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Changing Monsoon & Agriculture

This article is based on “Make a drop count: Southwest monsoon patterns are changing” which was published in The Times of India on...

01 Jul 2021 Food Security
Economic Relief Package after Covid- Second Wave

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Finance announced a slew of measures to provide relief to diverse sectors affected by the second wave of...

29 Jun 2021 Food Security
Crops Lost to Pests

Why in News According to a recent report, as much as 40% of the world’s agricultural crops are lost to pests each year. The United Nations...

04 Jun 2021 Food Security
Green Revolution

Introduction The Green Revolution was an endeavour initiated by Norman Borlaug in the 1960s. He is known as the 'Father of Green Revolution' in...

31 May 2021 Food Security
Kharif Strategy for Oilseeds

Why in News The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has formulated Kharif Strategy 2021 to achieve self-sufficiency in edible...

24 May 2021 Food Security
MACS 1407: Variety of Soybean

Why in News Recently, Indian Scientists have developed a high-yielding and pest-resistant variety of soybean, called MACS 1407. Scientists from...

30 Apr 2021 Food Security
EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge. The...

16 Apr 2021 Food Security
Revival of Millet Cultivation

Why in News An International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) supported initiative to revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation, started in...

31 Mar 2021 Food Security
New Red Algal Seaweed Species

Why in News Recently, two new red algal seaweed species have been discovered along India’s coastline. India has a vast coastline of over...

30 Mar 2021 Food Security
Mera Ration Mobile App Launched

Why in News In order to facilitate the 'One Nation One Ration Card’ system in the country, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public...

13 Mar 2021 Food Security
Food Waste Index Report 2021: UNEP

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released the Food Waste Index Report 2021. It has revealed that 17% of all...

05 Mar 2021 Food Security
Genetically Modified Organisms as Imported Food Crops

Why in News The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in a recent order has set 1% threshold for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)...

27 Feb 2021 Food Security
Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition: CFS

Why in News The Committee on World Food Security (CFS) has endorsed the first-ever Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition (VGFSyN) which...

13 Feb 2021 Food Security
World Food Programme (WFP)

The World Food Programme (WFP) is the leading humanitarian organization saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies...

06 Nov 2020 Food Security
Extension of Food Fortification Scheme

Why in News In order to fight chronic anaemia and undernutrition, the government is making plans to distribute fortified rice through the Integrated...

04 Nov 2020 Food Security
World Food Day

Why in News World Food Day is celebrated to commemorate the establishment of the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) on 16th...

17 Oct 2020 Food Security
Nobel Prize for Peace 2020

Why in News The 2020 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to the World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations (UN) agency, for its efforts to combat...

10 Oct 2020 Food Security
Xoo Infection: Rice

Why in News Recently, scientists from the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB) have uncovered the mechanism by which a bacterium called Xoo...

05 Oct 2020 Food Security
Anganwadi Services

Why in News Right to Food Campaign has given a memorandum to the Minister for Women and Child Development to resume provision of hot-cooked meals...

08 Aug 2020 Food Security
Achieving Zero Hunger by 2030: UN Report

Why in News According to a study titled State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, hunger and malnutrition is increasing around the world....

