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Council of Ministers

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister expanded and reshuffled his Council of Ministers (COM). The Prime Minister now has 77 ministers, nearly...

09 Jul 2021 Federalism
New Challenges to Federalism

This article is based on “Fresh stirrings on federalism as a new politics” which was published in The Hindu on 07/07/2021. It talks...

08 Jul 2021 Federalism
Punjab Suba Movement

Why in News Recently, the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) commemorated the first entry of a police force inside the Golden Temple on...

05 Jul 2021 Federalism
‘Union’ or ‘Central’ Government

Why in News Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term ‘Central government’ in its official...

01 Jul 2021 Federalism
Union vs. Centre

This article is based on “The ‘Union government’ has a unifying effect” which was published in The Hindu on 22/06/2021. It...

24 Jun 2021 Federalism
Malerkotla: The 23rd District of Punjab

Why in News Recently, the Punjab government has announced the formation of Malerkotla as the 23rd district of the state. Section 5 of the Punjab...

20 May 2021 Federalism
MLA-LAD Scheme

Why in News Recently, Rajasthan Government has approved a proposal to provide Rs. 3 crore each from the MLA Local Area Development (LAD) Fund to...

12 May 2021 Federalism
100% Tap Water Connection in Rural Areas in Puducherry: JJM

Why in News The Union Territory of Puducherry has become the fourth State/UT after Goa, Telangana and Andaman & Nicobar Islands to provide...

11 May 2021 Federalism
COVID-19 Crisis & Centre–State Relations

This article is based on “COVID-19 Crisis and the Centre–State Relations” which was published in EPW on 24/04/2021. It talks...

08 May 2021 Federalism
Godavari River

Why in News The Godavari water is to be released into the irrigation canals in East and West Godavari districts from the Polavaram irrigation...

05 Apr 2021 Federalism
MPLAD Scheme

Why in News Recently, funds from Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) were disbursed to the village panchayats of...

17 Mar 2021 Federalism
35th Pragati Meeting

Why in News The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35th edition of Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) - the...

28 Jan 2021 Federalism
Demand For Autonomy in Assam

Why In News There has been a demand for implementation of Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State within Assam. Key...

09 Jan 2021 Federalism
PM on One Nation, One Election

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the concluding session of the 80th All India Presiding Officers Conference via...

27 Nov 2020 Federalism
C.B.I and Consent of States

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court has held that once a court takes cognisance of a corruption case investigated by the CBI, it cannot be set...

18 Nov 2020 Federalism
First 'Har Ghar Jal' State: Goa

Why in News Recently, Goa has become the first 'Har Ghar Jal' State in the country as it successfully provided 100% Functional Household Tap...

17 Oct 2020 Federalism
Gurkha Rights in Assam

Why in News The Gurkha community in Assam has sought gazette notification ensuring that the safeguards according to Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam...

16 Oct 2020 Federalism
A Single Voters’ List

Why in News The Prime Minister’s Office held a meeting with representatives of the Election Commission and the Law Ministry to discuss the...

31 Aug 2020 Federalism
Notification of Rules for J&K

Why in News The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified Rules of Transaction of Business for the Government of Union territory of Jammu and...

29 Aug 2020 Federalism
Reservations Based on Place of Birth

Why in News Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the government jobs will be reserved for the “children” of...

