture-infrastructure-fund-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agri Infra Fund</strong></a>, formation and promotion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FPOs (Farmers Producer Organisations)</strong></a> are the right steps in this direction.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723155" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8411,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Social Security Code 2020 ',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The effectiveness of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Security Code (SS Code) 2020</strong> </a>in helping the informal workforce is questioned by many.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With SS Code 2020, two other codes were passed which are <strong>Code on Occupational Safety, Health &amp; Working Conditions Code,</strong> 2020 and <strong>Industrial Relations Code,</strong> 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>SS Code 2020 subsumes nine regulations</strong> relating to social security, retirement and employee benefits.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions of SS Code 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Code has <strong>widened coverage by including the unorganised sector,</strong> fixed term employees and gig workers, platform workers, inter-state migrant workers etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Database and Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With the aim of making a national database for unorganised sector workers,<strong> registration of all these workers would be done on an online portal</strong> and this registration would be done <strong>on the basis of Self certification</strong> through a simple procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All<strong> records and returns</strong> have to be <strong>maintained electronically. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Security Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be created on the financial side in order to implement social security schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is <strong>uniformity in determining wages</strong> for the purpose of social security benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has provided a<strong> wide definition for wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Specific exclusions with ceilings have been provided for<strong> discouraging inappropriate structuring of salaries</strong> to minimise social security benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consultative Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has brought in a facilitating approach by the authorities. Unlike the existing role of inspectors, the <strong>Code provides for an enhanced role of inspector-cum-facilitator</strong> whereby <strong>employers can look for support and advice to enhance compliances.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Career Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable that demand for human resources is met and to monitor employment information,<strong> career centres will be established. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stringent Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any failure to deposit employees&rsquo; contributions not only attracts a <strong>penalty of Rs. 1,00,000, but also imprisonment of one to three years.</strong> In case of <strong>repeat offence, the penalties and prosecution is severe,</strong> and no compounding is permitted for repeated offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Online Registration Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>onus lies on informal workers registering as beneficiaries,</strong> further they <strong>do not have digital literacy and connectivity.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there is a <strong>lack of awareness</strong> among informal workers <strong>regarding social security schemes. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Inter-State Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unorganised workers are spread across the length and breadth of India. <strong>Implications</strong> of this code <strong>would be too varied across States</strong> to be administered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complicated Processes &amp; Overlapping Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Providing holistic social security cover for the unorganised workforce in a simple and effective manner is lost in the <strong>Centre-State procedural complications and jurisdictional or institutional overlap. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternity Benefit:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women engaged in the <strong>unorganised sector remain outside the purview of maternity benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employees Provident Fund:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For informal sector workers, <strong>access to employees&rsquo; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">provident fund</a> remains unfulfilled too in the new code.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Payment of Gratuity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although payment of gratuity was expanded in the new Code, it <strong>still remains inaccessible for a vast majority of informal workers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SS Code 2020 <strong>merges existing social security laws</strong> and attempts to include informal workers within the ambit of social security administration. However, an examination of the code reveals that <strong>universalisation of social security remains an unfulfilled aspiration.</strong></li>
<li>At a time when India chairs a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> meeting that is<strong> focused on issues of labour, especially informality, it fails to even recognise that India is ageing without social security,</strong> and the demographic dividend of the young workforce that could support the ageing ends in 15 years.</li>
<li>The<strong> provision of social security could be used to formalise the workforce</strong> to a certain extent.</li>
<li><strong>Employers should be made to own up to the responsibility of providing social security</strong> to their workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the state has a responsibility but the<strong> primary responsibility still lies with employers</strong> since they are taking advantage of workers&rsquo; productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-collage-of-laws-that-leaves-the-worker-out-in-the-cold/article34600276.ece"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8400,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Initiative for Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA)</strong> inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with <strong>Microsoft</strong> to support the digital transformation of schools such as <strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)</strong> and<strong> Ashram Schools,</strong> among others under the Ministry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is aimed at building an inclusive, skills-based economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the MoU:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> curriculum will be made available to tribal students in both English and Hindi at all EMRS schools to skill educators and students in next-generation technologies.</li>
