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SPIN Scheme: KVIC

Why in News Recently, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) launched the SPIN (Strengthening the Potential of India) scheme to make...

18 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Sufficiency Economy Philosophy: Thailand

Why in News Thailand believes that its homegrown development approach of Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP) can serve as an alternative approach...

17 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
PLI Scheme for Auto & Drone Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a Rs. 26,058 crore Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for auto, auto-components and Drone...

17 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Shoonya Campaign: NITI Aayog

Why in News Recently, NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) and RMI India’s have launched the Shoonya Campaign. It is an initiative...

16 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
No Modification in the Resolution Plan Under IBC: SC

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) held that the Committee of Creditors (CoC) approved resolution plan under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy...

16 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Index of Industrial Production

Why in News India’s industrial output grew by 11.5% in July compared to a 10.5% contraction a year ago, as per quick estimates from the...

15 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Groundswell Report: World Bank

Why in News Recently, the updated Groundswell report released by the World Bank indicated that climate change could force 216 million people across...

15 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Boost For Textile Sector

This article is based on A boost for textile sector which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 13/09/2021. It talks about the problems of...

14 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Task Force for Coal-Based Hydrogen Production

Why in News Recently, the Union Government constituted a Task force and Expert committee to prepare a road map for coal-based hydrogen production...

14 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Container Shortage

Why in News Recently, there is an ongoing major container shortage which is impacting international trade in a big way. Key Points Reasons for...

13 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
US-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP)

Why in News Recently, the revamped US-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership SCEP was launched during the ministerial meeting of the Petroleum and...

13 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Towards A Zero Carbon Future

This article is based upon Green hydrogen, a new ally for a zero carbon future which was published in The Hindu on 09/09/2021. It talks about the...

11 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Transport and Marketing Assistance Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has revised the Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA) scheme for specified...

11 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Creating Methanol from Coal

Why in News Recently, the first Indigenously Designed High Ash Coal Gasification Based Methanol Production Plant has been opened in...

11 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Incentivising Schemes to Boost Export

Why in News The government has decided to release pending claims worth Rs. 56,027 crore in FY 2021-22 for merchandise as well as service exports...

10 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union cabinet has approved the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for the textile sector. PLI scheme for Textiles...

09 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Renewable Energy & Land Use in India

Why in News Recently, a report named Renewable Energy and Land Use in India by Mid-Century suggested that careful planning today can maximise the...

09 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
C-295 Aircraft Deal

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has cleared procurement of 56 C-295 MW medium transport aircraft for the Indian Air Force under...

09 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Differentiated GST Regime

Why in News The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is likely to consider a ministerial group’s report on introducing a differentiated regime...

09 Sep 2021 Growth & Development
Responsible Consumption and Production: SDG 12

Why in News India’s progress in regard to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 is fair enough but not satisfactory. SDG12 aims at...