19 Aug 2020 Federalism

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		'article_id' => (int) 8824,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Council of Ministers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister<strong> expanded and reshuffled his Council of Ministers (COM).</strong> The Prime Minister now has 77 ministers, nearly half of them new.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 74 of the Constitution</strong> deals with the<strong> status of the council of ministers</strong> while <strong>Article 75 deals with the</strong> appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers.</li>
<li>The COM consists of three categories of ministers, namely, <strong>cabinet ministers, ministers of state, and deputy ministers. </strong>At the<strong> top of all these ministers stands the Prime Minister.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cabinet Ministers:</strong> These head the important ministries of the Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and so forth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cabinet</strong> is the <strong>chief policy formulating body</strong> of the Central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ministers of State:</strong> These can either be given independent charge of ministries/ departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers.</li>
<li><strong>Deputy Ministers:</strong> They are attached to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state and assist them in their administrative, political, and parliamentary duties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At times, the COM <strong>may also include a deputy prime minister.</strong> The deputy prime ministers are appointed mostly for political reasons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 74 (COM to aid and advise President):</strong> The advice tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>President may require the COM to reconsider such advice</strong> and the President <strong>shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 75 (Other Provisions as to Ministers):</strong> The PM shall be<strong> appointed by the President</strong> and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the<strong> advice of the PM.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the COM shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This provision was added by the 91<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act of 2003.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>minister who is not a member of the Parliament (either house) for any period of six consecutive months</strong> shall cease to be a minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 77 (Conduct of Business of the Government of India):</strong> The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.</li>
<li><strong>Article 78 (Duties of Prime Minister):</strong> To communicate to the President all decisions of the COM relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 88 (Rights of Ministers as Respects the Houses):</strong> Every minister shall have the right to speak and take part in the proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of the Houses and any Committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member. But he shall not be entitled to vote.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responsibility of Ministers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Collective Responsibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 75 clearly states that the <strong>COM is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.</strong> This means that all the ministers own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of omission and commission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Responsibility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility. It states that the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President, which means that the President can remove a minister even at a time when the COM enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>However, the President removes a minister only on the advice of the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Council of Ministers in States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Council of Ministers in the states</strong> is constituted and functions in the <strong>same way</strong> as the <strong>Council of Ministers at the Centre (Article 163:</strong> COM to aid and advise Governor) and <strong>Article 164:</strong> Other Provisions as to Ministers).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-narendra-modis-cabinet/article35202248.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8816,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'New Challenges to Federalism',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/fresh-stirrings-on-federalism-as-a-new-politics/article35179732.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Fresh stirrings on federalism as a new politics&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 07/07/2021. It talks about the new emerging challenges to federalism in India.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/federalism-and-emerging-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federalism</strong></a> believes in shared sovereignty and territoriality between multiple constituent units of governance. In India, Federalism is a device to accommodate India&rsquo;s multiple linguistic, religious, and ethnic identities.</p>
<p>Presently, in different parts of the world, the federal system of government is facing some of its biggest trials yet, from the Covid-19 pandemic. However, much before the pandemic, the federal principles in India have been under pressure, to co-produce a political culture of flexible federalism.</p>
<p>Today, the union and states often share a conflicting stance on issues like vaccines, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax (GST)</strong></a>, appointment of Chief Secretary, and much more. This growing tension can also be seen in a possibility of re-emergence of the Third front Government (Union government formed by coalition of several regional parties).</p>
<p>However, Federalism in India, like always has its own political relevance that needs to be protected.</p>
<h3>New Challenges to India&rsquo;s Federalism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Federalism &amp; Development Challenge:</strong> To accelerate progress, the Indian have proposed several schemes and visions which may undermine the federal principle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, developmental narratives like &lsquo;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mandis-under-e-nam-increased" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one nation, one market</a></strong>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>one nation, one ration card</strong></a>&rsquo;, <strong>&lsquo;<a href="/pdf/1590853879-one-sun-one-world-one-grid.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one nation, one grid</a></strong>&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermining States:</strong> The downgrading of a full-fledged State in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir into a Union Territory in 2019</strong></a>, or more recently, the notification of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/union-vs-delhi-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021</strong></a>, reflected the centralising tendencies of the Union government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, the union government had invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act and the Disaster Management Act, centralising the powers to deal with the pandemic.</li>
<li>However, state consultation is a legislative mandate cast upon the centre under these acts and binding Covid-19 guidelines are being issued by the Centre to the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Inter-State Divergence:</strong> Growing divergence between richer (southern &amp; western) and poorer States (northern &amp; eastern), remains an important source of tension in inter-State relations that can become a real impediment to collective action amongst States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has created a context where collective action amongst States becomes difficult as poorer regions of India contribute far less to the economy but require greater fiscal resources to overcome their economic fragilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silent Fiscal Crisis:</strong> The realities of India&rsquo;s macro-fiscal position risk increasing the fragility of State finances. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Weak fiscal management has brought the Union government on the brink of what economist Rathin Roy has called a silent fiscal crisis.</li>
<li>The Union&rsquo;s response has been to squeeze revenue from States by increasing cesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-State Platform:</strong> An inter-State platform that brings States together in a routine dialogue on matters of fiscal federalism could be the starting point for building trust and a common agenda.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Inter-state council can be revived.</li>
<li>Economic growth trajectories since liberalisation have been characterised by growing spatial divergence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxing FRBM Norms:</strong> The relaxation of limits imposed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/flexibility-under-the-frbm-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></a>, regarding the market borrowings by the states, is a step in the right direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these borrowings can be backed by sovereign guarantee by the Union Government.</li>
<li>Moreover, the Union government can provide money to states so that they can take necessary action to deal with the crisis at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Will:</strong> Upholding federalism requires political maturity and a commitment to the federal principle. A politics for deepening federalism will need to overcome a nationalist rhetoric that pits federalism against nationalism and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The most fundamental lesson from India&rsquo;s experience with the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, is that managing a grave national crisis requires healthy cooperation between the Centre and states.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Upholding federalism requires political maturity and a commitment to the federal principle in present times. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8779,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Punjab Suba Movement',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC)</strong> commemorated the first entry of a police force inside the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Golden Temple</strong></a> on <strong>4<sup>th</sup> July, 1955</strong> during the <strong>Punjab Suba movement (Morcha).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>started in Punjab soon after Independence</strong>. Shiromani Akali Dal (Political Party) was leading the movement for a <strong>Punjabi speaking state.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>there was also opposition to this idea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those in favour of the demand used to raise the slogan <strong>Punjabi Suba Amar Rahe</strong> and those opposing the demand were raising slogans in favour of<strong> &lsquo;Maha-Punjab&rsquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was in April, 1955 that the government<strong> banned the slogans fearing law and order problems under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The demand for creation of Punjabi Suba <strong>automatically gave basis to the demand for having a separate state of Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand of the Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Punjabi speaking <strong>state which will have Punjabi speaking areas&rsquo; population.</strong></li>
<li>There should be <strong>no attempt to temper for increasing or decreasing its size artificially.</strong> The Punjabi speaking state <strong>will be under the Indian Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formation of Punjab:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the passage of the <strong>Punjab Reorganization Act 1966</strong> (and in accordance with the earlier recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission), <strong>Haryana was separated from Punjab in 1966 to become the 17<sup>th</sup> state of India.</strong></li>
<li>And the erstwhile state of <strong>East Punjab was now divided into two states that is Haryana and Punjab.</strong></li>
<li>Some <strong>territory was also transferred to Himachal Pradesh</strong>, then a Union territory.</li>
<li>And the city of <strong>Chandigarh</strong> became a <strong>Union territory to serve as the provisional capital of both the Punjab and Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions for Creation of States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian constitution <strong>empowers the Union government to create new states out of existing states or two merge one state with another.</strong> This process is called <strong>reorganisation of the states.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The basis of reorganisation could be <strong>linguistic, religious, ethnic or administrative.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 3</strong></a> provides the following procedure:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Presidential reference</strong> is sent to the State Assembly.</li>
<li>After presidential reference, <strong>a resolution is tabled and passed in the Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>The Assembly has to pass a <strong>Bill creating the new State/States.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>separate Bill has to be ratified by Parliament.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #000000;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Advantages and Disadvantages of Creation of New States</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #fc0000;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #fc0000;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disadvantages</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Better management of economic resources</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Possibility of increase in the inter-State water, power, and boundary disputes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">More investment opportunities</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">The feeling of nationalism would diminish in the cries of regional autonomy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Faster economic growth</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">Small states depend to a substantial extent on the central government for financial aid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">
