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Landslide and Flash Floods

Why in News Recently, heavy rains caused flash floods and landslides in many parts of Himachal Pradesh. Key Points Landslide: About: A...

16 Jul 2021 Disaster Management
Incidents of Lightning

Why in News Recently, thirty people were killed in separate incidents of lightning in various parts of the country. Lightning is the biggest...

13 Jul 2021 Disaster Management
7th Edition of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium

Why in News Recently, the 7th edition of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) was hosted by the French Navy at Réunion island. It is a...

02 Jul 2021 Disaster Management
Overlapping Hazards

This article is based on “Managing Risks From Overlapping Hazards” which was published in The Indian Express on 13/06/2021. It talks...

14 Jun 2021 Disaster Management
Section 51 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005

Why in News Recently, the former Chief Secretary of West Bengal was served a show cause notice by the Home Ministry under Section 51 of the Disaster...

03 Jun 2021 Disaster Management
Cyclone Yaas

Why in News Recently, cyclone Yaas made landfall south of Balasore in Odisha. Earlier, another cyclonic storm named ‘Cyclone Tauktae’...

29 May 2021 Disaster Management
Cyclone Tauktae

Why in News Recently, Cyclone Tauktae made landfall in Gujarat. The cyclone has left a trail of destruction as it swept through the coastal...

18 May 2021 Disaster Management
Lack of Fire Safety in India

Why in News Over the past year, there have been deadly fires in hospital buildings, including those treating Covid-19 patients. The National...

04 May 2021 Disaster Management
State Disaster Response Fund

Why in News Recently, the Centre has released the first instalment of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) to States, in the wake of the second...

03 May 2021 Disaster Management
Assam Earthquake

Why in News Recently, a powerful earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale jolted Assam and other parts of Northeast. According to the...

29 Apr 2021 Disaster Management
Disaster Management Act, 2005 Invoked

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs invoked Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act) and ordered free inter-state movement of oxygen...

23 Apr 2021 Disaster Management
Mullaperiyar Dam

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has ordered the Mullaperiyar Dam Supervisory Committee to issue directions on issues concerning the...

17 Mar 2021 Disaster Management
Dams and Destruction

Introduction About: A dam is a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water. Over the centuries dams have been built using...

16 Mar 2021 Disaster Management
Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call

This article is based on “Climate and Consciousness” which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of...

05 Mar 2021 Disaster Management
Airline Mapping of Ocean Floor

Why in News The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is planning to conduct airline mapping of Andaman and Nicobar Islands...

26 Feb 2021 Disaster Management
Chamoli Flash Floods

This article is based on “Rethinking run-of-the-river hydro projects” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 11/02/2021. It...

11 Feb 2021 Disaster Management
NDMA Guidelines to Tackle Glacial Bursts

Why in News A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is suspected to have caused the flash floods in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. In October...

10 Feb 2021 Disaster Management
Uttarakhand Flash Flood

Why in News Recently, a glacial break in the Tapovan-Reni area of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand led to massive Flash Flood in Dhauli Ganga and...

08 Feb 2021 Disaster Management
Ageing Dams of India: UN Report

Why in News According to a United Nations (UN) report "Ageing water infrastructure: An emerging global risk", over 1,000 large dams in India will be...

02 Feb 2021 Disaster Management
Report on Lightning Strikes

Why in News According to a report published by the Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council (CROPC), the number of deaths due to...