22 Jul 2020 Food Security

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		'article_id' => (int) 8754,
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		'title' => 'Changing Monsoon & Agriculture',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/make-a-drop-count-southwest-monsoon-patterns-are-changing-implications-for-farming-are-huge-and-worrisome/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Make a drop count: Southwest monsoon patterns are changing&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on 29/06/2021. It talks about the effect of changing southwest monsoon patterns on Indian agriculture.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-monsoon-respite-for-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Southwest monsoon</strong></a> is perhaps the most important feature of India&rsquo;s climate, because it is very critical for Indian agriculture. Therefore, long-term trends in the southwest monsoon overlap with economic security.</p>
<p>A recent study by IMD on monsoon variability over a 30-year period (1989-2018) is a wakeup call. UP, Bihar and West Bengal are three of five states that have shown a significant decreasing trend in the southwest monsoon. These states have a large bearing on India&rsquo;s agriculture output.</p>
<p>With around 55% of India&rsquo;s arable land dependent on precipitation, the amount of rainfall during the current monsoon season could sway economic activity in the agriculture sector and industries linked to it.</p>
<p>The shift in monsoon may entail grave consequences for India&rsquo;s economy, food systems and people&rsquo;s well-being.Therefore, remedial measures must be taken before it is too late.</p>
<h3>Monsoon &amp; Agriculture Linkage</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Southwest monsoon plays a crucial role in India&rsquo;s agriculture and affects the livelihood of a fifth of the world&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>About 80 per cent of the annual precipitation over India occurs during the summer period, supplying water to crops during the prime agricultural season. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Monsoon friendly crops with a high requirement of water like sugarcane, jute and paddy can easily be cultivated during southwest monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The agriculture sector in India is both economically and politically important. The industry accounts for around 14% of the country&rsquo;s $2.7 trillion economy and 42% of total employment.</li>
<li>Further, about one-third of India&rsquo;s manufacturing output &mdash; which makes up around 18% of the country&rsquo;s gross domestic product &mdash; is linked to turning agricultural products into food.</li>
<li>Therefore, too much rainfall or too little or a volatile monsoon pattern, can damage crops.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Changing Monsoon</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Depletion of Water Table:</strong> In India, a little over 50% of India&rsquo;s net sown area is under rainfed farming and a large part of the irrigated area depends on groundwater extraction through borewells, which needs to be recharged with the groundwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the event of a poor monsoon, these aquifers may not get adequately recharged, leading to water crisis.</li>
<li>Further, according to a NITI Aayog&rsquo;s report , nearly 21 Indian cities &mdash; including New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai &mdash; could run out of groundwater by 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Burden:</strong> Multiple crop failures may require the government to actively support farmers. Most likely, it may prompt the government to raise minimum support prices for all of the current season&rsquo;s crops to help support farmers&rsquo; incomes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will have a diminishing effect on investments into agricultural investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacting Electricity Generation:</strong> Monsoon rains can be harnessed as hydropower, a valuable energy resource. Hydropower currently provides 25% of India&rsquo;s electricity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reservoirs are filled during the southwest monsoon rains and then the water is gradually released through dams, turning turbines to create electricity year-round.</li>
<li>During years when there is little monsoon rainfall, the reservoirs are not replenished, limiting the amount of hydroelectric power produced during the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacting Inflation:</strong> Normal monsoon rains keep a check on food inflation due to availability of food produce. However in a situation of drought, prices soar significantly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, if a poor monsoon results in less crop output, the country may need to import.</li>
<li>It also impacts as many as a dozen sectors which depend on monsoon either directly or indirectly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Addressing Water Scarcity:</strong> Water availability is a national challenge. We have 18% of the world&rsquo;s population with just 4% of freshwater resources. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, the Indian government needs to put a high priority on investing heavily in improved water storage systems for the agricultural sector.</li>
<li>It would be worthwhile to give high priority to "more crops per drop" approach, rainwater harvesting, aquifer recharge, revival of water bodies and conservation technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Inefficient Water Use:</strong> Water use patterns are awfully inefficient in India, where Indian farmers use two to four times more water to produce a unit of any major food crop.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, Indian agriculture needs to adopt newer, less water-intensive technologies faster.</li>
<li>In this case, it needs a doubling down on efforts such as the ongoing government of India schemes to incentivise the use of micro irrigation measures that use water more efficiently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Global climate change is not a new phenomenon. The effect of climate change poses many threats; one of the important consequences is bringing about changes in southwest monsoon and its impact on agriculture.</p>
<p>As India has set a target of halving greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 [15]. There is an urgent need for coordinated efforts to strengthen the research to assess the impact of climate change on agriculture, forests, animal husbandry, aquatic life and other living beings.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
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<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The shift in monsoon may entail grave consequences for India&rsquo;s economy, food systems and people&rsquo;s well-being.Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8732,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Relief Package after Covid- Second Wave',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Ministry of Finance</strong> announced a slew of <strong>measures to provide relief to diverse sectors</strong> affected by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> second wave of Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims<strong> to prepare the health systems for emergency response</strong> and provide <strong>impetus for growth and employment.</strong> However it will<strong> increase the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fiscal Deficit</a> by 0.6%</strong> as per a report of State Bank of India.</li>
<li>A total of <strong>17 measures amounting to Rs. 6,28,993</strong> crore were announced in the Economic Relief Package.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624965644_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624965644_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic Relief from Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Loan Guarantee Scheme for Covid Affected Sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Additional<strong> credit of Rs 1.1 lakh crore will flow to the businesses.</strong> This includes <strong>Rs 50,000 crore for the health sector</strong> and<strong> Rs 60,000 crore for other sectors,</strong> including tourism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The health sector component is aimed at <strong>scaling medical infrastructure targeting underserved areas</strong> (i.e. non-metropolitan areas).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guarantee Coverage:</strong> 50% for expansion &amp; 75% for new projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aspirational districts</strong></a>, the guarantee cover of 75% will be available for both new projects and expansion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Maximum loan admissible under the scheme is Rs. 100 crore and guarantee duration is up to 3 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Expand the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme#:~:text=The%20ECLGS%20provides%20for%20the,Banking%20Financial%20Companies%20(NBFCs)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong></a>, launched as part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Package</strong></a> in May, 2020, by Rs 1.5 lakh crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro Finance Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a new scheme which <strong>aims to benefit the smallest of the borrowers</strong> who are served by the network of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microfinance-institutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs).</strong></a></li>
<li>Guarantee will be provided to <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-364" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Commercial Banks</strong></a> for loans to new or existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/credit-guarantee-for-nbfc-mfis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)-MFIs</strong> </a>or MFIs for<strong> on lending upto Rs 1.25 lakh to approximately 25 lakh small borrowers. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ANBRY):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measures-on-atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ANBRY</strong></a> incentivises employers for creation of new employment, restoration of loss of employment through <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epfo-disbursed-claims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Employees&rsquo; Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-ann-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To the beneficiaries under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inclusion-of-the-disabled-in-national-food-security-act-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a>, 5 kg of food grains per month free will be provided during May-November 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Public Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>New Scheme for Children and Paediatric Care:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A new scheme for<strong> strengthening public health infrastructure and human resources with outlay of Rs. 23,220 crore</strong> was also announced.</li>
<li>It will<strong> focus on short term emergency preparedness</strong> with special emphasis on children and paediatric care/paediatric beds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth &amp; Employment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Free one month tourist visa</strong> to 5 lakh tourists.</li>
<li>Additional Subsidy for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fertiliser-subsidy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DAP &amp; P&amp;K fertilizers</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilient Special Traits Varieties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></a> has developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biofortified crop</strong></a> varieties having high nutrients like protein, iron, zinc, vitamin-A.</li>
<li>These varieties are <strong>tolerant to diseases, insects, pests, drought, salinity, and flooding,</strong> early maturing and amenable to mechanical harvesting also developed.</li>
<li>21 such varieties of <strong>rice, peas, millet, maize, soyabean, quinoa, buckwheat, winged bean, pigeon pea &amp; sorghum</strong> will be dedicated to the nation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revival of North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A revival package of Rs 77.45 crore will be provided to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/north-eastern-regional-agricultural-marketing-corporation-limited-neramac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation (NERAMAC)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>NERAMAC has facilitated registration of 13<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-for-pakistani-basmati#:~:text=A%20Geographical%20Indication%20(GI)%20is,are%20due%20to%20that%20origin." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Geographical Indicator (GI)</strong></a> crops of North-East.</li>
<li>It has prepared a plan to give<strong> 10-15% higher price to farmers by-passing middlemen/agents.</strong></li>
<li>It also proposes to set up<strong> North-Eastern Centre for Organic Cultivation,</strong> facilitating equity finance to entrepreneurs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost for Project Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been decided to provide an additional corpus to the<strong> National Export Insurance Account (NEIA)</strong> over 5 years. This will enable it to underwrite additional Rs. 33,000 crore of project exports.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>NEIA</strong> Trust<strong> promotes Medium and Long Term (MLT) project exports</strong> by extending risk covers.</li>
<li>It provides cover to buyer&rsquo;s credit, given by <strong>EXIM (Export-Import) Bank,</strong> to less credit-worthy borrowers and supporting project exporters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost to Export Insurance Cover:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been decided to<strong> infuse equity in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nirvik-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (ECGC)</a></strong> over 5 years to boost export insurance cover by Rs. 88,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Additional Rs. 19,041 crore will be provided<strong> to implement<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatnet-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Bharat Net</a> in PPP model in 16 States </strong>on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-support-to-public-private-partnerships-in-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> viability gap funding </strong></a>basis.</li>
<li>This will <strong>enable expansion and upgradation of Bharat Net to cover all Gram Panchayats and inhabited villages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension of PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tenure of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme</strong></a> for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing</strong> </a>has been decided to be extended by one year i.e. till 2025-26.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reform-Based Result-Linked Power Distribution Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Revamped Reforms-Based, Result-Linked power distribution scheme</strong> </a>of financial assistance to DISCOMS for infrastructure creation, up-gradation of system, capacity building and process improvement was announced in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/budget-2021-highlights-health-and-wellbeing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget of 2021-22</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>aims at state specific intervention</strong> and to provide<strong> assistance for installation of 25 crore smart meters, 10,000 feeders, 4 lakh km of LT overhead lines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amount available under the scheme is <strong>in addition to the allowed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reform-linked-borrowing#:~:text=Under%20this%20reforms%2Dlinked%20borrowing,2%2C000%20crore%20for%20capital%20expenditure." target="_blank" rel="noopener">additional borrowing</a> of 0.5% of Gross Domestic Product</strong> of State which will be available to the States annually for the next four years subject to carrying out specific power sector reforms.</li>
<li>Ongoing works of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-power-development-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and SAUBHAGYA</strong></a> will also be merged in the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New streamlined process for PPP Projects and Asset Monetization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A new policy will be formulated for appraisal and approval of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)</strong> </a>proposals and monetization of core infrastructure assets, including through <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/infrastructure-investment-trusts-as-fundraiser" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The policy will aim<strong> to ensure speedy clearance of projects to facilitate private sector&rsquo;s efficiencies</strong> in financing construction and management of infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of the Package</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It would usher in much-needed liquidity and help <strong>revive the employment-intensive sectors such as tourism.</strong></li>
<li>It will help <strong>save livelihoods and mitigate further closures and also create new job opportunities.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>bolster efforts for any such healthcare challenges</strong> in the future.</li>
<li>It will <strong>enable the Covid-affected Sectors to rise from the challenges</strong> they had faced over the past year and a half.</li>
