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You searched “Federalism”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Godavari River

Why in News The Godavari water is to be released into the irrigation canals in East and West Godavari districts from the Polavaram irrigation...

05 Apr 2021 Federalism
MPLAD Scheme

Why in News Recently, funds from Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) were disbursed to the village panchayats of...

17 Mar 2021 Federalism
35th Pragati Meeting

Why in News The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35th edition of Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) - the...

28 Jan 2021 Federalism
Demand For Autonomy in Assam

Why In News There has been a demand for implementation of Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State within Assam. Key...

09 Jan 2021 Federalism
PM on One Nation, One Election

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the concluding session of the 80th All India Presiding Officers Conference via...

27 Nov 2020 Federalism
C.B.I and Consent of States

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court has held that once a court takes cognisance of a corruption case investigated by the CBI, it cannot be set...

18 Nov 2020 Federalism
First 'Har Ghar Jal' State: Goa

Why in News Recently, Goa has become the first 'Har Ghar Jal' State in the country as it successfully provided 100% Functional Household Tap...

17 Oct 2020 Federalism
Gurkha Rights in Assam

Why in News The Gurkha community in Assam has sought gazette notification ensuring that the safeguards according to Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam...

16 Oct 2020 Federalism
A Single Voters’ List

Why in News The Prime Minister’s Office held a meeting with representatives of the Election Commission and the Law Ministry to discuss the...

31 Aug 2020 Federalism
Notification of Rules for J&K

Why in News The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified Rules of Transaction of Business for the Government of Union territory of Jammu and...

29 Aug 2020 Federalism
Reservations Based on Place of Birth

Why in News Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the government jobs will be reserved for the “children” of...

19 Aug 2020 Federalism
Emergency Provisions

A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the President of India during certain crisis situations....

08 Aug 2020 Federalism
India’s Water Woes

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) has issued an advisory to state governments asking them to ensure safe...

18 Apr 2020 Federalism
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Expenditure

Why in News The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has clarified that the contributions to the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund or the State relief...

13 Apr 2020 Federalism
MPLAD Scheme

This article is based on “For better use: On MPLADS funds” which was published in The Hindu on 09/04/2020. It talks about issues...

11 Apr 2020 Federalism
MP’s Salaries Cut and MPLADS Suspended

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved an ordinance to amend the Salaries, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act,...

07 Apr 2020 Federalism
Centre Defines J&K Domicile Rules

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has issued the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Order,...

02 Apr 2020 Federalism
Bodo Accord

Why in News Recently, the central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups, including all factions of the militant National Democratic...

29 Jan 2020 Federalism
Lucknow and Noida to Get Police Commissioner System

Why in News Recently, the Uttar Pradesh government gave nod to the implementation of the police commissionerate system in the two cities, Lucknow...

16 Jan 2020 Federalism
Belagavi Dispute

This article is based on “What is the Maharashtra-Karnataka tussle over Belagavi all about?” which was published in The Hindu on...