04 Jan 2021 Disaster Management

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		'article_id' => (int) 8882,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Landslide and Flash Floods',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, heavy rains caused <strong>flash floods</strong> and <strong>landslides</strong> in many parts of Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Landslide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A landslide is defined as the<strong> movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.</strong></li>
<li>They are<strong> a type of mass wasting,</strong> which denotes any downward movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.</li>
<li>The term landslide encompasses <strong>five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="283" height="250" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Slope movement occurs <strong>when forces acting downward</strong> (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that<strong> compose the slope.</strong></li>
<li>Landslides are caused due to three major factors: <strong>geology, morphology, and human activity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Geology</strong> refers to characteristics of the material. The earth or rock might be weak or fractured, or different layers may have<strong> different strengths and stiffness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Morphology refers to the structure</strong> of the land. For example, slopes that lose their vegetation to fire or drought are more vulnerable to landslides.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vegetation holds soil in place, and without the root systems of trees, bushes, and other plants, the land is more likely to slide away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human activity</strong> which includes agriculture and construction increases the risk of a landslide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Landslide-Prone Areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The entire Himalayan tract, hills/mountains in sub-Himalayan terrains of North-east India, Western Ghats, the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu Konkan areas are landslide-prone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Restriction on the construction and other developmental activities</strong> such as roads and dams in the areas prone to landslides.</li>
<li><strong>Limiting agriculture to valleys</strong> and areas with moderate slopes.</li>
<li><strong>Control on the development of large settlements</strong> in the high vulnerability zones.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting large-scale afforestation programmes</strong> and construction of bunds to reduce the flow of water.</li>
<li><strong>Terrace farming</strong> should be encouraged in the northeastern hill states where Jhumming (Slash and Burn/Shifting Cultivation) is still prevalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Geological Survey of India (GSI)</a> has done a national landslide susceptibility mapping</strong> for 85% of the entire 4,20,000 square km landslide-prone area in the country. The <strong>areas have been divided into different zones according to the propensity of the disaster.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Improvement in early warning systems, monitoring and susceptibility zoning can reduce the damage caused by landslides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flash Floods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are <strong>sudden surges in water</strong> levels generally during or following an intense spell of rain.</li>
<li>These are <strong>highly localised events of short duration</strong> with a very high peak and usually <strong>have less than six hours</strong> between the occurrence of the rainfall and peak flood.</li>
<li>The <strong>flood situation worsens</strong> in the presence of <strong>choked drainage lines</strong> or encroachments obstructing the natural flow of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be caused by<strong> heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,</strong> hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.</li>
<li>Flash Floods can also occur <strong>due to Dam or Levee Breaks, and/or Mudslides (Debris Flow).</strong></li>
<li>In areas on or near <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/pacific-ring-of-fire" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>volcanoes</strong></a>, flash floods have also occurred after eruptions, when glaciers have been melted by the intense heat.</li>
<li>The intensity of the rainfall, the location and distribution of the rainfall, the land use and topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type, and soil water- content all determine just how quickly the Flash Flooding may occur, and influence where it may occur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead of valleys, people should live in areas on slopes with firm ground for safety reasons.</li>
<li>In areas where ground fissures have developed, appropriate steps should be taken to check the infiltration of rainwater and surface water.</li>
<li>Banning "indiscriminate" and "unscientific" construction works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/landslip-destroys-houses-in-himchal-pradesh/article35309319.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8859,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Incidents of Lightning',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, thirty people were killed in separate<strong> incidents of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lightning</a></strong> in various parts of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lightning is the <strong>biggest contributor to accidental deaths due to natural causes.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a very <strong>rapid and massive discharge of electricity in the atmosphere.</strong> It is the process of <strong>occurrence of a natural &lsquo;electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage</strong> between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud&rsquo;, accompanied by a bright flash and sound, and sometimes thunderstorms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Inter cloud or intra cloud (IC)</strong> lightning are <strong>visible and harmless.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cloud to ground (CG)</strong> lightning is <strong>harmful as the &lsquo;high electric voltage</strong> and electric current&rsquo; leads to electrocution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a result of the <strong>difference in electrical charge between the top and bottom of a cloud.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The lightning-generating clouds are typically about <strong>10-12 km in height, with their base about 1-2 km from the Earth&rsquo;s surface.</strong> The temperatures at the top range from -35&deg;C to -45&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As <strong>water vapour moves upwards in the cloud</strong>, it condenses into water due to decreasing temperatures. A huge amount of <strong>heat is generated</strong> in the process, <strong>pushing the water molecules further up.</strong></li>
<li>As they move to <strong>temperatures below zero</strong>, droplets change into small ice crystals. As they continue upwards, they gather mass, until they <strong>become so heavy that they start descending.</strong></li>
<li>It leads to a system where smaller ice crystals move upwards while larger ones come down. The <strong>resulting collisions trigger release of electrons</strong>, in a process very <strong>similar to the generation of electric sparks.</strong> The moving free electrons cause more collisions and more electrons leading to a chain reaction.</li>
<li>The process results in a situation in which the <strong>top layer of the cloud gets positively charged</strong> while the <strong>middle layer is negatively charged.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626169119_pasted%20image 0 (9).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626169119_pasted image 0 (9).png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In little time, a huge current, of the order of lakhs to millions of amperes, starts to flow between the layers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>produces heat</strong>, leading to the heating of the air column between the two layers of cloud.</li>
<li>It is because of this heat that the <strong>air column looks red during lightning.</strong></li>
<li>The heated air column expands and produces shock waves that result in<strong> thunder sounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strikes Earth&rsquo;s Surface:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Earth is a good conductor of electricity.</strong> While electrically neutral, it is relatively positively charged compared to the middle layer of the cloud. As a result, an estimated <strong>20-25% of the current flow is directed towards the Earth.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is this current flow that results in damage to life and property.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lightning has a <strong>greater probability of striking raised objects on the ground</strong>, such as trees or buildings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lightning Conductor</strong> is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning. A metallic rod, taller than the building, is installed in the walls of the building during its construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most lightning activity on Earth is seen on the shore of <strong>Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the place where the Catatumbo river falls into Lake Maracaibo, an average 260 storm days occur <strong>every year, and October sees 28 lightning flashes every minute</strong> - a phenomenon referred to as the <strong>Beacon of Maracaibo or the Everlasting Storm.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change &amp; Lightning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An<strong> increase of one degree Celsius would increase the frequency of lightning strikes by 12%</strong> , warned California University in a study published 2015.</li>
<li>A study published in Geophysical Research Letters in March 2021, too, has <strong>established links between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a> and rising incidences of lightning in the Arctic region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of lightning strikes recorded during the summer months between 2010 and 2020 shot up from around 18,000 at the start of the decade to more than 1,50,000 by 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therefore even the <strong>Indian Institute of Tropical Management (IITM)</strong> concludes that the <strong>increase in lightning incidents may be directly related to the climate crisis</strong>, and the <strong>availability of more moisture over land</strong> due to global warming.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IITM</strong> in Pune is the only institution in India that works full-time on thunderstorms and lightning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Lightning Strikes in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As many as <strong>18.5 million lightning strikes were recorded in India between April 2020 and March 2021</strong>, according to India&rsquo;s second annual report on lightning released by <strong>Lightning Resilient India Campaign (LRIC)</strong> recently.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>LRIC</strong> is a joint initiative of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-lightning-strikes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate Resilient Observing-Systems Promotion Council ( CROPC)</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statement-on-climate-of-india-during-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India Meteorological Department (IMD)</a></strong>, Union Ministry of Earth Science, World Vision India, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNICEF</strong></a> among others.</li>
<li>The campaign aims to reduce the number of deaths to less than 1,200 a year by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is an <strong>increase of 34% compared to previous year</strong>; at least <strong>13.8 million strikes were recorded between April 2019 and March 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-lightning-strikes-and-why-it-kills-7401198/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8759,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '7th Edition of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the 7<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS)</strong></a> was hosted by the French Navy at R&eacute;union island.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>biennial event</strong> which was <strong>conceived by the Indian Navy in 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625211941_pasted%20image 0 (1).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1625211941_pasted image 0 (1).png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IONS is a voluntary and inclusive initiative that <strong>brings together navies of Indian Ocean Region littoral</strong> states to increase <strong>maritime co-operation and enhance regional security.</strong></li>
<li>It also serves to develop an <strong>effective response mechanism and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR)</strong> against <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/what-is-a-national-disaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">natural disasters</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The chairmanship of IONS has been held by India (2008-10), UAE (2010-12), South Africa (2012-14), Australia (2014-16), Bangladesh (2016-18) and Islamic Republic of Iran (2018-21). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>France</strong> assumed the <strong>Chairmanship in June 2021</strong> for a two-year tenure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IONS includes <strong>24 member nations</strong> that touch or lie within the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-maritime-security-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong></a>, and <strong>8 observer nations.</strong></li>
<li>The members have been geographically grouped into the following <strong>four sub-regions:</strong></li>
<li><strong>South Asian Littorals:</strong> Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and United Kingdom (British Indian Ocean Territory)</li>
<li><strong>West Asian Littorals:</strong> Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates</li>
<li><strong>East African Littorals:</strong> France (Reunion), Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania.</li>
<li><strong>South East Asian and Australian Littorals:</strong> Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Timor-Leste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance For India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IONS fits into <strong>India&rsquo;s three-fold ambitions</strong> in the region: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Strengthening and deepening the relations</strong> with the Indian Ocean littoral states;</li>
<li>Establishing its leadership potential and aspirations of being a <strong>net-security provider;</strong> and</li>
<li>Fulfilling <strong>India&rsquo;s vision of a rules-based and stable maritime</strong> order in the IOR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will help India <strong>to consolidate its sphere of influence from the Straits of Malacca to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strait-of-hormuz-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hormuz</a>.</strong></li>
<li>IONS can be used to counter-balance the increasing presence of China in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Important Groupings/Initiatives Associated with IOR:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)</strong></a> was established in 1997.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is aimed at strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Commission:</strong> Recently, India has been approved as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observer of the Indian Ocean Commission</strong></a>, the inter-governmental organization that coordinates maritime governance in the south-western Indian Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR):</strong> It was launched in 2015.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through SAGAR, India seeks to deepen economic and security cooperation with its maritime neighbours and assist in building their maritime security capabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia Africa Growth Corridor:</strong> The idea of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/07-01-2019#:~:text=The%20AAGC%20will%20bring%20out,people%20in%20Asia%20and%20Africa." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC)</strong></a> emerged in the joint declaration issued by India and Japan in 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The AAGC is raised on four pillars of Development and Cooperation Projects, Quality Infrastructure and Institutional Connectivity, Enhancing Capacities and Skills and People-to-People partnership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1732031" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8603,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Overlapping Hazards',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/managing-risks-from-overlapping-hazards/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Managing Risks From Overlapping Hazards&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 13/06/2021. It talks about the frequent occurrence of overlapping hazards and remedies to address the problem.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India has been hit by two cyclones, first the Western Coast (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-tauktae" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Tauktae</strong></a>) and then the eastern coast (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-yaas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Yass</strong></a>). The increasing frequency of environmental hazards indicate the vulnerability owing to climate change.</p>
<p>However, the more concerning matter is the occurrence of overlapping hazards. For example, while the Yaas cyclone caused immediate damage, the flooding it induced took the adversity to a different scale altogether.</p>
<p>Further, these environmental hazards happened in the middle of another mega hazard &ndash; the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>There is an urgent requirement on the part of the state - along with the non-state actors - to take immediate measures towards acknowledging the multiple risks that emanate from these overlapping hazards and reducing the same.</p>
<h3>Examples of Overlapping Hazards</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Floods In Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains:</strong> Flood months bring with themselves a typology of hazards associated with the geographical location of habitation and have differential effects. The typologies include: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Waterlogged regions,</li>
<li>Areas which are in the riverside and prone to bank erosion,</li>
<li>Riverine floods in areas with no embankment,</li>
<li>Riverine floods in the countryside after the breach of the embankment,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Flash floods,</strong></a></li>
<li>River bank erosion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyclone Induced Flooding:</strong> As an outcome of the cyclone Yass and the Yaas-induced flooding, the affected witnessed many overlapping hazards. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disruptions in the form of salinity intrusion,</li>