<li>The liquidity for small businesses could<strong> indirectly revive the fortunes of larger industries</strong> they source from and help repair broken supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1730963" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8523,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Crops Lost to Pests',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report, as much as <strong>40% of the world&rsquo;s agricultural crops</strong> are lost to pests each year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> declared 2020 as the <strong>International Year of Plant Health</strong>, which has been extended until 1<sup>st</sup> July, 2021.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Half of all <strong>emerging plant diseases</strong> are spread by <strong>global travel and trade</strong>, which have tripled in volume over the last decade.</li>
<li><strong>Weather</strong> is the second-most important factor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>increase the risk of pests spreading</strong> in agricultural and forestry ecosystems, especially in <strong>cooler <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arctic-concerns-opportunities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arctic</a>, <a href="/images/pdf/Environment%20&amp;%20Ecology%20(Quick%20Book)%20-For%20web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">boreal</a>, temperate and subtropical regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Controlling Invasive Pests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A single, <strong>unusually warm winter</strong> can be enough to assist the establishment of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invasive-species-charru-mussel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">invasive</a> pests.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fall-armyworm-fighting-the-pest-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fall armyworm pests</strong></a>, which feed on crops like maize, sorghum and millet and <strong>Tephritid fruit flies</strong> (that damage fruit and other crops) have already spread due to a warmer climate.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whiteflies-threat-to-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Desert locusts</strong> </a><strong>(the world&rsquo;s most destructive migratory pests)</strong>, are expected to change their migratory routes and geographical distribution because of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Plant Pests:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It leaves <strong>millions of people without enough food to eat.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>adversely impacts agricultural activities</strong> and thereby, the primary source of income for rural poor communities.</li>
<li><strong>Invasive pests</strong> cost countries <strong>at least USD 70 billion annually</strong> and are one of the <strong>main drivers of biodiversity loss.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers should adopt and policymakers should encourage the use of <strong>environment-friendly methods</strong> such as integrated pest management.</li>
<li>To make trade safe, it is important to implement <strong>international plant health standards and norms</strong>, such as those developed by <strong>the International Plant Protection Convention (IPCC)</strong> and <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IPPC is a <strong>plant health treaty</strong> signed by over 180 countries including India.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>protect the world's plant resources</strong> from the spread and introduction of pests, and promote safe trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for <strong>more research as well as investment</strong> in strengthening national plant health systems and structures.</li>
<li>Policymakers and governments should ensure their decisions are based on <strong>sound preparation and data.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regularly monitoring plants and receiving early warning information</strong> about emerging threats, helps governments, agricultural officers and farmers take preventive and adaptive measures to keep plants healthy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pest Controlling Methods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The most popular methods of containing the pest include the use of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified (GM)</strong> </a><strong>crops and pesticides</strong>, however, some armyworms have developed resistance to these tactics and are continuing to destroy crops.</li>
<li>Natural approaches, including <strong>breeding predators such as wasps</strong>, to be released into fields when necessary, as well as developing a <strong>&ldquo;germ warfare&rdquo;</strong> that isolates diseases to which the caterpillar (armyworm) is prone, are being explored by the scientists.</li>
<li><strong>A quarantine system</strong>, under which imports of grains and plants that can host such insects are inspected at shipping ports, airports and land border crossings is the first line of defence taken by the countries across the world.</li>
<li><strong>The quarantine system in India</strong> is governed by the <strong>Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order of 2003</strong>, which is notified under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act of 1914.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In India</strong>, quarantine responsibility lies with <strong>the Directorate of Plant Protection</strong>, Quarantine &amp; Storage (headquartered in Faridabad, Haryana). The short staffed directorate and the lack of a strong legislation have made the task of policing borders difficult in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/at-least-40-global-crops-lost-to-pests-every-year-fao-77252" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8493,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Green Revolution',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Green Revolution was an endeavour initiated by<strong> Norman Borlaug</strong> in the 1960s. He is known as the <strong>'Father of Green Revolution'</strong> in world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It led to him winning the <strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong> in 1970 for his work in developing <strong>High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, the Green Revolution was mainly led by<strong> M.S. Swaminathan.</strong></li>
<li>The Green Revolution resulted in a<strong> great increase in production of food grains</strong> (especially wheat and rice) due to the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding variety seeds, beginning in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its early dramatic successes were in Mexico and the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Green Revolution, spreading over the period from 1967-68 to 1977-78, changed India&rsquo;s status from a food-deficient country to one of the world's leading agricultural nations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Green Revolution</h3>
<p><strong>Objectives of Green Revolution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Short Term:</strong> The revolution was launched to address India&rsquo;s hunger crisis during the <strong>second Five Year Plan.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Long Term:</strong> The long term objectives included overall agriculture modernization based on rural development, industrial development; infrastructure, raw material etc.</li>
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> To provide employment to both agricultural and industrial workers.</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Studies:</strong> Producing stronger plants which could withstand extreme climates and diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Globalization of the Agricultural World:</strong> By spreading technology to non-industrialized nations and setting up many corporations in major agricultural areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Basic Elements of the Green Revolution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expansion of Farming Areas:</strong> Although the area of land under cultivation was being increased from 1947 itself, this was not enough to meet the rising demand. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Green Revolution provided assistance in this quantitative expansion of farmlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Double-cropping System:</strong> Double cropping was a primary feature of the Green Revolution. The decision was made to have two crop seasons per year instead of just one. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The one-season-per-year practice was based on the fact that there is only one rainy season annually.</li>
<li>Water for the second phase now came from huge irrigation projects. Dams were built and other simple irrigation techniques were also adopted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Using seeds with improved genetics:</strong> Using seeds with superior genetics was the scientific aspect of the Green Revolution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Council for Agricultural Research</strong> </a>developed new strains of high yield variety seeds, mainly wheat and rice, millet and corn.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Crops in the Revolution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Main crops were Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra and Maize.</li>
<li>Non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy.</li>
<li>Wheat remained the mainstay of the Green Revolution for years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Green Revolution in India</h3>
<p><strong>Background of Green Revolution in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1943, India suffered from the world&rsquo;s worst recorded food crisis; <strong>the Bengal Famine,</strong> which led to the death of approximately 4 million people in eastern India due to hunger.</li>
<li>Even after independence in 1947, until 1967 the government largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But the population was growing at a much faster rate than food production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This called for an immediate and drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution.</li>
<li>The green revolution in India refers to a period when <strong>Indian Agriculture was converted into an industrial system</strong> due to the<strong> adoption of modern methods and technology</strong> such as the use of HYV seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers.</li>
<li>It was funded by the US and the Indian Government and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundation.</li>
<li>The Green Revolution in India is largely the Wheat Revolution as the wheat production increased by more than three times between 1967-68 and 2003-04, while the overall increase in the production of cereals was only two times</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impacts of Green Revolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tremendous Increase in Crop Produce:</strong> It resulted in a grain output of 131 million tonnes in the year 1978-79 and established India as one of the world's biggest agricultural producers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The crop area under high yielding varieties of wheat and rice grew considerably during the Green Revolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Import of Food-Grains:</strong> India became self-sufficient in food-grains and had sufficient stock in the central pool, even, at times, India was in a position to export food-grains. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The per capita net availability of food-grains has also increased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits to the Farmers:</strong> The introduction of the Green Revolution helped the farmers in raising their level of income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers ploughed back their surplus income for improving agricultural productivity.</li>
<li>The big farmers with more than 10 hectares of land were particularly benefited by this revolution by investing large amounts of money in various inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, machines, etc. It also promoted capitalist farming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Growth:</strong> The Revolution brought about large scale farm mechanization which created demand for different types of machines like tractors, harvesters, threshers, combines, diesel engines, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, demand for chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, weedicides, etc. also increased considerably.</li>
<li>Several agricultural products were also used as raw materials in various industries known as<strong> agro based industries. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rural Employment:</strong> There was an appreciable increase in the demand for labour force due to multiple cropping and use of fertilizers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Green Revolution created plenty of jobs not only for agricultural workers but also industrial workers by creating related facilities such as factories and hydroelectric power stations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Negative Impacts of Green Revolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Non-Food Grains Left Out :</strong> Although all food-grains including wheat, rice, jowar, bajra and maize have gained from the revolution, other crops such as coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds were left out of the ambit of the revolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Major commercial crops like cotton, jute, tea and sugarcane were also left almost untouched by the Green Revolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Coverage of HYVP:</strong> High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was restricted to only five crops: Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra and Maize. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The HYV seeds in the non-food crops were either not developed so far or they were not good enough for farmers to risk their adoption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Disparities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Green Revolution technology has given birth to growing disparities in economic development at interred and intra regional levels.</li>
<li>It has so far affected only 40 percent of the total cropped area and 60 per cent is still untouched by it.</li>
<li>The most affected areas are Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh in the north and Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south.</li>
<li>It has hardly touched the Eastern region, including Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa and arid and semi-arid areas of Western and Southern India.</li>
<li>The Green Revolution affected only those areas which were already better placed from an agricultural point of view.</li>
<li>Thus the problem of regional disparities has further aggravated as a result of the Green Revolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Excessive Usage of Chemicals:</strong> The Green Revolution resulted in a large-scale use of pesticides and synthetic nitrogen fertilisers for improved irrigation projects and crop varieties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, little or no efforts were made to educate farmers about the high risk associated with the intensive use of pesticides.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pesticides were sprayed on crops usually by untrained farm labourers without following instructions or precautions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This causes more harm than good to crops and also becomes a cause for environment and soil pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Consumption:</strong> The crops introduced during the green revolution were water-intensive crops. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of these crops being cereals, required almost 50% of dietary water footprint.</li>
<li>Canal systems were introduced, and irrigation pumps also sucked out the groundwater to supply the water-intensive crops, such as sugarcane and rice, thus depleting the groundwater levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Punjab is a major wheat- and rice-cultivating area, and hence it is one of the highest water depleted regions in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts on Soil and Crop Production:</strong> Repeated crop cycle in order to ensure increased crop production depleted the soil's nutrients. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To meet the needs of new kinds of seeds, farmers increased fertilizer usage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The pH level of the soil increased due to the usage of these alkaline chemicals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Toxic chemicals in the soil destroyed beneficial pathogens, which further led to the decline in the yield.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment:</strong> Except in Punjab, and to some extent in Haryana, farm mechanization under the Green Revolution created widespread unemployment among agricultural labourers in the rural areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The worst affected were the poor and the landless labourers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Hazards:</strong> The large-scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides such as Phosphamidon, Methomyl, Phorate, Triazophos and Monocrotophos resulted in resulted in a number of critical health illnesses including <strong>cancer, renal failure, stillborn babies and birth defects.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Overall, the Green Revolution was a major achievement for many developing countries, specially India and gave them an unprecedented level of national food security. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It represented the successful adaptation and transfer of the same scientific revolution in agriculture that the industrial countries had already appropriated for themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, lesser heed was paid to factors other than ensuring food security such as environment, the poor farmers and their education about the know-how of such chemicals.</li>