<p>More people of the same small state and same province will have a say in their state affairs</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #f5f0f0;">
<p>Different statehood may lead to the hegemony of the dominant community</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Current Statehood Demands in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vidarbha:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It comprises the <strong>Amravati and Nagpur divisions of eastern Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Delhi:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To gain the control of such substantive powers, Delhi government is aspiring for full statehood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harit Pradesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of agriculturally dominated districts of <strong>Western Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purvanchal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a geographic region of north-central India, which comprises the <strong>eastern end of Uttar Pradesh state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bodoland:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bodos are the largest ethnic and linguistic community in <strong>northern Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saurashtra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kathiawar Peninsula, also called Saurashtra Peninsula, peninsula in <strong>southwestern Gujarat state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gorkhaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a proposed state covering areas inhabited by the ethnic Gorkha (Nepali) people, namely <strong>Darjeeling hills and Dooars in the northern part of West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-led-to-the-1955-police-action-at-golden-temple-7388367/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8750,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '‘Union’ or ‘Central’ Government',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term <strong>&lsquo;Central government&rsquo;</strong> in its official communications and<strong> replace it with &lsquo;Union government&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In common parlance, the terms &ldquo;union government&rdquo; and &ldquo;central government&rdquo; are used interchangeably in India. However, the Constituent Assembly did not use the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in all of its 395 Articles in 22 Parts and eight Schedules in the original Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Intent of Constituent Assembly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 1(1) of the Constitution of India </strong>says<strong> &ldquo;India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>On 13<sup>th</sup> December, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the aims and objectives of the Constituent Assembly by resolving that <strong>India shall be a Union of territories willing to join the &ldquo;Independent Sovereign Republic&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The emphasis was on the <strong>consolidation and confluence</strong> of various provinces and territories to form a strong united country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While submitting the draft Constitution in 1948, <strong>Dr B R Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, had said</strong> that the committee had <strong>used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo; because:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>(a) the <strong>Indian federation was not the result of an agreement</strong> by the units, and</li>
<li>(b) the component <strong>units had no freedom to secede from the federation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The members of the Constituent Assembly were very cautious of <strong>not using the word&nbsp;</strong><strong>&lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the Constitution</strong> as they intended to<strong> keep away the tendency of centralising of powers in one unit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Meaning of Union &amp; Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to constitution expert Subash Kashyap, from the point of the usage of the words, <strong>'centre' indicates a point in the middle of a circle,</strong> whereas<strong> 'Union' is the whole circle.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India, the <strong>relationship between the so-called 'Centre' and States,</strong> as per the Constitution, is actually <strong>a relationship between the whole and its parts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both the Union and the States are created by the Constitution, <strong>both derive their respective authority from the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The one is not subordinate to the other in its own field and the authority of one is to coordinate with that of the other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The judiciary is designed in the Constitution to ensure that the Supreme Court, the tallest court in the country, has no superintendence over the High Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction, not only over High Courts but also over other courts and tribunals, they are<strong> not declared to be subordinate</strong> to it.</li>
<li>In fact, the <strong>High Courts have wider powers to issue prerogative writs</strong> despite having the power of superintendence over the district and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In very common parlance, Union gives a sense of Federal while centre gives more of a sense of unitary government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But practically both are the same in Indian political system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625134661_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625134661_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="628" height="263" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Associated Issues With the Term Central Government</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Discarded By Constituent Assembly:</strong> The word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; is not used in the Constitution; the makers of the Constitution specifically discarded it and instead used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Colonial Legacy:</strong> 'Centre' is a hangover from the colonial period because the bureaucracy in the Secretariat, New Delhi who are used to using the word &lsquo;Central Laws,&rsquo; &lsquo;Central legislature,&rsquo; etc, and so everyone else, including the media, started using the word.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Idea of Federalism:</strong> India is a federal government. The power to govern is divided between a government for the whole country, which is responsible for subjects of common national interest, and the states, which look after the detailed day-to-day governing of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Subash Kashyap, using the term<strong> &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;central government&rsquo; would mean state governments are subservient to it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> federal nature of the Constitution is its basic feature</strong> and cannot be altered, thus, the stakeholders wielding power intend to protect the federal feature of our Constitution.</li>
<li>A diverse and large country like India requires a <strong>proper balance between the pillars of federalism,</strong> i.e.<strong> autonomy of states, national integration, centralisation, decentralisation, nationalisation, and regionalisation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extreme political centralisation or chaotic political decentralisation can both lead to the weakening of Indian federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The satisfactory and lasting solution of the vexed problem is to be found<strong> not in the statute-book but in the conscience of men in power.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-union-or-central-govt-in-tamil-nadu-political-tussle-over-words-and-their-meaning-7383487/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8692,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Union vs. Centre',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-union-government-has-a-unifying-effect/article34938894.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; has a unifying effect&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 22/06/2021. It talks about the recent difference between the Union Government and Central Government terminology.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has decided to shun the usage of the term &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in its official communications and replace it with &lsquo;Union government&rsquo;.</p>
<p>After going through the 395 Articles in 22 Parts and eight Schedules in the original Constitution, it can be stated that the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; is nowhere used.</p>
<p>Even though there is no reference to the &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the original Constitution, the General Clauses Act, 1897 gives a definition for it.</p>
<p>Therefore, the real question is whether such definition for &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; is constitutional as the Constitution itself does not approve of centralising power.</p>
<h3>Origin: Union Government &amp; Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the British rule, the administration that the governor general ran was often described as the &ldquo;Central Government&rdquo; .<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1919, for example, when a new Government of India Act passed by Britain&rsquo;s parliament introduced a rudimentary form of self-government and federalism in India, powers were split between &ldquo;central&rdquo; and &ldquo;provincial&rdquo; subjects</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The modern term &ldquo;Union&rdquo; was first officially used in 1946 by the Cabinet Mission Plan, a British scheme to keep India united after transfer of power.</li>
<li>Many members of the Constituent Assembly were of the opinion that the principles of the British Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) be adopted.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cabinet mission contemplated a Central government with very limited powers whereas the provinces had substantial autonomy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the Partition and the violence of 1947 in Kashmir forced the Constituent Assembly to revise its approach and it was resolved in favour of a strong Centre.</li>
<li>Due to this, the possibility of the secession of States from the Union weighed on the minds of the drafters of the Constitution and ensured that the Indian Union was &ldquo;indestructible&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Thus, Article 1 of Indian constitution states that &ldquo;India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference Between Union &amp; Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to constitution expert Subash Kashyap, from the point of the usage of the words, 'centre' indicates a point in the middle of a circle, whereas 'Union' is the whole circle.</li>
<li>In India, the relationship between the so-called 'Centre' and States, as per the Constitution, is actually a relationship between the whole and its parts.</li>
<li>The sharing of powers between the Union and the States is not restricted to the executive organ of the government, it extends to other organs of government also.</li>
<li>For instance, the judiciary is designed in the Constitution to ensure that the Supreme Court, the tallest court in the country, has no superintendence over the High Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction &mdash; not only over High Courts but also over other courts and tribunals &mdash; they are not declared to be subordinate to it.</li>
<li>In fact, the High Courts have wider powers to issue prerogative writs despite having the power of superintendence over the district and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliament and Assemblies identify their boundaries and are circumspect to not cross their boundaries when it comes to the subject matter on which laws are made.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues With the Term Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discarded By Constituent Assembly:</strong> The word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; is not used in the Constitution; the makers of the Constitution specifically discarded it and instead used the word &lsquo;Union&rsquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BR Ambedkar clarified that &ldquo;Both the Union and the States are created by the Constitution, both derive their respective authority from the Constitution.</li>
<li>According to him, the one is not subordinate to the other in its own field and the authority of one is to coordinate with that of the other&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Colonial Legacy:</strong> 'Centre' is a hangover from the colonial period because the bureaucracy in the the Secretariat, New Delhi), who are used to using the word &lsquo;Central Laws,&rsquo; &lsquo;Central legislature,&rsquo; etc, and so everyone else, including the media, started using the word.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Idea of Federalism:</strong> India is a federal government. The power to govern is divided between a government for the whole country, which is responsible for subjects of common national interest, and the states, which look after the detailed day-to-day governing of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to Subash Kashyap, using the term &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;central government&rsquo; would mean state governments are subservient to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The members of the Constituent Assembly were very cautious of not using the word &lsquo;Centre&rsquo; or &lsquo;Central government&rsquo; in the Constitution as they intended to keep away the tendency of centralising of powers in one unit. The &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; or the &lsquo;Government of India&rsquo; has a unifying effect as the message sought to be given is that the government is of all.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf7ff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The term &lsquo;Union government&rsquo; has a unifying effect&rdquo;. In light of this statement, analyze the difference between the terms Union government and central government.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8406,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Malerkotla: The 23rd District of Punjab',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Punjab government has announced the formation of <strong>Malerkotla</strong> as the <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> district of the state.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Section 5 of the <strong>Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887</strong> says the &ldquo;State government may, by notification, vary the limits and alter the numbers of tehsils, districts and divisions into which the State is divided.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>History of Malerkotla:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Malerkoltla is former princley state and only <strong>Muslim-dominated town of Punjab.</strong></li>