<li>Loss of agriculture and capture fisheries,</li>
<li>Decimation of the marine capture fishery supply chain</li>
<li>Rotting fish, plants and animals are resulting in severe stench and pollution are enhancing the possibility of water borne disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Vulnerability:</strong> Vulnerability owing to overlapping hazards also emerges from underlying socio-economic-political conditions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Often the (socially, economically and politically) marginalised population have to reside in such precarious areas.</li>
<li>They often lack access to various resources &ndash; land (due to salinity intrusion or erosion), safe housing, water and sanitation, stable livelihoods and markets.</li>
<li>All this is both a cause and outcome of their social vulnerability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identifying Risk Drivers:</strong> When overlapping hazards take place, with each hazard having their own character, the final shape of the hazard is often a product of these individual characters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accordingly, the disaster risk reduction activities need to be geared towards first an interdisciplinary diagnosis of various risk drivers.</li>
<li>The government needs to develop a disaster atlas of India for better preparedness and mitigation measures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focusing on Disaster Risk Reduction:</strong> Rather than focusing on knee-jerk ex-post set of actions, there is a need to build resilience at the individual and community level. This can be achieved through following interventions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reducing the probability of the occurrence of the hazards in the first instance.</li>
<li>Preparation strategies like early warning systems.</li>
<li>Arrangement of adequate spaces for evacuation and prompt rescue and evacuation.</li>
<li>Disaster Impact Assessment must be made a mandatory part of Environment Impact Assessment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster risk insurance:</strong> It covers hazards arising from geological, meteorological, hydrological, climatological, oceanic, biological, and technological/man-made events, or a combination of them.</li>
<li><strong>Decentralised-Integrated Framework:</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster management</strong></a> approach needs to be more decentralised as suggested by the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-funding-for-panchayats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>14<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The key action points that need to be taken include a ward-level disaster management plan, large-scale construction of elevated platforms through MGNREGA, universal access to safe water and sanitation facilities, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Tackling overlapping hazards would require a multidisciplinary approach to risk reduction, where each of the risk drivers is subject to interdisciplinary deliberation, followed by a preparation of a plethora of thematic interventions planned round-the-year which would reduce the intensity of the risk drivers.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Cyclones along the Western and Eastern coasts amidst the pandemic alert us to the need for year-long preparedness, approaching a multi-disciplinary approach to averting disasters, reducing vulnerabilities. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8515,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Section 51 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>former <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chief-secretary-transfer-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Secretary</a> of West Bengal</strong> was served <strong>a show cause notice by the Home Ministry</strong> under <strong>Section 51 of the Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Show Cause Notice:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The notice was issued<strong> for failing to comply with the Centre&rsquo;s directions to attend the review meeting on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-yaas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Cyclone Yaas</a></strong> chaired by the Prime Minister in Bengal&rsquo;s Kalaikunda.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act is <strong>violative of Section 51 (b) of the DM Act, 2005.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Though the <strong>DoPT (Department of Personnel and Training)</strong> is the <strong>cadre-controlling authority of Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers,</strong> the <strong>show cause notice was served under provisions of the DM Act,</strong> which is <strong>under the purview of the Home Ministry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 51 (b) of the DM Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The section prescribes <strong>&ldquo;punishment for obstruction&rdquo;</strong> for refusal to comply with any direction given by or on behalf of the Central government or the State government or the National Executive Committee or the State Executive Committee or the District Authority under the Act.</li>
<li>Anyone refusing to comply with orders is <strong>liable for punishment</strong> with <strong>imprisonment up to one year,</strong> or fine, or both. In case this refusal leads to <strong>death of people,</strong> the person liable shall be punished with <strong>imprisonment up to two years.</strong></li>
<li>Section 51 of the Act has <strong>two important reservations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the Act, the action on the part of the person has to be<strong> &lsquo;without reasonable cause&rsquo;</strong> and<strong> &lsquo;failure of an officer to perform the duty without due permission or lawful excuse&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Use of Provisions of DM Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In<strong> April 2020,</strong> the Home Ministry <strong>made spitting in public a punishable offence.</strong> The guidelines issued by the Ministry under the DM Act, which are binding on the states, also made <strong>&ldquo;wearing of face masks in public places mandatory.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>March 2020,</strong> when thousands of migrants gathered at Anand Vihar railway station in Delhi due to the sudden announcement of the countrywide lockdown,<strong> two Delhi government officers were served show cause notice</strong> by the Centre under the DM Act for dereliction of duty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About DM Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The DM Act was passed by the government of India<strong> in 2005</strong> for the <strong>efficient</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>management of disasters</strong></a> and other matters connected to it. However it came into force in <strong>January 2006.</strong></li>
<li>It was<strong> invoked for the first time in the country in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic</strong> in the year 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Centre, through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister,</strong> invoked the provisions of the Act to streamline the management of the pandemic, empowering District Magistrates to take decisions and centralise other decisions on supply of oxygen and movement of vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Features of DM Act 2005:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nodal Agency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act designates the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> as the nodal ministry for steering the overall national disaster management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Structure:</strong> It puts into place a systematic structure of institutions at the national, state and district levels.</li>
<li><strong>Finance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-disaster-response-fund#:~:text=It%20is%20managed%20by%20the,not%20available%20in%20the%20SDRF." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Response Fund</strong></a> and similar funds at the state and district levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil and Criminal Liabilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act also devotes several sections to various civil and criminal liabilities resulting from violation of provisions of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-serves-show-cause-notice-on-former-bengal-chief-secretary-under-dm-act/article34696329.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8481,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Cyclone Yaas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, cyclone <strong>Yaas</strong> made landfall south of <strong>Balasore in Odisha.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, another <strong>cyclonic storm named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-tauktae" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Cyclone Tauktae&rsquo;</a></strong> had affected the Indian states of Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka, along with two Union Territories: Daman &amp; Diu and Lakshadweep.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cyclone has been <strong>named Yaas by Oman.</strong> The word Yaas has originated from the Persian language and means <strong>&lsquo;Jasmin&rsquo;</strong> in English.</li>
<li>Typically, <strong>tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region</strong> (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) <strong>develop during the pre-monsoon</strong> (April to June) and <strong>post-monsoon</strong> (October to December) periods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>May-June</strong> and <strong>October-November</strong> are known to produce cyclones of severe intensity that affect the Indian coasts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been classified as a<strong> very severe cyclone.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-yaas-makes-landfall-in-balasore-triggers-heavy-damage/article34652295.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a> classifies cyclones on the <strong>basis of the maximum sustained surface wind speed</strong> (MSW) they generate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cyclones are classified as<strong> severe</strong> (MSW of 48-63 knots),<strong> very severe</strong> (MSW of 64-89 knots), <strong>extremely severe</strong> (MSW of 90-119 knots) and <strong>super cyclonic storm</strong> (MSW of 120 knots or more).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Areas Affected:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It affected the <strong>bordering regions of West Bengal and Odisha</strong> and weakened into a cyclonic storm, leaving behind a<strong> trail of destruction on the eastern coast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bay of Bengal Getting Warmer:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bay of Bengal, where cyclone Yaas has formed, is at least <strong>two degrees warmer than what is normal for this time of the year.</strong></li>
<li>The north Bay of Bengal is exceptionally warm with temperatures up to 32 degrees.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tropical Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tropical cyclone</strong></a> is an<strong> intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans</strong> and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.</li>
<li>A<strong> characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye,</strong> a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure.</li>
<li>Storms of this type are called <strong>hurricanes in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific and typhoons in SouthEast Asia and China.</strong> They are called<strong> tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean region and Willy-willies in north-western Australia.</strong></li>
<li>Storms <strong>rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere </strong>and <strong>clockwise in the southern hemisphere.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>conditions favourable</strong> for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Large sea surface</strong> with temperature higher than 27&deg; C.</li>
<li>Presence of the <strong><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-31" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coriolis force</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Small <strong>variations in the vertical wind speed.</strong></li>
<li>A pre-existing <strong>weak low- pressure area</strong> or low-level-cyclonic circulation.</li>
<li>Upper <strong>divergence</strong> above the sea level system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622281357_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622281357_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Naming of Tropical Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-yaas-makes-landfall-in-balasore-triggers-heavy-damage/article34652295.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WMO (World Meteorological Organization)</strong></a> guidelines, countries in every region are supposed to give names for cyclones.</li>
<li>The <strong>North Indian Ocean Region</strong> covers tropical cyclones formed over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>The 13 members, which come under the region, are <strong>Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Yemen.</strong></li>
<li>IMD, one of the six <strong>Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMC)</strong> in the world, is mandated to issue advisories and name tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean Region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bay of Bengal vs Arabian Sea (Cyclones)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bay of Bengal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As it is <strong>concave or shallow where when strong winds push water, it gets concentrated as a storm.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>shaped like a trough that makes it more hospitable for storms</strong> to gain force. Moreover, the <strong>high sea surface temperature makes matters more worse</strong> in the Bay triggering the intensity of the storms.</li>
<li>Additionally, it <strong>gets more rainfall</strong> with sluggish winds and warm air currents around it that keep temperatures relatively high all year. The <strong>constant inflow of fresh warm water from the perennial rivers</strong> like Brahmaputra, Ganga makes it further impossible to mix with the cooler water below.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of landmass between the Pacific Ocean and the Bay of Bengal</strong> tend cyclonic winds to move into the coastal areas causing heavy rainfall.</li>
<li>The <strong>absence of air movements from north-western India towards the Bay in the post-monsoon phase is also another reason</strong> for the chances of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arabian Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is much <strong>calmer</strong> as the<strong> stronger winds help dissipate the heat and lack of constant fresh water</strong> helps the warm water to mix with the cool water underneath, reducing the surface temperature.</li>
<li>The Arabian Sea enjoys the <strong>locational advantage</strong> as the winds from the Pacific Ocean encounter the Western Ghats and the Himalayas cutting down on its intensity and sometimes never reaching the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622281491_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1622281491_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-yaas-makes-landfall-in-balasore-triggers-heavy-damage/article34652295.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8390,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Cyclone Tauktae',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Cyclone Tauktae</strong> made landfall in <strong>Gujarat.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The cyclone has left a trail of destruction as it swept through the coastal states of <strong>Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Named by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is<strong> a tropical cyclone, named by Myanmar.</strong> It means 'gecko', a highly vocal lizard, in the Burmese language.</li>
<li>Typically, <strong>tropical cyclones</strong> in the North Indian Ocean region<strong> (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea)</strong> develop during the <strong>pre-monsoon</strong> (April to June) and <strong>post-monsoon</strong> (October to December) periods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>May-June and October-November</strong> are known to produce cyclones of severe intensity that affect the Indian coasts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>weakened into a "very severe cyclonic storm"</strong> from the "extremely severe cyclonic storm".</li>
<li>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies cyclones on the basis of the maximum sustained surface wind speed (MSW)</strong> they generate.</li>
<li>The cyclones are classified as <strong>severe (MSW of 48-63 knots), very severe (MSW of 64-89 knots),</strong> <strong>extremely severe (MSW of 90-119 knots)</strong> and<strong> super cyclonic storm (MSW of 120 knots or more).</strong> <strong>One knot</strong> is equal to<strong> 1.8 kmph (kilometers per hour).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed in Arabian Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Tauktae is the <strong>fourth cyclone in consecutive years</strong> to have developed<strong> in the Arabian Sea,</strong> that too <strong>in the pre-monsoon period (April to June).</strong></li>
<li>After <strong>Cyclone Mekanu</strong> in 2018, which struck Oman, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-vayu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Vayu</strong></a> in 2019 struck Gujarat, followed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-nisarga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Nisarga</strong></a> in 2020 that struck Maharashtra.</li>
<li>All these cyclones<strong> since 2018</strong> have been categorised either<strong> &lsquo;Severe Cyclone&rsquo; or above.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arabian Sea becoming Hotbed of Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Annually, five cyclones on average</strong> form in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea combined. Of these, <strong>four develop in the Bay of Bengal, which is warmer than the Arabian Sea.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> while the Bay of Bengal maintained its average of four cyclones a year, the <strong>Arabian Sea produced three cyclonic storms.</strong> In <strong>2019,</strong> the <strong>Arabian Sea overtook</strong> the <strong>Bay of Bengal</strong> with<strong> five cyclones to three.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> 2020,</strong> the <strong>Bay of Bengal</strong> produced <strong>three cyclonic storms</strong> while the <strong>Arabian Sea</strong> generated <strong>two.</strong></li>
<li>In recent years, meteorologists have observed that the <strong>Arabian Sea, too, has been warming.</strong> This is a phenomenon<strong> associated with global warming.</strong></li>
<li>It has been observed that the<strong> sea surface temperature in the Arabian Sea has been rising</strong> for about 40 years. The <strong>increase</strong> in temperature is in the zone<strong> of 1.2-1.4 degree Celsius.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tropical Cyclone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A tropical cyclone is <strong>an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans</strong> and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.</li>