<li>As a way forward, the policymakers must target the poor more precisely to ensure that they receive greater direct benefits from new technologies and those technologies will also need to be more environmentally sustainable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, taking lessons from the past, it must be ensured that such initiatives include all of the beneficiaries covering all the regions rather than sticking to a limited field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Green Revolution &ndash; Krishonnati Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government of India introduced the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana#:~:text=The%20government%20of%20India%20introduced,increase%20the%20income%20of%20farmer." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Revolution Krishonnati Yojana</strong></a> in 2005 to boost the agriculture sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government through the scheme plans to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a holistic &amp; scientific manner to increase the income of farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It comprises of 11 schemes and mission under a single umbrella scheme:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-for-integrated-development-of-horticulture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)</strong></a></li>
<li>National Food Security Mission (NFSM)</li>
<li>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)</li>
<li>Submission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE)</li>
<li>Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Material (SMSP)</li>
<li>Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)</li>
<li>Sub-Mission on Plant Protection and Plan Quarantine (SMPPQ)</li>
<li>Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics and Statistics (ISACES)</li>
<li>Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Cooperation (ISAC)</li>
<li>Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)</li>
<li>National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Evergreen Revolution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The improvements brought out by the Green Revolution came at the cost of adverse environmental effects in areas subjected to intensive farming. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, where population pressure is high, there is no option except to produce more food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hence, the<strong> need for the Evergreen Revolution was called out by Dr. M S Swaminathan,</strong> the Father of the Green Revolution in India.</li>
<li>Under the Evergreen Revolution, it is envisaged that<strong> productivity must increase, but in ways which are environmentally safe, economically viable and socially sustainable.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The evergreen revolution involves the<strong> integration of ecological principles in technology development and dissemination.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8435,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kharif Strategy for Oilseeds',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare</strong> has formulated <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kharif</a> Strategy 2021</strong> to achieve <strong>self-sufficiency in edible oils.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kharif Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are sown from June to July and Harvesting is done in between September-October.</li>
<li>Crops are: Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean etc.</li>
<li>States are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Kharif Strategy 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An ambitious plan for the<strong> free distribution of high yielding varieties of seeds</strong> to the farmers for the Kharif season 2021 in the form of mini-kits.</li>
<li>Strategy for both area and productivity enhancement has been formulated for <strong>soybean and groundnut</strong> under the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Food Security Mission (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm).</strong></a></li>
<li>It will bring an additional 6.37 lakh hectare area under oilseeds and is likely to produce 120.26 lakh quintals of oilseeds and edible oil amounting to 24.36 lakh quintals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basic Information Related to Oilseeds:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oilseed crops are the <strong>second most important determinant of the agricultural economy,</strong> next only to cereals within the segment of field crops. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The self-sufficiency in oilseeds attained through the<strong> &ldquo;Yellow Revolution&rdquo;</strong> during early 1990&rsquo;s, could not be sustained beyond a short period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Oilseed crops are <strong>primarily grown for the purpose of obtaining vegetable oils from them.</strong> Oil content in them varies from 20% in soybeans to 40% in sunflowers and canola (rapeseed).</li>
<li>India is able to produce a huge amount of oilseeds because of the favourable environmental conditions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Castor seed, sesamum, rapeseed, groundnut, mustard, soyabean, linseed, niger seed, sunflower and safflower are<strong> some of the important oilseeds India is known to produce.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite <strong>being the fifth largest oilseed crop producing country</strong> in the world, India is also <strong>one of the largest importers of vegetable oils</strong> today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India buys more than two-thirds of its total edible oil imports as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-resumes-purchase-of-malaysian-palm-oil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>palm oil</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has a marked position in the world in the production of a large amount of oilseeds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After China, India is the <strong>second largest producer of groundnut</strong> and is<strong> third in position in the production of Rapeseed</strong> after China and Canada.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Oilseeds Producing Areas in India are:</strong> Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Mission (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To augment the availability of edible oils and reduce the import of edible oils by increasing the production and productivity of oilseeds and oil palm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Merger of NMOOP under NFSM:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Mission on Oilseeds &amp; Oil Palm (NMOOP)</strong> was<strong> launched in 2014-15</strong> and continued upto 2017-18.</li>
<li><strong>From 2018-19</strong> onwards, the NMOOP is<strong> being implemented under NFSM</strong> as NFSM-Oilseeds &amp; Oil palm comprising the <strong>sub components</strong> NFSM- <strong>Oilseeds,</strong> NFSM-<strong>Oil Palm</strong> and NFSM-<strong>Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Pronged Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing<strong> Seed Replacement Ratio (SRR)</strong> with focus on varietal replacement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SRR</strong> is the percentage of area sown out of total area of crop planted in the season by using certified/quality seeds other than the farm saved seed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Productivity improvement</strong> by adoption of proven and <strong>climatic resilient technologies</strong> like water saving devices (sprinklers/rain gun), zero tillage, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inter-cropping</strong></a>, relay cropping, strategic application of micronutrient and soil ameliorants.</li>
<li><strong>Area expansion</strong> through diversification of low yielding food grains.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Supporting cluster demonstrations</strong> for the adoption of good agricultural practices.</li>
<li><strong>Creation of 36 oilseed hubs</strong> with a focus on regional approach for larger availability of quality seeds.</li>
<li><strong>Post-harvest management</strong> at farm and village level.</li>
<li>Formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cost sharing pattern between Central and State Governments, is in the<strong> ratio of 60:40 for general category of States</strong> and <strong>90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States.</strong></li>
<li>For few interventions, like purchase of breeder seeds by both State and Central seed producing agencies, supply of seed mini-kits to the farmers, <strong>100% funding is provided by Government of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1720267" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8272,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MACS 1407: Variety of Soybean',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian Scientists</strong> have developed <strong>a high-yielding and pest-resistant variety of soybean</strong>, called <strong>MACS 1407.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>MACS- Agharkar Research Institute, Pune</strong>, in collaboration with <strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi</strong> have developed it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>MACS 1407:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Using the conventional cross breeding technique, scientists developed <strong>MACS 1407</strong> which gives <strong>39 quintals per hectare</strong> making it <strong>a high yielding variety.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>requires an average 43 days for 50% flowering</strong> and takes 104 days to mature from the date of sowing.</li>
<li>It has white coloured flowers, yellow seeds and black hilum. Its seeds have <strong>19.81% oil content, 41% protein content and show good germinability.</strong></li>
<li>Its thick stem, higher pod insertion (7 cm) from ground, and resistance to pod shattering make it suitable even for <strong>mechanical harvesting.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>suitable for rain-fed conditions of north- east India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is suitable for cultivation in the states of Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and North-Eastern states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Variety is also <strong>resistant to major insect-pests</strong> like girdle beetle, leaf miner, leaf roller, stem fly, aphids, white fly and defoliators.</li>
<li>Its seeds will be made available to farmers for sowing during the <strong>2022 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kharif season</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is highly adaptive to sowing from <strong>20 June to 5 July</strong> without any yield loss. This makes it <strong>resistant to the vagaries of Monsoon</strong> as compared to other varieties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India produced around 90 million tons of soybean</strong>, widely cultivated as oil seeds as well as a cheap source of protein for animal feed and many packaged meals and is striving to be among the world&rsquo;s major producers of soybean.</li>
<li>High-yielding, disease resistant varieties of the legume can help achieve this target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kharif Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are <strong>sown</strong> from <strong>June to July</strong> and <strong>Harvesting</strong> is done in between <strong>September-October.</strong></li>
<li>Crops are: Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean etc.</li>
<li>States are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabi Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crops are <strong>sown</strong> from <strong>October to December</strong> and <strong>Harvesting</strong> is done in between <strong>April-June.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Crops are:</strong> Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard etc.</li>
<li><strong>States are:</strong> Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Zaid Season</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is <strong>a short season during the summer months</strong> known as the Zaid season.</li>
<li>Crops are: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1714852" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8166,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8043,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Revival of Millet Cultivation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=International%20Fund%20for%20Agricultural%20Development,poverty%2C%20hunger%2C%20and%20malnutrition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong></a> supported initiative to<strong> revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation,</strong> started in the year 2013-14 in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, has given new life to the forgotten crops.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IFAD is a specialized agency of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> and was one of the major outcomes of the <strong>1974 World Food Conference.</strong></li>
<li>Founded in 1977, IFAD<strong> focuses on rural poverty reduction,</strong> working with poor rural populations in developing countries to <strong>eliminate poverty, hunger, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Beginning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was started with <strong>1,497 women-farmers from 40 villages &ndash;</strong> mostly from the <strong>Gonda and Baiga tribes &ndash;</strong> growing these two minor millets (Kodo and Kutki) on 749 acres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seed and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The identified farmers were <strong>supplied good-quality seeds and trained by scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University</strong> in Jabalpur and the local Krishi Vigyan Kendra &ndash; on field preparation, line-sowing (as opposed to conventional broadcasting by hand) and application of compost, zinc, bavistin fungicide and other specific plant protection chemicals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self Help Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A federation of the <strong>farmers&rsquo; self-help groups</strong> undertook procurement of the produce and also its mechanical de-hulling (the traditional manual pounding process to remove husk from the grain was time-consuming).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Helped in increasing the <strong>number of farmers growing kodo-kutki</strong> in the project area <strong>to 14,301 in 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>Helped in increasing the acreage to 14,876 acres.</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>meeting nutritional goals</strong> (fighting malnourishment among children).</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>reviving millet cultivation</strong> (crop yields are 1.5-2 times higher than before).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Millets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Millets are often referred to as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/millets-superfood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Superfood</strong></a> and its production can be seen as an approach for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-and-changing-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable agriculture</strong> </a>and a healthy world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Millets in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three major millet crops currently grown in India are<strong> jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet) and ragi (finger millet).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Along with that, India grows a rich array of bio-genetically diverse and<strong> indigenous varieties of &ldquo;small millets&rdquo; like kodo, kutki, chenna and sanwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major producers</strong> include Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Reviving Millet Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nutritional Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are <strong>less expensive and nutritionally superior</strong> to wheat &amp; rice owing to their high protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals like iron content.</li>
<li>Millets are also<strong> rich in calcium and magnesium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> Ragi is known to have the highest calcium content among all the food grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> high iron content can fight high prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a></strong> in Indian women of reproductive age and infants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are also harder and <strong>drought-resistant crops,</strong> which has to do with their <strong>short growing season</strong> (70-100 days, as against 120-150 days for paddy/wheat) and<strong> lower water requirement</strong> (350-500 mm versus 600-1,200 mm).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As low investment is needed for production of millets, these can prove to be a sustainable income source for farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Tackle Health Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets can help<strong> tackle lifestyle problems and health challenges such as obesity and diabetes</strong> as they are<strong> gluten-free and have a low glycemic index</strong> (a relative ranking of carbohydrates in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are rich in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-radicals-may-not-be-all-bad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antioxidants</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preference for Wheat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wheat has gluten proteins that swell and form networks on adding water to the flour, making the dough more cohesive and elastic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resultant chapattis come out soft, which isn&rsquo;t possible with millets that are gluten-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Demand for Processed Food:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has seen a jump in consumer demand for <strong>ultra-processed and ready-to-eat products,</strong> which are high in sodium, sugar, trans-fats and even some carcinogens.</li>