06 Jan 2020 Federalism

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		'article_id' => (int) 8075,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Godavari River',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Godavari water is to be released into the irrigation canals in East and West Godavari districts from the <strong>Polavaram irrigation</strong> project site up to 15<sup>th</sup> April 2021 against the previous deadline of 31<sup>st</sup> March 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Work on the <strong>cofferdam</strong> is scheduled to commence in April.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Godavari River:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Godavari is the <strong>largest Peninsular river system.</strong> It is also called the <strong>Dakshin Ganga.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> Godavari river rises from <strong>Trimbakeshwar near Nasik</strong> in Maharashtra and flows for a length of about 1465 km before <strong>outfalling into the Bay of Bengal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drainage Basin:</strong> The Godavari basin extends over states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha in addition to smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Union territory of Puducherry.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Pravara, Purna, Manjra, Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Pranhita (combined flow of Wainganga, Penganga, Wardha), Indravati, Maner and the Sabri.</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Significance: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/haridwar-kumbh-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kumbh Mela</a></strong> also takes place on the <strong>banks of the Godavari river in Nashik.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Other locations for Kumbh are the <strong>Shipra river in Ujjain,</strong> the <strong>Ganges in Haridwar,</strong> and the <strong>confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati river in Prayag. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Godavari River Dispute: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-dispute-between-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Godavari river water sharing</a></strong> is bone of contention among Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Important Projects on Godavari:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Polavaram Irrigation Project.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-lift-irrigation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaleshwaram.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Sadarmatt Anicut</strong> across river Godavari is one among the two irrigation projects in the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Register of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heritage-tag-for-two-telangana-irrigation-projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Heritage Irrigation Structures.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Inchampalli:</strong> The Inchampalli project is proposed on the Godavari River about 12 km downstream of the <strong>confluence of Indravati with the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a joint project among the States of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP):</strong> The Sriram Sagar Project is a multipurpose project, located across the Godavari River near Pochampad of Nizamabad District in Telangana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610456_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610456_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Polavaram Irrigation Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Polavaram Project is located <strong>in Andhra Pradesh on the river Godavari,</strong> near Polavaram village.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> multi-purpose irrigation project</strong> as the project once completed will provide Irrigation benefits and will generate <strong>HydroElectric Power.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition, this project will also supply drinking water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will facilitate an<strong> inter-basin transfer to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refer-krishna-dispute-to-tribunal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Krishna river</a> basin</strong> through its Right canal.</li>
<li>It will also provide indirect benefits such as development of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pisciculture</strong></a> (breeding and rearing of fish), tourism and urbanisation.</li>
<li>The Project has been <strong>accorded national project status by the union government in 2014</strong> (under Section-90 of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/formation-day#:~:text=The%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20Reorganisation%20Act,was%20bifurcated%20to%20create%20Haryana." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014</strong></a>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cofferdam</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A cofferdam is defined as a <strong>temporary barrier</strong> in or around a body of water which allows the process of <strong>de-watering, diversion, or damming of water within an enclosed area.</strong></li>
<li>The major purpose of any cofferdam type is to hold back overwhelming or inconvenient waters and create a dry work environment.</li>
<li>This allows a project to proceed with as little resistance and as much safety as possible.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610479_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617610479_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="350" height="233" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/godavari-water-to-be-released-up-to-april-15/article34201278.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7949,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MPLAD Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, funds from <strong>Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)</strong> were disbursed to the village panchayats of Goa.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to Covid-19 pandemic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MPLAD Funds Scheme is currently suspended</strong></a> and the disbursed funds were allocated earlier.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MPLAD is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a> which was announced in December 1993.</li>
<li>Initially, it came under the control of the Ministry of Rural Development. Later, in October 1994, it was transferred to the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each year, MPs receive <strong>Rs. 5 crore in two instalments of Rs. 2.5 crore each.</strong> Funds under MPLADS are <strong>non-lapsable.</strong></li>
<li>Lok Sabha MPs have to <strong>recommend the district authorities</strong> projects in their Lok Sabha constituencies, while <strong>Rajya Sabha MPs</strong> have to spend it in the<strong> state that has elected</strong> them to the House.</li>
<li>Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can <strong>recommend works anywhere in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615966158_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615966158_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Priority Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The projects include assets building such as drinking water facilities, primary education, public health sanitation and roads.</li>
<li>Since June 2016, the MPLAD funds can also be used for implementation of the schemes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)</strong></a>, conservation of water through rain water harvesting and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saansad-adarsh-gram-yojana-sagy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Implementation Lapses:</strong> The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)</strong></a> has flagged instances of financial mismanagement and artificial inflation of amounts spent.</li>
<li><strong>No Statutory Backing:</strong> The scheme is not governed by any statutory law and is subject to the whims and fancies of the government of the day.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring and Regulation:</strong> The scheme was launched for promoting participatory development but there is no indicator available to measure level of participation.</li>
<li><strong>Breach of Federalism:</strong> MPLADS encroaches upon the domain of local self governing institutions and thereby<strong> violates Part IX and IX-A of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conflict with Doctrine of Separation of Powers:</strong> MPs are getting involved in executive functions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Debate over Constitutionality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002:</strong> Recommended immediate discontinuation of the MPLAD scheme on the ground that it was inconsistent with the <strong>spirit of federalism and distribution of powers</strong> between the centre and the state.</li>
<li><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> Administrative Reforms Commission&rsquo;s report on &ldquo;Ethics in Governance&rdquo;, 2005:</strong> Opined that it seriously erodes the notion of separation of powers, as the legislator directly becomes the executive.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court Judgement, 2010:</strong> A five-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that there was <strong>no violation of the concept of separation of powers</strong> because the role of an MP in this case is recommendatory and the<strong> actual work is carried out by the Panchayats and Municipalities</strong> which belong to the executive organ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1704556" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7567,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '35th Pragati Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 35<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragati-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI)</strong></a> - the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based multimodal platform, involving Central and State governments.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ten projects were taken for review involving a total investment of Rs. 54,675 crore. A review of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana</strong></a> was also taken.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched in 2015, PRAGATI is the multimodal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation involving central and state governments.</li>
<li>It has been designed by the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) team with the help of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Center (NIC)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It enables the PM to discuss the issues with the concerned central and state officials with full information and latest visuals of the ground-level situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles <strong>three latest technologies:</strong> Digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> three-tier system</strong> (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grievance Redressal.</li>
<li>Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>Project Monitoring.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/cooperative-and-competitive-federalism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cooperative federalism</strong></a> as it brings together the Secretaries of Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the States.</li>
<li>It is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.</li>
<li>It is an innovative project in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-governance</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>good governance</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The direct interaction of the PM with the state secretaries without involving the political executives of the states is undermining the state political executive.</li>
<li>It is also said that this is leading to a concentration of power in the extra-constitutional office of PMO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/pm-chairs-pragati-meeting/article33678112.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7414,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Demand For Autonomy in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>There has been a demand for implementation of <strong>Article 244A for the creation of an autonomous State</strong> within Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appeal to the Centre has been for the creation of an autonomous State for the <strong>Karbi Anglong region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This has been a demand since 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The districts are currently governed by<strong> two autonomous councils Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The areas inhabited by the socially and educationally backward<strong> &lsquo;Aboriginals&rsquo;</strong> are called Scheduled Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>two schedules (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup>) of the Indian Constitution</strong> which entail the details about the control and management of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The provisions regarding the administration and control of <strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas</strong> of any state <strong>except the four states (Assam, Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram)</strong> are mentioned under this schedule.</li>
<li>At present, 10 States namely <strong>Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana</strong> have Fifth Schedule Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>This schedule deals with the administration</strong></a> and control of the scheduled and tribal areas of <strong>the four states</strong> of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled and Tribal Areas are dealt with two articles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 244:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This article deals with the administration of the Scheduled and Tribal Areas.</li>
<li>It defines <strong>Scheduled Areas as the areas defined so by the President of India</strong> and are mentioned<strong> in the fifth schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 244A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Formation of an <strong>autonomous state comprising</strong> certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-bjp-lawmakers-seek-autonomous-state/article33512508.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7083,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM on One Nation, One Election',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the concluding session of the<strong> 80<sup>th</sup> All India Presiding Officers Conference</strong> via videoconference, at <strong>Kevadiya</strong> (Gujarat) on the occasion of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70th-constitution-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitution Day</a> (26<sup>th</sup> November).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He raised the pitch for <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-one-nation-one-election" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Nation, One Election&rsquo;</strong></a>, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-single-voters-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>single voter list</strong></a> for all polls and also asked the presiding officers to<strong> simplify the language of statute books</strong> and allow for an<strong> easier process to weed out redundant laws.</strong></li>