<li>A<strong> characteristic feature</strong> of tropical cyclones is the<strong> eye,</strong> a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure.</li>
<li>Storms of this type<strong> are called hurricanes</strong> in the <strong>North Atlantic and eastern Pacific </strong>and<strong> typhoons in SouthEast Asia and China.</strong> They are called <strong>tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean</strong> region and <strong>Willy-willies</strong> in north-western <strong>Australia.</strong></li>
<li>Storms<strong> rotate counterclockwise</strong> in the <strong>northern hemisphere</strong> and<strong> clockwise in the southern</strong> hemisphere.</li>
<li>The<strong> conditions favourable</strong> for the<strong> formation and intensification</strong> of tropical storms are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Large sea surface</strong> with <strong>temperature higher than 27&deg; C.</strong></li>
<li>Presence of the<strong> Coriolis force.</strong></li>
<li>Small variations in the<strong> vertical wind speed.</strong></li>
<li>A pre-existing weak low-<strong> pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Upper divergence</strong> above the sea level system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naming of Tropical Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>WMO (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a>) guidelines,</strong> countries in every region are supposed to give names for cyclones.</li>
<li>The <strong>North Indian Ocean Region</strong> covers tropical cyclones formed over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>The<strong> 13 members,</strong> which come under the region, are <strong>Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE </strong>and <strong>Yemen.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-climate-report-2020-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a>, one of the six <strong>Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMC)</strong> in the world, is mandated to issue advisories and name tropical cyclones in the <strong>north Indian Ocean Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-cyclone-tauktae-a-continuing-new-trend-from-the-arabian-sea-7317913/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8294,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Lack of Fire Safety in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Over the past year, there have been deadly fires in hospital buildings, including those treating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> patients.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong></a> says 330 people died in commercial building fires in 2019, while fatalities for residential or dwelling buildings were much higher at 6,329.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Leading Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Electrical faults</strong> are cited as the leading cause of fires but <strong>State governments are widely criticised for being lax with building safety laws</strong> and for failing to equip public buildings with modern technology.</li>
<li><strong>Hospital ICUs (intensive care units) are a great fire risk</strong> because they are oxygen-suffused, and need to meet high standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions in India Related to Fire Safety:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Fire Services is a State subject</strong> and has been <strong>included as a Municipal function</strong> in the <strong>XII<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> of the Constitution of India under <strong>Article 243 (W).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Building Code (NBC) of India, 2016:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Part 4 of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fire-safety-regulations-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> NBC</a>&nbsp;</strong>is titled <strong>'Fire and Life Safety'.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>NBC, published by the Bureau of Indian Standards,</strong> is a<strong> &ldquo;recommendatory document&rdquo;,</strong> and States have been asked to incorporate it into their local building bylaws, making the recommendations a mandatory requirement.</li>
<li>All<strong> existing and new buildings are classified by nature of use,</strong> such as residential, educational, institutional, assembly (like cinemas and auditoria), business, mercantile, industrial, storage and hazardous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The code broadly covers the following areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Fire Prevention:</strong> This covers aspects of fire prevention pertaining to the design and construction of buildings. It also describes the various types of buildings materials and their fire rating.</li>
<li><strong>Life Safety:</strong> This covers life safety provisions in the event of fire and similar emergencies, also addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Model Building Bye Laws, 2016:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Urban Development</strong> has devised a circular called <strong>&ldquo;Model Building By Laws 2016&rdquo;</strong> which states the regulatory mechanism and engineering parameters to keep in mind before starting any construction project in India.</li>
<li>Point-specific responsibility for all fire-related clearance rests with the <strong>Chief Fire Officer.</strong></li>
<li>The concerned Development Authority shall refer the building plans to the Chief Fire Officer for obtaining clearance in respect of buildings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also stipulated <strong>requirements for fire safety in public buildings, including hospitals,</strong> which incorporate elements of the NBC, besides design guidelines on maintaining minimum open safety space, protected exit mechanisms, dedicated staircases, and crucial drills to carry out evacuations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government has also circulated<strong> &lsquo;Model Bill on Maintenance of Fire &amp; Emergency Services 2019'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of unified fire services</strong> in some of the states as unified fire services provide all the necessary guidelines and instruction in fire fighting.</li>
<li>Proper<strong> organisational structure, training and career progression of its personnel lacking</strong> in most of the fire departments in India.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate modern equipment</strong> and their scaling, authorization &amp; standardization.</li>
<li>Appropriate and adequate<strong> funding is not available,</strong> which inhibits technological progression for fire fighting.</li>
<li><strong>Unavailability of training institutions</strong> impinges real-time environmental understanding.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of infrastructural facilities &ndash;</strong> fire stations and accommodation of personnel etc.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerability analysis</strong> is mostly not done.</li>
<li>Lack of Public awareness (DOs &amp; DON&rsquo;Ts), and <strong>regular mock exercises and evacuation drills are not conducted.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Uniform fire safety legislation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently few states such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala were found not complying with the NBC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although in December 2020, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> directed all States to carry out<strong> fire safety audits</strong> of dedicated Covid-19 hospitals, it has become evident that State forces lack the manpower to inspect and ensure compliance with safety codes, including the NBC, where it is mandatory.</li>
<li>Therefore one option is to <strong>make heavy fire liability insurance compulsory for all public buildings,</strong> which would offer protection to occupants and visitors and bring about external inspection of safety.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-what-has-led-to-a-spate-of-hospital-fires-and-why-arent-governments-strictly-following-regulations/article34460795.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8288,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'State Disaster Response Fund',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Centre has released the<strong> first instalment of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) to States,</strong> in the wake of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave of Covid-19</strong></a> that has claimed thousands of lives since April 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Normally, the first instalment is released in June as per the recommendations of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15th-finance-commission-recommendations-resource-allocation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Finance Commission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SDRF has been constituted under Section 48 (1) (a) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disaster-management-act-2005-invoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was constituted based on the recommendations of the<strong> 13<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>primary fund available with the State governments</strong> for responses to notified disasters to meet expenditure for providing immediate relief.</li>
<li>It is audited by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/comptroller-and-auditor-general-1#:~:text=Girish%20Chandra%20Murmu%20has%20been,to%2020th%20November%2C%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)</strong></a> every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Centre contributes 75% of the SDRF allocation for general category</strong> States and Union Territories and <strong>90% for special category States</strong> and Union Territories (northeastern States, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir).</li>
<li>The annual Central contribution is <strong>released in two equal installments as per the recommendation of the Finance Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster (s) Covered under SDRF:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone</strong></a>, drought, <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>earthquake</strong></a>, fire, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>flood</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-early-warning-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tsunami</strong></a>, hailstorm, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu#:~:text=Landslides%3A,the%20direct%20influence%20of%20gravity." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>landslide</strong></a>, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, frost and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cold-wave-1#:~:text=Cold%20Wave%20Conditions%3A,degree%20Celsius%20is%20rarely%20reached." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cold waves</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Local Disasters:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>State Government may use up to 10% of the funds</strong> available under the SDRF for providing immediate relief to the victims of <strong>natural disasters that they consider to be &lsquo;disasters&rsquo; within the local context</strong> in the State and which are not included in the notified list of disasters of the Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-sdrf-instalment-in-advance-due-to-covid-19-surge/article34456034.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8262,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Assam Earthquake',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a powerful earthquake <strong>measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale</strong> jolted Assam and other parts of Northeast.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Centre for Seismology (NCS)</strong> report, the tremors have been attributed to <strong>Kopili Fault zone closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCS is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> <strong>of the Government of India for monitoring earthquake activity in the country.</strong> It comes under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HFT, also known as the <strong>Main Frontal Thrust (MFT)</strong>, is a geological fault along the boundary of the <strong>Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kopili Fault Zone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kopili fault zone is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament (linear feature) extending from the <strong>western part of Manipur up to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.</strong></li>
<li>The area is seismically very active falling in the highest <strong>Seismic Hazard zone V</strong> associated with collisional tectonics where <strong>Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Subduction is a geological process in which one crustal plate is forced below the edge of another.</li>
<li>Squeezed between the subduction and collision zones of the Himalayan belt and Sumatran belt, the North East is highly prone to earthquake occurrences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fault:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A fault is a fracture along which the blocks of crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.</li>
<li>When an earthquake occurs, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other.</li>
<li>The fault surface can be <strong>vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tectonic Plates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/tectonic-plates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tectonic plate</strong></a> (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly-shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.</li>
<li>A tectonic plate may be a continental plate or an oceanic plate, depending on which of the two occupies the larger portion of the plate.</li>
<li>The Pacific plate is largely an oceanic plate whereas the Eurasian plate is a continental plate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Earthquake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An earthquake in simple words is the shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.</li>
<li>The vibrations called <strong>seismic waves</strong> are generated from earthquakes that travel through the Earth and are recorded on instruments called seismographs.</li>
<li>The location below the earth&rsquo;s surface where the earthquake starts is called the <strong>hypocenter,</strong> and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the <strong>epicenter.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4#:~:text=Fault%20Zones%3A,the%20friction%20locks%20them%20together." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Types of Earthquake</a>:</strong> Fault Zones, Tectonic Earthquakes, Volcanic Earthquake, Human Induced Earthquakes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seismic Hazard Map of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is one of the highly earthquake affected countries because of the presence of technically active young fold mountains - Himalaya.</li>
<li>India has been divided into <strong>four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V)</strong> based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes but the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></a> (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones.</li>
<li>BIS is the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seismic Zone II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area with minor damage earthquakes corresponding to intensities V to VI of MM scale (MM-Modified Mercalli Intensity scale).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone III:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moderate damage corresponding to intensity VII of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone IV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Major damage corresponding to intensity VII and higher of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone V:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area determined by pro seismically of certain major fault systems and is seismically the most active region.</li>
<li>Earthquake zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country&rsquo;s most powerful shocks have occurred.</li>
<li>Earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occured in these areas, and have had intensities higher than IX.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-assam-earthquake-reminder-of-seismic-hazard-along-hft-faultline-7292770/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8216,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Disaster Management Act, 2005 Invoked',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs invoked <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invocation-of-disaster-management-act-2005-to-deal-with-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act)</strong></a> and ordered <strong>free inter-state movement of oxygen carrying vehicles.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in <strong>March 2020 various government authorities invoked</strong> their respective powers under the DM Act to deal with the novel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus (Covid-19)</strong></a> outbreak in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The DM Act was <strong>passed by the government of India in 2005</strong> for the &lsquo;efficient <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>management of disasters</strong></a> and other matters connected to it. However it<strong> came into force in January 2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building</strong> and more. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Definition of a &ldquo;disaster&rdquo; in <strong>Section 2 (d)</strong> of the DM Act states that a <strong>disaster means a &ldquo;catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Features of The Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nodal Agency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act designates the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> as the nodal ministry for steering the overall national disaster management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Structure:</strong> It puts into place a systematic structure of institutions at the national, state and district levels.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Level Important Entities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is tasked with<strong> laying down disaster management policies and ensuring timely and effective response</strong> mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Executive Committee (NEC):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is constituted under <strong>Section 8 of the DM Act</strong> to assist the National Disaster Management Authority in the performance of its functions.</li>
<li>The NEC is <strong>responsible for the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan</strong> for the whole country and to ensure that it is &ldquo;reviewed and updated annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an i<strong>nstitute for training and capacity development programs</strong> for managing natural calamities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers to<strong> trained professional units</strong> that are called upon for specialized response to disasters</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State and District level:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act also provides for state and district level authorities responsible for, among other things, <strong>drawing plans for implementation of national plans and preparing local plans.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>State Disaster Management Authority</strong></li>