<li>Historically, Malerkotla <strong>owes its foundations in the 15<sup>th</sup> century to Sufi saint Sheikh Sadrauddin Sadar-i-Jahan</strong>, also known as Haider Sheikh.</li>
<li><strong>After the decline of the Mughal empire</strong>, Malerkotla&rsquo;s rulers exercised greater independence and at the time of the invasion of India by <strong>Ahmad Shah Abdali</strong> from Afghanistan, they <strong>aligned with</strong> him.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ahmed Shah Abdali <strong>invaded India eight times from 1748 to 1767.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 19<sup>th</sup> century, Malerkotla became one among the <strong>cis-Sutlej states.</strong></li>
<li>Malerkotla <strong>continued under the British protection</strong> and the alliance with the neighbouring Sikh states <strong>till 1947</strong> when it <strong>became the only Muslim majority Sikh state</strong> in East Punjab.</li>
<li>After the dissolution of the princely states in 1948, <strong>Malerkotla joined the new state of PEPSU</strong> or Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). <strong>PEPSU itself was dissolved in 1954</strong> and Malerkotla became a part of Punjab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cis- Sutlej Sates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cis-Sutlej states <strong>were a group of small states in Punjab region in the 19<sup>th</sup> century</strong>, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west.</li>
<li>The states were c<strong>alled Cis- Sutlej by the British</strong> because they were on the British, or southern, side of the Sutlej River.</li>
<li>The Cis-Sutlej states <strong>included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Malerkotla and Faridkot.</strong></li>
<li>Under the threat of absorption into Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh&rsquo;s kingdom, they appealed to the British, who established dominance over them by the <strong>Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>states survived until the independence of India (1947)</strong>, at which time they were organized into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU).</li>
<li>They subsequently were <strong>absorbed into the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malerkotla and the Sikh Community:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Haa Da Naara&rsquo; Episode (1705):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Malerkotla Nawab Sher Mohammad Khan had raised his voice (&lsquo;Haa Da Naara&rsquo;) against brutal execution of Chote Sahibzade (youngest sons of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guru-gobind-singh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Guru Gobind Singh</strong></a> &mdash; Zorawar Singh (9) and Fateh Singh (6) &ndash; by Nawab of Sirhind, Wazir Khan in 1705.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gurdwara Haa da Naara Sahib was built in Malerkotla</strong> to commemorate the voice raised by Sher Mohammad Khan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wadda Ghallugara (1762):</strong> The Nawab Bhikam Shah <strong>fought on the side of Abdali&rsquo;s forces in a battle against the Sikhs</strong> in 1762. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The battle is known as &lsquo;Wadda Ghallugara&rsquo; or the Great Holocaust where tens and thousands of Sikhs were killed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treaty of Friendship (1769):</strong> In 1769, a treaty of friendship was signed with Raja Amar Singh of Patiala by the then Nawab of Malerkotla.</li>
<li><strong>Namdhari Massacre (1872):</strong> The <strong>British administration of Malerkotla (Punjab)</strong> was <strong>attacked by the contingents of Namdharis</strong> (a sect of Sikhs) under the leadership of <strong>Hira Singh</strong> and <strong>lehna Singh</strong>, on 15<sup>th</sup> January, 1872.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British Administration ordered that the Namdhari revolutionaries should be brought to the Parade Ground and blown up with cannons.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That ground as a symbol of martyrdom has been named now as<strong> &lsquo;Kukian Da Shaheedi Park&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Creation of New District</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of State:</strong> The <strong>power to create new districts or alter or abolish existing districts</strong> rests with the <strong>State governments.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can <strong>either be done through an executive order or by passing a law</strong> in the State Assembly.</li>
<li>Many States prefer the executive route by simply issuing a notification in the official gazette.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose of Creation:</strong> States argue that smaller districts <strong>lead to better administration and governance.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, in 2016, the <strong>Assam government</strong> issued a notification to upgrade the Majuli sub-division to <a href="/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Majuli district</strong></a> for &ldquo;administrative expediency&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Centre:</strong> The Centre has <strong>no role to play in the alteration of districts or creation of new ones.</strong> States are free to decide. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Role of Home Ministry:</strong> The Home Ministry comes into the picture <strong>when a State wants to change the name of a district or a railway station.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The State government&rsquo;s request is sent to other departments and agencies such as the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Posts, Geographical Survey of India Sciences and the Railway Ministry seeking clearance.</li>
<li>A <strong>no-objection certificate</strong> may be issued after examining their replies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Number of Districts in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>2011 Census</strong>, there were <strong>593 districts</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Between 2001-2011, as many as 46 districts were created by States.</li>
<li>Though the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2021 Census</strong></a> is yet to happen, <strong>currently there are 718 districts in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The surge in number is also due to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/statehood-demand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh</strong></a> into A.P and Telangana in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malerkotla-punjab-sikhs-amarinder-singh-7318919/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8359,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MLA-LAD Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Rajasthan</strong> Government has approved a proposal <strong>to provide Rs. 3 crore each</strong> from the <strong>MLA Local Area Development (LAD) Fund</strong> to mobilise resources for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Vaccination</strong></a> of the people in the age group of 18 to 44 years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For meeting the expenses, the<strong> fund for each legislator</strong> has been increased<strong> from Rs. 2.25 crore to Rs. 5 crore a year.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Members of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLA-LAD) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>States&rsquo; version of a central government scheme - Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLAD).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of this scheme is <strong>to create local need based infrastructure,</strong> to create <strong>assets of public utility</strong> and to <strong>remove regional imbalances</strong> in development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This scheme is<strong> implemented in rural areas as well as urban areas</strong> of a state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MLAs do not receive any money</strong> under this scheme. The government <strong>transfers it directly to the respective local authorities.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The legislators can only recommend works</strong> in their constituencies based on a set of guidelines.</li>
<li><strong>Amounts per MLA varies</strong> across the states. Delhi has the highest allocation under MLALAD; each MLA can recommend works for up to Rs. 10 crore each year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>guidelines</strong> for use of MLA-LAD funds <strong>differ across states.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example, Delhi MLAs</strong> can recommend the operation of fogging machines (to contain dengue mosquitoes), installation of CCTV cameras etc.</li>
<li>After the legislators give the list of developmental works, they are executed by the district authorities as per the government's financial, technical and administrative rules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLAD):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was <strong>announced in December 1993</strong> and initially came under the control of the Ministry of Rural Development. Later,<strong> in October 1994,</strong> it was transferred to the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Each year, MPs receive Rs. 5 crore</strong> in two instalments of <strong>Rs. 2.5 crore each. Funds</strong> under MPLAD Scheme are<strong> non-lapsable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To enable MPs to recommend works of developmental nature with emphasis on the creation of durable community assets based on the locally felt needs to be taken up in their Constituencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lok Sabha Members</strong> can recommend works within their constituencies and elected Members of<strong> Rajya Sabha</strong> can recommend works within the State they are elected from.</li>
<li><strong>Nominated Members</strong> of both the<strong> Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha</strong> can <strong>recommend</strong> works anywhere <strong>in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To create <strong>durable assets of national priorities</strong> viz. drinking water, primary education, public health, sanitation and roads, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since <strong>June 2016,</strong> the <strong>MPLAD funds</strong> can also be <strong>used for</strong> implementation of the schemes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)</strong></a>, conservation of water through rain water harvesting and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saansad-adarsh-gram-yojana-sagy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li>The Union Cabinet has given its nod to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> temporary suspension of MPLAD Funds</strong></a> during 2020-21 and 2021-22 in view of the adverse impact of the outbreak of Covid-19 in India.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is<strong> inconsistent with the spirit of the Constitution</strong> as it co-opts legislators into executive functioning.</li>
<li>The second criticism stems from<strong> allegations of corruption</strong> associated with allocation of works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-to-use-mla-fund-for-vaccination/article34538012.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8351,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '100% Tap Water Connection in Rural Areas in Puducherry: JJM',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Territory of Puducherry</strong> has become the <strong>fourth State/UT</strong> after <strong>Goa, Telangana and Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands</strong> to provide assured <strong>tap water supply</strong> to every <strong>rural home</strong> under <strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, <strong>the State of Punjab</strong> and <strong>the</strong> <strong>UTs of Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli</strong> and <strong>Daman &amp; Diu have also</strong> crossed the milestone <strong>of covering 75% of rural homes</strong> with assured tap water supply.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>JJM envisages supply of <strong>55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household</strong> through <strong>Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC)</strong> by <strong>2024.</strong></li>
<li>It is under the <strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>JJM focuses on <strong>integrated demand and supply-side management of water</strong> at the local level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Creation of local infrastructure</strong> for source sustainability measures as mandatory elements, like <strong>rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge</strong> and <strong>management of household wastewater</strong> for <strong>reuse</strong>, is undertaken in convergence with other government programmes/schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also<strong> encompasses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Prioritizing provision of <strong>FHTCs in quality affected areas</strong>, villages in drought prone and desert areas, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saansad-adarsh-gram-yojana-sagy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)</strong></a> villages, etc.</li>
<li>Providing functional tap connection <strong>to Schools, Anganwadi centres, Gram Panchayat buildings, Health centres</strong>, wellness centres and community buildings.</li>