<li>He also paid tributes to the security forces and appreciated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-annual-resolution-on-counter-terror" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s efforts to fight terrorism.</strong></a> The day marked <strong>12 years of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ten-years-after-the-mumbai-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mumbai terror attacks.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One Nation, One Election:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The idea is about structuring the Indian election cycle in a manner so that<strong> elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies are synchronised</strong> together so that the<strong> election to both can be held within a given span</strong> of time.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Help <strong>keep a check on the poll expenses,</strong> party expenses, etc. and also save public money.</li>
<li><strong>Reduce the burden</strong> on administrative setup and security forces.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure timely implementation</strong> of the government policies and also ensure that the administrative machinery is engaged in developmental activities rather than electioneering.</li>
<li><strong>Solve the problem of governance</strong> on the part of the politicians who are ruling. It is generally seen that for short term political gains from a particular assembly election, ruling politicians avoid taking a harsh long term decision which can ultimately help the country in the long run.</li>
<li><strong>Provide more time to all the stakeholders</strong> i.e. political parties,<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Election Commission of India</strong> </a>(ECI), paramilitary forces, civilians for the preparation of elections once in five years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The synchronisation is a major problem <strong>considering the traditions and conventions that India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliamentary-vs-presidential-form-of-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parliamentary system</a> follows.</strong> The government is accountable to the Lower House and it is possible that the government can fall before completing its term and the moment the government falls, there has to be an election.</li>
<li>It is <strong>difficult to convince and bring together all the political parties</strong> on the idea.</li>
<li>For holding simultaneous elections, the <strong>requirements for <a href="/infographics/info-paper2/electronic-voting-machines-evms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electronic Voting Machines</a></strong> (EVMs) <strong>and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-notice-to-ec-over-vvpats" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails</a></strong> (VVPATs) <strong>will double</strong> as the ECI has to provide two sets (one for election to the Legislative Assembly and second for that to the Lok Sabha).</li>
<li>There will also be an <strong>additional requirement of the polling staff and for better security arrangements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India held the elections for the assembly as well as the Lok Sabha from 1951-52 to till 1967. As such, therefore, there are <strong>no disagreements on adequacy and efficacy</strong> of the idea. India<strong> can even think of holding elections at the same time even for the local bodies.</strong></li>
<li>To sync the term of the State Legislative Assemblies with that of the Lok Sabha, the <strong>term of the state legislative assemblies can be reduced and increased accordingly.</strong> However, to do so, <strong>constitutional amendments</strong> may be needed in <strong>Articles 83, 85, 172, 174 and 356.</strong></li>
<li>In India,<strong> fixing the dates is not feasible</strong> because of the Parliamentary form of government so one<strong> radical solution is to switch to the Presidential form of Government</strong> where the President is not accountable to the House.</li>
<li><strong>Synchronising only the elections to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Voter List:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only one voter list should be used for Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and other elections.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A common electoral roll will <strong>save an enormous amount of effort and expenditure</strong> as the preparation of a separate voters list causes duplication of the effort and the expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Persuading the state governments to tweak their respective laws</strong> and <strong>adopt the ECI voters list</strong> for municipal and panchayat polls.</li>
<li>Requires a<strong> massive consensus-building exercise.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The mature approach calls for the option of <strong>states adopting EC&rsquo;s voter list.</strong></li>
<li>The EC&rsquo;s voters list has to be made in a way <strong>to fit the State Election Commissions&rsquo; wards which is a tedious task</strong> but can be done by the use of technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>All India Presiding Officers Conference</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It began in <strong>1921,</strong> and the <strong>Gujarat event marks its centenary year.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2020:</strong> &lsquo;Harmonious Coordination between Legislature, Executive and Judiciary: Key to a Vibrant Democracy&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>emphasises on the need for coordination between all three wings of the state,</strong> viz. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary and <strong>suggests them to be guided by the Constitution</strong> which mentions their role to their decorum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Elections are held at different places every few months and it hampers the developmental work. Therefore, it&rsquo;s a must to have a deep study and deliberation on the idea in order to prevent the impact of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/model-code-of-conduct-ec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>model code of conduct</strong> </a>on development works every few months.</li>
<li>There needs to be a consensus on whether the country needs one nation, one poll or not. All political parties should at least cooperate in debating this issue, once the debate starts, the public opinion can be taken into consideration. India being a mature democracy, can then follow the outcome of the debate.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-nation-one-election-need-of-india-says-pm-modi/article33183867.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7016,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'C.B.I and Consent of States',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that once a <strong>court takes cognisance</strong> of a corruption case investigated by the CBI, it <strong>cannot be set aside</strong> for lack of the <strong>State government&rsquo;s prior consent</strong> for the probe against some of the accused, unless it is shown that it has <strong>resulted in prejudice.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two officials of Uttar Pradesh government had earlier contended in the <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> that the general consent given by the State government was not enough, and <strong>separate consent ought</strong> to have been obtained prior to their being investigated.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The State of Uttar Pradesh has accorded a <strong>general consent</strong> for extension of powers and jurisdiction of the Members of DSPE, in the whole of State of UP for investigation of offences under the <strong>Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>in case of public servants</strong> under the state governments, <strong>prior consent</strong> is needed from the state concerned even after the general consent given by the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> noted that the Uttar Pradesh government had granted <strong>post facto (after the act is done) consent against</strong> the two public servants. This very judgement of <strong>Allahabad High Court</strong> was challenged in the Supreme Court.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s Stand:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It held that if the State had given a <strong>general consent</strong> to<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> CBI investigation</strong> </a>in a corruption case and <strong>cognisance</strong> had been taken by a court, the case <strong>cannot be set aside</strong> unless the public servants plead that prejudice has been caused to them on account of <strong>non-obtaining of prior consent.</strong></li>
<li>Further the judges held that the case cannot be set aside unless the illegality in the investigation can be shown to have brought about miscarriage of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Consent Given by state government</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-deny-consent-to-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> two types of consent</strong></a> for a probe by the CBI. These are:<strong> general</strong> and <strong>specific.</strong></li>
<li>When a state gives a<strong> general consent (Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act)</strong> to the CBI for probing a case, the agency is not required to seek fresh permission<strong> every time</strong> it enters that state in connection with investigation or for every case.</li>
<li>When a general consent is withdrawn, CBI needs to seek<strong> case-wise consent</strong> for investigation from the concerned state government. If specific consent is not granted, the CBI officials will not have the power of police personnel when they enter that state.</li>
<li>This hurdle impedes seamless investigation by the CBI. A general consent is given to facilitate that seamless investigation in a case of corruption or violence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Withdrawal of general Consent by States:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently it has been seen that various states like Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal governments have withdrawn their general consent as a result of tussle between Centre and States.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of withdrawal:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It means the CBI will not be able to register any fresh case involving a central government official or a private person stationed in the states who withdrew their general consent, without getting case-specific consent.</li>
<li>In simple terms withdrawal of general consent simply means that CBI officers will lose all powers of a police officer as soon as they enter the state unless the state government has allowed them.</li>
<li>It will have no impact on investigation of cases already registered with CBI as old cases were registered when general consent existed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delhi Special Police Establishment Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Bureau of Investigation traces its origin to the S<strong>pecial Police Establishment (SPE) which was set up in 1941 by the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>The functions of the SPE then were to investigate cases of bribery and corruption in transactions with the War &amp; Supply Deptt. Of India during World War II.</li>
<li>Even after the end of the War, the need for a Central Government agency to investigate cases of bribery and corruption by Central Government employees was felt.</li>
<li>The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act was therefore brought into force in 1946. The CBI's power to investigate cases is derived from this Act.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lack-of-consent-wont-vitiate-cbi-probe-apex-court/article33120174.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6765,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'First 'Har Ghar Jal' State: Goa',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Goa has become the first <strong>'Har Ghar Jal' State</strong> in the country as it successfully provided<strong> 100% Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs)</strong> in the <strong>rural areas</strong> covering <strong>2.30 lakh rural households.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Early Achiever:</strong> State's commitment and brisk efforts have ensured advancement and achievement of targets well<strong> before time, i.e. 2024 at national level.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Annual Action Plan:</strong> Goa prepared the State's Annual Action Plan (AAP) to provide 100% Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) in rural areas by<strong> 2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Goa utilized the benefits of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong></a> which aims to improve the quality of life and bring 'ease-of-living' to rural communities.</li>
<li>Accordingly, fund allocation from the Union to Goa in 2020-21 has been increased to Rs. 12.40 Crore for the plan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Convergence of Schemes:</strong> The State explored through convergence of various programmes like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-ii-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong></a> for rural local bodies, etc. for strengthening of drinking water sources, water supply, grey water (any domestic wastewater excluding sewage) treatment &amp; re-use and operation &amp; maintenance.</li>
<li><strong>Water Testing Facilities:</strong> The State is in process of getting <strong>14 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-lab-directory" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)</a></strong> accredited <strong>water quality testing laboratories.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jal Jeevan Mission mandates<strong> training 5 persons in every village especially women</strong> to be trained in using<strong> Field Test Kits,</strong> so that water can be tested in the villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)</strong> envisages supply of <strong>55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.</strong></li>
<li>JJM focuses on <strong>integrated demand and supply-side management of water</strong> at the local level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of local infrastructure for source sustainability measures as mandatory elements, like <strong>rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and management of household wastewater for reuse,</strong> would be undertaken in convergence with other government programmes/schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mission is based on a <strong>community approach to water</strong> and includes extensive Information, Education and Communication as a key component of the mission.</li>
<li>JJM looks to<strong> create a jan andolan for water,</strong> thereby making it everyone&rsquo;s priority.</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong> The fund sharing pattern between the Centre and states is 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern States, 50:50 for other states, and 100% for Union Territories.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The total allocation to the scheme is over ₹3 lakh crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Having achieved universal access, the State now plans for a sensor-based <strong>service delivery</strong> monitoring system so as to monitor the functionality of water supply i.e. potable water in adequate quantity and of prescribed quality.</li>
<li>Goa&rsquo;s achievement is an <strong>example for other States to emulate</strong> and ensure every rural home gets tap connection.</li>