<li><strong>District Disaster Management Authority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-disaster-response-fund#:~:text=It%20is%20managed%20by%20the,not%20available%20in%20the%20SDRF." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Response Fund</strong></a> and similar funds at the state and district levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil and Criminal Liabilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act also devotes several sections various <strong>civil and criminal liabilities resulting from violation</strong> of provisions of the act.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Section 51 of the Act</strong>, anyone refusing to comply with orders is liable for punishment with <strong>imprisonment up to one year, or fine, or both.</strong> In case this refusal leads to death of people, the person liable shall be <strong>punished with imprisonment up to two years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Absence of Disaster Prone Zones:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the most glaring inadequacies in the Act is the absence of a provision for declaration of &lsquo;disaster- prone zones&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Almost <strong>all disaster related legislations in the world have mapped out disaster- prone zones</strong> within their respective jurisdictions.</li>
<li>The <strong>state cannot be expected to play a pro- active role unless an area is declared &lsquo;disaster- prone&rsquo;.</strong> Classification helps in determining the extent of damages as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Neglects Progressive Behavior of Disasters:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act portrays every disaster as a sudden occurrence and completely fails to take into account that disasters can be progressive in nature as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2006, over 3,500 people were affected by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-dengue-using-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dengue</strong></a>, a disease with a history of outbreaks in India, yet no effective mechanism has been put in place to check such an ordeal.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-tuberculosis-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></a> is known to kill thousands of people in the country each year but since its occurrence is not sudden or at once, it has not found a place in the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlapping Functions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Act calls for establishment of multiple- national level bodies, the functions of which seem to be <strong>overlapping, making coordination between them cumbersome.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>local authorities</strong>, who have a very valuable role to play in the wake of any disaster as first responders, <strong>barely find a mention at all.</strong> There are no<strong> substantive provisions to guide them</strong>, merely a minor reference to taking &lsquo;necessary measures&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedural Delays and Inadequate Technology:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Added to that,<strong> delayed response, inappropriate implementation of the plans and policies, and procedural lags</strong> plague the disaster management scheme in India.</li>
<li>Inadequate technological capacity for accurate prediction and measurement of the disaster <strong>result in large scale damage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the DM Act has undoubtedly <strong>filled a huge gap in the scheme of governmental actions towards dealing with disasters.</strong> Laying down elaborate plans on paper doesn&rsquo;t serve the purpose <strong>unless they are translated into effective implementation.</strong></li>
<li>Civil society, private enterprises and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)</strong></a> can play a valuable role towards building a safer India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mha-orders-free-movement-of-medical-oxygen-between-states-7284580/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7953,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mullaperiyar Dam',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has ordered the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mullaperiyar-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mullaperiyar Dam</a> Supervisory Committee</strong> to issue directions on issues concerning the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/dams-and-destruction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dam's safety.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SC constituted a <strong>permanent Supervisory Committee</strong> in<strong> 2014</strong> to<strong> oversee all the issues concerning Mullaperiyar dam.</strong> The dam is <strong>a source of friction between Tamil Nadu and Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>petition</strong> was filed by a resident of Idukki district of Kerala to <strong>lower the water level of Mullaperiyar dam to 130 feet</strong> saying there is a <strong>danger of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">floods</a></strong> in the area as monsoon progresses in the State.</li>
<li>The petitioner contended that the <strong>Supervisory Committee had become &ldquo;lethargical&rdquo;</strong> about the safety inspection and survey of the dam. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had <strong>delegated its duties to a sub-committee of local officials.</strong></li>
<li>The instrumentation scheme, safety mechanism, etc, have not been finalised for the past six years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blamed Kerala for delaying the finalisation of the <strong>rule curve</strong> for the dam.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rule curve</strong> in a dam decides the fluctuating storage levels in a reservoir. The gate opening schedule of a dam is based on the rule curve.</li>
<li>It is<strong> part of the &ldquo;core safety&rdquo;</strong> mechanism in a dam.</li>
<li>The <strong>rule curve level is fixed to avoid emergency opening of dam shutters</strong> in case of a flood-like situation. It helps in controlling the water level in the dam during peak monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kerala has made consistent efforts to obstruct Tamil Nadu from operating the dam.</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu is <strong>not able to access data</strong> which is in Kerala&rsquo;s terrain. There is <strong>no road built,</strong> the<strong> power supply has not been restored</strong> although Tamil Nadu has paid for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accused Tamil Nadu of adopting an <strong>&ldquo;obsolete&rdquo;</strong> gate operation schedule dating back to 1939.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s Chief Secretary</strong> shall be<strong> &ldquo;personally responsible&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;appropriate action&rdquo;</strong> will be taken on failure to give information on the <strong>rule curve for Mullaperiyar dam</strong> to the SC -appointed <strong>Supervisory Committee.</strong></li>
<li>Directed the Supervisory Committee to<strong> issue directions or take steps to address the three core safety issues</strong> and submit a compliance report in four weeks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Core Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Monitoring and performance of the <strong>instrumentation</strong> of the dam.</li>
<li>Finalising the<strong> rule curve.</strong></li>
<li>Fixing the gate <strong>operating schedule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The three core issues are <strong>directly concerned with the safety of the dam</strong> and will have a cascading effect on persons residing in the nearby areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mullaperiyar Dam</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mullaperiyar, a <strong>123-year-old</strong> dam, is<strong> located on the confluence of the Mullayar and Periyar rivers</strong> in <strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Idukki district.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam stands at the <strong>height of 53.66 metres</strong> and <strong>365.85 metres in length.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>operated and maintained by the Tamil Nadu</strong> for meeting the drinking water and irrigation requirements of five of its southern districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a 999-year <strong>lease agreement</strong> made during the British rule the operational rights were handed over to Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>dam intends to divert the waters of the west-flowing river Periyar eastward</strong> to the arid rain shadow regions of the Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Periyar River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Periyar River is the longest river in the state of Kerala</strong> with a length of 244 km.</li>
<li>It is also known as<strong> &lsquo;Lifeline of Kerala&rsquo;</strong> as it is one of the few perennial rivers in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> perennial river is a channel that has continuous flow</strong> in parts of its stream bed all year round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Periyar River <strong>originates from Sivagiri hills</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ecologically-sensitive-areas-in-western-ghats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Western Ghats</strong></a> and flows through the <strong>Periyar National Park.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main tributaries</strong> of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615975332_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615975332_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/come-out-with-rule-curve-for-mullaperiyar-sc/article34085574.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7942,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => 'Dams and Destruction',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A dam is a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water. Over the centuries dams have been built using different materials.</li>
<li>Ancient dam builders used natural materials such as rocks or clay while today most dams are built using concrete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dams in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has 4,407 large dams, the third highest number in the world after China (23,841) and the USA (9,263). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dobra-chanti-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tehri Dam</strong></a> in Uttarakhand is the <strong>highest dam in India</strong> built on Bhagirathi river.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-issues-notice-in-hirakud-displacement-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hirakud Dam</strong></a> in Odisha built on river Mahanadi is the <strong>longest dam of India.</strong></li>
<li>Kallanai Dam in Tamil Nadu is the <strong>oldest dam of India.</strong> It is built on the Kaveri river and is about 2000 years old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Dams:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Source of Clean Energy:</strong> Dams are the sources of clean power. Many countries have embraced dams as a way to reduce reliance on expensive fossil fuels.</li>
<li><strong>Irrigation:</strong> Dams and waterways store and provide water for irrigation so farmers can use the water for growing crops. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In areas where water and rain are not abundant (like the desert), irrigation canals from rivers and dams are used to carry water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevent Flooding:</strong> Dams, if planned well, help in preventing floods. They catch extra water so that it doesn&rsquo;t run wild downstream.</li>
<li><strong>Source of Drinking Water:</strong> Since the water stored in dams is freshwater, it can also be used as drinking water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615887794_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615887794_Image4.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dams and Destruction</h3>
<p>While dams can benefit the society in many ways, they are also one of the biggest menaces to river ecology, wildlife, aquatic habitat of fish and ultimately humans.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Affect the Aquatic Life:</strong> Dams prevent fish migration and limit their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aquatic organisms depend on steady flows to guide them while stagnant reservoir pools disorient migrating fish and can significantly increase the duration of their migration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dams block Rivers:</strong> Dams and reservoirs are physical barriers to the flow of water bodies as they fragment them and reservoirs, which impact their seasonal flow. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also change the way rivers function and trap sediment, burying rock riverbeds where fish spawn.</li>
<li>Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can also become trapped behind dams. This negatively affects the creation and maintenance of more complex habitat downstream.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Hazardous Infrastructure:</strong> Large dams, even if structurally sound, are regarded as &ldquo;high hazard&rdquo; infrastructure because of the potential for a massive loss of human lives, livelihoods and destruction in the event of failure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the most recent <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood#:~:text=Recently%2C%20a%20glacial%20break%20in,out%20settlements%20and%20took%20lives." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Uttarakhand flash floods</a></strong>, experts say the incident was induced by the effect of global warming on melting glaciers but the effect was worsened by construction of infrastructure (Hydroelectric Power Projects, HEPs). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HEPs which use large-scale blasting, tree felling and tunneling, most certainly added to the proportion of the impact. They became a force multiplier in the destruction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The construction was against the recommendation of the Chopra Committee which submitted a detailed report warning that a glacial retreat in the state of Uttarakhand, coupled with structures built for hydroelectricity generation and dams, could lead to large-scale disasters downstream.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservoir Induced Seismicity:</strong> There is a strong relation between the earthquakes and loading and unloading of water from the dam. The Koyna and Warna region is possibly the best example of <strong>reservoir-induced-seismicity (RIS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Koyna and Warna reservoirs are responsible for the earthquakes in the south Maharashtra region which has experienced many earthquakes in five decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This series of earthquakes have occurred post the construction of dams in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Displacement of People:</strong> The land submergence and large scale displacement of people due to construction of large dams is one prevailing issue which is often overlooked by the authorities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Construction of dams such as Hirakud, Bhakra Nangal and Tehri had displaced a number of families many of which were not rehabilitated at all. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Even after rehabilitation, lack of livelihood opportunities and poor living conditions are still observed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gujarat-madhya-pradesh-tussle-over-the-narmada#:~:text=The%20Sardar%20Sarovar%20Project%20(SSP,increase%20irrigation%20and%20produce%20hydroelectricity." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sardar Sarovar dam</a></strong>, the largest structure on Narmada river, has displaced over 3 lakh families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Older Dams are Greater Hazard:</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ageing-dams-of-india-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Older dams</a></strong> pose greater safety risks, cost higher in terms of maintenance and have declining functionality due to sedimentation, stated <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, over 1,115 large dams will be about 50 years old by 2025.</li>
<li>China, the US and India top the list of countries with a significant number of large dams. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China alone hosts 40% of the world&rsquo;s large dams (numbering 23,841), their average age being 45 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has 4,407 large dams of which more than 1,000 would be 50 years or older by 2025, a new study has shown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has 209 dams that are over 100-year-old, built when design practices and safety were far below current norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GreenHouse Gas Emissions:</strong> Particularly in tropical regions, hydropower reservoirs emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water gathers behind the dam, creates an unnatural, stagnant lake that often kills off a lot of the existing ecosystem. Bacteria in the water decompose these plants and generate carbon dioxide and methane (potent greenhouse gas).</li>
<li>Methane from reservoirs accounts for more than 4% of all human-caused climate change comparable to the climate impact of the aviation sector.</li>
<li>In some cases, hydropower projects are producing higher emissions than coal-fired power generating the same amount of electricity plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Chopra committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The committee was appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (now Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change, MoEFCC) in October 2013, following the <strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s suo motto order</strong> of August 13 2013.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee suggested that no hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) should be built in the paraglacial region as it has loose glacial debris which when carried downstream can be disastrous.</li>
<li>It also raised objections to the construction of HEPs in regions 2200-2500 metres above the sea level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preferring Viable Alternatives:</strong> Prioritizing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wind</strong></a> projects are viable and sustainable alternatives to hydroelectric power projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, improving dam operations and finding more suitable locations for such infrastructure should also be part of the solution.</li>