08 Sep 2021 Growth & Development

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		'title' => 'SPIN Scheme: KVIC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong> launched the <strong>SPIN (Strengthening the Potential of India) scheme</strong> to make potters self-sustainable.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>KVIC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956. It functions under the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</a>.</strong> In 2017-18, it launched the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhu-kranti-portal-honey-corners" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Honey Mission programme</a>.</strong> Recently, it launched a project named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-bold-kvic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD)</strong> </a>from the village NichlaMandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SPIN Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under SPIN, KVIC will <strong>facilitate potters to get easy loans</strong> from banks that will help the potters to diversify their activities and enhance their income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at <strong>sustainable development by creating local self-employment</strong> which is aligned with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s commitment <strong>of &ldquo;Job to Every Hand&rdquo;</strong> (Har Hath Me Kaam).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a no-subsidy program.</li>
<li>KVIC facilitates potters to get bank loans under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shishu Mudra Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>No financial burden on the exchequer.</li>
<li>Beneficiaries can repay the loans in easy installments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will reduce their dependence on government subsidy and thus make potters self-reliant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kumhar-sashaktikaran-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kumhar Sashaktikaran Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/terracotta-grinder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Terracotta Grinder.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by the government<strong> in 2015 for providing loans up to Rs. 10 lakh</strong> to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro-enterprises. Loans under this scheme are <strong>collateral-free loans.</strong></li>
<li>Under this, three products have been created, i.e. <strong>'Shishu', 'Kishore' and &lsquo;Tarun&rsquo;</strong> as per the stage of growth and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shishu:</strong> Covering loans up to Rs. 50,000.</li>
<li><strong>Kishore:</strong> Covering loans above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs. 5 lakh.</li>
<li><strong>Tarun:</strong> Covering loans above Rs. 5 lakh and up to Rs. 10 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1755752" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9816,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sufficiency Economy Philosophy: Thailand',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thailand believes that its homegrown development approach of<strong> Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP)</strong> can serve as an alternative approach to achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2020,</strong> Indian PM announced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> or Self-reliant India Movement, which has a similar approach to make India and its citizens independent and self-reliant in all senses. When India speaks of self-reliance, it does not advocate for a self-centered system, there is also a concern for the whole world&rsquo;s happiness, cooperation and peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> innovative approach to development designed</strong> for practical application over a wide range of problems and situations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also part of the<strong> fundamental administration policy</strong> of the state (Thailand).</li>
<li>It was introduced in Thailand after the<strong> Asian financial crisis in 1997.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a philosophy that<strong> guides one&rsquo;s inner thinking to immunize oneself from external shocks</strong> and can be applied in any setting and at any levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Levels:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Individual and Family Level:</strong> It means living a <strong>simple life, living within one's means,</strong> and refraining from taking advantage of other people.</li>
<li><strong>Community Level:</strong> It involves <strong>joining together</strong> to participate in decision-making, developing mutually-beneficial knowledge, and appropriately applying technology.</li>
<li><strong>National Level:</strong> It postulates a<strong> holistic approach with an emphasis upon appropriateness, competitive advantage, low risk, and avoiding over-investment.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It involves<strong> keeping abreast with what is happening elsewhere in the world, hedging investments, and reducing imports</strong> and over dependence on other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pillars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Knowledge:</strong> It enables <strong>effective planning and execution</strong> of developmental activities.</li>
<li><strong>Ethics and Values:</strong> It enhances human development by <strong>emphasizing honesty, altruism, and perseverance,</strong> with creating active, engaged citizens, and promoting good governance as the ultimate goal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Principles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Moderation:</strong> It entails producing and <strong>consuming within one&rsquo;s capacity and avoiding overindulgence. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Reasonableness:</strong> It is using one&rsquo;s <strong>mental faculties to examine the causes and consequences of actions</strong> on one&rsquo;s well-being, household and community.</li>
<li><strong>Prudence:</strong> It refers to <strong>risk management</strong> in order to be prepared for impacts from any disruptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631871663_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631871663_image16.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/thailands-approach-for-sustainable-development-and-building-back-better/article36471227.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9814,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for Auto & Drone Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a Rs. 26,058 crore <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong></a> for auto, auto-components and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-drone-rules-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drone</strong></a> industries to enhance India&rsquo;s manufacturing capabilities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme for the sector is part of the overall production-linked incentives announced for 13 sectors in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a> with an outlay of Rs 1.97 lakh crore.</li>
<li>It is a significant milestone in India&rsquo;s journey towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Atma Nirbharta&rsquo;</strong></a> and will <strong>enable the country to join the top order of Auto</strong> and<strong> Drone</strong> manufacturing <strong>nations.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631861734_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631861734_image10.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631861767_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631861767_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PLI scheme, introduced in March 2020, aims<strong> to give companies incentives on incremental sales</strong> from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>Apart from <strong>inviting foreign companies to set shop in India,</strong> it also aims<strong> to encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>It has also been approved for sectors such as automobiles, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white goods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-programme-on-advanced-chemistry-cell-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>chemical cells</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food processing</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/boost-for-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Textile Sector</strong></a> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PLI for Auto Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It excludes conventional <strong>petrol, diesel and CNG segments</strong> (Internal Combustion Engine) since it has sufficient capacity in India.</li>
<li>It is incentivizing <strong>only advanced automotive technologies</strong> or auto components whose supply chains are weak, dormant, or non-existing.</li>
<li>It is <strong>aimed at boosting new technology and the economy of clean fuels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Champion OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) Scheme:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>sales value linked plan,</strong> applicable to Battery Electric and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clean-fuel-hydrogen" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Fuel</strong></a> Cell Vehicles of all segments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Champion Incentive Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>Sales Value Linked</strong> plan for advanced technology components, Complete and Semi-Knocked Down (CKD/SKD) kits, vehicle aggregates of 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles and tractors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This scheme along with the already launched<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-programme-on-advanced-chemistry-cell-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> PLI for Advanced Chemistry Cell</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-india-scheme-phase-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Faster Adoption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME)</strong></a> Scheme will give a<strong> big boost to the manufacture of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/electric-vehicle-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electric Vehicles</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It will contribute towards <strong>reducing carbon emissions and oil imports.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage production of auto components using advanced technologies</strong> that will boost localisation, domestic manufacturing and also attract foreign investments.</li>
<li>It will help setting up <strong>new facilities and create more jobs.</strong> It is expected to generate <strong>7.5 lakh jobs for the auto sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PLI for Drone Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It covers a<strong> wide variety of drone components,</strong> including airframe, propulsion systems, power systems, batteries, inertial measurement unit, flight control module, ground control station, communication systems, cameras, sensors, spraying systems, emergency recovery system, and trackers.</li>
<li>It is <strong>expected to bring fresh investments of over Rs 5,000 crore and incremental production of over Rs 1,500 crore</strong> and create additional employment of about <strong>10,000 jobs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>encourage entrepreneurs to strive towards building drones,</strong> components, and software for the global market. It will also <strong>open many more verticals for the utilisation of drones.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>help reduce imports.</strong> At present 90 %of the drones in India are imported.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government intends to make India into a <strong>global drone hub by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/industry/cabinet-government-rs-25938-crore-pli-scheme-evs-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicle-manufacturing-drone-details/2331103/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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		'title' => 'Shoonya Campaign: NITI Aayog',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fast-tracking-freight-in-india-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)</strong></a> and <strong>RMI India&rsquo;s</strong> have launched the <strong>Shoonya Campaign.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an initiative to promote <strong>zero-pollution delivery vehicles</strong> by working with consumers and industry.</li>
<li>RMI is an <strong>independent nonprofit organization</strong> founded in 1982.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shoonya Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Electric Deliveries:</strong> The campaign aims to <strong>accelerate adoption of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electric Vehicles (EVs)</a> in the urban deliveries segment</strong> and create <strong>consumer awareness</strong> about the benefits of zero-pollution delivery.</li>
<li><strong>Shoonya Brand:</strong> A <strong>corporate branding</strong> and <strong>certification programme</strong> is being launched to recognise and promote industry&rsquo;s efforts towards transitioning to EVs for final-mile deliveries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will help e-commerce companies to distinguish their offerings from those of their competitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Online Tracking Platform :</strong> An online tracking platform will share the campaign&rsquo;s impact through data such as vehicle kilometers electrified, carbon savings, criteria pollutant savings and other benefits from clean delivery vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of EVs for Final-Mile Deliveries: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Growing E-Commerce Market:</strong> Between 2013 and 2017, India&rsquo;s online retail market grew at an average rate of 53% each year and is expected to become a $150 billion market by 2022. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By shifting the end-transportation of goods from the consumer, this has dramatically expanded the fleets of delivery vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Emissions:</strong> Urban freight vehicles account for 10% of freight transportation-<strong>related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> in India, and these emissions are expected to grow by 114% by 2030. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EVs emit no tailpipe emissions, which can contribute immensely to an improved air quality.</li>
<li>Even when accounting for their manufacture, they emit 15-40% less CO2 compared to their internal combustion engine counterparts and have lower operational cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Security:</strong> Shifting towards EVs will help India to reduce oil dependency while solving the challenge of energy scarcity and moving towards renewable and clean sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technological:</strong> India is technologically deficient in the production of electronics that form the backbone of the EV industry, such as batteries, semiconductors, controllers, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructural Support:</strong> The lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety (fear that batteries will soon run out of power) are other factors that hinder the growth of the EV industry.</li>