<li>Especially in these times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic, it is all the more imperative to have assured safe water supply within households.</li>
<li>This silent revolution happening in rural India in terms of household tap water connections is a work in progress for a <strong>&lsquo;New India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1663200" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6757,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Gurkha Rights in Assam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Gurkha</strong> community in <strong>Assam</strong> has <strong>sought gazette notification</strong> ensuring that the <strong>safeguards</strong> according to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-clause-6-of-assam-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord</strong></a> are also extended to Gurkha people of Assam.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The demand for the safeguards by Gurkha community further intensified with the <strong>recommendations of the high-level committee formed under the Chairmanship of Biplab Kumar Sharma</strong> by the Union Home Ministry on <strong>Clause 6 of Assam Accord.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee recommended that <strong>all Gurkhas of Assam are not indegenous Assamese people</strong> as per the definition of Assamese people .</li>
<li><strong>Clause 6</strong> of the Accord envisages <strong>constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards</strong> for protecting, preserving and promoting the culture, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the <strong>Assamese people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biplab Kumar Sharma Committee Recommendation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Definition of Assamese:</strong> The report <strong>proposes 1<sup>st</sup> January 1951 as the cut-off date</strong> for any Indian citizen residing in Assam<strong> to be defined as an Assamese</strong> for the purpose of implementing <strong>Clause 6.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reservation for Assamese:</strong> It seeks reservation for Assamese in Parliament, state assembly, local bodies. It recommended creating an Upper House (Legislative Council of Assam) whose seats will be reserved for the &lsquo;Assamese people&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report also seeks <strong>quotas in government jobs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Outsiders:</strong>&nbsp;Recommends regulation of entry of people from other states into Assam, which include the implementation of an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inner-line-permit-and-citizenship-amendment-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> </a>regime in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ILP is a system in which a special permit is required by people from other regions of India to visit the state.</li>
<li>Currently the ILP is applicable in <strong>Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Rights:</strong>&nbsp;It also talks about issues related to land and land rights, linguistic, cultural and social rights and protection of the state&rsquo;s resources and biodiversity.</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong>&nbsp;It did not mention anything about the constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards of local Gorkhas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This means the <strong>exclusion from the rights under the Clause 6 of the Accord.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Assurance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Gurkhas in Assam are &ldquo;one of the old communities&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The government would treat them <strong>&ldquo;at par</strong> with other indigenous communities and protect their constitutional rights <strong>while implementing Clause 6&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gorkhas in Assam:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are currently 25 lakh Gurkhas in Assam.</li>
<li>The Gurkhas were permanently settled in <strong>the Scheduled Areas</strong> in the last part of the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> century </strong>as <strong>grazers and cultivators.</strong></li>
<li>They fought for Assam against the <strong>Burmese invaders </strong>in <strong>1826</strong> resulting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/founder-of-ahom-kingdom-chaolung-sukapha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Treaty of Yandaboo.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a peace treaty that resulted in the end of the First Anglo Burmese War. This treaty was signed on February 24, 1826 after two years of the war between British and Burmese.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They were declared<strong> as protected class</strong> by the British in the tribal belts and blocks according to the <strong>Assam Land and Revenue Regulation Act, 1886. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Assam Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a <strong>tripartite accord</strong> signed between the <strong>Government of India, State Government of Assam and the leaders of the Assam Movement</strong> in 1985.</li>
<li><strong>The Accord</strong> ended the anti-foreigners Assam Agitation from 1979-1985.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of the Accord<strong> led to the conclusion of a six-year agitation</strong> that was launched by the All Assam Students&rsquo; Union (AASU) in 1979, <strong>demanding the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants</strong> from Assam.</li>
<li>It sets a <strong>cut-off</strong> of midnight of<strong> 24<sup>th</sup> March 1971,</strong> for the detection of <strong>illegal foreigners in Assam.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>demand</strong> was for detection and deportation of migrants who had illegally entered Assam after <strong>1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-gurkhas-seek-gazette-notification-for-safeguards/article32764563.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6338,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'A Single Voters’ List',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office held a meeting with representatives of the Election Commission and the Law Ministry to discuss the possibility of having<strong> a common electoral roll </strong>for <strong>elections to the panchayat, municipality, state assembly and the Lok Sabha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Types of Electoral Rolls in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each State Election Commissions (SEC) is governed by a separate state Act. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some state laws allow the SEC to borrow and use the Election Commission of India&rsquo;s voter&rsquo;s rolls for the local body elections.</li>
<li>In others, the state commission uses the EC&rsquo;s voters list as the basis for the preparation and revision of rolls for municipality and panchayat elections.</li>
<li>Few states have their own electoral rolls and do not adopt EC's roll for local body polls like those of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The distinction stems from the fact that the supervision and conduct of elections in our country are entrusted with <strong>two constitutional authorities</strong> &mdash; the<strong> Election Commission (EC) of India</strong> and the <strong>State Election Commissions (SECs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission (EC) of India</strong></a>: It was set up in 1950, the EC is charged with the responsibility of conducting polls to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>the offices of the <strong>President and Vice-President of India,</strong></li>
<li>to<strong> Parliament, the state assemblies and the legislative councils.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/state-election-commission-s-autonomy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Election Commissions (SECs):</strong></a> The SECs, on the other hand, <strong>supervise municipal and panchayat elections.</strong> They are free to prepare their own electoral rolls for local body elections, and this exercise does not have to be coordinated with the EC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Demand for Common Electoral Roll:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>common electoral roll and simultaneous elections</strong> as a way to save an enormous amount of effort and expenditure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is argued that the preparation of a separate voters list causes duplication of the effort and the expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earlier Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1#:~:text=Law%20Commission%20of%20India%20is,Ministry%20of%20Law%20and%20Justice." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> recommended it in its <strong>255<sup>th</sup> report in 2015 for a single electoral roll.</strong></li>
<li>The EC too adopted a similar stance in 1999 and 2004.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EC pointed out that it <strong>adds to the confusion among voters,</strong> since they may find their names present in one roll, but absent in another.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Constitutional Amendment</strong> to Articles 243K and 243ZA is required.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Articles 243K and 243ZA</strong> deal with elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states. These give the power of superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of these elections to the <strong>State Election Commission (SEC).</strong></li>
<li>The SECs are free to prepare their own electoral rolls for local body elections, and this exercise does not have to be coordinated with the EC.</li>
<li>The amendment would<strong> make it mandatory to have a single electoral roll</strong> for all elections in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Persuading the state governments</strong> to tweak their respective laws and adopt the Election Commission&rsquo;s (EC) voters list for municipal and panchayat polls.</li>
<li><strong>Challenges in implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The boundaries of the EC&rsquo;s polling station may not necessarily match that of the wards.</li>
<li>The change would require a massive consensus-building exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mature approach calls for the option of states adopting EC&rsquo;s voter list. This can be the guiding light. The change would require a massive consensus-building exercise between the states and the centre.</li>
<li>So the EC&rsquo;s voters list has to be made in a way to fit the SEC&rsquo;s wards which is a tedious task but can be done by the use of technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/celections-pmo-lok-sabha-state-modi-common-voter-list-6574272/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6328,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Notification of Rules for J&K',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified<strong> Rules of Transaction of Business for the Government of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rules have been notified under the <strong>Section 55</strong> of the <a href="/blog/implications-of-j&amp;k-reorganisation-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to Section 55 of the act &ldquo;the <strong>Lieutenant Governor (LG)</strong> shall make rules on the advice of the Council of Ministers<strong> for the allocation of business to the Ministers;</strong> and for the more convenient <strong>transaction of business with the Ministers</strong> including the procedure to be adopted in case of a<strong> difference of opinion</strong> between the LG and the Council of Ministers or a Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The rules provide details of<strong> work allocation, distribution of the business among the departments,</strong> their powers, executive powers of LG etc. in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>As per the rules, there will be <strong>39 departments</strong> in the J&amp;K such as school education, agriculture, higher education, horticulture, election, general administration, home, mining, power, Public Works Department, tribal affairs and transport.</li>
<li><strong>Police, Public order, All India Services and Anti-corruption</strong> will fall under the executive functions of the <strong>LG.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This implies that the Chief Minister or the Council of Ministers will have no say in their functioning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposals or matters which affect or are likely to affect the<strong> peace and tranquility of the UT</strong> or the <strong>interest of any minority community, the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes</strong> shall essentially be submitted to the LG through the Chief Secretary, under intimation to the Chief Minister,<strong> before issuing any orders.</strong></li>
<li>Any matter, which is likely to bring the government of the Union Territory into a <strong>controversy with the Centre or a State government,</strong> shall, as soon as possible, be brought to the notice of the LG and the Chief Minister through the Chief Secretary.</li>
<li>All important <strong>communications received from the Centre</strong> shall, as soon as possible, be submitted to the Chief Secretary, the Minister in charge, the Chief Minister and the LG for information.</li>
<li>In case of <strong>difference of opinion between the LG and a Minister</strong> when no agreement could be reached even after a<strong> month,</strong> the <strong>decision of the LG</strong> shall be deemed to have been accepted by the Council of Ministers.</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre on 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> scrapped provisions of Article 370</strong> </a>through the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.</strong></li>
<li>A separate Bill - the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill 2019 -</strong> was introduced to <strong>bifurcate the State into two separate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">union territories of Jammu and Kashmir</a> (with legislature), and Ladakh (without legislature).</strong></li>
<li>The move created a controversy with many civil groups demanding restoration of the special status of J&amp;K. A petition was filed in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutional validity of the abrogation.</li>
<li>Following the move, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China called India&rsquo;s step &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo;</strong> </a>and raised the issue at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC)</strong> in New York (USA).</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-refuses-to-restore-4g-services-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special committee</strong> </a><strong>set up by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court of India</a></strong> recommended <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restoration-of-4g-internet-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>restoration of 4G internet services</strong> </a>on a trial basis in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, which was suspended to avoid violence in the state after the abrogation of Article 370.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-of-home-affairs-notifies-new-rules-for-administration-in-jk/article32466936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6218,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reservations Based on Place of Birth',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government jobs will be reserved</strong> </a>for the &ldquo;children&rdquo; of the state and legal provisions will be made for the same.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments Against Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> in the Constitution of India refers to equality of opportunity in government jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 16(1)</strong> provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to 'employment or appointment' to any office under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(2)</strong> provides that there cannot be any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Reservation on the basis of domicile and residence would mean <strong>discrimination</strong> as even a minimal departure creates an irrational class depriving a meritorious candidate of his fundamental rights.</li>