<li>Technological interventions for <strong>removal of contaminants</strong> where water quality is an issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mission is <strong>based on a community approach</strong> to water and <strong>includes extensive Information, Education and Communication</strong> as a key component of the mission.</li>
<li>JJM looks to create <strong>a jan andolan for water</strong>, thereby making it everyone&rsquo;s priority.</li>
<li>The <strong>fund sharing pattern</strong> between the <strong>Centre and states is 90:10</strong> for <strong>Himalayan and North-Eastern States,</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>50:50 for other states</strong>, and <strong>100% for Union Territories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>total allocation</strong> to the scheme is <strong>over Rs. 3 lakh crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> In the <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Budget 2021-22</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)</a></strong> was announced under the <strong>Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry</strong> to provide universal coverage of water supply to all households through functional taps in all statutory towns in accordance with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal- 6</strong> </a>(clean water and sanitation).</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Securing tap and sewer connections.</li>
<li>Rejuvenation of water bodies.</li>
<li>Creating a circular water economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1717483" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8334,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'COVID-19 Crisis & Centre–State Relations',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/17/editorials/covid-19-crisis-and-centre%E2%80%93state-relations.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;COVID-19 Crisis and the Centre&ndash;State Relations&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in EPW on 24/04/2021. It talks about the federal issues accentuated during the pandemic.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>The history of federal relationship between the states and the centre in India can be exemplified by the terms like cooperative federalism, bargaining federalism or quasi-federalism.</p>
<p>However, in most of times, Indian federalism has been conflicting rather than cooperative, which can be reflected in, central government being discriminatory in its attitude towards the states with oppositional political background.</p>
<p>Recently, the tussle between Union &amp; states over vaccine distribution, oxygen supply, availability of life-saving medicines, have not only bode well with the idea of cooperative federalism but also led to loss of many lives of the citizens.</p>
<p>Therefore, as Covid-19 demands unprecedented efforts to fight this pandemic, it is the duty of the government at every level to act in a concerted manner to save the country from this crisis.</p>
<h3>Federal Issues Accentuated During the Pandemic</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Case of Inconvenient Federalism:</strong> On account of the Central government being the sole agency to regulate the production and distribution of the vaccine and oxygen, it was the exclusive responsibility of the centre to ensure adequate and judicious distribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, many states are complaining of discrimination on distributuion of the vaccination, supply of medicines, availability of oxygen, etc.</li>
<li>Moreover, the new vaccination policy, in the garb of relaxing controls, seeks to pass the burden on to the states as it makes the states responsible to procure vaccines directly from the producers and allows for differential price-setting.</li>
<li>This would not only add to the financial burdens of the states that are already squeezed but also could give rise to conflicts between different states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centralising Powers:</strong> The centre had invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act and the Disaster Management Act, centralising the powers to deal with the pandemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, state consultation is a legislative mandate cast upon the centre under these acts and binding COVID-19 guidelines are being issued by the Centre to the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Entering Rural India:</strong> First wave of Covid-19 witnessed the mass exodus of the migrant workers into their home states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now, as these workers again had to reverse migrate to their home states, this has brought life of fears that Covid-19 entering into rural India.</li>
<li>Moreover, the sustenance of agricultural, industrial and construction activities would be difficult in the absence of a majority of the workforce in the backdrop of the lifting of restrictions, given these workers are going back to their hometowns.</li>
<li>If both centre and state governments had taken lessons from the first wave, the devastating effects of this crisis could have been minimized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Relaxing FRBM Norms:</strong> The relaxation of limits imposed by the FRBM Act, regarding the market borrowings by the states, is a step in the right direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these borrowings can be backed by sovereign guarantee by the Union Government.</li>
<li>Moreover, the Union government can provide money to states so that they can take necessary action to deal with the crisis at the state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Real Cooperative Federalism:</strong> A successful approach to tackle the crisis would still need Centre&rsquo;s intervention and guidance in a facilitative manner, where the Centre would communicate extensively the best practices across states, address the financial needs effectively, and leverage national expertise for scalable solutions.</li>
<li><strong>Long Term Measures:</strong> Management of disasters and emergencies (both natural and manmade) should be included in the List III (Concurrent List) of the Seventh Schedule.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the government should consider making the Inter-State Council a permanent body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The present situation suggests that one needs to go beyond the framework of cooperative federalism, which is basically based on the act of invoking and promoting participation of centre and the states in achieving the development of the nation as well as regions.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The framework of cooperative federalism should allow both the centre and the states to achieve all-round development of the nation without ignoring the development of the states. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8075,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Godavari River',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Godavari water is to be released into the irrigation canals in East and West Godavari districts from the <strong>Polavaram irrigation</strong> project site up to 15<sup>th</sup> April 2021 against the previous deadline of 31<sup>st</sup> March 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Work on the <strong>cofferdam</strong> is scheduled to commence in April.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Godavari River:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Godavari is the <strong>largest Peninsular river system.</strong> It is also called the <strong>Dakshin Ganga.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> Godavari river rises from <strong>Trimbakeshwar near Nasik</strong> in Maharashtra and flows for a length of about 1465 km before <strong>outfalling into the Bay of Bengal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drainage Basin:</strong> The Godavari basin extends over states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha in addition to smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Union territory of Puducherry.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Pravara, Purna, Manjra, Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Pranhita (combined flow of Wainganga, Penganga, Wardha), Indravati, Maner and the Sabri.</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Significance: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/haridwar-kumbh-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kumbh Mela</a></strong> also takes place on the <strong>banks of the Godavari river in Nashik.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Other locations for Kumbh are the <strong>Shipra river in Ujjain,</strong> the <strong>Ganges in Haridwar,</strong> and the <strong>confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati river in Prayag. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Godavari River Dispute: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-dispute-between-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Godavari river water sharing</a></strong> is bone of contention among Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Important Projects on Godavari:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Polavaram Irrigation Project.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-lift-irrigation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaleshwaram.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Sadarmatt Anicut</strong> across river Godavari is one among the two irrigation projects in the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Register of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heritage-tag-for-two-telangana-irrigation-projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Heritage Irrigation Structures.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Inchampalli:</strong> The Inchampalli project is proposed on the Godavari River about 12 km downstream of the <strong>confluence of Indravati with the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a joint project among the States of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP):</strong> The Sriram Sagar Project is a multipurpose project, located across the Godavari River near Pochampad of Nizamabad District in Telangana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610456_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610456_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Polavaram Irrigation Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Polavaram Project is located <strong>in Andhra Pradesh on the river Godavari,</strong> near Polavaram village.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> multi-purpose irrigation project</strong> as the project once completed will provide Irrigation benefits and will generate <strong>HydroElectric Power.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition, this project will also supply drinking water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will facilitate an<strong> inter-basin transfer to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refer-krishna-dispute-to-tribunal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Krishna river</a> basin</strong> through its Right canal.</li>
<li>It will also provide indirect benefits such as development of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pisciculture</strong></a> (breeding and rearing of fish), tourism and urbanisation.</li>
<li>The Project has been <strong>accorded national project status by the union government in 2014</strong> (under Section-90 of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/formation-day#:~:text=The%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20Reorganisation%20Act,was%20bifurcated%20to%20create%20Haryana." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014</strong></a>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cofferdam</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A cofferdam is defined as a <strong>temporary barrier</strong> in or around a body of water which allows the process of <strong>de-watering, diversion, or damming of water within an enclosed area.</strong></li>
<li>The major purpose of any cofferdam type is to hold back overwhelming or inconvenient waters and create a dry work environment.</li>
<li>This allows a project to proceed with as little resistance and as much safety as possible.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610479_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610479_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="350" height="233" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/godavari-water-to-be-released-up-to-april-15/article34201278.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7949,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MPLAD Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, funds from <strong>Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)</strong> were disbursed to the village panchayats of Goa.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to Covid-19 pandemic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MPLAD Funds Scheme is currently suspended</strong></a> and the disbursed funds were allocated earlier.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MPLAD is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a> which was announced in December 1993.</li>
<li>Initially, it came under the control of the Ministry of Rural Development. Later, in October 1994, it was transferred to the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each year, MPs receive <strong>Rs. 5 crore in two instalments of Rs. 2.5 crore each.</strong> Funds under MPLADS are <strong>non-lapsable.</strong></li>
<li>Lok Sabha MPs have to <strong>recommend the district authorities</strong> projects in their Lok Sabha constituencies, while <strong>Rajya Sabha MPs</strong> have to spend it in the<strong> state that has elected</strong> them to the House.</li>
<li>Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can <strong>recommend works anywhere in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615966158_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615966158_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Priority Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The projects include assets building such as drinking water facilities, primary education, public health sanitation and roads.</li>
<li>Since June 2016, the MPLAD funds can also be used for implementation of the schemes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)</strong></a>, conservation of water through rain water harvesting and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saansad-adarsh-gram-yojana-sagy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Implementation Lapses:</strong> The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)</strong></a> has flagged instances of financial mismanagement and artificial inflation of amounts spent.</li>