<li><strong>Availability of Materials for Domestic Production:</strong> Battery is the single most important component of EVs. India does not have any known reserves of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lithium</strong></a> and <strong>cobalt</strong> which are required for battery production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is dependent on countries like Japan and China for the import of<strong> lithium-ion batteries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Skilled Workers:</strong> EVs have higher servicing costs and higher levels of skills is needed for servicing. India lacks dedicated training courses for such skill development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP): <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEMMP</a></strong> was launched in 2013 with an aim to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country.</li>
<li><strong>FAME Scheme:</strong> The Indian government has created momentum through its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1#:~:text=Background,development%20and%20Manufacturing%20eco%2Dsystem." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles</strong></a> schemes that encourage, and in some segments mandates the adoption of EVs, with a goal of reaching <strong>30% EV penetration by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage:</strong> The Mission will recommend and drive the strategies for transformative mobility and phased manufacturing programmes for EVs, EV Components and Batteries.</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Incentives:&nbsp;</strong>To spur the production and consumption of EVs and charging infrastructure - such as income tax rebates, exemption from customs duties, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1755119" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9793,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'No Modification in the Resolution Plan Under IBC: SC',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> held that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essar-insolvency-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong></a> approved resolution plan under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong></a> submitted to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</strong></a> cannot be modified.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, in July 2021 the government introduced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-amendment-bill-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment Bill), 2021</strong></a> in the Lok Sabha.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No Modifications:</strong> The <strong>adjudicating authority cannot allow modifications or withdrawals</strong> <strong>of Resolution Plans</strong> approved by the Committee of Creditors at the behest of the successful Resolution Applicant, <strong>once the plan is submitted to it.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Timely Completion: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-pack-insolvency-resolution-process" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)</a></strong> carried out under the IBC <strong>must be completed within 330 days</strong> as laid down by the Code.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It quoted a report of the Parliamentary standing committee on finance which stated that <strong>71% cases are pending for more than 180 days before NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal).</strong></li>
<li>And asked the NCLT and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)</strong></a> to stick to this, and should therefore, while deciding IBC matters, <strong>respect the deadline</strong> keeping in mind the effect of such delays on the insolvency resolution process.</li>
<li>Judicial <strong>delay was one of the major reasons for the failure of the insolvency regime</strong> that was in effect <strong>prior to the IBC.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>time limit can be extended only in exceptional circumstances</strong> as otherwise, the open-ended process for further negotiations or a withdrawal, <strong>would have a deleterious impact on the Corporate</strong> <strong>Debtor</strong>, its creditors, and the economy at large as the liquidation value depletes with the passage of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency Resolution Process in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> Under IBC, companies (both private and public limited company) and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) <strong>can be considered as defaulting corporate debtors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A corporate debtor is any corporate organization which owes a debt to any person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Default Amount:</strong> The IBC can be triggered if there is<strong> a minimum default of Rs 1 Crore</strong>. This process can be triggered by way of filing an application before the NCLT.</li>
<li><strong>Resolution Initiation:</strong> The process can be <strong>initiated by two classes of creditors</strong> which would include financial creditors and operational creditors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Creditors:</strong> A Creditor means any person to whom a debt is owed and includes a financial creditor, an operational creditor, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Creditors:</strong> The financial creditor in simple terms is the institution that provided money to the corporate entity in the form of loans, bonds etc. E.g. banks.</li>
<li><strong>Operational Creditors:</strong> An operational creditor is the entity who has a claim for providing any of the four categories to the defaulted corporate- goods, services, employment and Government dues (central govt, state or local bodies).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Interim Resolution Professional:</strong> As soon as the matter is admitted by the NCLT, the NCLT proceeds with the appointment of an <strong>Interim Resolution Professional (IRP)</strong> who takes over the management of the defaulting debtor.</li>
<li><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC):</strong> A committee consisting only of the financial creditors i.e. the CoC is formed by the IRP.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Only operational creditors having aggregate dues of at least 10%</strong> of the total debt are invited into the meeting of CoC (<strong>Operational creditors are not a member</strong> of CoC). The operational creditors don&rsquo;t have any voting power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP):</strong> It includes <strong>necessary steps to revive the company such as raising fresh funds for operation</strong>, looking for a new buyer to sell the company as a going concern, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CoC takes a decision regarding the future of the outstanding debt owed to it. The resolution plan can be implemented only if it has been approved by 66% of the creditors in the CoC.</li>
<li>The IBC (Amendment Bill), 2021 introduced an alternate insolvency resolution process for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> with defaults up to Rs 1 crore called the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-pack-insolvency-resolution-process" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PIRP)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidation Proceedings:</strong> In the event a resolution plan is not submitted or not approved by the Committee of Creditors (CoC), the CIRP process is deemed to have failed. In such a situation the liquidation proceedings commences subject to the order of the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some of the issues faced in the implementation of IBC can be eased by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Conducting timely colloquium for judges of NCLT and increasing interaction</strong> between practitioners from various jurisdictions.</li>
<li>NCLTs according to <strong>higher priority to applications filed in respect of avoidable transactions</strong> such as extortionate, preferential, undervalued, and fraudulent transactions.</li>
<li>NCLTs <strong>discourage frequent adjournments and ensure timeliness</strong> of the resolution process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Focus should be on <strong>sensitizing various government and statutory authorities</strong> about the treatment of government and statutory dues under IBC <strong>to reduce the scope for litigation and consequent delay</strong> in the resolution of companies under corporate insolvency.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/resolution-before-nclt-cant-be-modified-sc-7507128/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9781,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Index of Industrial Production',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>industrial output grew by 11.5% in July compared to a 10.5% contraction a year ago,</strong> as per quick estimates from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sharp-economic-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631706083_image11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631706083_image11.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="261" height="487" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mining, manufacturing and electricity recorded growth of 19.5%, 10.5% and 11.1%, respectively, albeit driven by favourable base effect.</li>
<li>The country's output of the<strong> eight core sectors</strong> - also known as the infrastructural output, <strong>grew 9.4%</strong> in July 2021.</li>
<li>The index substantially bridged the gap with the pre-pandemic level and remained only marginally lower than the July 2019 mark, suggesting a graded pick-up in industrial activities with the easing of curbs in key states as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Covid Wave</strong></a> waned.</li>
<li>This recovery is owing to the result of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-output-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Base Effect</strong></a> due to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> lockdown that affected economic activity in 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The base effect refers to the effect that the choice of a basis of comparison or reference can have on the result of the comparison between data points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Index of Industrial Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP is an indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of industrial products during a given period.</li>
<li>It is compiled and published monthly by the <strong>National Statistical Office (NSO),</strong> Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>It is a composite indicator that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Base Year for IIP <strong>is 2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance of IIP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is used by government agencies including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc, for policy-making purposes.</li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the calculation of the quarterly and advance <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GDP (Gross Domestic Product)</strong> </a>estimates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Eight Core Sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These <strong>comprise 40.27% of the weight of items</strong> included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</li>
<li>The eight core sector industries in decreasing order of their weightage: <strong>Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilizers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1753865&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1631709772588000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3WyZiAsQ96fEBTfZ1c6xez" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9774,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Groundswell Report: World Bank',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the updated <strong>Groundswell report</strong> released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> indicated that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-2021-report-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a> could force 216 million people across six world regions to move within their countries by 2050.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hotspots of<strong> internal climate <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a></strong> can emerge as early as 2030 and continue to spread and intensify by 2050.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First Groundswell Report:</strong> It was<strong> published in 2018</strong> and used a robust and novel modeling approach to understand the scale, trajectory, and spatial patterns of future climate migration within countries, <strong>with a focus on three regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, </strong>and <strong>Latin America.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Second Groundswell Report:</strong> It builds on the first report, applying the same approach to <strong>three new regions:</strong> the <strong>Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and the Pacific,</strong> and <strong>Eastern Europe and Central Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qualitative analyses of climate-related mobility in countries of the <strong>Mashreq</strong> (i.e eastern part of the Arab World) and in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-impacting-small-island-developing-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Small Island Developing States (SIDS)</strong></a> are also provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two reports&rsquo; combined findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the potential scale of internal climate migration across the six World Bank regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Internal Climate Migrants:</strong> As many as 216 million people could be internal climate migrants across the six World Bank regions (by 2050). This represents <strong>almost 3%</strong> of these regions&rsquo; total projected population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa:</strong> 85.7 million internal climate migrants (4.2% of the total population);</li>
<li><strong>East Asia and the Pacific:</strong> 48.4 million (2.5%);</li>
<li><strong>South Asia:</strong> 40.5 million (1.8%);</li>
<li><strong>North Africa:</strong> 19.3 million (9 %);</li>
<li><strong>Latin America:</strong> 17.1 million (2.6%); and</li>
<li><strong>Eastern Europe and Central Asia:</strong> 5.1 million (2.3%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Most Vulnerable Region:</strong> The scale of internal climate migration will be largest in the poorest and most climate-vulnerable regions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SubSaharan Africa:</strong> The most vulnerable region due to desertification, fragile coastlines and the population's dependence on agriculture - would see the most migrants.</li>
<li><strong>North Africa:</strong> It is predicted to have the <strong>largest proportion of climate migrants (9%).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is due to a great extent to severe water scarcity, as well as the impacts of sea-level rise on densely populated coastal areas and in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conflict-over-nile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nile Delta.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South Asia:</strong> In South Asia, <strong>Bangladesh is particularly affected</strong> by flooding and crop failures, accounting for almost half of the predicted climate migrants, with 19.9 million people, including an increasing number of women, moving by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduce Emission:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Five years after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, the world is still headed for at least 3&deg;C of warming by 2100.</li>