<li>This kind of parochialism encourages <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/regionalism-in-india-upsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regionalism</strong></a> and<strong> threatens the unity of the nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16(3), allows for making provisions in government appointments with respect to residence</strong> (not place of birth).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Parliament (and not the legislature of a state)</strong> can prescribe residence within a state or union territory as a condition for certain employments or appointments in that state or union territory, or local authority or other authority within that state or union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some states have been using the loopholes in the laws to reserve government jobs for locals. They have used <strong>other criteria like language tests or proof of having resided/studied in the state for a certain period of time.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Maharashtra, only those living in the state for over 15 years with fluency in Marathi are eligible.</li>
<li>In Jammu and Kashmir, government jobs are reserved for &ldquo;domiciles&rdquo;</li>
<li>In West Bengal, reading and writing skills in Bengali is a criterion in recruitment to some posts.</li>
<li>Last year, the Govt of Karnataka issued a notification mandating private employers to give &ldquo;priority&rdquo; to Kannadigas for clerical and factory jobs in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is argued that giving preferential treatment to the residents of a state will help in <strong>rightful allocation of the resources of the state</strong> and would encourage people to work within the boundaries of their state.</li>
<li>This is also seen as a way to <strong>stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a> of people</strong> from backward states to metropolitans, thereby reducing the burden on such cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Distinction between domicile status and place of birth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC ruling in DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case,1955, <strong>Domicile or status of residence is a fluid concept</strong> that can change from time to time,<strong> unlike place of birth,</strong> which is fixed.</li>
<li>Domicile of a person means his <strong>permanent home.</strong></li>
<li>The place of birth is one of several grounds on which domicile status is conferred.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC Judgments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, the Allahabad High Court</strong> struck down a recruitment notification issued by the Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Commission, which prescribed preference for women who were &ldquo;original residents&rdquo; of the state.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Kailash Chand Sharma vs State Of Rajasthan case, 2002,</strong> the Supreme Court ruled that residence, be it within a state, district or any other area, cannot be a basis for preferential reservation or treatment.</li>
<li>While the Constitution specifically prohibits discrimination based on place of birth, the Supreme Court, in <strong>DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case, 1955</strong> has held domicile reservation, especially in educational institutions, as constitutional.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to give reservation to the candidates born in the state itself runs <strong>against the spirit of constitutional equality and fraternity.</strong> It is more likely that such politically motivated steps would be overturned by the judiciary as has been done several times in the past.</li>
<li>Also, the government is not an employment guaranteeing agency rather an authority which should create an environment through its policies which minimizes inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/courts-have-earlier-struck-down-job-quota-based-on-place-of-birth-6560463/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6134,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Emergency Provisions',
		'description' => '<p>A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the <strong>President of India</strong> during certain crisis situations. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the Constitution, which guarantees <strong>Fundamental Rights</strong> to the citizens of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The emergency provisions are contained in <strong>Part XVIII</strong> of the Constitution of India, from <strong>Article 352 to 360.</strong> These provisions enable the Central government to meet any abnormal situation effectively.</li>
<li>The rationality behind the incorporation is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies-<br />
<ol>
<li>National Emergency</li>
<li>Constitutional Emergency</li>
<li>Financial Emergency</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATIONAL EMERGENCY</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. The Constitution employs the expression &lsquo;proclamation of emergency&rsquo; to denote an emergency of this type.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 352, the president can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.</li>
<li>The President can declare a national emergency even before the actual occurrence of war or armed rebellion or external aggression</li>
<li>When a national emergency is declared on the grounds of<strong> &lsquo;war&rsquo; or &lsquo;external aggression&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as<strong> &lsquo;External Emergency&rsquo;.</strong> On the other hand, when it is declared on the grounds of <strong>&lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as <strong>&lsquo;Internal Emergency&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This term &lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo; is inserted from the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> amendment</a>.</strong> Before this term it was known as internal disturbance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India and Pakistan openly accept that they will use armed forces against each other is simply war.</li>
<li>If there is no formal declaration that there will be armed forces used against a country is External aggression.</li>
<li>And if because of these two grounds an emergency is proclaimed as an <strong>external emergency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>38<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act</strong></a> of 1975 made the declaration of National Emergency immune to judicial review. But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978.</li>
<li>In Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court held that National Emergency can be challenged in the court on the ground of malafide or that the declaration was based on wholly extraneous and irrelevant facts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proclamation of emergency must be approved by both the houses of parliament within one month from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>However, if the proclamation of emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution takes place during the period of one month without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.</li>
<li>If approved by both the houses, the Emergency continues for 6 months and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months.</li>
<li>Every resolution approving the proclamation of emergency or its continuance must be passed by either House of Parliament by a special majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation of proclamation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.</li>
<li>The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of national emergency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into 3 categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Effects on the centre-state relations:</strong> While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a basic change. this can be studied under three heads:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Executive:</strong> Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on &lsquo;any&rsquo; matter</li>
<li><strong>Legislative:</strong> The parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the state list, the president can issue ordinances on State subjects also, if the parliament is not in session. The laws made on state subjects by the parliament become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to be in operation.</li>
<li><strong>Financial:</strong> the president can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond the normal term for one year at a time. However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
<li>Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state Legislative Assembly by one year each time during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on fundamental rights:</strong> Articles 358 and 359 describes the effect of a National Emergency on the Fundamental Rights. These two provisions are explained below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Suspension of Fundamental rights under Article 19:</strong> According to Article 358, when a proclamation of National Emergency is made, the six fundamental rights under article 19 are automatically suspended. Article 19 is automatically revived after the expiry of the emergency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act laid out that Article 19 can only be suspended when the National Emergency is laid on the grounds of war or external aggression and not in the case of armed rebellion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of other Fundamental Rights:</strong> Under Article 359, the President is authorised to suspend, by order, the right to move any court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency. Thus, <strong>remedial measures are suspended and not the Fundamental Rights.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The suspension of enforcement relates to only those Fundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order.</li>
<li>The suspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for a shorter period.</li>
<li>The Order should be laid before each House of Parliament for approval.</li>
<li>The 44 Amendment Act mandates that the President cannot suspend the right to move the court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 20 and 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declarations made so far:</strong> This type of emergency has been proclaimed three times so far- in 1962, 1971 and 1975<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first proclamation of National Emergency was issued in October 1962 on account of Chinese aggression in the NEFA and was in force till January 1968.</li>
<li>The second proclamation of National Emergency was made in December 1971 in the wake of the attack by Pakistan.</li>
<li>Even when the emergency was in operation, the third proclamation of National Emergency was made in June 1975. Both the second and the third proclamations were revoked in March 1977</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>President&rsquo;s Rule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 355 imposes a duty on the centre to ensure that the government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>It is this duty in the performance of which the centre takes over the government of a state under Article 356 in case of failure of constitutional machinery in a state.</li>
<li>This is popularly known as &lsquo;President&rsquo;s Rule&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of imposition:</strong> the president&rsquo;s ruler can be proclaimed under Article 356 on two grounds:<br />
<ol>
<li>Article 356 empowers the President to issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>Article 365 says that whenever a state fails to comply with or to give effect to any direction from the centre, it will be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation imposing president&rsquo;s rule must be approved by both the houses of parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of President&rsquo;s rule is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided that the Rajya Sabha approves it in the meantime</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of the President&rsquo;s rule:</strong> The President acquires the following extraordinary powers when the President&rsquo;s rule is imposed in a state:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He can take up the functions of the state government and powers vested in the governor or any other executive authority in the state.</li>
<li>He can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the parliament.</li>
<li>He can take all other necessary steps including the suspension of the constitutional provisions relating to any body or authority in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope of judicial review:</strong> The 38<sup>th</sup> Amendment act of 1975 made the satisfaction of the President in invoking Article 356 final and conclusive which would not be challenged in any court on any ground. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978 implying that the satisfaction of the President is not beyond judicial review.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration: Article 360</strong> empowers the president to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened.</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation declaring financial emergency must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of Financial Emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once approved by both the houses of Parliament, the Financial Emergency continues indefinitely till it is revoked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extension of the executive authority of the Union over the financial matters of the States.</li>
<li>Reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in the State.</li>
<li>Reservation of all money bills or other financial bills for the consideration of the President after they are passed by the legislature of the State.</li>
<li>Direction from the President for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union; and the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Emergency Provision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some members of the Constituent Assembly criticised the incorporation of emergency provisions in the constitution on the following grounds:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The federal character of the constitution will be destroyed and the union will become all-powerful</li>
<li>The powers of the State- both the Union and the Units- will entirely be concentrated in the hands of the union executive.</li>
<li>The president will become a dictator</li>
<li>The financial autonomy of the state will be nullified</li>