<li><strong>No Statutory Backing:</strong> The scheme is not governed by any statutory law and is subject to the whims and fancies of the government of the day.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring and Regulation:</strong> The scheme was launched for promoting participatory development but there is no indicator available to measure level of participation.</li>
<li><strong>Breach of Federalism:</strong> MPLADS encroaches upon the domain of local self governing institutions and thereby<strong> violates Part IX and IX-A of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conflict with Doctrine of Separation of Powers:</strong> MPs are getting involved in executive functions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Debate over Constitutionality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002:</strong> Recommended immediate discontinuation of the MPLAD scheme on the ground that it was inconsistent with the <strong>spirit of federalism and distribution of powers</strong> between the centre and the state.</li>
<li><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> Administrative Reforms Commission&rsquo;s report on &ldquo;Ethics in Governance&rdquo;, 2005:</strong> Opined that it seriously erodes the notion of separation of powers, as the legislator directly becomes the executive.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court Judgement, 2010:</strong> A five-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that there was <strong>no violation of the concept of separation of powers</strong> because the role of an MP in this case is recommendatory and the<strong> actual work is carried out by the Panchayats and Municipalities</strong> which belong to the executive organ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1704556" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7567,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '35th Pragati Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragati-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI)</strong></a> - the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based multimodal platform, involving Central and State governments.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ten projects were taken for review involving a total investment of Rs. 54,675 crore. A review of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana</strong></a> was also taken.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched in 2015, PRAGATI is the multimodal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation involving central and state governments.</li>
<li>It has been designed by the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) team with the help of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Center (NIC)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It enables the PM to discuss the issues with the concerned central and state officials with full information and latest visuals of the ground-level situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles <strong>three latest technologies:</strong> Digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> three-tier system</strong> (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grievance Redressal.</li>
<li>Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>Project Monitoring.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/cooperative-and-competitive-federalism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cooperative federalism</strong></a> as it brings together the Secretaries of Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the States.</li>
<li>It is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.</li>
<li>It is an innovative project in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-governance</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>good governance</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The direct interaction of the PM with the state secretaries without involving the political executives of the states is undermining the state political executive.</li>
<li>It is also said that this is leading to a concentration of power in the extra-constitutional office of PMO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/pm-chairs-pragati-meeting/article33678112.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Demand For Autonomy in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>There has been a demand for implementation of <strong>Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State</strong> within Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appeal to the Centre has been for the creation of an autonomous State for the <strong>Karbi Anglong region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been a demand since 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The districts are currently governed by<strong> two autonomous councils Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The areas inhabited by the socially and educationally backward<strong> &lsquo;Aboriginals&rsquo;</strong> are called Scheduled Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>two schedules (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup>) of the Indian Constitution</strong> which entail the details about the control and management of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions regarding the administration and control of <strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas</strong> of any state <strong>except the four states (Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram)</strong> are mentioned under this schedule.</li>
<li>At present, 10 States namely <strong>Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana</strong> have Fifth Schedule Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>This schedule deals with the administration</strong></a> and control of the scheduled and tribal areas of <strong>the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas are dealt with two articles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 244:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This article deals with the administration of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li>It defines <strong>Scheduled Areas as the areas defined so by the President of India</strong> and are mentioned<strong> in the fifth schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formation of an <strong>autonomous state comprising</strong> certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-bjp-lawmakers-seek-autonomous-state/article33512508.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7083,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM on One Nation, One Election',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the concluding session of the<strong> 80<sup>th</sup> All India Presiding Officers Conference</strong> via videoconference, at <strong>Kevadiya</strong> (Gujarat) on the occasion of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70th-constitution-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitution Day</a> (26<sup>th</sup> November).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He raised the pitch for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-one-nation-one-election" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Nation, One Election&rsquo;</strong></a>, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-single-voters-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>single voter list</strong></a> for all polls and also asked the presiding officers to<strong> simplify the language of statute books</strong> and allow for an<strong> easier process to weed out redundant laws.</strong></li>
<li>He also paid tributes to the security forces and appreciated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-annual-resolution-on-counter-terror" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s efforts to fight terrorism.</strong></a> The day marked <strong>12 years of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ten-years-after-the-mumbai-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mumbai terror attacks.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One Nation, One Election:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The idea is about structuring the Indian election cycle in a manner so that<strong> elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies are synchronised</strong> together so that the<strong> election to both can be held within a given span</strong> of time.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Help <strong>keep a check on the poll expenses,</strong> party expenses, etc. and also save public money.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce the burden</strong> on administrative setup and security forces.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure timely implementation</strong> of the government policies and also ensure that the administrative machinery is engaged in developmental activities rather than electioneering.</li>
<li><strong>Solve the problem of governance</strong> on the part of the politicians who are ruling. It is generally seen that for short term political gains from a particular assembly election, ruling politicians avoid taking a harsh long term decision which can ultimately help the country in the long run.</li>
<li><strong>Provide more time to all the stakeholders</strong> i.e. political parties,<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Election Commission of India</strong> </a>(ECI), paramilitary forces, civilians for the preparation of elections once in five years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The synchronisation is a major problem <strong>considering the traditions and conventions that India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliamentary-vs-presidential-form-of-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parliamentary system</a> follows.</strong> The government is accountable to the Lower House and it is possible that the government can fall before completing its term and the moment the government falls, there has to be an election.</li>
<li>It is <strong>difficult to convince and bring together all the political parties</strong> on the idea.</li>
<li>For holding simultaneous elections, the <strong>requirements for <a href="/infographics/info-paper2/electronic-voting-machines-evms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electronic Voting Machines</a></strong> (EVMs) <strong>and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-notice-to-ec-over-vvpats" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails</a></strong> (VVPATs) <strong>will double</strong> as the ECI has to provide two sets (one for election to the Legislative Assembly and second for that to the Lok Sabha).</li>
<li>There will also be an <strong>additional requirement of the polling staff and for better security arrangements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India held the elections for the assembly as well as the Lok Sabha from 1951-52 to till 1967. As such, therefore, there are <strong>no disagreements on adequacy and efficacy</strong> of the idea. India<strong> can even think of holding elections at the same time even for the local bodies.</strong></li>
<li>To sync the term of the State Legislative Assemblies with that of the Lok Sabha, the <strong>term of the state legislative assemblies can be reduced and increased accordingly.</strong> However, to do so, <strong>constitutional amendments</strong> may be needed in <strong>Articles 83, 85, 172, 174 and 356.</strong></li>
<li>In India,<strong> fixing the dates is not feasible</strong> because of the Parliamentary form of government so one<strong> radical solution is to switch to the Presidential form of Government</strong> where the President is not accountable to the House.</li>
<li><strong>Synchronising only the elections to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Voter List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only one voter list should be used for Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and other elections.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A common electoral roll will <strong>save an enormous amount of effort and expenditure</strong> as the preparation of a separate voters list causes duplication of the effort and the expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Persuading the state governments to tweak their respective laws</strong> and <strong>adopt the ECI voters list</strong> for municipal and panchayat polls.</li>
<li>Requires a<strong> massive consensus-building exercise.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The mature approach calls for the option of <strong>states adopting EC&rsquo;s voter list.</strong></li>
<li>The EC&rsquo;s voters list has to be made in a way <strong>to fit the State Election Commissions&rsquo; wards which is a tedious task</strong> but can be done by the use of technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>All India Presiding Officers Conference</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It began in <strong>1921,</strong> and the <strong>Gujarat event marks its centenary year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2020:</strong> &lsquo;Harmonious Coordination between Legislature, Executive and Judiciary: Key to a Vibrant Democracy&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>emphasises on the need for coordination between all three wings of the state,</strong> viz. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary and <strong>suggests them to be guided by the Constitution</strong> which mentions their role to their decorum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Elections are held at different places every few months and it hampers the developmental work. Therefore, it&rsquo;s a must to have a deep study and deliberation on the idea in order to prevent the impact of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/model-code-of-conduct-ec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>model code of conduct</strong> </a>on development works every few months.</li>