<li>In the<strong> first phase, 250 EMRS schools have been adopted by Microsoft,</strong> out of which 50 EMRS schools will be given intensive training and 500 master trainers would be trained in the first phase.</li>
<li><strong>Teachers across states in India will be trained in a phased manner</strong> for using productivity technologies like Office 365 and AI applications in teaching.</li>
<li>The program will also offer opportunities for<strong> teachers to earn professional e-badges and e-certificates</strong> from the Microsoft Education Centre.</li>
<li>Students from schools under the Ministry will be mentored on projects that involve AI applications for <strong>societal good</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years.&amp;text=SDGs%20are%20not%20legally%20binding." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This program will ensure that tribal students get a chance to <strong>change their future, their environment, their village, and overall community.</strong></li>
<li>The initiative will also enable the <strong>professional development of educators, enabling them to use technology in classrooms.</strong></li>
<li>It will help in the success of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital India Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li>It will be able to<strong> bridge the gap between the tribal students and others.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Educational Schemes for Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme (RGNF):</strong> RGNF was introduced in the year 2005-2006 with the objective to encourage the students belonging to the ST community to pursue higher education.</li>
<li><strong>Vocational Training Center in Tribal Areas:</strong> The aim of this scheme is to develop the skill of ST students depending on their qualification and present market trends.</li>
<li><strong>National Overseas Scholarship Scheme:</strong> It provides financial assistance to 20 students selected for pursuing higher studies abroad for PhD and postdoctoral studies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-matric-scholarship-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pre and Post Matric Scholarship Schemes.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Eklavya Model Residential Schools</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eklavya-model-residential-and-day-boarding-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EMRS</strong> </a>started in the<strong> year 1997-98</strong> to impart quality education to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Schedule Tribes</strong></a> children in remote areas.</li>
<li>The schools focus not only on academic education but on the all-round development of the students.</li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of EMRS is to provide quality middle and high level education to ST students in remote areas, not only to enable them to avail of reservation in high and professional educational courses and as jobs in government and public and private sectors but also to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.</li>
<li>Each school has a capacity of <strong>480 students, catering to students from Class VI to XII.</strong></li>
<li>These are being set up by grants provided <strong>under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/post-devolution-revenue-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 275(1) of the Constitution</a>.</strong></li>
<li>These are <strong>funded by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>In order to give further impetus to EMRS, it has been decided that by <strong>the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons,</strong> will have an EMRS.</li>
<li>Eklavya schools are on <strong>par with Navodaya Vidyalaya</strong> and have special facilities for preserving local art and culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) scheme</strong> envisages setting up of one Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district of the country. It is under the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
<li>These residential schools impart<strong> good quality modern education to rural talented children</strong> irrespective of their socio-economic background including ST children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ashram Schools</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ashram schools are residential schools, in which <strong>free boarding and lodging along with other facilities and incentives are provided to the students.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from formal education, there is emphasis put upon <strong>physical activities, meditation, sight-seeing, play, sports, games, and other.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> provides construction costs and the<strong> State Government</strong> is responsible for running and overall maintenance of these Ashram schools including selection of medium of instruction.</li>
<li>So far, the Ministry has funded<strong> 1,205 Ashram Schools</strong> across the country for quality education of ST children.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1719441" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8331,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Effect of Covid on Urban and Rural Poor',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a report by <strong>Hunger Watch</strong> claimed that<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a> has left the urban poor in India poorer,</strong> more hungry and with less nutrition than their rural counterparts.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hunger Watch</strong> is a loose collection of social groups and movements.</li>
<li>Earlier, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-extreme-poverty-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>study from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong> </a>had found that an additional<strong> 207 million people could be pushed into extreme poverty by 2030</strong> due to the severe long-term impact of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li>Also a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-increased-poverty-pew-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new research conducted by Pew Research Center</strong></a> has found that the <strong>Covid-19 has pushed about 32 million Indians out of the middle class and increased poverty in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The food insecurity has prompted<strong> more people to enter the labour force (55% increase</strong> in the labour force among the respondents).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also noted a <strong>silent rise in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> child labour</a> as well.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>economic crisis was deepening as people who lost their jobs were yet to find replacements</strong> and little had been accomplished after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> for the revival of livelihoods in the informal sector.</li>