<li>Ambitious action to curb global emissions is critical to reducing the burden of climate change impacts on key resources, livelihood systems, and urban centers that may drive people to migrate in distress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive and Resilient Development Pathways: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Integrating internal climate migration in development planning</strong> is critical to address the poverty factors that make people particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as a lack of viable livelihood options and lower quality assets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan for Each Phase of Migration:</strong> Planning for internal climate migration means accounting for <strong>all phases of migration - before, during, and after moving.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before migration, adapt-in-place solutions can help communities stay in place where local adaptation options are viable and sensible.</li>
<li>During migration, policies and investments can enable mobility for people who need to move away from unavoidable climate risks.</li>
<li>After migration, planning can ensure that both sending and receiving areas are well equipped to meet the needs and aspirations of their populations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investments:</strong> More investments are needed in research at scale, including new, more granular data sources and differentiated climate change impacts, to better contextualize and understand internal climate migration at the regional and country level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 99.9242%; text-align: center; height: 19px; background-color: #0d0000;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Global Efforts to Address Climate Change and Migration Challenges</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 20px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 20px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</strong></a> formally incorporates mobility in the context of climate change in the <strong>2010 Cancun Adaptation Framework,</strong> calling on countries for &ldquo;measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate induced displacement, migration, and planned relocation,&rdquo; while &ldquo;taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement (2013)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement, established under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Warsaw Mechanism.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage focuses on preparing for and addressing loss and damage from both sudden- and slow onset climate change impacts, including effects on mobility.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Paris Agreement (2015)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Preamble of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong> </a>states that the &ldquo;Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on migrants&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-30)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report#:~:text=Sendai%20Framework%20for%20Disaster%20Reduction%202015%2D30&amp;text=The%20present%20Framework%20applies%20to,and%20biological%20hazards%20and%20risks." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework</strong> </a>outlines targets and priorities for action to prevent and reduce disaster risks, including through governance, investment in disaster reduction for resilience, and disaster preparedness, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.</li>
<li>It articulates the need to include migrants in disaster risk reduction and management in three places.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UN Global Compact on Refugees (2016)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provides <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-refugee-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>specific commitments to address the drivers of environmental mobility</strong></a> and develop policies aimed at ensuring greater protection for those affected by these movements.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (2018)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognizes the need to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-compact-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> strengthen joint analysis</strong> </a>and <strong>sharing of information to better map, understand, predict, </strong>and<strong> address migration movements,</strong> such as those that may result from sudden-onset and slow-onset natural disasters and the adverse effects of climate change, as well as develop adaptation and resilience strategies, taking into account the potential implications on migration.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 11.7513%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><strong>UNFCCC 24<sup>th</sup> Conference of Parties Decision (2018)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 88.1729%; height: 19px; background-color: #f0f6ff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP24 Decision</strong></a>, informed by a report from the <strong>UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement,</strong> invites UNFCCC parties to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility in the context of climate change, by considering the needs of migrants and displaced persons, communities of origin, transit and destination, and by enhancing opportunities for regular migration pathways, including through labor mobility.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-can-force-216-million-people-to-migrate-within-their-own-countries-by-2050-79002" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9764,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Boost For Textile Sector',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-boost-for-textile-sector/article36438578.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A boost for textile sector</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 13/09/2021. It talks about the problems of the Textile sector and the measures that should be taken to solve the issues of the sector.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Union cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/production-linked-incentive-pli-scheme-for-textiles-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong></a> for the textile sector. PLI scheme for Textiles is part of the overall announcement of PLI Schemes for 13 sectors made earlier during the Union Budget 2021-22, with an outlay of Rs. 1.97 lakh crore.</p>
<p>The Indian textile and apparel sector, with USD 37 billion exports and USD 85 billion domestic consumption, is one of the largest employers in the country. Every USD 1 billion additional exports in apparel manufacturing can create 1.5 lakh new jobs.</p>
<p>If some adequate measures are taken on time, Indian exports can grow in double digits for the next several years, which in turn will create millions of jobs. In this context, it is imperative to remove the problems of the textile sector and take some urgent measures.</p>
<p>The Indian apparel sector needs scale, specialisation and competitiveness to capitalise on the emerging post-Covid opportunities in global trade.</p>
<h3>Challenges in Textile Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being dominated by the unorganized sector and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its limitations of access to the latest technology (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Tax structure issues:</strong> The tax structure<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong></a> makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the USD 40-billion level for the last six years.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh, which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of foreign investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, the industry attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of only USD 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for scale:</strong> Scale is important to bring down the cost of production, improve productivity levels to match global benchmarks and, thereby, cater to large orders from markets like the US. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With right scale and technology interventions, India can match the manufacturing costs of competing countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need For Environment Friendly Manufacturing Process:</strong> With growing awareness on social and environmental issues, global buyers are looking for more compliant, sustainable and large factories to place bulk orders; these are available in China and Vietnam. Such facilities need to be created in India too.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a condition on incremental sales growth, the newly launched PLI scheme ensures investment from the enterprise to grow capacity on a continuous basis. India can surely build ten USD 1 billion companies in the next few years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Specialisation:</strong> India has built a strong ecosystem in cotton apparels, but is lagging in<strong> man-made fiber (MMF)</strong> apparel manufacturing. Global fashion is moving towards blends. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US annually imports around Rs. 3-lakh crore worth of MMF apparels. In this mega market, India has a share of just 2.5%.</li>
<li>Hence, with a focussed approach, the sector can be aligned towards global fashion demands.</li>
<li>PLI incentivises the manufacturing of MMF apparel and fabrics. Instead of providing scattered incentives to so many products, it&rsquo;s time to specialise in a few products which have huge market opportunities.</li>
<li>Integrated companies can invest in greenfield projects to make MMF apparel and compete with strong players like China and Vietnam in cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competitiveness:</strong> To compete with low-cost competitors, India needs to be ultra-efficient in pricing. With assured production incentives in the PLI scheme, entrepreneurs with growth aspirations will boldly invest in integrated smart factories. This can help achieve world-class productivity and manufacturing efficiency.</li>
<li><strong>Attracting capital:</strong> Only 10% of the Indian textile sector is listed on the stock exchange. The textile sector&rsquo;s (excluding raw-material makers) market cap of around Rs. 2-lakh crore is hardly 1% of the BSE&rsquo;s Rs. 250-lakh crore market cap. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many textile companies in the SME space are not participating in the stock market.</li>
<li>Many textile companies in the unlisted space are demonstrating world-class sustainable practices and can attract a lot of capital if they present the right themes.</li>
<li>In the past two years, the government has initiated a lot of structural reforms to bring new energy to the textile sector. PLI is one such reform and it&rsquo;s time for the industry to step up and announce new projects under this scheme and move towards making India the fashion capital of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector. Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it. In this context, the New Textiles Policy 2020 being formulated by the Centre should aim at developing a competitive textile sector which is modern, sustainable and inclusive.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631619249_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631619249_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="800" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector to make it a competitive sector which is modern, sustainable and inclusive. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 9755,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Task Force for Coal-Based Hydrogen Production',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Government constituted a <strong>Task force and Expert committee</strong> to prepare a road map for <strong>coal-based hydrogen production (Black Hydrogen).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Task Force is also responsible for <strong>coordination</strong> with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coal-gasification-plant-for-urea-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal Gasification Mission</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coal-Based Hydrogen Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coal (one of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/hydrocarbon-exploration-and-licensing-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrocarbon Fuels</strong></a>) is one of the important sources of hydrogen making apart from natural gas and renewable energy through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-fuel-cell-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electrolysis</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>However</strong>, Coal has not been encouraged in hydrogen production because of the fear of <a href="/pdf/fall-in-india-s-co2-emissions.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carbon Emission</strong></a> while extracting hydrogen via coal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Almost 100% of hydrogen produced in India is through natural gas (Grey Hydrogen).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cost of hydrogen produced from coal can be <strong>cheaper and less sensitive to imports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Production of hydrogen from coal will have challenges in terms of<strong> high emissions</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-award-for-recycling-carbon-technology#:~:text=Carbon%20Capture%2C%20Utilization%20and%20Sequestration,will%20not%20enter%20the%20atmosphere." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CCUS (Carbon capture, utilisation and storage)</strong></a> will play an important role. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide</strong> formed during the coal to hydrogen process have to be trapped and stored in an environmentally sustainable manner (CCS and CCUS).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an economy that<strong> relies on hydrogen as the commercial fuel</strong> that would deliver a substantial fraction of a nation&rsquo;s energy and services.</li>
<li>Hydrogen is <strong>a zero-carbon fuel</strong> and is considered <strong>an alternative to fuel and a key source of clean energy.</strong> It can be produced from <strong>renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind.</strong></li>