<li>Fundamental rights will become meaningless and, as a result, the democratic foundation of the constitution will be destroyed.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While defending the emergency provisions in the Constituent Assembly, Dr Ambedkar accepted the possibility of their misuse. He observed, &lsquo;I do not altogether deny that there is a possibility of the Articles being abused or employed for political purposes.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5064,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Water Woes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> (MoHFW) has issued an <strong>advisory</strong> to state governments asking them to ensure safe drinking water supply and management during the nationwide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> that has been <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lockdown-extended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extended to 3<sup>rd</sup> May, 2020.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advisory:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State governments need to <strong>assess the requirements of water purifying chemicals,</strong> including chlorine tablets, bleaching powder, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/migrant-workers-given-mass-disinfectant-bath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sodium hypochlorite</strong></a> solution and alum and use them wherever necessary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These purifying products are <strong>classified under the list of</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/masks-and-hand-sanitizers-under-ec-act-1955" target="_blank" rel="noopener">essential commodities</a> (Essential Commodities Act, 1955)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For <strong>ensuring social distancing,</strong> states are recommended to<strong> increase water supply hours</strong> if demand goes up and people come to fetch water from the public stand post.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons Behind the Advisory</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>urgent need to ensure the availability of safe potable water to all citizens,</strong> mainly in the <strong>rural areas</strong> where medical sanitisers may not be available, has been highlighted in the wake of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic.</a></li>
<li>In the list of preventive measures for controlling the spread of coronavirus, <strong>frequent washing of hands with frothing soaps is the most <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/science-of-covid-19-spread" target="_blank" rel="noopener">efficient and effective measure.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Water Crisis of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has been facing the <strong>challenge of lack of access to clean water</strong> for several years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Falling groundwater levels, drought, increasing demand from agriculture and industry, pollution</strong> and <strong>poor water resource management</strong> are few other challenges which will intensify with the<strong> changing climate.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the data of the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources </strong>in 2017, (merged into the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong> </a>in 2019) <strong>average annual per capita water availability</strong> fell from 1820 cubic meters assessed in 2001 to to 1545 cubic meters in 2011.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data also highlighted the possibility of it<strong> reducing further to 1341 and 1140 in the years 2025 and 2050 respectively.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ministry also held that the<strong> water availability</strong> of water stressed/water scarce regions of the country is <strong>much below the national average</strong> due to the <strong>high temporal and spatial variation of precipitation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Water Stressed Condition:</strong> Where annual per-capita water availability is <strong>less than 1700 cubic meters.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Water Scarcity Condition:</strong> Where annual per- capita water availability is <strong>below 1000 cubic meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Global Annual Report, 2018 by the WaterAid,</strong> the <strong>water and sanitation advocacy group,</strong> India ranked at the top of 10 countries with<strong> lowest access to clean water close to home,</strong> with 16.3 crore people not having such access.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>government's efforts (such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Jeevan Mission</a>) in solving the water crisis have been appreciated</strong> as well. It has been highlighted that despite facing several challenges, <strong>India is one of the world&rsquo;s most-improved nations for reaching the most people with clean water.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Water in the Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the Constitution, water is a matter included in <strong>Entry 17 of List-II i.e. State List.</strong> This entry is subject to the provision of <strong>Entry 56 of List-I i.e. Union List.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 246,</strong> the Indian <strong>Constitution allocates responsibilities of the States and the Centre into three lists&ndash; Union List, State List and Concurrent List.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of the rivers in the country give rise to<strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> inter-state differences and disputes</a> (Article 262) on the regulation and development of waters of these rivers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-india-will-tackle-its-water-woes-amid-wash-your-hands-directive-6364877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5000,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Expenditure',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has clarified that the contributions to the Chief Minister&rsquo;s Relief Fund or the State relief fund will not qualify as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/companies-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> expenditure, while any donation to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM CARES Fund</strong></a> will.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chief Minister&rsquo;s Relief Fund or State Relief Fund for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> is <strong>not included in Schedule VII of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Companies Act, 2013</a>,</strong> and therefore any contribution to such funds shall not qualify as admissible CSR expenditure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 provides the list of activities that can be included in CSR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some political parties criticised this saying it is <strong>discriminatory</strong> and goes <strong>against the constitutional principle of federalism.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>donations to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/keralas-new-protocols-for-managing-disasters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State Disaster Management Authority</a> to combat Covid-19</strong> can be counted as admissible CSR expenditure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Corporate Social Responsibility</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term "Corporate Social Responsibility" in general can be referred to as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the <strong>company's effects on the environment and impact on social welfare.</strong></li>
<li>In India, the concept of CSR is governed by<strong> clause 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li>India is the first country in the world to mandate CSR spending along with a framework to identify potential CSR activities.</li>
<li>The CSR provisions within the Act is applicable to companies with an annual turnover of <strong>1,000 crore and more, or a net worth of Rs. 500 crore and more, or a net profit of Rs. 5 crore and more.</strong></li>
<li>The Act requires companies to set up a <strong>CSR committee</strong> which shall recommend a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy to the Board of Directors and also monitor the same from time to time.</li>
<li>The Act encourages companies to spend <strong>2% of their average net profit in the previous three years</strong> on CSR activities.</li>
<li>The indicative activities, which can be undertaken by a company under CSR, have been specified under <strong>Schedule VII of the Act.</strong> The activities include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty,</li>
<li>Promotion of education, gender equality and empowering women,</li>
<li>Combating Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and other diseases,</li>
<li>Ensuring environmental sustainability;</li>
<li>Contribution to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and funds for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/contributions-to-cm-fund-will-not-qualify-as-csr-expenditure/article31317943.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4992,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'MPLAD Scheme',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/for-better-use-the-hindu-editorial-on-mplads-funds/article31293067.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;For better use: On MPLADS funds&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 09/04/2020. It talks about issues pertaining to the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Government of India in the event of struggle against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> has suspended <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/norms-relaxed-under-mplad-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme</strong></a> or MPLADS funds for <strong>two years (2020 and 2021)</strong> and directed these funds to be transferred to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></a></p>
<p>The Government is seeking to garner around Rs 7,900 crores by suspending the MPLADS for two years.</p>
<p>The government is of view that the transfer of these sums to the Consolidated Fund of India would help judicious deployment of fund, but political opposition has criticized this move, as in their opinion the decision may <strong>undermine the decentralized manner of funding local area development.</strong></p>
<p>Apart from this political tussle, the decision has revived the debate regarding the relevance of MPLAD scheme.</p>
<h3>What is the MPLAD Scheme?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MPLAD scheme was formulated in <strong>1993</strong> to enable Members of Parliament (MPs) to <strong>recommend development works</strong> in their constituencies with emphasis on the creation of durable community assets based on the locally felt need.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Durable assets of national priorities and community needs viz. drinking water, primary education, public health, sanitation and roads, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Initially, the Scheme was under the control of the Ministry of Rural Development and Planning. In October, 1994, the scheme was transferred to the<strong> Ministry of Statistics &amp; Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>Under this scheme,every MP is <strong>entitled to spend Rs 5 crore annually.</strong></li>
<li>Similar to MPLADS, several states have enacted schemes called Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Scheme (MLALADS) where funds are given to MLAs.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>&lsquo;Guidelines on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)&rsquo;</strong> published by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation in June 2016, the <strong>MPLAD funds can also be used for</strong> implementation of the schemes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-india-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign</strong> </a>(Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan), conservation of water through rain water harvesting and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saansad-adarsh-gram-yojana-sagy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related to MPLAD Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Breach of Federalism</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Government can incur expenditure only with respect to matters over which it has subject domain as per <strong>seventh schedule.</strong></li>
<li>MPLADS encroaches upon the domain of local self governing institutions and thereby <strong>violates Part IX and IX-A of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict with Doctrine of Separation of Powers</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme disturbs the scheme of separation of powers under the Constitution,<strong> as MPs are getting involved in executive functions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Lapses</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MPLAD scheme gives scope for MPs to utilise the funds as a source of patronage that they can dispense at will.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CAG</strong></a> has flagged <strong>instances of financial mismanagement</strong> and artificial inflation of amounts spent.</li>
<li>Also, the scheme is alleged to be marred by the <strong>nexus of MP and private firms.</strong></li>
<li>Due to this sometimes spending of MPLADS funds is seen for private works, recommending funds to ineligible agencies, diverting funds to private trusts, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Statutory Backing</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The MPLAD Scheme is<strong> not governed by any statutory law and</strong> is subject to the whims and fancies of the government of the day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Commission Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2002, the <strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution</strong> recommended immediate discontinuation of the MPLAD scheme on the ground that it was inconsistent with the spirit of federalism and distribution of powers between the centre and the state.</li>
<li>Similar thing has also been taken by the <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> Administrative Reforms Commission&rsquo;s report 2007.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutionality of the Scheme</h3>
<p>Based on above arguments the MPLADS was challenged in the Supreme Court (SC) in 2010. A five-judge bench of the SC held that:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Constitution does not recognise strict separation of powers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even though MPs have been given a seemingly executive function, their role is limited to <strong>&lsquo;recommending&rsquo; works and actual implementation is done by the local authorities.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, the scheme does not violate separation of powers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has a quasi-federal nature of the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 282</strong> held that both the Union and the State have the power to make grants for a purpose irrespective of whether the subject matter of the purpose falls in the Seventh Schedule provided that the purpose is "public purpose" within the meaning of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Also, the Scheme falls within the meaning of<strong> "public purpose"</strong> aiming for the fulfillment of the development and welfare of the State as reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also there are robust accountability mechanisms for the scheme as it comes under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Act.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>While the question of constitutionality of the MPLAD scheme may have been put to rest by the Supreme Court ruling, other issues related to implementation of the scheme still remain. These can be rectified by:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Better transparency and monitoring</strong> of funds spent and sanctioned works.</li>