<li>With the <strong>intense marketing of processed foods,</strong> even the rural population started perceiving mill-processed rice and wheat as more aspirational.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Act Promoting Other Grains:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In rural India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act of 2013</strong></a> entitles three-fourths of all households to <strong>5 kg of wheat or rice</strong> per person per month at Rs 2 and Rs 3 per kg, respectively, thus <strong>reducing the demand for millets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promoting Millets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Union Agriculture Ministry, in April 2018,<strong> declared millets as &ldquo;Nutri-Cereals&rdquo;,</strong> considering their &ldquo;high nutritive value&rdquo; and also &ldquo;anti-diabetic properties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>2018 was also observed as <strong>&lsquo;National Year of Millets&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in MSP:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> of Millets, which came as a big price incentive for farmers.</li>
<li>Further, to provide a steady market for the produce, the government has included millets in the public distribution system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Input Support:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has introduced provision of seed kits and inputs to farmers, building value chains through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> and supporting the marketability of millets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>United Nation General Assembly</strong> adopted an India-sponsored resolution to mark 2023 as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Year of Millets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farming of millets<strong> deserves encouragement</strong> especially in view of their climate resilience, short cropping duration and ability to grow on poor soils, hilly terrains and with little rain.</li>
<li>Because of their accessibility to the poor, they <strong>can play an essential role in providing nourishment to people across all income categories</strong> and supporting climate adaptation of rainfed farming systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-madhya-pradeshs-dindoi-a-un-backed-project-aims-to-put-millets-7249608/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8039,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Red Algal Seaweed Species',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, two<strong> new red algal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saksham-portal-and-seaweed-mission-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener">seaweed</a> species</strong> have been discovered along India&rsquo;s coastline.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a <strong>vast coastline</strong> of over 7,500 kms.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617107256_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617107256_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They grow in the<strong> intertidal regions of the coast,</strong> namely the area that is submerged during the high tide and exposed during low tides.</li>
<li>The genus<strong> Hypnea consists of calcareous, erect, branched red seaweeds.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are 61 species of which <strong>10 were reported in India.</strong> With two new species, the <strong>total number of species now would be 63.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hypnea indica</strong> was discovered in Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, and Somnath Pathan and Sivrajpur in Gujarat.</li>
<li><strong>Hypnea bullata</strong> was discovered from Kanyakumari and Diu island of Daman and Diu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hypnea variants of seaweeds can <strong>fetch good monetary value if commercial-scale cultivation is taken up.</strong> Hypnea contains Carrageenan, a biomolecule commonly used in the food industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Seaweeds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are the <strong>primitive, marine non-flowering marine algae without root, stem and leaves,</strong> play a major role in marine ecosystems.</li>
<li>Large seaweeds form dense underwater forests known as<strong> kelp forests,</strong> which act as underwater nurseries for fish, snails and sea urchins.</li>
<li>Some species of seaweeds viz. Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria edulis, Gracilaria crassa, Gracilaria verrucosa, Sargassum spp. and Turbinaria spp.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seaweeds, <strong>found mostly in the intertidal region,</strong> in shallow and deep waters of the sea and also in estuaries and backwaters.</li>
<li>The southern <strong>Gulf of Mannar&rsquo;s rocky intertidal and lower intertidal regions have rich populations</strong> of several seaweed species.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bioindicator:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When waste from agriculture, industries, aquaculture and households are let into the ocean, it causes nutrient imbalance leading to algal blooming, the sign of marine chemical damage. <strong>Seaweeds absorb the excess nutrients</strong> and balance out the ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iron Sequestrator:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These aquatic organisms heavily rely on iron for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bbx11-gene-greening-of-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>photosynthesis.</strong></a> When the quantity of this mineral exceeds healthy levels and becomes dangerous to marine life, seaweeds trap it and prevent damage. Similarly, most <strong>heavy metals found in marine ecosystems are trapped and removed by seaweeds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oxygen and Nutrient Supplier:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On their part, the<strong> seaweeds derive nutrition through photosynthesis of sunlight and nutrients present in seawater.</strong> They release oxygen through every part of their bodies. They also <strong>supply organic nutrients to other marine life forms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Climate Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seaweed has a significant role in mitigating climate change. By afforesting 9% of the ocean with seaweed, it is possible to sequester 53 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. Hence, there is a proposal termed as<strong> &lsquo;ocean afforestation&rsquo;</strong> for farming seaweed to remove carbon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Utilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can be used as fertilizers and to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>increase aquaculture production.</strong></a></li>
<li>When <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animal-husbandry#:~:text=It%20supports%20the%20livelihood%20of,%25%20(2018%2D19)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>livestock</strong> </a>is fed with seaweed, methane emission from cattle may be reduced substantially.</li>
<li>They can be buried in beach dunes to<strong> combat beach erosion.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used as an ingredient in preparing toothpaste, cosmetics and paints.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) has launched a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saksham-portal-and-seaweed-mission-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Seaweed Mission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-new-seaweed-species-discovered-along-indias-coastline-7250122/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7925,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mera Ration Mobile App Launched',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In order to facilitate the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'One Nation One Ration Card&rsquo;</strong></a> system in the country, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has launched the <strong>'Mera Ration'</strong> mobile app to benefit citizens in identifying the nearest <strong>Fair Price Shop</strong> (FPS).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This app will benefit especially those ration card holders who move to new areas for livelihoods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the App:</strong> The app is developed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rojgaar-sangi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Center</strong> </a>(NIC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Language:</strong> The application is currently available in English and Hindi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it is planned to be introduced in 14 languages which will be identified on the basis of places where most migrant people move.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilities to the Beneficiaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Can identify and locate the nearest fair price shop.</li>
<li>Can easily check details of their foodgrain entitlement, recent transactions and the status of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong> </a>seeding.</li>
<li>Can register their migration details.</li>
<li>An option to enter suggestions/feedback.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ONORC scheme is being implemented by the Department of Food and Public Distribution for the nation-wide portability of ration cards under <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Food Security Act (NFSA)</a> 2013.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act legally entitled upto 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized food grains under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1#:~:text=In%20June%2C%201997%2C%20the%20Government,the%20poverty%20line%20or%20APL." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Targeted Public Distribution System.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This system allows all NFSA beneficiaries, particularly migrant beneficiaries, to claim either full or part foodgrains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country <strong>through an existing ration card with biometric/Aadhaar authentication</strong> in a seamless manner. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The freedom of choosing any FPS was not available earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States completing the One Nation-One Ration Card system reform were eligible for <strong>additional borrowing of 0.25% of gross state domestic product (GSDP).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Seventeen states have operationalised 'One Nation-One Ration Card' system </strong>with Uttarakhand being the latest to complete the reform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ONORC was started initially in 4 States in the year 2019 and was rolled out in 32 States/UTs by the end of 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The integration of the remaining 4 States/UT (Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi and West Bengal) is expected to be completed in next few months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It covers nearly 69 Crore NFSA beneficiaries (about 86% NFSA population) in the country and a monthly average of about 1.5~1.6 Crore portability transactions are being recorded under ONORC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making ONORC Available to All:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government supplies 5 kg of subsidised food grains to each person per month through 5.4 lakh ration shops.</li>
<li>The integration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/database-of-migrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Migrants&rsquo; Portal</strong> </a>with ONROC system is undertaken with the support of the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment.</li>
<li>The ONORC has been made a part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-svanidhi-micro-credit-scheme-for-street-vendors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM SVANidhi</strong></a> program of the Ministry of Housing &amp; Urban Affairs.</li>
<li>Media publicity of the ONORC has been done with the help of the Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting, Press Information Bureau, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Aim-&amp;-mygov-launches-innovate-india-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MyGov</strong></a>, Bureau of Outreach &amp; Communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID%3D1704367%23&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1615626968404000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0XF8jgJCe3zUOB7BDAFf7n" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7852,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Food Waste Index Report 2021: UNEP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong></a> released the<strong> Food Waste Index Report 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has revealed that <strong>17% of all food available at consumer level</strong>&nbsp;(11% in households, 5% in food service and 2% in retail) <strong>was wasted</strong> in 2019 and around 690 million people had to go hungry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It presents the most comprehensive<strong> food waste data collection, analysis and modelling to date,</strong> generating a new estimate of <strong>global food waste.</strong></li>
<li>It also <strong>publishes</strong> a methodology for countries to measure food waste, at household, food service and retail level, to track national progress towards 2030.</li>
<li>In contrast to the <strong>Food Loss Index,</strong> the Food Waste Index measures total food waste (rather than loss or waste associated with specific commodities).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Food Wastage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This report estimates that around <strong>931 million tonnes of food waste</strong> was generated in 2019.</li>
<li>61% of which came from households, 26% from food service and 13% from retail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wastages Across All Income Groups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Food waste generation is found to be equally relevant across all income countries such as high, upper‑middle and lower‑middle income countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed Countries like<strong> Austria</strong> produce very low amounts of waste at 39 kg/capita/year. On the other hand, countries like <strong>Nigeria</strong> are producing waste at 189 kg/capita/year. For <strong>India,</strong> the waste in kg/capita/year was 50.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This diverges from earlier narratives concentrating <strong>consumer food waste in developed countries, </strong>and <strong>food production, storage and transportation losses in developing countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data Availability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Global food waste data availability is currently low, and measurement approaches have been highly variable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Reduction of Food Waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduce Hunger:</strong> Reducing food waste can slow the destruction of nature through land conversion and pollution, enhance the availability of food and thus reduce hunger and save money at a time of global recession.</li>
<li><strong>Aligned with SDGs:</strong> This Food Waste Index Report aims to advance progress on <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 12.3)</strong></a>, i.e. &ldquo;By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Tackle GHG Emissions:</strong> About 8-10% of global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with food that is not consumed. Thus, tackling food wastage issues can further achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions by the Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndc-synthesis-report-unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NDCs</a> (Nationally Determined Contributions) for Food Systems:</strong> To raise ambition in national climate strategies by integrating food loss and waste, and strengthen food security.</li>
<li>Co-create and adopt game-changing solutions to food waste through the <strong>UN Food Systems Summit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regional Food Waste Working Group:</strong> These Working Groups will provide capacity building and training to participating Member States in measuring food waste, developing a national baseline and designing national strategies for food waste prevention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN Food Systems Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2021, UN Secretary-General António Guterres will convene a Food Systems Summit as part of the<strong> Decade of Action</strong> to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.</li>
<li>The Summit will launch bold new actions to deliver progress on all 17 SDGs, each of which relies to some degree on healthier, more sustainable and equitable food systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Food Loss Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Food Loss Index (FLI) <strong>focuses on food losses</strong> that occur from <strong>production up to (and not including) the retail level.</strong></li>
<li>It measures the changes in percentage losses for a basket of 10 main commodities by country in comparison with a base period.</li>