<li>It is an <strong>envisioned future</strong> where <strong>hydrogen is used as fuel for vehicles, energy storage and long-distance transport of energy.</strong> The different pathways to use hydrogen economy includes hydrogen production, storage, transport and utilization.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1970, the term <strong>'Hydrogen Economy'</strong> was coined by <strong>John Bockris</strong>. He mentioned that a hydrogen economy can replace the current hydrocarbon-based economy, leading to a cleaner environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631601913_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631601913_image5.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Present Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>current global demand for hydrogen is 70 million metric tons</strong>, most of which is being produced from fossil fuels- <strong>76% from natural gas and 23% from coal</strong> and remaining from the electrolysis of water-- consumes 6% of the global natural gas and 2% of the global coal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This results in CO2 emissions of around 830Mt/year out of which only 130Mt/year is being captured and used in the fertilizer industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, <strong>much of the hydrogen produced is used for oil refining</strong> (33%), <strong>ammonia</strong> (27%), <strong>methanol production</strong> (11%), <strong>steel production</strong> (3%) and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Hydrogen Energy Mission</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-fuel-cell-based-bus-and-car-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hydrogen Fuel Cell Based Vehicles</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/green-hydrogen-for-green-roadmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green Hydrogen Mobility project</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1752915" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9738,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Container Shortage',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, there is an ongoing major <strong>container shortage</strong> which is <strong>impacting international trade</strong> in a big way.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Shortage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Low Number of Shipping Vessels:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>reduction in the number of shipping vessels</strong> operating as a result of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a></strong> has led to fewer empty containers being picked up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Congestion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Long waiting times at key ports such as those in the US due to <strong>congestion</strong> on <strong>Chinese ports</strong> are also contributing to lengthening turnaround time for containers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A sustained <strong>global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shapes-of-economic-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">economic recovery</a></strong> has added to the impetus to trade. The <strong>lack of availability of containers and the faster than expected recovery</strong> in international trade has<strong> pushed up freight rates significantly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>led to freight rates rising by over 300%. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian<strong> exporters are facing major delays in their shipments</strong> and consequent <strong>liquidity issues</strong> as they have to wait longer to receive payment for exported goods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Liquidity</strong> refers to the ease with which an asset, or security, can be converted into ready cash without affecting its market price.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SStructural problems such as the high turnaround time</strong> for ships in India also adds to the problem</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by the Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-merger-of-cbdt-and-cbic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs</strong> </a>has directed its officers to <strong>expeditiously dispose of the unclaimed, uncleared, and confiscated goods that are holding up containers,</strong> a move aimed at easing availability of containers for exporters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government can <strong>regulate the export of empty containers.</strong> It can also <strong>notify a freight support scheme</strong> for all exports till the end of the fiscal when freight rates are expected to normalise as requested by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-launches-niryat-mitra%20-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federation of Indian Export Organisations.</strong></a></li>
<li>Government can also <strong>push back on a move by shipping lines to offer priority bookings at higher rates,</strong> asking that shipping lines revert to taking bookings on a <strong>first come first serve basis.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-there-is-a-major-container-shortage-and-its-impact-on-international-trade-7503664/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9732,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'US-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the revamped <strong>US-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership SCEP</strong> was launched during the ministerial meeting of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry with the US Ministry of Energy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SCEP was launched in accordance with the <strong>US - India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership</strong> announced by both countries at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/leaders-summit-on-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Leaders&rsquo; Summit on Climate</strong></a> held earlier this year (2021).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>US-India Agenda 2030 Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aim is to create stronger bilateral cooperation on actions in the current decade to meet the goals of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The Partnership will proceed along <strong>two main tracks:</strong> the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership and the Climate Action and Finance Mobilization Dialogue.</li>
<li>India elevated the India-US energy dialogue to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-india-strategic-energy-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic energy partnership</strong> </a>in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revamped Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Addition of a fifth Pillar on <strong>Emerging Fuels (cleaner energy fuels).</strong></li>
<li>With this, the <strong>SCEP inter-governmental engagement</strong> now spreads across <strong>five pillars of cooperation</strong> - Power and Energy Efficiency, Responsible Oil and Gas, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Growth and Emerging Fuels.</li>
<li>Support India in achieving its goal of installing <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">450GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030</a>.</strong></li>
<li>A new <strong>India-U.S. Task Force on <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biofuels</a></strong> was also announced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reviewed India-US Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indo-US nuclear cooperation agreement was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-nuclear-deal#:~:text=The%20Indian%20government%20agreed%20to,have%20been%20on%20an%20upswing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>signed in 2008</strong></a>.</li>
<li>A major aspect of the Deal was that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-nsg-bid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)</strong></a> gave a special waiver to India that enabled it to sign cooperation agreements with a dozen countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transformation of the Gas Task Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will be the <strong>India-US Low Emissions Gas Task Force.</strong></li>
<li>It will focus on addressing India&rsquo;s natural gas policy, technology, and regulatory barriers by promoting efficient and market-driven solutions aimed at meeting India&rsquo;s growing energy demand, and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutionalism of India Energy Modeling Forum:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six Task Forces were constituted for carrying out <strong>research and modelling in different areas.</strong></li>
<li>There will be deliberations on Energy Data Management, Low Carbon Technologies and Just Transition in the Coal Sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanded the Scope of (PACE)-R Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Agreed to include <strong>smart grid and grid storage</strong> as part of the second phase of the <strong>Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE)-R initiative</strong> anchored on the Indian side by the Department of Science &amp; Technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Updates on US-India Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malabar-exercise-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar Exercise</strong></a>: The Navies of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-leaders-summit-quad" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quad (Quadrilateral Framework) Nations</a> (India, the United States, Japan, and Australia)</strong> participated in the 25<sup>th</sup> edition of the exercise.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-agreement-for-air-launched-unmanned-aerial-vehicle" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-US Agreement on ALUAV</strong></a>: India and the US have signed a <strong>Project Agreement (PA)</strong> to jointly develop an <strong>Air-launched Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (ALUAV)</strong> or drones that can be launched from an aircraft.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade-issues-free-trade-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Issues in Free Trade Agreement</strong></a>: The US administration has indicated that it is no longer interested in securing a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nisar-joint-earth-observing-mission-of-nasa-and-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISAR</strong></a>:<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NASA</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ISRO</strong></a> are collaborating on developing an <strong>SUV-sized satellite called NISAR</strong>, which will detect movements of the planet&rsquo;s surface as small as 0.4 inches over areas about half the size of a tennis court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-agree-to-collaborate-on-emerging-fuels/article36394798.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9731,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Towards A Zero Carbon Future',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/green-hydrogen-a-new-ally-for-a-zero-carbon-future/article36369777.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green hydrogen, a new ally for a zero carbon future</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 09/09/2021. It talks about the need for alternative sources of energy and the significance of Green Hydrogen in &ldquo;Zero Carbon dioxide Emissions&rdquo;.</p>
</div>
<p>The quest for discovering alternatives to fossil fuels, responsible for the production of over 830 MT per annum of carbon dioxide, has been going on for years.</p>
<p>The latest studies by scientists have signalled the crucial issue of climate vulnerability, especially for the Asian countries. The forthcoming <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>26<sup>th</sup> UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow</strong></a> will re-examine the climate adaptation measures and coordinated action plans to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gases.</p>
<p>In the light of finding an alternative source for powering India&rsquo;s industries and lighting its homes with zero emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-hydrogen-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Hydrogen</strong></a> is a compelling option to rely on.</p>
<h3>Green Hydrogen</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hydrogen and Green Hydrogen:</strong> It is the most abundant element on the planet having<strong> energy density almost three times that of diesel,</strong> but present rarely in its pure form.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is designated with different colours depending upon its production technique; <strong>Black hydrogen</strong> is produced by use of fossil fuel, whereas<strong> Pink hydrogen</strong> is produced through electrolysis, but using energy from nuclear power sources.</li>
<li><strong>Green hydrogen is a zero-carbon</strong> fuel produced from <strong>electrolysis</strong> using renewable energy (wind or solar) to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Green Hydrogen:</strong> Generation of power via natural resources like Green hydrogen will be a major step forward in achieving the target of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-transforming-to-a-net-zero-emissions-energy-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;net zero&rsquo; emissions.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-energy-outlook-2021-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Energy Agency (IEA)</strong></a>, India is the world&rsquo;s fourth largest energy consuming country after China, USA and EU and<strong> will overtake the EU to become the third largest energy consumer by 2030.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For a country with such a high level of energy consumption, shifting to a renewable source of energy becomes even more important considering the present climate vulnerabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken for Adopting Green Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Railways have recently announced the <a href="/state-pcs-current-affairs/countrys-first-passenger-train-to-run-on-hydrogen-fuel" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>country&rsquo;s first experiment of a hydrogen-fuel cell technology-based train</strong></a> by retrofitting an existing diesel engine. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget (2021-22)</strong></a> has announced a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong></a> for using hydrogen as an energy source.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saudi Arabia</strong> is also prioritising plans to manufacture renewable energy by utilising <strong>&lsquo;idle-land-banks&rsquo;</strong> for solar and wind energy generation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is working to establish a mega<strong> $5 billion green hydrogen manufacturing unit</strong> covering a land-size as large as that of Belgium, in the northern-western part of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the Asia-Pacific sub-continent, <strong>Japan</strong> and <strong>South Korea</strong> are on the front foot in terms of hydrogen policy making.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Japan&rsquo;s <strong>Basic Hydrogen Strategy</strong> sets out the country&rsquo;s action plan till 2030, including the establishment of an international supply chain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631362062_1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631362062_1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="225" /></a></p>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>An Expensive Source:</strong> The production cost of green hydrogen has been considered to be a prime obstacle. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2020-irena" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</strong></a>, the production cost of this &lsquo;green source of energy&rsquo; is <strong>expected to be around $1.5 per kilogram</strong> (for nations having perpetual sunshine and vast unused land), by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large Investments Required:</strong> The commercial usage of hydrogen as a fuel and in industries <strong>requires mammoth investment in R&amp;D</strong> of such technology and <strong>infrastructure for production, storage, transportation and demand creation</strong> for hydrogen.</li>