<li>India should instead focus on technologies such as pumped storage, batteries and hydrogen for balancing the grid, Mishra said. As these technologies become economically viable, it will further weaken the case for large dams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Timely Inspection of Dams:</strong> It is evident that instead of focusing on building new dams, there is a need to look at the underperformance of existing projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must conduct a cost-benefit analysis of its ageing dams, and conduct timely safety reviews in order to ensure their operational and ecological safety, as well as the safety of those who inhabit the areas downstream.</li>
<li>Fifty years is not a defining age for all dams because the design life also depends on factors such as construction and maintenance.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A well constructed and well-maintained dam can go up to 100 years.</li>
<li>However, 50 years is roughly the age when a dam may begin to show signs of ageing.</li>
<li>In some cases, dam components such as gates and motors may need to be replaced after 30 years to 50 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Recommended by WCD:</strong> The World Commission on Dams (WCD) lists seven steps as a remedy to issues arising from dams. These include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gaining wide public acceptance for construction of any dam.</li>
<li>Exploration of alternatives to dams.</li>
<li>Optimal usage of existing structures.</li>
<li>Protection and restoration of ecosystems at river basin level.</li>
<li>Recognising entitlements of the affected people.</li>
<li>Compliance with applicable regulations.</li>
<li>Regional cooperation on trans-boundary rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Commission on Dams (WCD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The WCD is a global multi-stakeholder body established by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></a> <strong>(IUCN)</strong> in 1998 to investigate the effectiveness and performance of large dams around the world.</li>
<li>The WCD released its landmark report in November 2000 on the enormous financial, environmental and human costs and the dismal performance of large dams.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It found that while the construction of large dams had brought some economic benefits, they had also forcibly displaced an estimated 40-80 million people in the 20th century alone.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These people lost their lands and homes to dams and often with no compensation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Case of Mullaperiyar Dam</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mullaperiyar-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mullaperiyar dam</strong></a>, a <strong>gravity dam</strong> in Kerala is a <strong>126-year-old</strong> barrage that has dangerously outlived its 50 years of life.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam is located in the <strong>Western Ghats</strong>, adjacent to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periyar-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periyar wildlife sanctuary</strong></a>, built during the British colonial period.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A gravity dam is one which is designed to withstand water by its own weight and resistance.</li>
<li>The weight and width of the base prevent the dam from overturning when subjected to the force of impounded water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The dam is considered hazardous, not only because of its age but also for its location in an acknowledged seismic zone (zone-III).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decommission of the Dam:</strong> The government of Kerala carried out hydrological review studies between 2006 and 2011 that concluded that the Mullaperiyar Dam is unsafe for passing the estimated probable maximum flood limit.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both IIT-Roorkee and IIT-Delhi have deemed the dam to be fit to be decommissioned.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, decommissioning Mullaperiyar is strongly opposed by Tamil Nadu state, which inherited a lease agreement between the former princely state of Travancore (now Kerala) and the British government.</li>
<li>The lease allows Tamil Nadu to operate the dam and divert 640 million cubic metres of water annually for irrigation and power generation through a tunnel bored into the Western Ghat mountains that form a wall between the two states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7857,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Changing Climate and Deglaciation: A Warning Call',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/climate-and-consciousness/article33983396.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Climate and Consciousness&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 04/03/2021. It talks about the impacts of indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources just for the sake of development and how the recent disasters are a warning call for stringent policies regarding environment protection.</p>
</div>
<p>Humans have come quite far in terms of development, but unfortunately have left the concerns for the environment behind.</p>
<p>It is quite common to hear policymakers and the public referring to natural disasters &ldquo;acts of God&rdquo;. But concluding from events such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chamoli Flash Floods</strong></a> and<strong> flood in Kedarnath</strong> in 2013, it wasn&rsquo;t actually the god but human interventions with the natural environment.</p>
<p>Climate actions will continue to falter unless climate change is tagged as a primary culprit, instead of actions of god.</p>
<h3>The Changing Climate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Floods in the Himalayan Region:</strong> The Himalayan region has about 15,000 glaciers, which are retreating at a rate of 100 to 200 feet per decade. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The melting of the Himalayan glaciers that prompted the floods and landslides in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand have the fingerprints of global warming.</li>
<li>In 2013, glacial flooding in Kedarnath caused over 6,000 deaths during the monsoon months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Events:</strong> In 2003, the European heat wave killed over 70,000 people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The years 2015-19 have globally been the warmest years on record.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amazon</strong></a> fire of 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australian-bushfire#:~:text=The%20fire%20has%20impacted%20more,of%20wild%20animals%20have%20died.&amp;text=The%20three%20years%20between%202017,(a%20state%20of%20Australia)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bush fires of 2019-20 in Australia</strong></a> are some of the most dangerous impacts of changing climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Emission:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> showed that the year 2020 set new records in terms of rise in extreme weather events, including wildfires and hurricanes, and in the melting of glaciers and ice at both poles. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the report, despite a brief dip in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pandemic</strong></a>, the world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of 3&deg;C this century; far beyond the 2015 <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Story of Texas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, Texas, US has been hit by extremely cold weather leading to<strong> strong wind storms</strong> in the state. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The winter storm has killed 21 people and left around 4.4 million without power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The brutal cold has engulfed vast swaths of the United States,<strong> shuttering Covid-19 inoculation centers and hindering vaccine supplies.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>double-digit negative temperatures</strong> (temperatures have fallen as low as -14&deg;C) are connected to <strong>Arctic-peninsula warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, there is a collection of winds around the Arctic keeping the cold locked far to the north, known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/polar-vortex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polar Vortex</strong></a>.</li>
<li>But <strong>global warming has caused gaps in these protective winds,</strong> allowing intensely cold air to move south: the phenomenon is accelerating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One of the Largest Emitters:</strong> For India, <strong>the third-largest carbon emitter after China and the United States,</strong> a decisive switch is needed from highly polluting coal and petroleum to cleaner and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>renewable power sources.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has announced carbon neutrality by 2060, Japan and South Korea by 2050, but <strong>India is yet to announce a target. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Rankings and Estimates:</strong> The HSBC ranks India at the top among 67 nations in <strong>climate vulnerability</strong> (2018), <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Germanwatch ranks India fifth among 181 nations in terms of <strong>climate risks</strong> (2020).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has warned that climate change could sharply diminish living conditions for up to 800 million people in South Asia.</li>
<li>As per the Emissions Gap Report 2020, over the last decade, China, USA, EU27+UK and India combined, have contributed to <strong>55%</strong> of the total GHG emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Stringent Policies:</strong> A big worry is that the state and central governments have been diluting, instead of strengthening, climate safeguards for hydroelectric and road projects. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies had flagged ice loss across the Himalayas has been rapidly melting thus increasing the dangers to densely populated catchments, but any hard and fast policy response has been lacking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Proper Training Programs:</strong> There were no awareness programs or training provided to the people about disaster management by the government in case of the recent Uttarakhand floods.</li>
<li><strong>Ignorance by Government:</strong> A 2012 expert group appointed by the government had recommended against the construction of dams in the <strong>Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin, including on the Rishiganga</strong> and in &ldquo;the periglacial zone,&rdquo; but the recommendations were ignored.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, ignorance of the Kerala government in terms of regulation of mining, quarrying and dam construction in ecologically sensitive places, led to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>massive floods</strong></a> and landslides in 2018 and 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective Satellite Monitoring:</strong> Physically monitoring of the entire Himalayan region (or any larger disaster-prone region) is not possible. However, satellite monitoring is possible and radars can help minimise loss. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite possessing remarkable satellite capabilities, India still hasn&rsquo;t been able to use such imagery effectively for advance warning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Budgetary Allocation:</strong> A vital step should be explicitly including policies for climate mitigation in the government budget, along with energy, roads, health and education. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, growth targets should include <strong>timelines for switching to cleaner energy.</strong> There is also a need to launch a major campaign to mobilise climate finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Adaptation:</strong> Even if major economies speed up climate mitigation, such catastrophes will become more frequent due to the accumulated carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Climate adaptation is the way forward here. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disaster management strategies to be synced with the developmental plans such as <strong>infrastructure designing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such as in <strong>earthquake prone areas,</strong> building norms and guidelines can be issued or earthquake resistant buildings to be constructed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Central and State governments must increase allocations for risk reduction, such as agricultural innovations to withstand <strong>droughts.</strong></li>
<li>In case of<strong> fire prone areas,</strong> an area can be divided into pockets so as to prevent any massive spread of fire.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detailed Studies:</strong> Detailed studies should be conducted to understand which of the glacial lakes in the Himalayan region are prone to flooding. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such research should feed into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong></a> reports and guide decisions on developmental projects in the region</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Setting up Early Warning Systems:</strong> A relatively low-hanging fruit, but a very effective one, is to set up early warning systems that alert the downstream populations about an impending disaster. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has to be <strong>coupled with plans to quickly evacuate local communities</strong> to safer regions.</li>
<li>Flooding events do not occur all of a sudden; there are ample indications like changes in water level, discharge in the rivers etc which if monitored earlier can help saving a significant number of lives and other damages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sustainable growth depends on timely climate action and for that to happen, policymaking needs to connect the dots between carbon emissions, atmospheric warming, melting glaciers, extreme floods and storms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Events like Uttarakhand and Texas should be treated as lessons to change people&rsquo;s minds and for the public to demand urgent action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Disasters can not be stopped but well-preparedness and strong climate change mitigation policies can definitely help prevent a huge amount of loss.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 637px; background-color: #fefff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Disasters are not meteorological or geological phenomena alone, but are also determined by human interventions. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/858xS_01atM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/investment-from-china-the-issue-is-control-not-insulating-sector/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Investment from China: The issue is control, not insulating sector&rdquo;</strong></a> published in the Economic Times on March, 03, 2021.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7792,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Airline Mapping of Ocean Floor',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong></a> is planning to conduct <strong>airline mapping of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep</strong> to get a better picture of the ocean floor.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agatti-island-of-lakshadweep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lakshadweep Islands</strong></a> are located in the Arabian Sea. These are<strong> coral islands</strong> located off the coast of Kerala. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andaman-nicobar-islands-rich-faunal-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Andaman and the Nicobar Islands</strong> </a>lie to the southeast of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About ICOIS:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong></li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Hyderabad</strong> &amp; was established in 1999.</li>
<li>It is a unit of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-national-centre-for-ocean-information-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Earth System Science Organization (ESSO)</strong></a>, New Delhi.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ESSO operates as an<strong> executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)</strong> for its policies and programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mandate of INCOIS:</strong> To provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The INCOIS is planning to take the help of the <strong>National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)</strong> to conduct <strong>&lsquo;bathymetric&rsquo; study</strong> of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>NRSC:</strong> It is one of the primary centres of<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></strong>, Department of Space (DOS).</li>
<li><strong>Bathymetry:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the study of the "beds" or "floors" of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes.</li>
<li>The term "bathymetry" originally referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean &ldquo;submarine topography,&rdquo; or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NRSC has already done a similar high resolution topographic <strong>Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping (ALTM)</strong> for entire coastal areas of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ALTM is an active remote sensing technology that employs <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lidar-based-research-in-tamar-valley" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)</strong> </a>to measure topography at high spatial resolution over large areas.</li>
<li>ALTM pulses a laser to measure the range between an airborne platform and the Earth&rsquo;s surface at many thousands of times per second.</li>
<li>Using a rotating mirror or other scanning mechanism inside the laser transmitter, the laser pulses can be made to sweep through an angle, tracing out a line or other patterns on the reflecting surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scientists are in the <strong>process of integrating the data for a 3D multi-hazard mapping of both the east and west coastline</strong> for a more precise picture of the ocean floor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such a study has become imperative <strong>in view of the recent tsunamis warning.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, at Indonesian coasts, where more than the quake related high waves, <strong>damage was due to landslides that had under the sea beds</strong> causing sudden wave surge leading to much damage without giving sufficient time to alert people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It had also <strong>identified &lsquo;gaps&rsquo; across the coast of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha</strong> for installing more tide gauges for better monitoring of the sea and more accurate prediction of impending disasters like <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones.</strong></a></li>