<li>Incomes <strong>reduced by half or a quarter for more than half the urban respondents</strong> while it was a little over <strong>one-third for rural respondents.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Distribution System &amp; Social Sector Scheme Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large section of rural residents could cushion the blow of pandemic-driven economic disruption due to foodgrain via the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System (PDS)</strong></a>. The urban poor&rsquo;s access to such ration, however, was minimal.</li>
<li>The <strong>social security schemes also had relatively better coverage among the rural poor</strong> as rural areas had better access to PDS rations.</li>
<li>A larger proportion of households <strong>in urban areas did not have access to ration cards.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutrition and Hunger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>decline in nutritional quality and quantity was more among the urban respondents</strong> as was the need to borrow money for buying food.</li>
<li>Overall,<strong> levels of hunger and food insecurity remained high,</strong> with little hope of the situation improving without measures specifically aimed at providing employment opportunities as well as food support.</li>
<li>Even when<strong> India had a record food grain production at 296.65 million tonnes in the 2019-20 crop year </strong>(July-June), beating the target of 291.1 million tonnes and 4% higher than 2018-19, the <strong>net of hunger became more widespread</strong> as<strong> more people had to start skipping some meals in a day. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Things were much worse for socially vulnerable groups</strong> such as households headed by single women, households with people having disabilities, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-council-for-transgender-persons" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>transgender</strong></a> people and old persons without caregivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The figures in the Hunger Watch report are alarming, especially when seen in conjunction with the recent rounds of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-women-nfsh-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NFHS data.</strong></a></li>
<li>The NFHS data has shown <strong>either a worsening or stagnation in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> malnutrition</a></strong> outcomes such as <strong>prevalence of stunting and wasting among children</strong> and <strong>high levels of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a> among women and children.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives to Mitigate the Effects of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s Covid-19 Economic Relief Package.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (self-reliant India).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since the majority of the poor already had low incomes to begin with, a <strong>further reduction in household income is akin to taking a bullet train to hunger.</strong> This <strong>calls for special attention on social protection measures</strong> including schemes for provision of subsidised food and employment guarantee in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/covid-19-has-hit-india-s-urban-poor-more-than-those-in-villages-report-76823#:~:text=The%20novel%20coronavirus%20disease%20(COVID,a%20recent%20report%20has%20claimed.&amp;text=The%20urban%20poor's%20access%20to,report%20compiled%20by%20Hunger%20Watch." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8298,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Participation of Women & Youth in State Assemblies',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recent data from the <strong>three new state assemblies,</strong> which are West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, show <strong>less numbers of women and youth Member of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-needs-more-women-parliamentarians" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>data of the 2019 lok sabha elections</strong></a> also show that the participation of women is low. According to a list compiled by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inter-parliamentary-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inter-Parliamentary Union</strong></a> in 2019, India ranks <strong>153 out of 190 nations</strong> in the percentage of women in the lower house of world parliaments.</li>
<li>India is young. Its leaders are not. The country&rsquo;s median age is 29. The average parliamentarian is 55.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620127292_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620127292_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Less Number of Women MLAs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Illiteracy -</strong> It is one of the main hurdles in making women politically empowered.</li>
<li><strong>Work and Family -</strong> Uneven distribution of household work between men and women is also one of the important factors in this regard.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Political Networks -</strong> The lack of openness in political decision-making and undemocratic internal processes pose a challenge for all newcomers, but particularly for women as they tend to lack insider knowledge or political networks.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Resources -</strong> Because of their low proportion in the inner political party structure of India, women fail to gather resources and support for nurturing their political constituencies.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Financial Support -</strong> Women do not get adequate financial support from the political parties to contest the elections.</li>
<li><strong>Societal and Cultural Norms -</strong> These norms imposed on women bar them from entering politics.</li>
<li><strong>Unfriendly Environment -</strong> Overall political parties&rsquo; environment too is not women-friendly, they have to struggle hard and face multi-dimensional issues to create space for them in the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Less Number of Youth MLAs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>False Believe -</strong> Political parties believe that the youth, having not seen enough of life, are unprepared for the demands of top-flight politics.</li>