<li><strong>Availability of Electrolysers:</strong> The shortage of electrolysers (a device which splits water to form H2 and O2 using electricity) can become a roadblock for meeting the estimated requirement on green hydrogen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>cost of electrolysers has the highest share in the total production cost</strong> of green hydrogen.</li>
<li>Manufacturing capacity of such electrolysers may require investments between Rs 15,000-20,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decentralised Production:</strong> Decentralised hydrogen production must be promoted through <strong>open access of renewable power to an electrolyser.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There shall be mechanisms to<strong> ensure access to round-the-clock renewable power supply</strong> for decentralised hydrogen production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wheeling Electricity:</strong> It is a more viable option than transportation of hydrogen by trucks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, wheeling electricity from a solar plant in Kutch to a refinery in Vadodara could lower the transportation cost by 60%, compared to delivering hydrogen using trucks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blending Hydrogen:</strong> Blending a certain percentage of green hydrogen with grey hydrogen <strong>for existing applications</strong> like oil refining and fertilizers, depending on the viability gap. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mandating new greenfield capacities of hydrogen applications like oil refining and fertilizers to use only green hydrogen from a future cut-off date (to avoid long term lock-ins).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cooperation:</strong> India should form a <strong>regional alliance with countries</strong> South Korea, Japan and Singapore <strong>to export green hydrogen</strong> from coastal India to help them reach their net-zero ambitions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Power generation by green hydrogen will be a viable solution to achieve the target of &lsquo;net-zero&rsquo; emission to remain under 1.5&deg; C. It will also be a leap forward in minimising the dependence on conventional fossil fuels.</p>
<p>It is high time to catch up with the rest of the world by going in for clean energy, decarbonising the economy and adopting &lsquo;Green hydrogen&rsquo; as an environment-friendly and safe fuel for the next generations.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Green hydrogen as an alternative source of energy can be the long-sought solution of the problem of global warming and GHG emissions. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9720,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Transport and Marketing Assistance Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> has revised the <strong>Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA) scheme</strong> for specified agriculture products.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be effected on or after 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2021, up to 31<sup>st</sup> March, 2022.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2019</strong>, for providing <strong>financial assistance for the transport and marketing of agricultural products to boost exports</strong> of such commodities to certain countries in Europe and North America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the year 2018, the government approved an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agriculture-export-policy-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agriculture Export Policy</strong></a> with an aim to double the shipments to USD 60 billion by 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transport-and-marketing-assistance-tma-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>APEDA</strong></a> (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) works towards expanding the export potential of Indian agricultural and food products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the TMA, the <strong>government reimburses a certain portion of freight charges and provides assistance</strong> for the marketing of agricultural produce.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The assistance, at notified rates, will be available for export of eligible agriculture products to the permissible countries, as specified from time to time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>revised scheme has included dairy products</strong> among other agriculture products in its purview and<strong> increased the rates of assistance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rates of assistance have been increased, by 50% for exports by sea and 100% through the air.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>TMA would be reimbursed through the Regional Authorities of<strong> DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>provide assistance for the international component</strong> of freight and marketing of agricultural produce.</li>
<li>To <strong>mitigate the disadvantage of higher cost of transportation of export of</strong> specified agriculture products due to trans-shipment.</li>
<li>To <strong>promote brand recognition for Indian agricultural products</strong> in the specified overseas markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agriculture Export Policy 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The vision of Agriculture Export Policy is to <strong>harness the export potential of Indian agriculture</strong>, through suitable policy instruments, to make India global power in agriculture and raise farmers income.</li>
<li>The Policy was approved with the objective,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To diversify the export basket</strong>, destinations and boost high value and value-added agricultural exports including a focus on perishables.</li>
<li><strong>To promote novel, indigenous</strong>, organic, ethnic, traditional and non-traditional Agri products exports.</li>
<li><strong>To provide an institutional mechanism</strong> for pursuing market access, tackling barriers and dealing with sanitary and phytosanitary issues.</li>
<li><strong>Enable farmers to get the benefit</strong> of export opportunities in the overseas market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APEDA is a non-trading, statutory body established by the Government of India under the <strong>Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act</strong> passed by the Parliament in December, 1985.</li>
<li>It <strong>functions under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong>. The Authority has its <strong>headquarters in New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It has been <strong>mandated with the responsibility of export promotion and development of the scheduled products</strong> viz. fruits, vegetables, meat products, dairy products, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages etc.</li>
<li>It has also been <strong>entrusted with the responsibility to monitor import of sugar.</strong></li>
<li>In 2017, APEDA launched <strong>a mobile app- &ldquo;Farmer Connect&rdquo;</strong> to allow farmers to apply online to facilitate their farm registration, tracking the status of application &amp; approvals by State Government and Lab sampling by authorized Laboratories.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1753895" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9718,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Creating Methanol from Coal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first Indigenously Designed High Ash Coal Gasification Based Methanol Production Plant</strong> has been opened in Hyderabad.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this, Government owned engineering firm <strong>BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited)</strong> has successfully demonstrated a facility to create methanol from high ash Indian coal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Methanol is utilized as a motor fuel,</strong> to power ship engines, and to generate clean power all over the world. <strong>However,</strong> the majority of worldwide methanol <strong>production is derived from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/natural-gas-a-stepping-stone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">natural gas</a>,</strong> which is a relatively easy process.</li>
<li>Since <strong>India doesn&rsquo;t have much of the natural gas reserves,</strong> producing methanol from imported natural gas leads to outflow of foreign exchange and is uneconomical because of higher prices.</li>
<li>The <strong>next best option is to utilise India's abundant coal.</strong> However, due to the high ash percentage of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coal-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian coal</strong></a>, most internationally accessible technology will not be adequate.</li>
<li>To address this issue, BHEL successfully demonstrated a facility to create 0.25 TPD (Ton per Day) Methanol from high ash Indian coal using a 1.2 TPD Fluidized bed gasifier. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The methanol purity of the crude methanol produced is between 98 and 99.5%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is part of<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> NITI Aayog's</a> 'Methanol Economy' programme</strong> that is aimed at reducing India's oil import bill, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and converting coal reserves and municipal <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solid waste</strong></a> into methanol.</li>
<li>Also this in-house capability will <strong>assist India's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coal-gasification-plant-for-urea-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coal gasification mission</a></strong> and coal-to-hydrogen production for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hydrogen Mission</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Methanol Economy Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About Methanol:</strong> Methanol is<strong> a low carbon, hydrogen carrier fuel produced from</strong> high ash coal, agricultural residue, CO<sub>2</sub> from thermal power plants and natural gas. It is the best pathway<strong> for meeting India&rsquo;s commitment to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COP 21 (Paris Agreement).</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Methanol vis-a-vis-Petrol and Diesel:</strong> Although <strong>slightly lower in energy content than petrol and diesel,</strong> methanol<strong> can replace both these fuels</strong> in the transport sector (road, rail and marine), energy sector (comprising boilers, process heating modules, tractors and commercial vehicles) and retail cooking (replacing LPG [partially], kerosene and wood charcoal).</li>
<li><strong>Environmental and Economic Impact:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Blending of 15% methanol in gasoline can result in <strong>at least 15% reduction in the import of gasoline/crude oil.</strong> In addition, this would <strong>bring down GHG emissions by 20%</strong> in terms of particulate matter, NOx, and SOx, thereby improving the urban air quality.</li>
<li>The Methanol Economy <strong>will also create close to 5 million jobs</strong> through methanol production/application and distribution services.</li>
<li>Additionally, Rs 6000 crore can be saved annually by<strong> blending 20% DME (Di-methyl Ether, a derivative of methanol) in LPG.</strong> This will help the consumer in saving between Rs 50-100 per cylinder.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bureau of Indian Standards</a> has notified 20% DME blending with LPG,</strong> and a notification for M-15, M-85, M-100 blends has been issued by the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways.</li>
<li>In <strong>October 2018,</strong> Assam Petrochemicals launched <strong>Asia&rsquo;s first canister-based methanol cooking fuel programme.</strong> This initiative is in line with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s vision of striving towards the provision of a clean, cost-effective and pollution-free cooking medium.</li>
<li><strong>Five methanol plants</strong> based on high ash coal, five DME plants, and one natural gas-based methanol production plant with a capacity of 20 MMT/annum, <strong>in a joint venture with Israel,</strong> have been planned to be set up.</li>
<li>Three boats and seven cargo vessels are being built by the Cochin Shipyard Limited for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Waterways Authority of India</strong> </a>to use <strong>methanol as a marine fuel.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India, with 125 Billion Tonnes of proven Coal reserves and 500 million tonnes of Biomass generated every year has a huge potential for ensuring energy security based on alternate feedstock and fuels.</li>
<li>However, Methanol does not get the same attention from the government as<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> EV (Electric Vehicles)</strong></a>, even though the former can come in faster. There is significant work needed to implement the Methanol Economy holistically.</li>
<li>The development of methanol based technology can turn energy-importing India into an energy exporting country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1753524" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9702,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Incentivising Schemes to Boost Export',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has decided to<strong> release pending claims worth Rs. 56,027 crore in FY 2021-22 for merchandise as well as service exports</strong> under various export promotion schemes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Merchandise exports for April-August, 2021 was nearly $164 billion, which is an increase of 67% over 2020-21 and 23% over 2019-20.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>expected to benefit more than 45,000 exporters</strong> out of which about 98% belong to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises)</strong></a> category.</li>
<li>Government has set <strong>a target of achieving $400 billion merchandise exports in FY 2021-22</strong> amid growing demand for Indian goods in developed countries.</li>
<li>Exporters will be incentivised under the following schemes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-export-policy-unveiled" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Service Exports from India Scheme</a> (SEIS), Rebate of State Levies (RoSL), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rebate-of-state-and-central-taxes-and-levies-rosctl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies</a> (RoSCTL) </strong>and<strong> RoDTEP (Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Help Bring in Foreign Exchange:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China&rsquo;s success as an exporting nation lies in its manufacturers receiving a wide range of government incentives (including hefty tax rebates) to produce almost exclusively for foreign markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lower Current Account Deficit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Incentivizing schemes will help lower the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/current-account-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Current Account Deficit</strong></a>, which is the deficit caused when a country imports more than it exports.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s current account deficit has averaged 2.2% of GDP in the past decade (worth around $15 billion in July-September 2020).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Benefits would help merchandise sectors (Agriculture and Allied sectors, auto and auto components) to maintain cash flows and meet export demand in the international market, which is recovering fast this financial year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Export Promotion Schemes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Merchandise Exports from India Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MEIS was introduced in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-export-policy-unveiled" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)</strong></a> 2015-20, under MEIS, the government provides duty benefits <strong>depending on product and country.</strong></li>