<li>The INCOIS scientists in association with their counterparts in the <strong>Chennai-based National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)</strong> and an United States independent scientific agency, <strong>Massachusetts-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI),</strong> have been mining the data recorded by a unique <strong>&lsquo;Flux Buoy&rsquo;</strong> retrieved from the Bay of Bengal off the Kolkota coast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The buoy was dropped off into the sea to monitor the temperatures, pressures, salinity, radiation and geo-chemical changes at various depths in a high resolution scale, compared to other buoys in the seas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar Global Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ocean-mapping-seabed-2030-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Seabed 2030</strong></a> is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation of Japan and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO).</li>
<li>The project <strong>aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030</strong> and make it available to all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/incois-to-go-for-airline-mapping-of-ocean-floor/article33936029.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7671,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Chamoli Flash Floods',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/rethinking-run-of-the-river-hydro-projects-101612965305568.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Rethinking run-of-the-river hydro projects&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 11/02/2021. It talks about the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>glacial burst in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand</strong></a> is an eye-opener to the ongoing disruption of the ecological balance. A similar flash flood caused by a glacial lake burst ravaged the Kedarnath Shrine at the peak of the pilgrimage season in 2013.</p>
<p>It is very rare that, anywhere in the world, two such big disasters in a region take place in a short duration of less than a decade. There is enough data to suggest that climate change is responsible for the increasing number of severe flash floods due to glacial melt.</p>
<p>However, apart from climate change, the sudden spurt of environmentally-unfriendly development activities is responsible for the frequent occurrence of the disaster due to flash floods.</p>
<h3>Climate Crisis Aggravating Flash Floods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new report by the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) held that 36% of the volume of glaciers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region will be gone by the end of 2100 even if the world manages to keep the temperature rise within 1.5 degree Celsius target of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement.</strong></a></li>
<li>Similarly, the data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> reveal that the melting of the glaciers has increased in the first 20 years of this century.</li>
<li>The faster melting of Ganga glaciers will impact the livelihood of close to 600 million people living in the Ganga river basin, extending from Uttarakhand in the north to Bangladesh in the south.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Flash Floods: A Man-Made Disaster</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayas, a Volatile Mountain System:</strong> The Himalayas are a young and therefore volatile mountain system. Even a minor change in the orientation of its rocks can trigger landslides. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite this, high-intensity stone quarrying, frequent blasting of mountains, and digging of tunnels through the base of the fragile mountain system for the back-to-back under-construction dams are going in the Himalayan region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlooking Environmental Norms:</strong> Moreover, little attention has been paid to the damage caused to local ecology and loss of forest cover in the upper reaches of the central Himalayas by building hydel dams and construction of wider roads overlooking environmental norms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The upper reaches of Uttarakhand, the source for several small riverine systems feeding the Ganga, already have 16 dams and another 13 under construction.</li>
<li>The state government has proposed another 54 dams to harness the hydel energy potential of these rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydropower, not Entirely Green Projects:</strong> Hydropower is a low-emission energy source, but by design, these projects are not environmentally suitable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the river water is diverted for power generation, and this destroys the riverine ecology.</li>
<li>The blasting and tunneling that happens while building a dam dry up mountain springs, which provide water for drinking and agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Run of the River (ROR) projects are seen as a &ldquo;green&rdquo; alternative to high-dam hydropower projects such as the Tehri Hydropower Project.</li>
<li>This is because an ROR dam diverts the river flow in a controlled environment to generate electricity and sends the water back to the river, whereas a high-dam project stores river water in a reservoir.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Broad Framework For Vulnerable Zones:</strong> With the increasing frequency of flash floods in the Himalayan region, a broad framework for robust early warning systems, infrastructure development, construction, and excavation in vulnerable zones must be evolved.</li>
<li><strong>Reexamining HydroPower Option:</strong> IPCC report has assessed that the climate crisis has altered the frequency and magnitude of the natural hazards in high mountain regions of the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need for adherence to the Chopra Committee recommendations, which studied the impact of receding glaciers on hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) and objected to the construction of HEPs in paraglacial regions (between 2,200 to 2,500 meters above the sea level).</li>
<li>Therefore, the hydropower projects must be weighed against their benefits and challenges.</li>
<li>Apart from this, other alternatives like solar energy, wind energy should be pursued as the green growth model of development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adhering to NDMA Guidelines:</strong> The NDMA guidelines say that the construction of any habitation should be prohibited in the high hazard zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Restricting constructions and development in glacial lake outburst flood-prone areas is a very efficient means to reduce risks at no cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research on Glacial Lakes:</strong> Detailed Project Analysis should be conducted to understand which of the 12,000-odd glacial lakes in Uttarakhand are prone to flooding. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such research should feed into environmental impact assessment reports and guide decisions on developmental projects in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The exact cause of the recent Chamoli glacial lake outburst disaster will unfold in the coming times, but there is no doubt that the impact would have been far less with more prudent development of projects in the region. Policymakers should realize that damaging today and repairing tomorrow is not an option in the Himalayan region.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f6fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In the context of increasing flash floods in the Himalayan region, there is a need for reexamining the ways in which mountains and high-altitude regions have been positioned in the country&rsquo;s development discourse. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mrEJUPwF1pI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cutting-trans-fat-the-hindu-editorial-on-healthier-food/article33795606.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Cutting trans fat: On healthier food&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 10<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7657,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NDMA Guidelines to Tackle Glacial Bursts',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)</strong> is suspected to have <strong>caused the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uttarakhand-flash-flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener">flash floods</a>&nbsp;</strong>in <strong>Chamoli district of Uttarakhand.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In October 2020, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong></a> had issued detailed guidelines on how to reduce and deal with disasters caused by GLOFs/Glacial Bursts.</li>
<li>The NDMA guidelines suggest that risk reduction can be done by<strong> identifying and mapping potentially dangerous lakes, taking structural measures to prevent their sudden breach,</strong> and establishing mechanisms to save lives and property in times of a breach.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF): </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A GLOF refers to the flooding that occurs <strong>when the water dammed by a glacier or a moraine</strong> (accumulations of dirt and rocks fallen onto the glacier surface) <strong>is released suddenly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When glaciers melt, the water in glacial lakes accumulates behind loose, natural &ldquo;glacial/moraine dams&rdquo; made of ice, sand, pebbles and ice residue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike earthen dams, the weak structure of the moraine dam<strong> leads to the abrupt breach of the dam on top of the glacial lake</strong> which could cause flash floods in the downstream areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to NDMA, <strong>glacial retreat due to climate change</strong> occurring in most parts of the <strong>Hindu Kush Himalaya</strong> has given rise to the <strong>formation of numerous new glacial lakes,</strong> which are the <strong>major cause of GLOFs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Glacial Lakes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Glacial lakes are <strong>typically formed at the foot of a glacier.</strong></li>
<li>As glaciers move and flow, they erode the soil and sediment around them, leaving depressions and grooves on the land. Meltwater from the glacier fills up the hole, making a lake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lakes form when meltwater ponds, and this can happen on the ice surface <strong>(supraglacial lakes),</strong> in front of the ice<strong> (proglacial lakes),</strong> or even underneath the ice <strong>(subglacial lakes).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Glacier lakes can <strong>affect ice flow</strong> by reducing friction at the ice-bed interface, encouraging basal sliding.</li>
<li>They can <strong>change the albedo of the ice surface,</strong> encouraging more surface melt.</li>
<li>Proglacial lakes <strong>cause <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iceberg-a68a#:~:text=Calving%20of%20Glaciers&amp;text=Calving%20is%20the%20glaciological%20term,is%20known%20as%20dry%20calving." target="_blank" rel="noopener">calving</a>,</strong> which affects mass balance and can decouple mountain glaciers from climate.</li>
<li>Glacier lakes can be hazardous; moraine and ice dams can fail, <strong>causing catastrophic glacier lake outburst floods</strong> or jokulhlaups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Number of Glacial Lakes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to recent studies, <strong>there has been a rapid increase in the number of glacial lakes due to a retreat in the glaciers</strong> caused by warming temperatures (due to global warming), and their potential to cause large scale flooding and destruction. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Kedarnath tragedy in 2013,</strong> for example, had involved a breach in a large glacial lake.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to a study sponsored by the <a href="/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods#:~:text=of%20a%20reservoir.-,Central%20Water%20Commission%20(CWC),the%20Ministry%20of%20Water%20Resources." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Water Commission (CWC)</strong></a>, conducted during 2011-15, there are 352, 283 and 1,393 glacial lakes and water bodies in the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra basins respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines on Risk Reduction: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Identifying Potentially Dangerous Lakes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Potentially dangerous lakes <strong>can be identified</strong> based on field observations, records of past events, geomorphologic and geotechnical characteristics of the lake/dam and surroundings, and other physical conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Promoting use of <strong>Synthetic-Aperture Radar imagery</strong> (a form of radar that is used to create two-dimensional images) <strong>to automatically detect changes in water bodies,</strong> including new lake formations, during the monsoon months.</li>
<li>Methods and protocols could also be developed to<strong> allow remote monitoring of lake bodies from space.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Channeling Potential Floods:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To manage lakes structurally, the NDMA recommends <strong>reducing the volume of water with methods such as controlled breaching,</strong> pumping or siphoning out water, and making a tunnel through the moraine barrier or under an ice dam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Codes for Construction Activity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developing a broad framework for <strong>infrastructure development, construction and excavation</strong> in vulnerable zones.</li>
<li>There is a need to accept<strong> procedures for land use planning</strong> in the GLOF prone areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhancing Early Warning Systems (EWS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of implemented and operational GLOF EWS is very small, even at the global scale.</li>
<li>In the Himalayan region, there are at<strong> three reported instances</strong> (two in Nepal and one in China) of implementation of sensor- and monitoring-based technical systems for GLOF early warning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Training Local Manpower:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Apart from pressing specialised forces such as National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/59th-raising-day-of-the-itbp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ITBP</strong> </a>and the Army, NDMA has emphasised the need for <strong>trained local manpower.</strong></li>
<li>It has been observed that over <strong>80% of search and rescue is carried out by the local community</strong> before the intervention of the state machinery and specialised search and rescue teams.</li>
<li><strong>The local teams could also assist in planning</strong> and setting up emergency shelters, distributing relief packages, identifying missing people, and addressing the needs for food, healthcare, water supply etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Alarm Systems:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides classical alarming infrastructure consisting of acoustic alarms by sirens, modern communication technology using cell and smartphones can complement or even replace traditional alarming infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-glacier-flash-flood-rishiganga-death-toll-7180258/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7641,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Uttarakhand Flash Flood',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a<strong> glacial break</strong> in the <strong>Tapovan-Reni area of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand</strong> led to massive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/south-asian-flash-flood-guidance-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Flash Flood</strong></a> in <strong>Dhauli Ganga</strong> and <strong>Alaknanda Rivers,</strong> damaging houses and the nearby <strong>Rishiganga power project.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2013,</strong> flash floods in Uttarakhand wiped out settlements and took lives.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cause of Flash Flood in Uttarakhand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It occurred in river Rishi Ganga due to the falling of a portion of <strong>Nanda Devi glacier</strong> in the river which<strong> exponentially increased the volume of water.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rishiganga meets Dhauli Ganga near Raini. So Dhauli Ganga also got flooded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Power Projects Affected:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rishi Ganga Power Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a privately owned 130MW project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Project on the Dhauliganga:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a 520 MW run-of-rive<strong>r hydroelectric project</strong> being constructed on <strong>Dhauliganga River.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Several<strong> other projects on the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi river basins</strong> in northwestern Uttarakhand have also been impacted by the flood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flash Floods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are<strong> sudden surges in water levels</strong> generally during or following an <strong>intense spell of rain.</strong></li>
<li>These are<strong> highly localised</strong> events of<strong> short duration</strong> with a very high peak and usually have less than six hours between the occurrence of the rainfall and peak flood.</li>
<li>The flood situation <strong>worsens in the presence of choked drainage lines or encroachments</strong> obstructing the natural flow of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe <strong>thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.</strong></li>
<li>Flash Floods can also occur due to <strong>Dam or Levee Breaks, and/or Mudslides (Debris Flow).</strong></li>
<li>In areas on or near <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/pacific-ring-of-fire" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>volcanoes</strong></a>, flash floods have also occurred after eruptions, when glaciers have been melted by the intense heat.</li>
<li>The intensity of the rainfall, the location and distribution of the rainfall, the land use and topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type, and soil water- content all determine just how quickly the Flash Flooding may occur, and influence where it may occur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Glaciers are a bulk of ice moving under its weight. It forms in areas where the amassing of snow goes beyond its ablation over many years.</li>
<li>They are generally seen in the snow-fields.</li>
<li>This largest freshwater basin covers around 10% of the land surface of the Earth.</li>
<li>According to the topography and the location of the glacier, it can be categorized as <strong>Mountain Glacier (Alpine Glaciers) or Continental Glacier (Ice Sheets).</strong></li>