<li>The scheme can be made more <strong>inclusive by including citizens</strong> for which project to be executed from MPLAD funds.</li>
<li>Also, lapsable funds can put pressure on MPs for optimum utilisation and prevent build up of unutilised funds</li>
</ul>
<p>Given the decentralized nature of the MPLAD scheme, with adequate monitoring and sufficient political will, it can work as an indispensable tool of development at the grassroot.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586606883_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1586606883_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #deebff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the relevance of Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme in present times.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4935,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'MP’s Salaries Cut and MPLADS Suspended',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved an <strong>ordinance to amend</strong> the <strong>Salaries, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will <strong>cut the salaries</strong> of Members of Parliament <strong>(MPs)</strong> by <strong>30%,</strong> effective from 1<sup>st</sup> April 2020.</li>
<li>Apart from this, it has been decided to <strong>suspend the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) funds </strong>for<strong> two financial years</strong> (2020-21 to 2021-22).</li>
<li>The saved amount will go to the <strong>Consolidated Fund of India</strong> to fight the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>30% Salary Cut</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is applicable to <strong>all MPs,</strong> including the <strong>Prime Minister</strong> and the <strong>Council of Ministers,</strong> for the financial year 2020-2021.</li>
<li>The <strong>President</strong> and <strong>Vice-President</strong> of India along with all the <strong>State Governors,</strong> have also decided on their own to take a 30% salary cut.</li>
<li>However, the amendment will <strong>only cut MPs&rsquo; salaries, not allowances or the pensions</strong> of ex-MPs.</li>
<li>According to the pay hike in 2018, each MP draws a monthly salary of ₹1 lakh, ₹70,000 as constituency allowance and ₹60,000 for running office besides other perks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of MPLADS</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amount saved from the scheme would be <strong>around ₹8,000 crore</strong> and will be redirected to the Consolidation Fund.</li>
<li>Many MPs had <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/norms-relaxed-under-mplad-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>already pledged to use their MPLADS funds</strong></a> for efforts to combat the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> pandemic.</li>
<li>74 Rajya Sabha members had contributed a total of ₹100 crore, and 265 Lok Sabha members had given a total of ₹265 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, the <strong>Lok Sabha</strong> has <strong>542 members</strong> while the <strong>Rajya Sabha</strong> has a strength of <strong>245 members, including 12 nominated.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>comprehensive decision</strong> was taken to convey the message of <strong>social responsibility</strong> of the MPs.</li>
<li><strong>Other Previous Measures</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>employees of the central government</strong> have already given <strong>one day&rsquo;s salary</strong> on their own. However, it is <strong>not clear</strong> if they will face a <strong>pay cut</strong> or not.</li>
<li>State government of<strong> Telangana</strong> had already announced <strong>salary cuts at all levels</strong> on 30<sup>th</sup> March.</li>
<li>Government has announced <strong>various other measures</strong> including the<a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-03-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The salary cut has been <strong>supported</strong> throughout the country. However, the suspension of MPLADS has been <strong>criticised</strong> on the grounds that it is a <strong>disservice to the constituents</strong> and will undermine the role and functions of the MPs. It is the <strong>centralisation of funds</strong> which goes <strong>against federalism.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was announced in <strong>December 1993</strong> under the control of the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development.</strong> Later, in <strong>October 1994,</strong> it was transferred to the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To enable MPs to recommend works of developmental nature with emphasis on the creation of durable community assets based on the locally felt needs to be taken up in their Constituencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lok Sabha Members can recommend works within their constituencies and elected Members of Rajya Sabha can recommend works within the State they are elected from.</li>
<li>Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can recommend works anywhere in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To create durable assets of national priorities viz. drinking water, primary education, public health, sanitation and roads, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a> The <strong>annual MPLADS fund</strong> entitlement <strong>per MP constituency is ₹5 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Government Accounts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consolidated Fund</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was constituted under <strong>Article 266 (1)</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It is made up of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All <strong>revenues</strong> received by the Government by way of <strong>taxes</strong> (Income Tax, Central Excise, Customs and other receipts) and all <strong>non-tax revenues.</strong></li>
<li>All <strong>loans</strong> raised by the Government by issue of Public notifications, treasury bills (internal debt) and from foreign governments and international institutions (external debt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All government expenditures are incurred</strong> from this fund and no amount can be withdrawn from the Fund without <strong>authorization from the Parliament.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Each state</strong> can have its own Consolidated Fund of the state with similar provisions.</li>
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor General of India</strong></a> audits the fund and reports to the relevant legislatures on the management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contingency Fund</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was constituted under the <strong>Article 267 (1)</strong> of the Indian Constitution.</li>
<li>Its <strong>corpus is ₹500 crores.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used for meeting unforeseen expenditure.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Each state</strong> can have its own Contingency Fund of the state with similar provisions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public Account</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was constituted under <strong>Article 266 (2)</strong> of the Indian Constitution.</li>
<li>The<strong> transactions</strong> under this account relate to debt <strong>other than those included in the Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></li>
<li>The receipts under Public Account do not constitute normal receipts of Government hence Parliamentary authorization for payments is not required.</li>
<li><strong>Every state can have their own similar accounts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-passes-ordinance-to-reduce-salaries-of-president-pm-ministers-mps-by-30-for-a-year/article31269645.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4889,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Centre Defines J&K Domicile Rules',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> (MHA) has issued the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jammu and Kashmir</a> Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Order, 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, the Centre <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revoked J&amp;K's special status</strong></a> under <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong></a> <strong>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-article-35a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 35A</a> of the Constitution </strong>and<strong> bifurcated it into the UTs of J&amp;K and Ladakh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two revoked constitutional provisions let the state legislature decide the <strong>&lsquo;permanent residents&rsquo;,</strong> prohibiting a non-J&amp;K resident from buying property there and ensuring job reservation for its residents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are <strong>12 States,</strong> including Himachal Pradesh, where provisions of <strong>special status</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-371" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 371</strong></a> apply.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The provisions pertain to <strong>regulation of ownership and transfer of land</strong> in order to conserve the limited resources available for development and to ensure that the State preserves its unique identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights of Order</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It amended 109 laws and repealed 29 laws of the erstwhile State and inserted the <strong>&lsquo;domicile&rsquo;</strong> clause in the<strong> Jammu and Kashmir Civil Services (Decentralisation and Recruitment) Act, 2010.</strong></li>
<li>The clause for <strong>&lsquo;permanent resident of the State&rsquo;</strong> under the 2010 Act, has been substituted by<strong> &lsquo;Domicile&rsquo;</strong> of the UT.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act pertained to <strong>employment in the civil services</strong> comprising &ldquo;district, divisional and State&rdquo; cadre posts.</li>
<li>Only permanent residents of J&amp;K were eligible to apply for the gazetted and non-gazetted posts but<strong> now</strong> <strong>non-domiciles can also apply</strong> for these posts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>domiciles will be eligible for the purposes of appointment to any post carrying a pay scale of not more than Level 4.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Level 4</strong> post comprises positions such as gardeners, barbers, office peons and waterman and the highest rank in the category is that of a junior assistant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>reservation</strong> for domiciles <strong>would not apply to Group A and Group B posts,</strong> and like other UTs, recruitment would be done by the<strong> Union Public Service Commission</strong> (UPSC).</li>
<li><strong>Criteria for Domiciles</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Someone who has <strong>resided for a period of 15 years</strong> in the UT of J&amp;K or</li>
<li>Someone who has <strong>studied for a period of seven years</strong> and <strong>appeared in Class 10<sup>th</sup>/12<sup>th</sup> examination</strong> in an educational institution located in the UT of J&amp;K or</li>
<li>Someone who is <strong>registered as a migrant by the Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner (Migrants).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Children</strong> of Central government officials, All India Services, PSUs, autonomous body of Centre, Public Sector Banks, officials of statutory bodies, Central Universities, recognised research institutes of Centre who have served in J&amp;K for a<strong> total period of 10 years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Children of such residents of J&amp;K</strong> who reside outside J&amp;K in connection with their employment or business or other professional or vocational reasons but their parents <strong>fulfil any of the conditions provided.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The order also amended the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature Members' Pension Act,1984</strong> which fixes the pension for former legislators and councillors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The notification <strong>scraps all pension benefits</strong> such as car, driver, accommodation, phones, electricity, medical facilities and rent-free accommodation to former J&amp;K Chief Ministers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The order has also made amendments to the <strong>Public Safety Act (PSA) 1978</strong> by removing a clause that prohibited J&amp;K residents booked under the Act to be lodged in jails outside.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>changes the criteria for appointing the PSA advisory board</strong> on the recommendation of a search committee headed by the Chief Secretary instead of the Chief Justice of the J&amp;K High Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The advisory board has a crucial role to play in release of detenus under the PSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>bars sitting High Court judges to be made part of the board</strong> without the Chief justice's consultation.</li>
<li>The order also <strong>scraps a clause that deals with the power to regulate place and conditions of detention.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-jobs-to-be-reserved-only-for-domiciles-of-jk-says-centre/article31224164.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4286,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Bodo Accord',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups,</strong> including all factions of the militant<strong> National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB)</strong>, signed an agreement to redraw and rename the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD)</strong> as the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), </strong>in <strong>Assam.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BTAD is spread over four districts of <strong>Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri.</strong></li>
<li>The BTAD and other areas mentioned under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong></a> have been exempted from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bodoland Territorial Region would include the villages which are dominated by Bodos but are outside BTAD presently. Villages with non-Bodo population would be excluded from it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A committee will be formed to decide the exclusion and inclusion of new areas. Subsequently, the total number of Assembly seats will go up to 60, from the existing 40.</li>
<li>Both the representatives of the <strong>All Bodo Students Union (ABSU)</strong> and of <strong>Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC)</strong> will be present in the committee.</li>
<li><strong>Bodo-Kachari Welfare Council</strong> will be set up for focused development of Bodo villages outside BTAD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bodos living in the hills would be conferred a <strong>Scheduled Hill Tribe status.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bodo language with Devanagari script</strong> would be the <strong>associate official language</strong> for the entire <strong>Assam.</strong></li>