<li>The FLI contributes to measure progress towards <strong>SDG Target 12.3.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/17-per-cent-of-all-food-available-at-consumer-levels-was-wasted-in-2019-reveals-food-waste-index-75771#:~:text=The%20Food%20Waste%20Index%20Report,to%20households%2C%20retailers%20and%20restaurants." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7794,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Genetically Modified Organisms as Imported Food Crops',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> in a recent order has set 1% threshold for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)</strong></a> in food crops imported into India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in August 2020, FSSAI had issued the order that 24 food crops the country imports would need a <strong>&lsquo;non-GM-origin-cum-GM-free certificate&rsquo;</strong> issued by a competent authority.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated</strong> in a laboratory through <strong>genetic engineering.</strong></li>
<li>This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Crops:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conventional plant breeding involves crossing of species of the same genus to provide the offspring with the desired traits of both parents.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Genus is a class of items such as a group of animals or plants with similar traits, qualities or features.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a> is the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop that is allowed in India. It has alien genes from the soil bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)</em> that allows the crop to develop a protein toxic to the common pest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maharashtra-to-take-emergency-measures-to-tackle-pink-bollworm-pbw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pink bollworm.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Herbicide Tolerant Bt (Ht Bt) cotton</strong>, on the other hand is derived with the insertion of an additional gene, from another soil bacterium, which allows the plant to resist the common herbicide glyphosate.</li>
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-cultivation-of-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt brinjal</strong></a>, a gene allows the plant to resist attacks of fruit and shoot borers.</li>
<li>In <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/gm-mustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DMH-11 mustard</strong></a>, genetic modification allows cross-pollination in a crop that self-pollinates in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Position of GM crops in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geac-seeks-information-from-bangladesh-on-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)</strong></a> is the apex body that allows for commercial release of GM crops.</li>
<li>Use of the unapproved GM variant can attract a jail term of 5 years and fine of Rs. 1 lakh under the <strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Imported Crops:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The task of regulating GMO levels in <strong>imported consumables</strong> was <strong>initially with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).</strong></li>
<li>Its role was diluted with the enactment of the <strong>Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006</strong> and <strong>FSSAI was asked to take over approvals of imported goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/fssai-s-gmo-threshold-for-imported-food-crops-unacceptably-high-says-letter-to-health-minister-75675" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7683,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition: CFS',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Committee on World Food Security (CFS)</strong> has endorsed the first-ever <strong>Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition (VGFSyN)</strong> which aim<strong> to support countries to eradicate hunger and malnutrition in all its forms</strong> by utilizing a <strong>food systems approach.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The endorsement took place during the <strong>CFS 47<sup>th</sup> Session.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Food Systems Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Guidelines <strong>highlight the complex and multidimensional interlinkages</strong> between sustainable food systems and healthy diets.</li>
<li><strong>Food systems</strong> are <strong>a complex web of activities</strong> involving production, processing, handling, preparation, storage, distribution, marketing, access, purchase, consumption, food loss and waste, as well as the outputs of these activities, including social, economic and environmental outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seven Policy Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Transparent, democratic and accountable <strong>governance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sustainable food supply chains</strong> to achieve healthy diets and in the context of climate change.</li>
<li>Equal and <strong>equitable access to healthy diets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Food safety.</strong></li>
<li><strong>People-centred nutrition knowledge,</strong> education and information.</li>
<li><strong>Gender equality</strong> and women&rsquo;s empowerment across food systems.</li>
<li><strong>Resilient food systems</strong> in humanitarian contexts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The guidelines are intended to build upon and complement the work and mandate of other international bodies, for example the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-nutrition-report-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016-2025)</strong> </a>and<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Sustainable Development Goal</a> (2) of &lsquo;Zero Hunger&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>They<strong> call for realisation of the right to adequate food</strong> in the context of national<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> food security</strong> </a>for all, particularly for the most vulnerable and affected groups.</li>
<li>They<strong> focus on policy planning and governance</strong> so that food systems can be made more resilient and responsive and are in accordance with needs of consumers and producers too, especially small and marginal farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Committee on World Food Security (CFS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the foremost inclusive <strong>international and intergovernmental platform</strong> for all stakeholders to work together to ensure food security and nutrition for all.</li>
<li>The Committee<strong> reports to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> (UN) General Assembly</strong> through the<strong> Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong> and <strong>to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Conference.</strong></li>
<li>CFS holds<strong> an annual Plenary session every October in FAO,</strong> Rome.</li>
<li>CFS receives its<strong> core funding equally</strong> from the <strong>FAO,</strong> the <strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-food-programme-wfp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme (WFP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>State of Hunger and Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to FAO estimates in<strong> &lsquo;The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2020&rsquo;</strong> Report: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>189.2 million people are undernourished</strong> in India i.e. 14% of the population is undernourished.</li>
<li><strong>51.4% of women</strong> in reproductive age between 15 to 49 years<strong> are anaemic.</strong></li>
<li><strong>34.7% of the children aged under five are stunted</strong> (too short for their age) while<strong> 20% suffer from wasting</strong> (weight too low in proportion to height).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, India <strong>ranked 94<sup>th</sup> among 107 countries</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index 2020.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-maah" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>, launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Antoydaya Anna Yojana (AAY)</strong> </a>aims to provide food at subsidized prices to poor families.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20is%20being%20implemented%20by,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong></a> envisages comprehensive early childhood care and development by focussing on children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and adolescent girls.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mid-day-meal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM)</strong> </a>scheme aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
<li>Under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana</a> (PMMVY)</strong>, Rs. 6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li>The<strong> National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology</strong> enables delivery of appropriate technologies and improved agronomic practices for farmers.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture</strong> </a>aims to enhance agricultural productivity, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)</strong> </a>aims to improve water-use efficiency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/un-committee-for-world-food-security-endorses-voluntary-guidelines-to-end-hunger-75522#:~:text=The%20first%2Dever%20voluntary%20guidelines,held%20virtually%20February%208%2D11." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6936,
		'category_id' => (int) 60,
		'title' => 'World Food Programme (WFP)',
		'description' => '<p>The <strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong> is the leading humanitarian organization saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in 1961 by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> with its headquarters in Rome, Italy.</li>
<li>It is also a member of the<strong> United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG)</strong>, a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The international community has committed to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The WFP assists 88 countries, and has assisted 97 million people (in 2019) which is the largest number since 2012.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WFP focuses on emergency assistance as well as rehabilitation and development aid.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two-thirds of its work is in conflict-affected countries, where people are three times more likely to be undernourished than elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works closely with the other two Rome-based UN agencies: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),</strong> which helps countries draw up policy and change legislation to support sustainable agriculture</li>
<li>The <strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),</strong> which finances projects in poor rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To end hunger by protecting access to food.</li>
<li>Improving nutrition and achieving food security.</li>
<li>Supporting the SDG implementation and partnering for its results.</li>
</ul>
<h3>WFP&rsquo;s Strategic Plan for 2017-2021</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted just over a year after the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It aligns the organization&rsquo;s work to the 2030 Agenda&rsquo;s global call to action, which <strong>prioritizes efforts</strong> to <strong>end poverty, hunger</strong> and <strong>inequality,</strong> encompassing humanitarian as well as development efforts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Strategic Plan is guided by the SDGs set forth in the 2030 Agenda, in particular SDG 2 on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/achieving-zero-hunger-by-2030-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ending hunger</strong></a> and SDG 17 on revitalizing global partnerships for implementation of the SDGs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ushers in a<strong> new planning and operational structure,</strong> including the implementation of results-based country portfolios that will maximize WFP&rsquo;s contribution to governments&rsquo; efforts towards achieving the SDGs.</li>
<li><strong>Responding to emergencies</strong> and saving lives and livelihoods &ndash; either through direct assistance, or by strengthening country capacities &ndash; remains at the heart of WFP&rsquo;s operations, especially as humanitarian needs become increasingly complex and protracted.</li>
<li>WFP will support countries in ensuring no one is left behind by continuing to<strong> build resilience for food security and nutrition</strong> and addressing the growing challenges posed by climate change and rising inequality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Funding</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The WFP has <strong>no independent source of funds,</strong> it is funded entirely by voluntary donations. Its principal donors are governments, but the organization also receives donations from the private sector and individuals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Governments:</strong> governments are the principal source of funding for WFP; the organization receives no dues or portions of the UN assessed contributions. On average, over 60 governments underwrite the humanitarian and development projects of WFP</li>
<li><strong>Corporates:</strong> Through corporate-giving programmes, individual companies make vital contributions to fighting hunger.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Donations from private and not-for-profit entities have included frontline support to several emergency operations; expertise to enhance WFP's logistics and fundraising capacities; and critical cash for school feeding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individuals:</strong> Individual contributions can make a difference in the lives of the hungry. A personal donation can provide:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Emergency food rations during a crisis</li>
<li>Special food for hungry children in schools.</li>
<li>Food incentives to encourage poor families to send their girls to school.</li>
<li>Food as payment for people to rebuild schools, roads and other infrastructure in the wake of conflicts and natural disasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Share the Meal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ShareTheMeal is an initiative of the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP).</li>
<li>Donations from the ShareTheMeal app support various WFP operations ranging from resilience building and school feeding programmes to providing food assistance in emergencies.</li>
<li>The app was launched in 2015 and since then, it has helped provide aid to some of the largest food crises in the world including Yemen, Syria and Nigeria.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>WFP and India</h3>
<p>WFP has been working in India since 1963, with work transitioning from food distribution to technical assistance since the country achieved self-sufficiency in cereal production. The areas in which WFP mainly assists in India are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transforming the targeted public distribution system</strong>: WFP is working to improve the efficiency, accountability and transparency of India&rsquo;s own subsidized food distribution system, which brings supplies of wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene oil to around 800 million poor people across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Fortification of government distributed food:</strong> To boost the nutritional value of the Government&rsquo;s Midday Meal school feeding programme, WFP is pioneering the multi-micronutrient fortification of school meals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pilot project saw rice fortified with iron, which was distributed in a single district, resulting in a 20 percent drop in anaemia.</li>
<li>It has also helped tackle malnutrition by fortifying food given to babies and young children in Kerala State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mapping and monitoring of food insecurity:</strong> WFP has used Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping softwares to identify India&rsquo;s most food insecure areas, which allows policy and relief work to be targeted appropriately. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WFP is also supporting the government&rsquo;s Poverty and Human Development Monitoring Agency in establishing a State-level Food Security Analysis Unit, working towards the goal of achieving Zero Hunger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Report Released by WFP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Report on Food Crisis</strong></a>- The Global Report on Food Crises describes the scale of acute hunger in the world. It provides an analysis of the drivers that are contributing to food crises across the globe. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report is produced by the Global Network against Food Crises, an international alliance working to address the root causes of extreme hunger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Award Won</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The WFP has been awarded with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-literature-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize for Peace 2020</strong></a> for its efforts to combat hunger, bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and preventing the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6920,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Extension of Food Fortification Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In order to fight chronic <strong>anaemia</strong> and <strong>undernutrition,</strong> the government is making plans to distribute <strong>fortified rice</strong> through the <strong>Integrated Child Development Services</strong> and <strong>Mid Day Meal Schemes</strong> across the country from the year 2021, with special focus on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational districts.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was decided in a review meeting of an<strong> existing pilot scheme</strong> which aims to distribute fortified rice in 15 districts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Existing Scheme:</strong> The centrally-sponsored pilot scheme was approved in February 2019, for a three-year period from 2019-20 onwards. Under it, one district each in 15 predominantly rice-eating States was selected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was found that, out of 15 states only 5 &mdash; Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh &mdash; have started the distribution of fortified rice in their identified pilot districts.</li>