<li>The Continental Glacier moves outward in all directions whereas the Mountain Glacier moves from a higher to a lower altitude.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Glaciers and Floods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Glacial Lakes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Retreating glaciers, like several in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Himalayas</strong></a>, usually result in the formation of lakes at their tips, called <strong>proglacial lakes,</strong> often bound only by sediments and boulders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flood:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the<strong> boundaries of these lakes are breached, it can lead to large amounts of water rushing down to nearby streams</strong> and rivers, gathering momentum on the way by picking up sediments, rocks and other material, and <strong>resulting in flooding downstream.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Climate change has driven erratic weather patterns like increased snowfall and rainfall, warmer winters has led to the melting of a lot of snow.</li>
<li>According to the latest assessment reports of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, glacier retreat and permafrost thaw are projected to decrease the stability of mountain slopes and increase the number and area of glacier lakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dhauliganga</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It originates from <strong>Vasudhara Tal,</strong> perhaps the <strong>largest glacial lake</strong> in Uttarakhand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dhauliganga is one of the <strong>important tributaries of Alaknanda,</strong> the other being the <strong>Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini and Bhagirathi.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dhauliganga is joined by the <strong>Rishiganga river at Raini.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>It merges with the Alaknanda at Vishnuprayag.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There it loses its identity and the <strong>Alaknanda flows southwest through Chamoli, Maithana, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag</strong> until it meets the Mandakini river, coming from the north at Rudraprayag.</li>
<li>After subsuming Mandakini, the Alaknanda carries on past Srinagar, before <strong>joining the Ganga at Devprayag.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alaknanda then disappears and the mighty <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-rejuvenation-monitoring" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ganga</a></strong> carries on its journey, first flowing south then west through important pilgrimage centres such as Rishikesh and finally descending into the Indo-Gangetic plains at Haridwar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612781299_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612781299_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Nanda Devi National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is situated around the peak of Nanda Devi (7816 m) in the state of Uttarakhand in northern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The park encompasses the <strong>Nanda Devi Sanctuary, a glacial basin</strong> surrounded by a ring of peaks, and drained by the <strong>Rishi Ganga through the Rishi Ganga Gorge.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Park was established as Sanjay Gandhi National Park by Notification in 1982 but was later renamed Nanda Devi National Park.</li>
<li>It was inscribed a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage Site</strong></a> <strong>by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a> in 1988.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some 312 floral species that include 17 rare species have been found here. Fir, birch, rhododendron, and juniper are the main flora.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Himalayan black bear, Snow leopard , Himalayan Musk Deer etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-glacier-break-flash-flood-rishiganga-7178446/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7592,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Ageing Dams of India: UN Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN) report <strong>"Ageing water infrastructure: An emerging global risk"</strong>, over 1,000 large <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-floods-and-dam-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dams in India</strong></a> will be roughly 50 years old in 2025 and such ageing embankments across the world pose a growing threat.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report, compiled by <strong>Canada-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health,</strong> says the world is unlikely to witness another large dam-building revolution as in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century, but dams constructed then will inevitably be showing their age.</li>
<li>The analysis includes dam decommissioning or ageing case studies from the <strong>USA, France, Canada, India, Japan, and Zambia and Zimbabwe</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the <strong>58,700 large dams</strong> worldwide were <strong>constructed between 1930 and 1970</strong> with a design life of 50 to 100 years.</li>
<li><strong>By 2050,</strong> most people on Earth will <strong>live downstream of tens of thousands of large dams built in the 20<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> many of them already operating at or beyond their design life.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At 50 years, a large concrete dam &ldquo;would most probably begin to express signs of ageing.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ageing signs include</strong> increasing cases of dam failures, progressively increasing costs of dam repair and maintenance, increasing reservoir sedimentation, and loss of a dam&rsquo;s functionality and effectiveness - &ldquo;strongly interconnected&rdquo; manifestations.</li>
<li>32,716 large dams<strong> (55% of the world's total)</strong> are <strong>found in just four Asian countries</strong>: China, India, Japan, and South Korea - a majority of which will reach the 50-year threshold relatively soon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The same is true of many large dams in Africa, South America, and Eastern Europe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India is ranked third</strong> in the world in terms of building large dams.</li>
<li>Of the over 5,200 large dams built so far, about <strong>1,100 large dams have already reached 50 years of age</strong> and some are older than 120 years. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>number of such dams will increase to 4,400 by 2050</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This means that <strong>80% of the nation&rsquo;s large dams face the prospect of becoming obsolete</strong> as they will be 50 years to over 150 years old.</li>
<li>The <strong>situation with hundreds of thousands of medium and minor dams is even more dangerous</strong> as their shelf life is even lower than that of large dams.</li>
<li><strong>Examples: Krishna Raja Sagar dam was built in 1931</strong> and is now 90 years old. Similarly, <strong>Mettur dam was constructed in 1934</strong> and is now 87 years old. Both these reservoirs are located in the water scarce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/godavari-and-cauvery-river-interlinking-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cauvery river basin</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problems:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decreasing Storage Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As dams age, <strong>soil replaces the water in the reservoirs</strong>. Therefore, the storage capacity cannot be claimed to be the same as it was in the 1900s and 1950s.</li>
<li>The storage space in Indian reservoirs is receding at a rate faster than anticipated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flawed Design:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Studies show that the<strong> design of many of India&rsquo;s reservoirs is flawed</strong>.</li>
<li>Indian reservoirs are <strong>designed with a poor understanding of sedimentation science</strong>.</li>
<li>The designs <strong>underestimate the rate of siltation and overestimate live storage capacity</strong> created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Siltation Rates:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Less Water:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When soil replaces the water in reservoirs, supply gets choked. The <strong>cropped area begins receiving less and less water</strong> as time progresses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Groundwater:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The net sown water area either shrinks in size or <strong>depends on rains or groundwater, which is overexploited</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affecting Farmers&rsquo; Income:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The farmer&rsquo;s income may get reduced as <strong>water is one of the crucial factors for crop yield along with credit, crop insurance and investment</strong>.</li>
<li>It is important to note that <strong>no plan on climate change adaptation will succeed with sediment packed dams</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Frequent Flood:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The designed<strong> flood cushions within several reservoirs across many river basins may have already depleted</strong> substantially due to which <strong>floods have become more frequent downstream of dams</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>flooding of Bharuch in 2020, Kerala in 2018 and Chennai in 2015</strong> are a few examples attributed to downstream releases from reservoirs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/drip-phase-ii-and-phase-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)</strong></a> Phase II and Phase III.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It envisages <strong>comprehensive rehabilitation of 736 existing dams</strong> located across the country and complements the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dam-safety-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dam Safety Bill, 2019</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The nation will eventually be<strong> unable to find sufficient water in the 21<sup>st</sup> century</strong> to feed the rising population by 2050, grow abundant crops, create sustainable cities, or ensure growth. Therefore, <strong>it is imperative for all stakeholders to come together to address this situation urgently</strong>.</li>
<li>A <strong>preventive mechanism to avoid dam failures</strong> is necessary because if a dam fails, no amount of punishment can compensate for the loss of lives.</li>
<li><strong>Dam decommissioning should be seen as equally important as dam building</strong> in the overall planning process on water storage infrastructure developments.</li>
<li><strong>With the changing climate,</strong> it has become absolutely essential to really think about the issue of water carefully and proactively.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-problem-of-ageing-dams/article33711348.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7351,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Report on Lightning Strikes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a report published by the<strong> Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council (CROPC),</strong> the number of <strong>deaths due to lightning strikes reduced by nearly 37%</strong> in 2019-20.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CROPC is a <strong>non-profit organisation</strong> that works with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statement-on-climate-of-india-during-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lightning-linked fatalities formed<strong> 33% of total deaths in natural disasters</strong> in<strong> 2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors Responsible:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rapid <strong>degradation of environment</strong> like <a href="/printpdf/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global warming</strong></a>, <strong>deforestation, depletion of water bodies, concretisations, rising pollution and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aerosol-levels-hit-20-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aerosol</a> levels</strong> have cumulatively pushed the environment to extremes. And lightning is direct promulgation of these climatic extremities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>States should participate in<strong> Lightning Resilient India Campaign</strong> and undertake lightning risk management more comprehensively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IMD has launched a joint campaign named Lightning Resilient India Campaign along with CROPC and duly supported by Indian Meteorological Society (IMS), NGOs, IIT Delhi and other concerned institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early lightning warning</strong> to farmers, cattle grazers, children and people in open areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Lightning strikes around a fixed period and almost similar geographical locations in similar patterns.</li>
<li><strong>Kalbaishakhi - Norwesters,</strong> which are violent thunderstorms with lightning - claims life in<strong> eastern India</strong> and <strong>pre-monsoon lightning deaths</strong> occur mostly in <strong>Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and UP.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implement a local lightning safety action plan</strong> like installing Lightning Protection Devices.</li>
<li><strong>Lightning fatalities</strong> should be notified<strong> as a disaster to prevent losses.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It needs to be noted that the <strong>Centre has not notified lightning as a disaster.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although the <a href="/pdf/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</strong> </a>has issued comprehensive guidelines for action plans to states, a large number of losses show that the implementation needs a more<strong> &ldquo;scientific and focused community-centric approach&rdquo;,</strong> besides convergence of various departments.</li>
<li><strong>Mapping of lightning</strong> is a major breakthrough in identifying the precise risk in terms of lightning frequency, current intensity, energy content, high temperature and other adverse impacts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With continuous mapping for at least three years, <strong>a climatology can be established.</strong> This would yield a <strong>Lightning Risk Atlas map</strong> for India which will form the basis for a lightning risk management programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lightning</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a very <strong>rapid and massive discharge of electricity in the atmosphere.</strong> It is the<strong> process</strong> of occurrence of <strong>a natural &lsquo;electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud&rsquo;,</strong> accompanied by a bright flash and sound, and sometimes thunderstorms.</li>
<li><strong>Inter cloud or intra cloud (IC) lightning</strong> are visible and<strong> harmless.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>cloud to ground (CG) lightning,</strong> which is <strong>harmful</strong> as the &lsquo;high electric voltage and electric current&rsquo; leads to<strong> electrocution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>result of the difference in electrical charge between the top and bottom of a cloud.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The lightning-generating clouds are typically about 10-12 km in height, with their base about 1-2 km from the Earth&rsquo;s surface. The temperatures at the top range from -35&deg;C to -45&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As <strong>water vapour moves upwards</strong> in the cloud, it <strong>condenses into water</strong> due to decreasing temperatures. A huge amount of heat is generated in the process, pushing the water molecules further up.</li>
<li>As they <strong>move to temperatures below zero,</strong> droplets <strong>change into small ice crystals.</strong> As they continue upwards, they gather mass, until they become so heavy that they start descending.</li>
<li>It <strong>leads to a system</strong> where smaller ice crystals move upwards while larger ones come down. The <strong>resulting collisions trigger release of electrons,</strong> in a process very similar to the generation of electric sparks. The moving free electrons cause more collisions and more electrons leading to a chain reaction.</li>
<li>The process<strong> results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged while the middle layer is negatively charged.</strong></li>
<li>In little time,<strong> a huge current,</strong> of the order of lakhs to millions of amperes, starts to <strong>flow between the layers.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It produces heat, leading to the heating of the air column between the two layers of cloud.</li>
<li>It is because of this heat that the<strong> air column looks red during lightning.</strong></li>
<li>The heated air column expands and produces shock waves that result in<strong> thunder sounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strikes Earth&rsquo;s Surface:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Earth is a good conductor of electricity.</strong> While electrically neutral, it is <strong>relatively positively charged compared to the middle layer of the cloud.</strong> As a result, an estimated<strong> 20-25% of the current flow is directed towards the Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is this current flow that results in <strong>damage to life and property.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lightning <strong>has a greater probability of striking raised objects</strong> on the ground, such as trees or buildings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Lightning Conductor</strong> is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning. A metallic rod, taller than the building, is installed in the walls of the building during its construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> most lightning activity</strong> on Earth is seen on the shore of<strong> Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the place where the Catatumbo river falls into Lake Maracaibo, an average 260 storm days occur every year, and October sees 28 lightning flashes every minute - a phenomenon referred to as the<strong> Beacon of Maracaibo or the Everlasting Storm.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Concretisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concretisation or the<strong> increase in paved surfaces</strong> has a<strong> suffocating impact on trees</strong> and turns a city into an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>urban heat island</strong></a> with <strong>extremely low ground water</strong> and<strong> threats of floods</strong> looming large in monsoons due to surface run-off.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concrete surface, be it buildings or roads or footpaths<strong> radiate heat waves in the evening,</strong> making nights as hot as days and decreasing the difference between the maximum and the minimum temperatures, resulting in urban heat island effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During concretisation, the <strong>carbon stored in the soil escapes into the atmosphere,</strong> which then gets oxidised to form <strong>carbon dioxide,</strong> a major <strong>greenhouse gas</strong> leading to temperature escalation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deaths-due-to-lightning-strikes-dip-by-37-report-7131603/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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