<li><strong>Youth will not be taken seriously -</strong> Political parties fear that Indian electors who respect older politicians will not take young candidates seriously.</li>
<li><strong>Veterans not leaving -</strong> Key party decision makers, typically veterans, do not want to yield space.</li>
<li><strong>Muscle power politics</strong> - Politicians use muscle and money power to prevent entry of good people to enter politics.</li>
<li><strong>Less chance of success</strong> - The chances of failure are high and very few people become successful.</li>
<li><strong>Good people avoid politics</strong> - General perception of a common man about a politician is someone who is deceptive and corrupt. So people from well to do fields tend to avoid themselves being listed in categories of politicians.</li>
<li><strong>Unethical practices</strong> - Many fail to enter due to dirty politics and due to fear of harm to good image. Unethical practices have become the norm in politics.</li>
<li><strong>Nepotism -</strong> It plays a major role and many youth who become successful politicians belong to influential political families.</li>
<li><strong>Other reasons</strong> - Rising campaign spending and rotational reservation in municipal, panchayat and mayoral elections have created barriers to upward movement for aspiring young politicians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Women's Reservation Bill 2008:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>proposes to amend the Constitution of India to reserve 1/3<sup>rd</sup> of all seats in the Lower house of Parliament of India, the Lok Sabha,</strong> and in all state legislative assemblies for women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation for Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Clause (3) of Article 243D of the Constitution</strong> ensures participation of women in Panchayati Raj Institutions by mandating not less than one- third reservation for women out of total number of seats to be filled by direct election and number of offices of chairpersons of Panchayats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-youth-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Youth Parliament Festival</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is organised by <strong>National Service Scheme (NSS) and Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS)</strong> under the aegis of Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hear the voice of youth in this age bracket of 18-25</strong> who are allowed to vote but cannot contest in elections.</li>
<li><strong>Encourage the youth to engage with public issues,</strong> understand the common man&rsquo;s point of view, form their opinion and express these in an articulate manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Youth Parliament Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs</strong> has been implementing the Youth Parliament programme<strong> sin</strong>ce 1966.</li>
<li>To<strong> strengthen the roots of democracy,</strong> inculcate healthy habits of discipline, tolerance of the view of others and to enable the student community to know about practices and procedures of the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> need of the hour</strong> in a country like India to have <strong>equal participation of all the sections of society in mainstream political activity</strong> therefore necessary steps should be taken to promote it.</li>
<li>Considering <strong>legally-backed youth and women quotas</strong> which could be in the form of either seats exclusively (and rotationally) reserved for youth and women or a specified proportion of young candidates all registered parties contesting an election must field.</li>
<li><strong>Municipal and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">panchayat</a> polls should give rise to leaders</strong> who have experience at the ground level. Such leaders, after some experience, should be able to run for state and eventually the central legislative seats.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Inner party democracy,</strong> where in a democratic political party the various positions like president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer etc are filled by the election process.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assembly-elections-benal-tamil-nadu-kerala-share-of-women-youth-in-new-assemblies-7300884/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:IE</a></strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8265,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Agriculture Infrastructure Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Agriculture Infrastructure Fund has crossed the eight thousand crore mark. The investment will give a boost to several agricultural projects which will unlock value for farmers across the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>central sector scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide <strong>medium - long term debt financing facility</strong> for investment in viable projects<strong> for post-harvest management Infrastructure</strong> and community farming assets.</li>
<li>The funds will be provided for setting up of cold stores and chains, warehousing, grading and packaging units, e-marketing points linked to e-trading platforms, besides PPP projects for crop aggregation sponsored by central/state/local bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> Financial Year<strong> 2020 to 2029.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligible Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are<strong> Farmers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/linking-farmers-with-futures-market" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FPOs</a>, PACS,</strong> Marketing Cooperative Societies, SHGs, Joint Liability Groups (JLG), Multipurpose Cooperative Societies, Agri-entrepreneurs, Start-ups, and Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Support: Rs. 1 Lakh Crore will be provided by banks and financial institutions as loans</strong> to eligible beneficiaries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Moratorium for repayment may vary subject to minimum of 6 months and maximum of 2 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest Subvention:</strong> Loans will have interest subvention of 3% per annum up to a limit of Rs. 2 crore. This subvention will be available for a maximum period of seven years.</li>
<li><strong>CGTMSE Scheme:</strong> A credit guarantee coverage will be available for eligible borrowers from the scheme under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme</strong> </a>for a loan up to Rs. 2 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These schemes are 100% funded by the Central government.</li>
<li>Implemented by the Central Government machinery.</li>
<li>Formulated on subjects mainly from the Union List.</li>
<li>E.g.: Bharatnet, Namami Gange-National Ganga Plan, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1714482" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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