<li>In other words, the scheme has only been implemented in five districts so far, although more than half the project duration is over.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewed Push:</strong> The Food Corporation of India has now been mandated to scale up the annual supply of <strong>Fortified Rice Kernels (FRK)</strong> from the <strong>current 15,000 tonnes to at least 1.3 lakh tonnes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To cover PDS, anganwadis and mid-day meals in the 112 aspirational districts, annual supply capacity would need to be increased to about 1.3 lakh tonnes.</li>
<li>Further, existing rice mills will be equipped with Blending Machines for mixing FRK with normal rice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/milk-fortification-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Milk Fortification Project</strong> </a>was launched by the <strong>National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in collaboration with the World Bank and Tata Trusts,</strong> as a pilot project in 2017. It is intended to address vitamin deficiency in consumers.</li>
<li>Recently, the month of September was observed as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-maah" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poshan Maah i.e. Nutrition month.</strong> </a>It includes a month-long activities focussed on antenatal care, optimal breastfeeding, anaemia, growth monitoring, girls education, diet, right age of marriage, hygiene and sanitation and eating healthy (food fortification).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fortified Rice Kernels</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fortifying rice involves grinding broken rice into powder, mixing it with nutrients, and then shaping it into rice-like kernels using an extrusion process.</li>
<li>These fortified kernels are then mixed with normal rice in a ratio ranging from 1:50 to 1:200.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched on 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 1975, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meal-scheme-hit-due-to-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</strong></a> offers a package of six services (Supplementary Nutrition, Pre-school non-formal education, Nutrition &amp; health education, Immunization, Health check-up and Referral services) to children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mid-day Meal Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 1995 as a centrally sponsored scheme.</li>
<li>It provides that every child within the age group of six to fourteen years studying in classes I to VIII who enrols and attends the school shall be provided with a hot cooked meal, free of charge every day except on school holidays.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid Day Meal Scheme</strong></a> comes under the HRD Ministry&rsquo;s Department of School Education and Literacy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Aspirational Districts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme was launched in January 2018 with the aim of expeditiously improving the socio-economic status of 117 districts through cooperative and competitive federalism.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts programme</strong></a> aims to rapidly transform districts that have been showing relatively less progress in key social areas, and have emerged as pockets of under-development, thereby posing a challenge to balanced regional development.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Food Fortification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=46af3b128c215065822d363716461e3bda556ba2-1603783779-0-AQqcs23ihmqDWEzYzOTw2ZLATgIFQrHLyN5UDI9GBGfKb9Nw6xIYXLD0XnsFATPLOkfD2ZIVKdPR85H55F206a0f9GZts0saMxAhtaEPfgrhVvdmt1OJXAitkoMUI1kseMQy2zf139HzrBNbjXjnkjBU32U9ZV4g6ZcJqRi9mMAB561nxsXTYQ0xvOeMKpygwOvzDwD6cY1egBaUEjw3iJqc0WkEBOK4028DSYOwSuMjadzLHFPyVwpmZfyb84dZ_dr_kapwYLQirV2MCCF_91vIO2eij1RpbJ84rCBMDccLERI_E41MmQ2Hyi8VIBPaivX75tTOX_KkU7jr1AiSBqM7_RWVPUCfXAZ1yOgXbbm9CrULYC20iLnBLuT4Svbjp8gM0xv_EFdmeQkDb7czMzhwQ1HyOsQDEG8WcmiBLdGEAdOptYKzCFHncq_6M6AK4kfz2ej8Z0A-FaqgYwTTguS-w7zQBxsYYuEqzXHLCZvQyaPk0J0L7oTP3t_7TlORsOWGsOmAKQ_ElyvspVavQfhx4e2CZca_3TK39T_rJuhMzKO4vZLIXkgIapT95fY5bq6P-bXz035wlU6WxMOy9lwYci1ShV8wMuy4ZWv5gJ6M8N_FYuwbkYHRpSRvLq1CWWQtrwb6ov9nCCg8AQrexBc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a>, food fortification is defined as the practice of deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health.</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong> Food fortification can be done for foods widely consumed by the general population (mass fortification), to fortify foods designed for specific population subgroups, such as complementary foods for young children or rations for displaced populations (targeted fortification) and/or to allow food manufacturers to voluntarily fortify foods available in the marketplace (market-driven fortification).</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> The extent to which a national or regional food supply is fortified varies considerably. The concentration of just one micronutrient might be increased in a single foodstuff (e.g. the iodization of salt), or, at the other end of the scale, there might be a whole range of food&ndash;micronutrient combinations.</li>
<li>In October 2016,<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Food Safety and Standards Authority Of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> operationalized the <strong>Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2016</strong> for fortifying staples namely Wheat Flour and Rice (with Iron, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid), Milk and Edible Oil (with Vitamins A and D) and Double Fortified Salt (with Iodine and Iron) to reduce the high burden of micronutrient malnutrition in India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> National Nutritional strategy, 2017,</strong> had listed food fortification as one of the interventions to address anaemia, vitamin A and iodine deficiencies apart from supplementation and dietary diversification.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-to-extend-fortified-rice-scheme-to-112-districts/article33016045.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6770,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Food Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Day</strong></a> is celebrated to commemorate the establishment of the United Nation's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</strong></a> (FAO) on<strong> 16<sup>th</sup> October 1945.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India released a <strong>commemorative coin of Rs. 75 denomination</strong> to mark the<strong> 75<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the FAO.</strong></li>
<li>FAO is a <strong>specialised agency of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a></strong> that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About World Food Day:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is observed <strong>annually on 16<sup>th</sup> October</strong> to address the problem of global hunger.</li>
<li>It emphasises on the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal 2</strong></a> (SDG 2) i.e. <strong>Zero Hunger.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2020:</strong> &ldquo;Grow, Nourish, Sustain. Together.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been a renewed focus on food, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-nutrition-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nutrition</strong></a>, health, immunity and sustainability due to the unprecedented challenges posed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 </strong></a><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>75<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of FAO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the years, FAO has <strong>helped to increase agricultural production and eradicate hunger all over the world,</strong> including India and has played an important role in increasing nutrition.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2020#:~:text=The%202020%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize,weapon%20of%20war%20and%20conflict." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2020's Nobel Peace Prize</strong> </a>to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme</strong></a> is also a major achievement for the FAO as the programme was started by FAO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Context:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FAO has closely watched <strong>India's fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a></strong> in the past decades but its scope had many constraints.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Due to reasons such as</strong> pregnancy at a young age, lack of education and information, inadequate access to drinking water, lack of cleanliness, etc. <strong>India is lagging behind in achieving the expected results</strong> of <strong>&ldquo;malnutrition free India&rdquo;</strong> by <strong>2022,</strong> envisaged under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-national-nutrition-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Nutrition Mission</strong></a> (POSHAN Abhiyaan).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>FAO <strong>supported India's proposal to declare 2023</strong> as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Year of Millets.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The move will <strong>encourage intake of nutritious food, increase their availability</strong> further and <strong>benefit small and medium farmers</strong> who mostly grow coarse grains on their land where there is a problem of water and the land is not so fertile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlighted Indian Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eat Right India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fit-india-movement#:~:text=The%20Prime%20Minister%20on%20the,player%20Major%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Singh." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fit India Movement</strong></a> along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> and other efforts will improve the health of Indians and heal the environment.</li>
<li><strong>Introduction of 17 new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biofortified varieties</a> of crops</strong> to overcome the shortcomings of the common variety of crops which lacks important micronutrients.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Example: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/macs-4028-wheat-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MACS 4028 Wheat</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhuban-gajar-biofortified-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhuban Gajar</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased ambit and effective implementation</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inclusion-of-the-disabled-in-national-food-security-act-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Security Act, 2013.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agricultural-sector-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amendments</strong> </a>to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agricultural-marketing-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>APMC (agricultural produce market committee) Acts</strong> </a>to make them more competitive.</li>
<li>Steps to ensure that farmers get one and a half times the cost as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price</strong></a> (MSP), which along with the government procurement, is an important part of ensuring the country's food security.</li>
<li>Development of a large network of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong> </a>(FPOs).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amendments in the Essential Commodities Act, 1955</strong> </a>to deal with the issue of grain wastage in India.</li>
<li>Government is making efforts to <strong>make India Trans Fat free by 2022,</strong> a year ahead of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) target, in synergy with the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strategy-for-new-india-75" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> New India @75</strong></a> (75 years of India&rsquo;s independence).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-for-reduction-of-trans-fatty-acids" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trans Fat</strong></a> is a <strong>food toxin</strong> present in <strong>Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils</strong> (PHVOs) (e.g. vanaspati, shortening, margarine, etc.), baked and fried foods.</li>
<li>It is a major <strong>contributor to the rise in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-communicable diseases</a></strong> in India and also a modifiable risk factor for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular diseases</strong></a> (CVD). Eliminating CVD risk factor is especially relevant during Covid-19 as <strong>people with CVD are predisposed to have serious conditions having</strong> an impact on mortality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1665119" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6699,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Nobel Prize for Peace 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>2020 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nobel</a> Peace Prize</strong> has been awarded to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Food Programme</strong> </a>(WFP), a <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a></strong> (UN) agency, for its efforts to combat hunger, bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and preventing the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Other 2020 Nobel Prizes for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-literature-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Literature</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chemistry</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-physics-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Physics</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-physiology-medicine-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medicine</strong></a> have already been announced.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Food Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1961</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</strong> </a>(FAO) and the <strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong> (UNGA) and became a <strong>full-fledged UN programme in 1965.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong> Rome, Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance and Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eradicating hunger</strong> is one of the UN&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDG 2: Zero Hunger)</strong> to be <strong>achieved by 2030</strong> and <strong>WFP is the UN&rsquo;s primary agency</strong> that works towards this goal.</li>
<li>Currently, it is the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest humanitarian agency combating hunger.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2019, it assisted 97 million people,</strong> the largest number since 2012, in 88 countries. The same year, it delivered about 4.4 million tonnes of food, purchased USD 1.7 billion worth of food from 91 countries, and USD 762 million worth of goods and services from 156 countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on Hunger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the WFP, there are <strong>690 million hungry people around the world</strong> and around <strong>60% of them live in countries affected by conflict.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It highlights that people living in countries with long-running crises are <strong>more than twice as likely to be undernourished</strong> than people elsewhere (2.5 times as much).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The number of hungry people is expected to increase further due to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19&nbsp;</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a>, which has led to <strong>earnings losses,</strong> made <strong>food more expensive</strong> and has <strong>disrupted supply chains.</strong></li>
<li>The WFP estimates suggest that <strong>by 2030, nearly half of the global poor will be living in fragile and conflict-affected situations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>WFP&rsquo;s Role in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been <strong>working in India since 1963.</strong></li>
<li>It focuses on reforms in the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Targeted Public Distribution System</strong></a> (TPDS) and provides policy inputs, advocacy and technical assistance for improving access to food.</li>
<li>The WFP has<strong> proposed unique initiatives</strong> like<strong> Automatic Grain Dispensing Machine (Annapurti)</strong> and <strong>Mobile Storage Units</strong> for the effective implementation of TPDS. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Annapurti</strong> allows beneficiaries to <strong>withdraw their foodgrain quota accurately</strong> and <strong>at a time of their choice</strong> through automatic grain dispensing machines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>WFP India has completed a <strong>pilot on rice <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fortification</a></strong> used in the government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meals scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>During the pandemic, WFP India <strong>worked with the central and state governments</strong> and has also <strong>prepared a guidance note for the reopening of schools.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, it signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Uttar Pradesh <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project#:~:text=The%20Mission%20aims%20at%20creating,improved%20access%20to%20financial%20services." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Rural Livelihood Mission</strong> </a>(SRLM) to provide <strong>technical assistance for setting up supplementary nutrition production units.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-peace-nobel-winner-wfp-has-combated-hunger-around-the-world-6718909/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6650,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Xoo Infection: Rice',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists from the <strong>Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB)</strong> have uncovered the mechanism by which a bacterium called Xoo interacts with rice plants and causes disease.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601885203_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1601885203_image2.jpg" width="169" height="225" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)</strong> causes a <strong>serious bacterial leaf blight disease in rice</strong>. It is also known as <strong>Bacterial blight</strong>.</li>