<li>There needs to be a consensus on whether the country needs one nation, one poll or not. All political parties should at least cooperate in debating this issue, once the debate starts, the public opinion can be taken into consideration. India being a mature democracy, can then follow the outcome of the debate.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-nation-one-election-need-of-india-says-pm-modi/article33183867.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7016,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'C.B.I and Consent of States',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that once a <strong>court takes cognisance</strong> of a corruption case investigated by the CBI, it <strong>cannot be set aside</strong> for lack of the <strong>State government&rsquo;s prior consent</strong> for the probe against some of the accused, unless it is shown that it has <strong>resulted in prejudice.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two officials of Uttar Pradesh government had earlier contended in the <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> that the general consent given by the State government was not enough, and <strong>separate consent ought</strong> to have been obtained prior to their being investigated.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The State of Uttar Pradesh has accorded a <strong>general consent</strong> for extension of powers and jurisdiction of the Members of DSPE, in the whole of State of UP for investigation of offences under the <strong>Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>in case of public servants</strong> under the state governments, <strong>prior consent</strong> is needed from the state concerned even after the general consent given by the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> noted that the Uttar Pradesh government had granted <strong>post facto (after the act is done) consent against</strong> the two public servants. This very judgement of <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> was challenged in the Supreme Court.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s Stand:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It held that if the State had given a <strong>general consent</strong> to<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CBI investigation</strong> </a>in a corruption case and <strong>cognisance</strong> had been taken by a court, the case <strong>cannot be set aside</strong> unless the public servants plead that prejudice has been caused to them on account of <strong>non-obtaining of prior consent.</strong></li>
<li>Further the judges held that the case cannot be set aside unless the illegality in the investigation can be shown to have brought about miscarriage of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Consent Given by state government</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-deny-consent-to-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> two types of consent</strong></a> for a probe by the CBI. These are:<strong> general</strong> and <strong>specific.</strong></li>
<li>When a state gives a<strong> general consent (Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act)</strong> to the CBI for probing a case, the agency is not required to seek fresh permission<strong> every time</strong> it enters that state in connection with investigation or for every case.</li>
<li>When a general consent is withdrawn, CBI needs to seek<strong> case-wise consent</strong> for investigation from the concerned state government. If specific consent is not granted, the CBI officials will not have the power of police personnel when they enter that state.</li>
<li>This hurdle impedes seamless investigation by the CBI. A general consent is given to facilitate that seamless investigation in a case of corruption or violence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Withdrawal of general Consent by States:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently it has been seen that various states like Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal governments have withdrawn their general consent as a result of tussle between Centre and States.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of withdrawal:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It means the CBI will not be able to register any fresh case involving a central government official or a private person stationed in the states who withdrew their general consent, without getting case-specific consent.</li>
<li>In simple terms withdrawal of general consent simply means that CBI officers will lose all powers of a police officer as soon as they enter the state unless the state government has allowed them.</li>
<li>It will have no impact on investigation of cases already registered with CBI as old cases were registered when general consent existed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delhi Special Police Establishment Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Bureau of Investigation traces its origin to the S<strong>pecial Police Establishment (SPE) which was set up in 1941 by the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>The functions of the SPE then were to investigate cases of bribery and corruption in transactions with the War &amp; Supply Deptt. Of India during World War II.</li>
<li>Even after the end of the War, the need for a Central Government agency to investigate cases of bribery and corruption by Central Government employees was felt.</li>
<li>The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act was therefore brought into force in 1946. The CBI's power to investigate cases is derived from this Act.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lack-of-consent-wont-vitiate-cbi-probe-apex-court/article33120174.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6765,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'First 'Har Ghar Jal' State: Goa',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Goa has become the first <strong>'Har Ghar Jal' State</strong> in the country as it successfully provided<strong> 100% Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs)</strong> in the <strong>rural areas</strong> covering <strong>2.30 lakh rural households.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Early Achiever:</strong> State's commitment and brisk efforts have ensured advancement and achievement of targets well<strong> before time, i.e. 2024 at national level.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Annual Action Plan:</strong> Goa prepared the State's Annual Action Plan (AAP) to provide 100% Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) in rural areas by<strong> 2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Goa utilized the benefits of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong></a> which aims to improve the quality of life and bring 'ease-of-living' to rural communities.</li>
<li>Accordingly, fund allocation from the Union to Goa in 2020-21 has been increased to Rs. 12.40 Crore for the plan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Convergence of Schemes:</strong> The State explored through convergence of various programmes like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-ii-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong></a> for rural local bodies, etc. for strengthening of drinking water sources, water supply, grey water (any domestic wastewater excluding sewage) treatment &amp; re-use and operation &amp; maintenance.</li>
<li><strong>Water Testing Facilities:</strong> The State is in process of getting <strong>14 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-lab-directory" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)</a></strong> accredited <strong>water quality testing laboratories.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jal Jeevan Mission mandates<strong> training 5 persons in every village especially women</strong> to be trained in using<strong> Field Test Kits,</strong> so that water can be tested in the villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong> envisages supply of <strong>55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.</strong></li>
<li>JJM focuses on <strong>integrated demand and supply-side management of water</strong> at the local level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of local infrastructure for source sustainability measures as mandatory elements, like <strong>rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and management of household wastewater for reuse,</strong> would be undertaken in convergence with other government programmes/schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mission is based on a <strong>community approach to water</strong> and includes extensive Information, Education and Communication as a key component of the mission.</li>
<li>JJM looks to<strong> create a jan andolan for water,</strong> thereby making it everyone&rsquo;s priority.</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> The fund sharing pattern between the Centre and states is 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern States, 50:50 for other states, and 100% for Union Territories.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The total allocation to the scheme is over ₹3 lakh crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Having achieved universal access, the State now plans for a sensor-based <strong>service delivery</strong> monitoring system so as to monitor the functionality of water supply i.e. potable water in adequate quantity and of prescribed quality.</li>
<li>Goa&rsquo;s achievement is an <strong>example for other States to emulate</strong> and ensure every rural home gets tap connection.</li>
<li>Especially in these times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic, it is all the more imperative to have assured safe water supply within households.</li>
<li>This silent revolution happening in rural India in terms of household tap water connections is a work in progress for a <strong>&lsquo;New India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1663200" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6757,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gurkha Rights in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Gurkha</strong> community in <strong>Assam</strong> has <strong>sought gazette notification</strong> ensuring that the <strong>safeguards</strong> according to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-clause-6-of-assam-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord</strong></a> are also extended to Gurkha people of Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The demand for the safeguards by Gurkha community further intensified with the <strong>recommendations of the high-level committee formed under the Chairmanship of Biplab Kumar Sharma</strong> by the Union Home Ministry on <strong>Clause 6 of Assam Accord.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee recommended that <strong>all Gurkhas of Assam are not indegenous Assamese people</strong> as per the definition of Assamese people .</li>
<li><strong>Clause 6</strong> of the Accord envisages <strong>constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards</strong> for protecting, preserving and promoting the culture, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the <strong>Assamese people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biplab Kumar Sharma Committee Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Definition of Assamese:</strong> The report <strong>proposes 1<sup>st</sup> January 1951 as the cut-off date</strong> for any Indian citizen residing in Assam<strong> to be defined as an Assamese</strong> for the purpose of implementing <strong>Clause 6.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reservation for Assamese:</strong> It seeks reservation for Assamese in Parliament, state assembly, local bodies. It recommended creating an Upper House (Legislative Council of Assam) whose seats will be reserved for the &lsquo;Assamese people&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report also seeks <strong>quotas in government jobs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Outsiders:</strong>&nbsp;Recommends regulation of entry of people from other states into Assam, which include the implementation of an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inner-line-permit-and-citizenship-amendment-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> </a>regime in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ILP is a system in which a special permit is required by people from other regions of India to visit the state.</li>
<li>Currently the ILP is applicable in <strong>Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Rights:</strong>&nbsp;It also talks about issues related to land and land rights, linguistic, cultural and social rights and protection of the state&rsquo;s resources and biodiversity.</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong>&nbsp;It did not mention anything about the constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards of local Gorkhas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This means the <strong>exclusion from the rights under the Clause 6 of the Accord.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Assurance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Gurkhas in Assam are &ldquo;one of the old communities&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The government would treat them <strong>&ldquo;at par</strong> with other indigenous communities and protect their constitutional rights <strong>while implementing Clause 6&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gorkhas in Assam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are currently 25 lakh Gurkhas in Assam.</li>
<li>The Gurkhas were permanently settled in <strong>the Scheduled Areas</strong> in the last part of the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> century </strong>as <strong>grazers and cultivators.</strong></li>
<li>They fought for Assam against the <strong>Burmese invaders </strong>in <strong>1826</strong> resulting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/founder-of-ahom-kingdom-chaolung-sukapha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Treaty of Yandaboo.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a peace treaty that resulted in the end of the First Anglo Burmese War. This treaty was signed on February 24, 1826 after two years of the war between British and Burmese.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They were declared<strong> as protected class</strong> by the British in the tribal belts and blocks according to the <strong>Assam Land and Revenue Regulation Act, 1886. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Assam Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a <strong>tripartite accord</strong> signed between the <strong>Government of India, State Government of Assam and the leaders of the Assam Movement</strong> in 1985.</li>
<li><strong>The Accord</strong> ended the anti-foreigners Assam Agitation from 1979-1985.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of the Accord<strong> led to the conclusion of a six-year agitation</strong> that was launched by the All Assam Students&rsquo; Union (AASU) in 1979, <strong>demanding the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants</strong> from Assam.</li>