<li>Rewards under the scheme are <strong>payable as percentage of realised <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rodtep-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">free-on-board value</a></strong> (of 2%, 3% and 5%) and MEIS duty credit scrip can be transferred or used for payment of a number of duties including the basic customs duty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Service Exports from India Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was introduced in April 2015 for 5 Years under the <strong>Foreign Trade Policy of India 2015-2020.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, this Scheme was named as Served from India Scheme (SFIS Scheme) for Financial Year 2009-2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under it, incentives are <strong>given by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> to Service Exporters based in India to promote the export of services from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Remission of Duties or Taxes on Export Product (RoDTEP)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a fully automated route for<strong> Input Tax Credit (ITC)</strong> in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-rule-in-gst#:~:text=The%20new%20rule%20restricts%20use,by%20way%20of%20fake%20invoicing.&amp;text=This%20helps%20in%20avoiding%20double%20taxation%20and%20the%20cascading%20effect%20of%20taxes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong></a> to help increase exports in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ITC is provided to set off tax paid on the purchase of raw materials, consumables, goods or services that were used in the manufacturing of goods or services. This helps in avoiding double taxation and the cascading effect of taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was started in January 2021 as a replacement for the MEIS, which was not compliant with the rules of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation.</strong></a></li>
<li>The tax refund rates range from 0.5% to 4.3% for various sectors.</li>
<li>The rebate will have to be claimed as a percentage of the<strong> Freight On Board value</strong> of exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Announced in March, 2019, RoSCTL was offered<strong> for</strong> embedded <strong>state and central duties and taxes that are not refunded through Goods and Services Tax (GST).</strong></li>
<li>It was available <strong>only for garments and made ups.</strong> It was <strong>introduced by the Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li>Previously, it was <strong>Rebate for State Levies (ROSL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1753551" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9691,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles Sector',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong></a> for the textile sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PLI scheme for Textiles is part of the <strong>overall announcement of PLI Schemes</strong> for 13 sectors made earlier during the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22</strong></a>, with an outlay of <strong>Rs. 1.97 lakh crore.</strong></li>
<li>PLI for Textiles along with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rebate-of-state-and-central-taxes-and-levies-rosctl" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> RoSCTL</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/remission-of-duties-or-taxes-on-export-product" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RoDTEP</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>other measures</strong></a> of Government in the sector e.g. providing raw material at competitive prices, skill development etc will herald a new age in textiles manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to <strong>boost domestic manufacturing</strong> and <strong>cut down on import bills,</strong> the union government in March 2020 introduced a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI</strong></a> scheme that <strong>aims to give companies incentives</strong> on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li><strong>Apart from inviting foreign companies</strong> to set shop in India, the scheme also aims to<strong> encourage local companies</strong> to set up or<strong> expand existing manufacturing units.</strong></li>
<li>The Scheme has <strong>also been approved for sectors</strong> such as automobiles, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white goods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-programme-on-advanced-chemistry-cell-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>chemical cells</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food processing</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631186729_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631186729_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of PLI for Textile Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aims to <strong>promote the production of high value Man-Made Fibre (MMF) fabrics, garments and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">technical textiles</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Incentives worth Rs 10,683 crore</strong> will be provided on production to the sector <strong>over a span for 5 years.</strong></li>
<li>Incentives to eligible producers in <strong>two phases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First:</strong> Any person or company <strong>willing to invest a minimum of Rs 300 crore in plant, machinery, equipment and civil works</strong> (excluding land and administrative building cost) to produce products of MMF fabrics, garments and products of technical textiles will be eligible to participate.</li>
<li><strong>Second:</strong> Investors <strong>willing to spend a minimum of Rs 100 crore</strong> under the same conditions (as in the case of the first phase) shall be eligible to apply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase in Investment and Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will lead to fresh investment of more than Rs.19,000 crore, cumulative turnover of over Rs. 3 lakh crore and additional employment opportunities of more than 7.5 lakh jobs in this sector and several lakhs more for supporting activities.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>textiles industry predominantly employs women,</strong> therefore, the scheme will empower women and increase their participation in the formal economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Priority to Backward Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition, priority will be given for <strong>investment in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aspirational Districts</a>, Tier 3, Tier 4 towns, and rural areas</strong> and due to this priority, Industry will be <strong>incentivized to move to backward areas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This scheme will positively impact especially States like <strong>Gujarat, UP, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, AP, Telangana, Odisha</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Textile Industry</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Textiles &amp; garments industry</strong> is a <strong>labour intensive sector</strong> that employs <strong>45 mn people</strong> in India and is <strong>second only to the agriculture sector</strong> in terms of employment.</li>
<li>It is <strong>one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy,</strong> and is a storehouse and carrier of traditional skills, heritage and culture.</li>
<li>It can be divided into<strong> two segments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> unorganised sector</strong> is small scale and uses traditional tools and methods. It consists of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>handloom</strong></a>, handicrafts and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sericulture</strong></a> (production of silk).</li>
<li>The <strong>organised sector</strong> uses modern machinery and techniques and consists of the spinning, apparel and garments segment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1753118" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9688,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Renewable Energy & Land Use in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a report named<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Renewable Energy</a> and Land Use in India by Mid-Century</strong> suggested that<strong> careful planning today can maximise the benefits</strong> and minimise the costs of India&rsquo;s history-making <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/green-energy-transition-for-economic-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">energy transition</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was released by the Institute for<strong> Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)</strong> which examines issues related to energy markets, trends and policies.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s mission is <strong>to accelerate the transition to a diverse, sustainable and profitable energy economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land-Use for Renewables:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will use<strong> significant stretches of land by 2050</strong> to install renewable energy generation capacities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Around<strong> 50,000-75,000 square kilometres</strong> of land will be used in 2050 <strong>for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar energy</a></strong> generation and for an additional <strong>15,000-20,000 sq km for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wind energy</a> projects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, <strong>electricity generation has to compete with alternative uses for land</strong> such as agriculture, <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-432" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>urbanisation</strong></a>, human habitation and nature conservation, unlike Europe or the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Co-Existence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Properly managed <strong>renewable generation can co-exist with other land uses,</strong> and, unlike coal-based power, it does not fundamentally change land during use or following its ultimate decommissioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Emission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The resulting land cover changes, including indirect effects, will likely <strong>cause a net release of carbon up to 50 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour</strong> (gCO2 / kwh).</li>
<li>The amount of carbon release will <strong>depend on the region, scale of expansion, solar technology efficiency and land management practices</strong> at solar parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on Ecosystems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Land use for renewable energy may<strong> put a pressure on a variety of ecosystems.</strong> Generally the terms<strong> zero impact areas, barren land, unused land</strong> or the official designation of <strong>wasteland</strong> imply that such areas have no value.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Open Natural Ecosystems (ONE), classified as wastelands, covered around 10% of India&rsquo;s land surface.</li>
<li>The <strong>largest stretches</strong> are found in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However some of these have the <strong>&ldquo;highest densities and diversity of large mammalian fauna&rdquo;</strong> and also support livelihoods of local populations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> directed all power lines of solar power units passing through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/great-indian-bustards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Great Indian Bustard</strong> </a>habitats in Rajasthan and Gujarat to be laid underground - as the overhead transmission lines could threaten the endangered species.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduce Environmental Damage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Optimising the size of land used, its location</strong> and impact on human habitation, agriculture and conservation of natural resources to <strong>reduce environmental damage. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minimizing Land Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Minimising total land-use requirements for renewable energy by <strong>promoting offshore wind, rooftop solar and solar on water bodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Land Assessment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Identification and assessment of land for renewable generation by <strong>limiting undue regional concentration and developing environmental and social standards</strong> for rating potential sites.</li>
<li>Policy makers and planners should <strong>exclude ONE with high density habitats</strong> when considering location of renewable energy projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentivising Agri Voltaics:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Attention on Indian agri-voltaics sector &mdash; securing benefits to farmers and <strong>incentivising agri voltaics</strong> uptake where crops, soils and conditions are suitable and yields can be maintained or improved.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Agri voltaics</strong> combine the agricultural use of land with the production of electric energy by photovoltaics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/new-report-suggests-how-land-use-for-renewable-energy-in-india-can-be-environmentally-sustainable-78894" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 9686,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'C-295 Aircraft Deal',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong> </a>has cleared procurement of <strong>56 C-295 MW medium transport aircraft for the Indian Air Force</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india"><strong>Make-in-India initiative</strong></a> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforms-in-civil-aviation-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aerospace sector.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The C-295MW aircraft <strong>will be purchased from Airbus Defence and Space S.A., Spain.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631175643_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1631175643_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="536" height="291" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Capacity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The C-295 MW is a transport aircraft of<strong> 5-10 tonne capacity</strong> with contemporary technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a<strong> rear ramp door</strong> for<strong> quick reaction</strong> and<strong> para-dropping</strong> of troops and cargo.</li>