<li>However, the agreement has <strong>not addressed the issue of &ldquo;citizenship or work permit&rdquo;</strong> for non-domiciles in the BTAD yet.</li>
<li>Around 1500 cadres of <strong>NDFB will be rehabilitated and assimilated</strong> by the Central and the state governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The criminal cases registered against factions of NDFB members for <strong>non-heinous crimes</strong> shall be<strong> withdrawn</strong> and the cases of <strong>heinous crimes</strong> will be <strong>reviewed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive solutions</strong> have been made to redress the grievances of the people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Families of the people killed during the Bodo movement would get ₹5 lakh each.</li>
<li>A <strong>Special Development Package</strong> of ₹1500 crore would be given by the Centre to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The accord will successfully<strong> bring together leading stakeholders</strong> under one framework.</li>
<li>People previously associated with armed resistance groups will enter the mainstream and contribute to the nation&rsquo;s progress.</li>
<li>It will further <strong>protect and popularise the unique culture of the Bodo people</strong> and will give them access to a wide range of development-oriented initiatives.</li>
<li>It will bring <strong>peace, harmony and togetherness</strong> in the people of Assam.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bodos are the <strong>single largest community</strong> among the <strong>notified Scheduled Tribes in Assam.</strong> Bodos are a part of <strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong> and constitute about <strong>5-6%</strong> of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The<strong> first organised demand</strong> for a Bodo state came in 1967-68.</li>
<li>The <strong>Assam Accord of 1985,</strong> gave rise to Bodo aspirations and in <strong>1987,</strong> ABSU revived the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/statehood-demand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodo statehood demand.</strong></a></li>
<li>Bodo Security Force which arose in 1986 as an armed group renamed itself NDFB, and later split into factions.</li>
<li>The<strong> first Bodo accord</strong> was signed with the <strong>ABSU in 1993.</strong> It led to the creation of the <strong>Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC)</strong> with some limited political powers.</li>
<li>In <strong>2003,</strong> the <strong>second Bodo Accord</strong> was signed by the extremist group <strong>Bodo Liberation Tiger Force (BLTF),</strong> the Centre and the state. This led to the<strong> creation of BTC,</strong> which is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the <strong>Sixth Schedule</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-signs-accord-with-ndfb-absu-to-resolve-bodo-issue/article30665589.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4178,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Lucknow and Noida to Get Police Commissioner System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Uttar Pradesh government</strong> gave nod to the implementation of the police commissionerate system in the two cities, <strong>Lucknow and Noida.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Additional Director General of Police rank officer would be appointed as commissioner and will have two Inspector General of Police Rank officers as deputies.</li>
<li>The current system would be monitored for six-months on a review basis to know its effectiveness in handling law and order better and the earlier system of District Magistrates (DMs) would be done away on an experimental basis.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from these, the new team would also have a <strong>special Superintendent of Police (SP) appointed for women security</strong> to ensure control of crime related to women and timely investigation of the registered cases.</li>
<li>Also, there would be another SP rank officer who would be in <strong>charge of Traffic management.</strong> CCTV cameras would be installed at different places in these two cities for better traffic management and also for law and order.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Police Commissionerate System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <strong>7<sup>th</sup> Schedule of the Constitution,</strong> Police is under the State list. It means individual states can legislate and exercise control over this subject.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the district level, a <strong>&lsquo;dual system&rsquo;</strong> of control exists, in which the SP has to work with the DM for supervising police administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the metropolitan level, many states have replaced the dual system with the commissionerate system, as it is supposed to <strong>allow for faster decision-making</strong> to solve complex urban-centric issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Almost all states <strong>barring Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, UT of J&amp;K, and some Northeastern states</strong> have a commissionerate system.</li>
<li>The <strong>British</strong> brought the system <strong>first in Kolkata</strong> and <strong>followed it in Mumbai and Chennai</strong> presidencies. <strong>Delhi</strong> turned into a commissionerate during <strong>1977-1979.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the commissionerate system, the <strong>Commissioner of Police (CP)</strong> is the head of a <strong>unified police command structure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He/she is responsible for the force in the city and is accountable to the state government.</li>
<li>The office also has magisterial powers, including those related to regulation, control, and licensing.</li>
<li>Under this system, the commissioner does not report to the DM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The CP is drawn from the Deputy Inspector General rank or above and is assisted by Special/Joint/Additional/Deputy Commissioners.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dual System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the colonial system, the overall in-charge of a district or region was the district collector and the SP reported to him.</li>
<li>The powers of the executive magistrate, such as issuing orders for preventive arrests or imposition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Section 144 CrPC</strong></a>, were vested in the district collector.</li>
<li>This was called the dual system of police administration.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-to-get-police-commissionerate-system-in-lucknow-noida-6214034/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4088,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Belagavi Dispute',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/what-is-the-maharashtra-karnataka-tussle-over-belagavi-all-about/article30480571.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;What is the Maharashtra-Karnataka tussle over Belagavi all about?&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 05/01/2020. It describes the political tussle between Maharashtra and Karnataka over an area called Belagavi.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, there has been a political tussle between leaders of Maharashtra and Karnataka over an area called Belagavi. Belagavi is an area in Karnataka, which has a sizeable Marathi-speaking population and has been at the heart of a five-decade-old border row between Karnataka and Maharashtra.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some sections in Maharashtra expressed discontent with the implementation of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. They opposed the addition of the Marathi-speaking areas into Karnataka and thereby demanded readjustment of its border with Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maharashtra&rsquo;s claim on Belagavi and surrounding areas (Karwar, Bidar and Gulbarga districts in Karnataka,) were based on Marathi-speaking population and linguistic homogeneity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the other hand, Karnataka holds the view that the settlement of boundaries as per the States Reorganisation Act is final. It has argued that the boundary of the State was neither tentative nor flexible. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issue might reopen border issues that have not been contemplated under the Act, and therefore such a demand should not be permitted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The case is still being heard by the Supreme Court of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578316471_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578316471_image1.png" caption="false" width="550" height="366" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the dispute?</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>State Reorganisation Act of 1956,</strong> Belagavi was handed over to the Mysore state, which was renamed as Karnataka in 1973.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1957, slighted by the implementation of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Maharashtra demanded readjustment of its border with Karnataka.</li>
<li>Maharashtra invoked Section 21 (2) (b) of the Act and submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of Home Affairs stating its objection to Marathi- speaking areas being added to Karnataka.</li>
<li>The central government constituted the <strong>Mahajan Committee in 1966</strong> to assess the situation. Representatives from both sides, Maharashtra and the then Mysore state were part of the committee.</li>
<li>In 1967, the committee recommended that some villages in Karwar, Haliyal and Suparna talukas of Karnataka be given to Maharashtra but left Belagavi with the southern state.</li>
<li>In 2006, the Supreme Court held that the issue should be resolved through mutual negotiation and that linguistic criterion should not be considered as it may create more practical problems.</li>
<li>The case is still being heard by the Supreme Court.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reorganisation of States in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At the time of independence in 1947, India consisted of nearly 550 disjointed princely states.</li>
<li>In 1950, the Constitution contained a four-fold classification of the states of the Indian Union&mdash;<strong>Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D States.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Part-A states comprised nine erstwhile governor&rsquo;s provinces of British India.</li>
<li>Part-B states consisted of nine erstwhile princely states with legislatures.</li>
<li>Part-C states consisted of erstwhile chief commissioner&rsquo;s province of British India and some of the erstwhile princely states.</li>
<li>Part-D state comprised of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The grouping of states at the time was done on the basis of political and historical considerations rather than on linguistic or cultural divisions, but this was a <strong>temporary arrangement.</strong></li>
<li>On account of the multilingual nature and differences that existed between various states, there was a need for the states to be reorganized on a permanent basis.</li>
<li>In this context, in 1948, <strong>SK Dhar committee -</strong> was appointed by the government to look into the need for the reorganization of states on a <strong>linguistic basis.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission preferred reorganisation of states on the basis of administrative convenience including historical and geographical considerations instead of on linguistic lines.</li>
<li>This created much resentment and led to the appointment of another Linguistic Provinces Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In December 1948, the <strong>JVP Committee</strong> comprising Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya was formed to study the issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Committee, in its report submitted in April 1949, rejected the idea of reorganisation of states on a linguistic basis but said that the issue could be looked at afresh in the light of public demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, due to protests, in October 1953, the Government of India created the first linguistic state, known as Andhra state, by separating the Telugu speaking areas from the Madras state.</li>
<li>On December 22, 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a <strong>commission under Fazl Ali</strong> to consider the reorganisation of states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The commission submitted its report in 1955 and it suggested that the whole country is to be divided into 16 states and three centrally administered areas.</li>
<li>The government, while not agreeing with the recommendations entirely, divided the country into 14 states and 6 union territories under the <strong>States Reorganisation Act that was passed in November 1956.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1960, the state of <strong>Bombay</strong> was bifurcated to create the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra following violence and agitation.</li>
<li>In 1963, the state of <strong>Nagaland</strong> was created for the sake of the Nagas and the total number of states stood at 16.</li>
<li>The areas of Chandernagore, Mahe, Yaman and Karekal from France, and the territories of <strong>Goa, Daman and Diu from the Portuguese,</strong> were either made union territories or were joined with the neighbouring states, after their acquisition.</li>
<li>Based on the <strong>Shah Commission report</strong> in April 1966, the <strong>Punjab Reorganisation Act</strong> was passed by the Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Following this, the state of Haryana got the Hindi-speaking areas while the hilly areas went to the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Chandigarh,</strong> which was made a Union Territory, served as the common capital of Punjab and Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1969 and in 1971, the states of <strong>Meghalaya and Himachal Pradesh</strong> came into being respectively. With the Union Territories of Tripura and Manipur being converted into states, the total number of Indian states rose to 21.</li>
<li>Thereafter,<strong> Sikkim in 1975</strong> and <strong>Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh</strong> in February 1987 also acquired the status of states.</li>
<li>In May 1987, <strong>Goa became the 25<sup>th</sup> state</strong> of the Indian Union, while three new states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttaranchal were formed in November 2000.</li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>Telangana</strong> officially became India&rsquo;s 29<sup>th</sup> state.</li>
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, President of India in the exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 370 of the Constitution had issued the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This divided the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two new Union Territories (UTs): Jammu &amp; Kashmir, and Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-and-daman-and-diu-merger-of-union-territories-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Act, 2019</strong></a> has merged the Union Territories (UTs) of Daman and Diu (D&amp;D) and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (DNH).</li>
<li><strong>As on 1 January 2020, India is comprised of 28 states and 8 union territories.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffcd6;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />The reorganisation of states in India is an unfinished task. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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