<li>It sets a <strong>cut-off</strong> of midnight of<strong> 24<sup>th</sup> March 1971,</strong> for the detection of <strong>illegal foreigners in Assam.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>demand</strong> was for detection and deportation of migrants who had illegally entered Assam after <strong>1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-gurkhas-seek-gazette-notification-for-safeguards/article32764563.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6338,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'A Single Voters’ List',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office held a meeting with representatives of the Election Commission and the Law Ministry to discuss the possibility of having<strong> a common electoral roll </strong>for <strong>elections to the panchayat, municipality, state assembly and the Lok Sabha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Types of Electoral Rolls in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each State Election Commissions (SEC) is governed by a separate state Act. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some state laws allow the SEC to borrow and use the Election Commission of India&rsquo;s voter&rsquo;s rolls for the local body elections.</li>
<li>In others, the state commission uses the EC&rsquo;s voters list as the basis for the preparation and revision of rolls for municipality and panchayat elections.</li>
<li>Few states have their own electoral rolls and do not adopt EC's roll for local body polls like those of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The distinction stems from the fact that the supervision and conduct of elections in our country are entrusted with <strong>two constitutional authorities</strong> &mdash; the<strong> Election Commission (EC) of India</strong> and the <strong>State Election Commissions (SECs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission (EC) of India</strong></a>: It was set up in 1950, the EC is charged with the responsibility of conducting polls to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>the offices of the <strong>President and Vice-President of India,</strong></li>
<li>to<strong> Parliament, the state assemblies and the legislative councils.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/state-election-commission-s-autonomy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Election Commissions (SECs):</strong></a> The SECs, on the other hand, <strong>supervise municipal and panchayat elections.</strong> They are free to prepare their own electoral rolls for local body elections, and this exercise does not have to be coordinated with the EC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Demand for Common Electoral Roll:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>common electoral roll and simultaneous elections</strong> as a way to save an enormous amount of effort and expenditure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is argued that the preparation of a separate voters list causes duplication of the effort and the expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earlier Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1#:~:text=Law%20Commission%20of%20India%20is,Ministry%20of%20Law%20and%20Justice." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> recommended it in its <strong>255<sup>th</sup> report in 2015 for a single electoral roll.</strong></li>
<li>The EC too adopted a similar stance in 1999 and 2004.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EC pointed out that it <strong>adds to the confusion among voters,</strong> since they may find their names present in one roll, but absent in another.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Constitutional Amendment</strong> to Articles 243K and 243ZA is required.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Articles 243K and 243ZA</strong> deal with elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states. These give the power of superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of these elections to the <strong>State Election Commission (SEC).</strong></li>
<li>The SECs are free to prepare their own electoral rolls for local body elections, and this exercise does not have to be coordinated with the EC.</li>
<li>The amendment would<strong> make it mandatory to have a single electoral roll</strong> for all elections in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Persuading the state governments</strong> to tweak their respective laws and adopt the Election Commission&rsquo;s (EC) voters list for municipal and panchayat polls.</li>
<li><strong>Challenges in implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The boundaries of the EC&rsquo;s polling station may not necessarily match that of the wards.</li>
<li>The change would require a massive consensus-building exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mature approach calls for the option of states adopting EC&rsquo;s voter list. This can be the guiding light. The change would require a massive consensus-building exercise between the states and the centre.</li>
<li>So the EC&rsquo;s voters list has to be made in a way to fit the SEC&rsquo;s wards which is a tedious task but can be done by the use of technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/celections-pmo-lok-sabha-state-modi-common-voter-list-6574272/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6328,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Notification of Rules for J&K',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified<strong> Rules of Transaction of Business for the Government of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rules have been notified under the <strong>Section 55</strong> of the <a href="/blog/implications-of-j&amp;k-reorganisation-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to Section 55 of the act &ldquo;the <strong>Lieutenant Governor (LG)</strong> shall make rules on the advice of the Council of Ministers<strong> for the allocation of business to the Ministers;</strong> and for the more convenient <strong>transaction of business with the Ministers</strong> including the procedure to be adopted in case of a<strong> difference of opinion</strong> between the LG and the Council of Ministers or a Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The rules provide details of<strong> work allocation, distribution of the business among the departments,</strong> their powers, executive powers of LG etc. in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>As per the rules, there will be <strong>39 departments</strong> in the J&amp;K such as school education, agriculture, higher education, horticulture, election, general administration, home, mining, power, Public Works Department, tribal affairs and transport.</li>
<li><strong>Police, Public order, All India Services and Anti-corruption</strong> will fall under the executive functions of the <strong>LG.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This implies that the Chief Minister or the Council of Ministers will have no say in their functioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposals or matters which affect or are likely to affect the<strong> peace and tranquility of the UT</strong> or the <strong>interest of any minority community, the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes</strong> shall essentially be submitted to the LG through the Chief Secretary, under intimation to the Chief Minister,<strong> before issuing any orders.</strong></li>
<li>Any matter, which is likely to bring the government of the Union Territory into a <strong>controversy with the Centre or a State government,</strong> shall, as soon as possible, be brought to the notice of the LG and the Chief Minister through the Chief Secretary.</li>
<li>All important <strong>communications received from the Centre</strong> shall, as soon as possible, be submitted to the Chief Secretary, the Minister in charge, the Chief Minister and the LG for information.</li>
<li>In case of <strong>difference of opinion between the LG and a Minister</strong> when no agreement could be reached even after a<strong> month,</strong> the <strong>decision of the LG</strong> shall be deemed to have been accepted by the Council of Ministers.</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre on 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> scrapped provisions of Article 370</strong> </a>through the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.</strong></li>
<li>A separate Bill - the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill 2019 -</strong> was introduced to <strong>bifurcate the State into two separate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">union territories of Jammu and Kashmir</a> (with legislature), and Ladakh (without legislature).</strong></li>
<li>The move created a controversy with many civil groups demanding restoration of the special status of J&amp;K. A petition was filed in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutional validity of the abrogation.</li>
<li>Following the move, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China called India&rsquo;s step &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo;</strong> </a>and raised the issue at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC)</strong> in New York (USA).</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-refuses-to-restore-4g-services-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special committee</strong> </a><strong>set up by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court of India</a></strong> recommended <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restoration-of-4g-internet-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>restoration of 4G internet services</strong> </a>on a trial basis in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, which was suspended to avoid violence in the state after the abrogation of Article 370.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-of-home-affairs-notifies-new-rules-for-administration-in-jk/article32466936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6218,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservations Based on Place of Birth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government jobs will be reserved</strong> </a>for the &ldquo;children&rdquo; of the state and legal provisions will be made for the same.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments Against Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> in the Constitution of India refers to equality of opportunity in government jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 16(1)</strong> provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to 'employment or appointment' to any office under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(2)</strong> provides that there cannot be any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Reservation on the basis of domicile and residence would mean <strong>discrimination</strong> as even a minimal departure creates an irrational class depriving a meritorious candidate of his fundamental rights.</li>
<li>This kind of parochialism encourages <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/regionalism-in-india-upsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regionalism</strong></a> and<strong> threatens the unity of the nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16(3), allows for making provisions in government appointments with respect to residence</strong> (not place of birth).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Parliament (and not the legislature of a state)</strong> can prescribe residence within a state or union territory as a condition for certain employments or appointments in that state or union territory, or local authority or other authority within that state or union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some states have been using the loopholes in the laws to reserve government jobs for locals. They have used <strong>other criteria like language tests or proof of having resided/studied in the state for a certain period of time.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Maharashtra, only those living in the state for over 15 years with fluency in Marathi are eligible.</li>
<li>In Jammu and Kashmir, government jobs are reserved for &ldquo;domiciles&rdquo;</li>
<li>In West Bengal, reading and writing skills in Bengali is a criterion in recruitment to some posts.</li>
<li>Last year, the Govt of Karnataka issued a notification mandating private employers to give &ldquo;priority&rdquo; to Kannadigas for clerical and factory jobs in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is argued that giving preferential treatment to the residents of a state will help in <strong>rightful allocation of the resources of the state</strong> and would encourage people to work within the boundaries of their state.</li>
<li>This is also seen as a way to <strong>stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a> of people</strong> from backward states to metropolitans, thereby reducing the burden on such cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Distinction between domicile status and place of birth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC ruling in DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case,1955, <strong>Domicile or status of residence is a fluid concept</strong> that can change from time to time,<strong> unlike place of birth,</strong> which is fixed.</li>
<li>Domicile of a person means his <strong>permanent home.</strong></li>
<li>The place of birth is one of several grounds on which domicile status is conferred.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC Judgments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, the Allahabad High Court</strong> struck down a recruitment notification issued by the Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Commission, which prescribed preference for women who were &ldquo;original residents&rdquo; of the state.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Kailash Chand Sharma vs State Of Rajasthan case, 2002,</strong> the Supreme Court ruled that residence, be it within a state, district or any other area, cannot be a basis for preferential reservation or treatment.</li>
<li>While the Constitution specifically prohibits discrimination based on place of birth, the Supreme Court, in <strong>DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case, 1955</strong> has held domicile reservation, especially in educational institutions, as constitutional.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to give reservation to the candidates born in the state itself runs <strong>against the spirit of constitutional equality and fraternity.</strong> It is more likely that such politically motivated steps would be overturned by the judiciary as has been done several times in the past.</li>
<li>Also, the government is not an employment guaranteeing agency rather an authority which should create an environment through its policies which minimizes inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/courts-have-earlier-struck-down-job-quota-based-on-place-of-birth-6560463/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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