<li>It will be installed with the <strong>indigenous Electronic Warfare Suite.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Replacement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will replace the Indian Air Force&rsquo;s ageing fleet of <strong>Avro-748 planes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Avro-748 planes are a <strong>British-origin twin-engine turboprop,</strong> military transport and freighter with a <strong>6-tonne freight capacity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Execution: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Airbus Defence and Space and Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL)</strong> will jointly execute the project to equip the air force with the new transport aircraft under the Make-in-India initiative in the aerospace sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Airbus will supply the <strong>first 16 aircraft in fly away condition</strong> while the <strong>remaining 40 will be assembled in India</strong> by TASL.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Deal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Private Sector Participation:</strong> This is the first project of its kind in which a military aircraft will be manufactured in India by a private company.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the process of manufacturing in India, it is expected that all the suppliers of TATA Consortium who will be involved in special processes will gain and maintain globally recognized <strong>National Aerospace and Defence Contractors Accreditation Program (NADCAP)</strong> accreditation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boosts Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan:</strong> It offers a unique opportunity for the Indian Private Sector to enter into technology intensive and highly competitive aviation Industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This programme is a unique initiative to strengthen <strong>indigenous capabilities</strong> and boost <strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost MSMEs:</strong> The project will give a boost to the aerospace ecosystem in India wherein several <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong> </a>spread over the country will be involved in manufacturing of parts of the aircraft.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce Import Dependence:</strong> The project will <strong>augment domestic aviation manufacturing</strong> resulting in <strong>reduced import dependence and expected increase in exports.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large number of detail parts, sub-assemblies and major component assemblies of aero structure are scheduled to be manufactured in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation:</strong> The programme will act as a catalyst in employment generation in the aerospace ecosystem of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is expected to generate 600 highly skilled jobs directly, over 3000 indirect jobs and an additional 3000 medium skill employment opportunities with more than <strong>42.5 lakh man hours of work</strong> within the aerospace and defence sector of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infra Development:</strong> It will involve development of specialized infrastructure in the form of hangars, buildings, aprons and taxiways. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before completion of deliveries,<strong> &lsquo;D&rsquo; Level servicing facility (MRO)</strong> for C-295MW aircraft are scheduled to be set up in India.</li>
<li>It is expected that this facility will act as a regional <strong>MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul)</strong> hub for various variants of C-295 aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offset Obligations:</strong> Airbus will discharge its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/dilution-of-offset-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">offset obligations</a> </strong>through direct purchase of eligible products and services from Indian offset partners giving further boost to the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In simplest terms, the offset is <strong>an obligation by an international player to boost India&rsquo;s domestic defence industry</strong> if India is buying defence equipment from it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program (NADCAP)</strong> is a worldwide cooperative program of major companies designed to manage a cost-effective consensus approach to special processes and products and provide continual improvement within the aerospace and defense industries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1753260" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9685,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Differentiated GST Regime',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/43rd-gst-council-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council</strong> </a>is likely to consider a <strong>ministerial group&rsquo;s report</strong> on introducing a <strong>differentiated regime for sectors</strong> where tax evasion is very high.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tax Evasion is an<strong> illegal way to minimize tax liability through fraudulent techniques</strong> like deliberate under-statement of taxable income or inflating expenses. It is an <strong>unlawful attempt to reduce one's tax burden.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GST Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>constitutional body (Article 279A)</strong> for making recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to <strong>Goods and Services Tax.</strong></li>
<li>The GST Council is<strong> chaired by the Union Finance Minister</strong> and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in-charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States.</li>
<li>It is<strong> considered as a federal body</strong> where both the centre and the states get due representation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GST council had earlier constituted a <strong>Group of Ministers (GoM)</strong> to consider demands of some States to tax the <strong>sectors with high tax evasion based on production capacity</strong> rather than output (i.e. Special Composition schemes)
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Capacity based tax is based on <strong>manufacturing capacity rather than production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some examples of sectors with high tax evasion include <strong>brick kilns, sand mining, and gutkha</strong> and <strong>pan masala production.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, <strong>Rs. 830 crore of evasion was detected</strong> at a single pan masala unit earlier in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Capacity based tax <strong>goes against the very structure of GST</strong> as one of the objectives was to <strong>ensure buoyancy in revenues with increase in sales volumes.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could also open the <strong>floodgates for such demands from other sectors, </strong>like<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> textiles</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In terms of<strong> implementation also</strong> it will not be easy and it may <strong>not even yield the desired result of curbing evasion,</strong> the main reason for which is extremely high tax rates.</li>
<li>Such a shift would be<strong> detrimental to the fundamental idea of GST</strong> and send out the wrong signal to honest taxpayers. It would introduce <strong>added complexity in the GST structure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>As the <strong>past composition schemes have not been effective in checking evasion,</strong> leading to rampant litigation over production capacity disputes between Revenue authorities and producers, the government should check GST evasion using <strong>better data analytics and introducing innovative, stringent legal provisions</strong> to deter tax avoidance.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/council-to-mull-output-based-gst-on-sectors-seeing-evasion/article36325389.ece?utm_source=business&amp;utm_medium=sticky_footer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 9673,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Responsible Consumption and Production: SDG 12',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s progress in regard to the<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</a> 12</strong> is fair enough but not satisfactory.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SDG12</strong> aims at ensuring<strong> responsible consumption and production patterns</strong> everywhere in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable consumption and production</strong> refers to &ldquo;the <strong>use of services and related products, which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life</strong> while <strong>minimizing the use of natural resources</strong> and toxic materials <strong>as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants</strong> over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About SDG 12:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Halving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-waste-index-report-2021-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global food waste</a></strong> per capita and ensuring the <strong>efficient and sustainable use of natural resources</strong> by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>Fighting pollution,</strong> reducing the overall waste generation, and improving the management of chemicals and toxic wastes.</li>
<li><strong>Supporting companies&rsquo;</strong> transition to green infrastructures and practices.</li>
<li>Making sure <strong>everyone everywhere is fully informed</strong> of ways to live in harmony with nature and eventually adopts thoughtful habits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lifestyle Material Footprint:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> measures the amount of resource consumption</strong> resulting from our lifestyles.</li>
<li>The<strong> average lifestyle material footprint of India</strong> according to 2015 statistics is <strong>around 8,400 kilogram per capita per year,</strong> which when compared to sustainable material footprint of 8,000 kg per capita per year is quite acceptable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food Wastage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-waste-index-report-2021-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNEP 2021 report</strong></a>, about 50 kg of food is wasted per person per year in India.</li>
<li>It seems rather<strong> impossible to achieve the goal to halve food waste,</strong> with only nine years left, without significantly increasing investment.</li>
<li>Food wastage reduction can have <strong>a significant effect on <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/road-to-zero-hunger" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hunger</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/air-pollution-concerted-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pollution </a></strong>and<strong> money-saving during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/technical-recession-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recessions</a>. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>population of China and India</strong> together constitutes 36% of the global population but <strong>generates only 27% of the global municipal waste.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whereas, the United States constitutes only 4% of the global population and produces 12% of the waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Waste: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Plastic policy index of India is well below the national requirement,</strong> according to 2018 statistics, but this gap is much lower compared to China.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</strong></a>, India generates close to 26,000 tonnes of plastic a day and over 10,000 tonnes a day of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>plastic waste</strong></a> remains uncollected.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>per capita plastic consumption of less than 11 kg,</strong> is nearly a tenth of the United States of America (109 kg).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recycling Rate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The domestic recycling rate <strong>of India was about 30% in 2019</strong> and is expected to improve in the near future.</li>
<li>India can <strong>achieve self-sufficiency</strong> in the next 10 years if <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recycle-and-reuse-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Recycling Policy</strong></a> is implemented properly and scrap care techniques are shifted in the recycling industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fossil fuel Subsidy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the year 2020, the <strong>government spent nearly 0.2% of its GDP on fossil fuels</strong> which is slightly higher than in 2019.</li>
<li>In 2019, there was a hike in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/power-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fossil fuel subsidies</strong> </a>which was<strong> seven times higher than alternative energy subsidies. </strong></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable energy subsidies</strong></a> rose significantly in 2017 compared to 2014 and total quantified energy subsidies fell by a huge amount. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But after 2017 there has been a slight upward trend in the total energy subsidy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the increase in renewable energy subsidy is worth appreciating, there is a need for shifting more resources to this area and reducing fossil fuel usage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Tourism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sustainable-tourism-in-the-indian-himalayan-region-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable tourism</strong></a> is tourism that takes full account of current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is not a special form of tourism; rather, all forms of tourism may strive to be more sustainable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> project of &lsquo;Responsible Tourism&rsquo; in Kumarakom (Kerala)</strong> takes the help of the local community by linking them to the hospitality industry and sustaining eco-friendly tourism.</li>
<li><strong>Himachal Pradesh</strong> has introduced a <strong>&lsquo;Homestay Scheme&rsquo;</strong> to draw tourists to rural areas with natural, comfortable and budget-friendly accommodation and food.</li>
<li>Among all the states and union territories in India, <strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong> and <strong>Nagaland</strong> are top performing till date with respect to SDG 12, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-2020-21-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s SDG dashboard 2020-21.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian government included environment education as a compulsory component in the formal curriculum in the 1960s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/governance/how-india-is-positioned-to-achieve-un-s-sustainable-consumption-and-production-goal-78877" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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