<li>Xoo is a <strong>gram-negative bacteria</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Xoo infection <strong>causes huge yield losses</strong> to rice cultivation throughout the world.</li>
<li>Xoo infection initiates from the leaf sheath and eventually spreads to mature leaves through the water flow under optimum temperature and high humidity conditions <strong>(Vascular disease)</strong>.</li>
<li>Since <strong>rice paddies are flooded</strong> throughout most of the growing season, Xoo may easily spread among crops; bacteria travel through the water from infected plants to the roots and leaves of neighbouring rice plants.</li>
<li><strong>Wind</strong> may also help spread the Xoo bacteria to other crops and rice paddies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Other Crops:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to rice, Xoo <strong>may infect other plants</strong>, such as rice cut-grass (<em>Leersia oryzoides</em>), Chinese sprangletop (<em>Leptochloa chinensis</em>), and common grasses and weeds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>most-common method of defending against rice bacterial blight</strong> is the <strong>cultivation of rice varieties with genes that confer resistance to Xoo infection</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over 30 resistance genes, termed <strong>Xa1 to Xa33</strong>, have been identified in rice plants, and some, such as Xa21, have been integrated into the genomes of commercial rice strains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, this method <strong>involves breeding or gene manipulation techniques</strong> that are laborious and time-consuming.</li>
<li>Also, the introduced resistance genes <strong>provide only race-specific resistance</strong> that will prevent infections by only specific strains of Xoo.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Approach:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB)</strong>, Osmania University, <strong>Hyderabad</strong> are working to identify and develop few molecules which are derived either from the Xoo bacterium or from the infected rice cell walls.</li>
<li>Treatment of rice with <strong>cellulase, a cell wall degrading enzyme secreted by Xoo</strong> induces rice immune responses and protects rice from subsequent infections by Xoo.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cellulase protein has the <strong>features of a typical vaccine</strong> as it is a potent elicitor of rice immune responses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kharif Crop</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Temperature:</strong> Between 22-32&deg;C with high humidity.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall:</strong> Around 150-300 cm.</li>
<li><strong>Soil Type:</strong> Deep clayey and loamy soil.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>most important rice-growing regions</strong> are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development of a dense network of <strong>canal irrigation and tubewells</strong> have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as <strong>Punjab, Haryana</strong> and <strong>western Uttar Pradesh</strong> and parts of <strong>Rajasthan</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, <strong>three crops of paddy</strong> are grown in a year. These are <strong>Aus, Aman</strong> and <strong>Boro</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Mission, Hybrid Rice Seed Production</strong> and <strong>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana</strong> are few government initiatives to support rice cultivation.</li>
<li>Diseases in rice are mainly caused by <strong>bacteria, viruses, or fungi</strong>. Few major diseases are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sheath blight:</strong> Caused by fungus <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sheath-blight-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rhizoctonia solani</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Brown Spot:</strong> One of the most common and most damaging <strong>fungal diseases</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Tungro:</strong> Caused by the combination of two viruses, which are transmitted by leafhoppers.</li>
<li><strong>Bakanae:</strong> Seedborne <strong>fungal disease</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Blast (node and neck):</strong> Caused by the <strong>fungus Magnaporthe oryzae</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gram-negative Bacteria</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bacteria</strong> can be classified into <strong>two groups</strong> on the basis of the <strong>differences in the cell envelopes</strong> and the manner in which they <strong>respond to the staining procedure</strong> developed by the Danish bacteriologist Gram viz., <strong>those that take up the gram stain are Gram positive</strong> and the <strong>others that do not are called Gram negative bacteria</strong>.</li>
<li>Gram-negative bacteria <strong>cause infections</strong> including <strong>pneumonia</strong>, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis in healthcare settings.</li>
<li>Gram-negative bacteria are <strong>resistant to multiple drugs</strong> and are increasingly resistant to most available antibiotics. These bacteria have <strong>built-in abilities</strong> to find new ways to be resistant and can pass along genetic materials that allow other bacteria to become drug-resistant as well.</li>
<li>Gram-negative infections include those caused by <strong>Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</strong>, and <strong>E. coli.,</strong> as well as many other less common bacteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centre for Plant Molecular Biology</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CPMB is <strong>one of the 7 Centers of Excellence</strong> created in the country with initial financial assistance from the <strong>Department of Biotechnology</strong>, Government of India.</li>
<li>Currently it is one of the leading Centers of the country in <strong>Plant Molecular Biology</strong> (study of molecular basis of plant life).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1661596" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6141,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Anganwadi Services',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Right to Food Campaign</strong> has given a memorandum to the Minister for Women and Child Development to resume<strong> provision of hot-cooked meals and ensure implementation of anganwadi services.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The memorandum suggested that <strong>anganwadi services</strong> (like community-managed growth monitoring, supplementary nutrition, <strong>immunisation,</strong> etc.) should be delivered either within the <strong>day care centres</strong> or <strong>at the houses of the beneficiaries.</strong></li>
<li>It also recommended a<strong> comprehensive package of cooked food and dry rations.</strong></li>
<li>It also sought <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">protective gear</a> for frontline health workers</strong> such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</strong></a> and anganwadi workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> Following the nationwide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> on March 25, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong></a> implemented at anganwadis was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meal-scheme-hit-due-to-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>discontinued</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It impacted nearly 14 lakh anganwadis and over 8 crore beneficiaries (children under six years and pregnant women and lactating mothers)</li>
<li>The Ministry of Women and Child Development asked State governments and Union Territories to extend <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food security</strong></a> allowance to each beneficiary.</li>
<li>According to the POSHAN COVID-19 Monitoring report for India compiled in June 2020, by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNICEF</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Food Programme</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, 10 of the 14 most populous States<strong> did not conduct community management of acutely malnourished children </strong>and<strong> eight States were unable to measure growth parameters of children under six years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right to Food</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Food is recognized as a part of <strong>Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>The Directive Principles of the State Policy </strong>in<strong> Article 39a,</strong> requires the State to direct its policies towards securing that all its citizens have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.</li>
<li><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013,</strong> gives the right to food but it is not universal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It legally entitles up to <strong>75%</strong> of the rural population and <strong>50%</strong> of the urban population to receive subsidized food grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In<strong> People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India &amp; Others</strong> case (2001), the Supreme Court explicitly established a constitutional human <strong>right to food</strong> and determined a <strong>basic nutritional floor</strong> for India's impoverished millions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Anganwadi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anganwadi is a <strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> implemented by the States / UTs which serves as a rural child and maternal care centre in India.</li>
<li>It was started by the Government of India In 1975 as part of <strong>the Integrated Child Development Services program</strong> to combat<strong> child hunger and malnutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Anganwadi centres provide a package of six services: <strong>supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, immunisation, health check-up, nutrition and health education, </strong>and<strong> referral services.</strong></li>
<li>The beneficiaries under the Anganwadi Services Scheme are identified on the basis of <strong>Aadhaar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At a time when India is battling with Covid-19 it must take into consideration the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact of the pandemic on children</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-food-prices-and-nutrition-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>higher food prices in pandemic</strong></a>, and ensure accessibility to nutrition, growth monitoring and health services to every beneficiary.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-food-prices-and-nutrition-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Achieving Zero Hunger by 2030: UN Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a study titled <strong>State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World,</strong> hunger and malnutrition is increasing around the world. In this scenario, achieving the <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (2) of &lsquo;Zero Hunger&rsquo; by 2030</strong> will be very difficult.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World</strong> is the most authoritative global study tracking progress towards <strong>ending hunger and malnutrition.</strong></li>
<li>It is produced jointly by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organization</strong> </a>(FAO) of the United Nations, the <strong>International Fund for Agriculture (IFAD),</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a>, the <strong>UN <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-crisis-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Food Programme (WFP)</a></strong> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing Hunger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Steep Rise:</strong> The study estimates that almost 690 million people went hungry in 2019 &ndash; up by 10 million from 2018, and by nearly 60 million in five years&nbsp;<strong>(2014-2019).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hunger is an uncomfortable or painful physical sensation caused by insufficient consumption of dietary energy.</li>
<li>For decades, FAO has used the <strong>prevalence of undernourishment</strong> indicator to estimate the extent of hunger in the world, thus &ldquo;hunger&rdquo; may also be referred to as <strong>undernourishment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chronic Hunger:</strong> There has been<strong> no change in the hunger trend since 2000,</strong> After steadily diminishing for decades, chronic hunger slowly began to rise in 2014 and continues to do so.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Hotspots: Asia remains home to the greatest number of hunger</strong> (381 million). <strong>Africa is second</strong> (250 million), followed by <strong>Latin America</strong> and the <strong>Caribbean (combined 48 million).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rate of Hunger:</strong> The rate of undernourishment (hunger)<strong> in Africa is double compared to Asia</strong> and it is expected that by 2030, Africa will be home to more than half of the world&rsquo;s chronically hungry.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> could also push over 130 million more people into chronic hunger by the end of 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Reasons: High costs</strong> and <strong>low affordability</strong> was the main reason behind the hunger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> The study estimates that 3 billion people or more cannot afford a healthy diet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia, this is the case for 57% of the population.</li>
<li>The key reason behind malnutrition is the high cost of nutritious foods and the low affordability of healthy diets for vast numbers of families.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the study, a healthy diet costs far more than <strong>USD 1.90/day,</strong> which is the <strong>international poverty threshold.</strong></li>
<li>It puts the price of even the least expensive healthy diet at five times the price of filling stomachs with starch only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Children:</strong> According to the study, in 2019, nearly a third of children under five (191 million) were <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-nutrition-report-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stunted (too short) or wasted (too thin).</strong></a> Another 38 million under-fives were overweight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shifting of Diet:</strong> A<strong> global switch to healthy diets would help check the backslide into hunger</strong> while delivering enormous savings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shift to a healthy diet will reduce the health costs associated with unhealthy diets.</li>
<li>The diet related social cost of greenhouse gas emissions, estimated at USD 1.7 trillion, could also be cut by up to three-quarters by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transform Food Systems:</strong> The<strong> transformation of food systems will not only reduce the cost of nutritious foods but also increase the affordability</strong> of healthy diets.</li>
<li>The study calls on governments:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>mainstream nutrition in their approaches to agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>Work to <strong>cut cost-escalating factors in the production, storage, transport. distribution and marketing of food &ndash;</strong> including <strong>by reducing inefficiencies and food loss and waste. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Support local small-scale producers</strong> to grow and sell more nutritious foods and secure their access to markets.</li>
<li><strong>Prioritize children&rsquo;s nutrition</strong> as the category in greatest need.</li>
<li>Foster <strong>behaviour change</strong> through education and communication;</li>
<li>Embed <strong>nutrition in national social protection systems</strong> and investment strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>This study is the reminder that such a huge percentage of humanity is still going hungry and should be a wake up call for the government in particular and society in general. Innovative strategies such as shifting towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Food</strong></a> is the need of the hour, which is highly nutritious and will certainly help to reduce hunger.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-07-2020-as-more-go-hungry-and-malnutrition-persists-achieving-zero-hunger-by-2030-in-doubt-un-report-warns#:~:text=Rome%20%E2%80%93%20More%20people%20are%20going,the%20United%20Nations%20has%20found.&amp;text=Writing%20in%20the%20foreword%2C%20the,achieve%20this%20objective%20by%202030%22." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: WHO</strong></a></p>',
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